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Israil Siyasetini Anlama Kilavuzu Ufuk Ulutaş, Selin M RAPOR İSRAİL SİYASETİNİ ANLAMA KILAVUZU UFUK ULUTAŞ, SELİN M. BÖLME, GÜLŞAH NESLİHAN DEMİR, FURKAN TORLAK, SALİHA ZİYA İSRAİL SİYASETİNİ ANLAMA KILAVUZU COPYRIGHT ©2012 SETA SETA Yayınları XIX I. Baskı : Aralık 2012 ISBN : 978-605 -4023-20-2 Kapak Tasarımı : M. Fuat Er Tasarım ve Uygulama : Ümare Yazar Fotoğraflar : Reuters Baskı : Pelin Ofset, Ankara İletişim : SETA Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı Nenehatun Cad. No.66 GOP Çankaya 06700 Ankara Tel: (0 312) 551 21 00| Faks: (0 312) 551 21 90 www.setav.org | [email protected] İSRAİL SİYASETİNİ ANLAMA KILAVUZU Ufuk Ulutaş Selin M. Bölme Gülşah Neslihan Demir Furkan Torlak Saliha Ziya GİRİŞ 9 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 13 ERKEN DÖNEM İSRAİL’DE SOSYAL, SİYASİ VE EKONOMİK YAPI İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 29 İSRAİL SİYASAL SİSTEMİ ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 49 SİYASİ PARTİLER DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 151 ASKERİ, SİYASİ VE SOSYAL YAPILAR İsrail Başbakanı Benyamin Netanyahu, Dışişleri Bakanı Avigdor Lieberman ve Savunma Bakanı Ehud Barak basın toplantısında, 2012 İÇİNDEKİLER GİRİŞ | 9 1. ERKEN DÖNEM İSRAİL’DE SOSYAL, SİYASİ VE EKONOMİK YAPI | 13 1.1 Aliyah | 16 1.2 İsrail Devleti’nin Kuruluşu | 19 1.3 Sosyal ve Ekonomik Problemler | 20 1.4 Siyaset ve Ordu | 23 1.5 Savaş ve Barış | 24 1.6 Değerlendirme | 26 2. İSRAİL SİYASAL SİSTEMİ | 29 2.1 Seçim Sistemi | 29 2.2 Parlamento Yapısı | 36 2.3 Yargı Sistemi | 43 3. SİYASİ PARTİLER | 49 3.1 İşçi Partisi | 49 3.1.1 Parti Çizgisi ve Seçmen Profili | 53 3.1.2 Temel Tartışmalı Meselelere Yaklaşımı | 56 3.1.3 Dış Politika Yaklaşımı | 60 3.1.4 Lideri ve Temel Politik Figürleri | 62 3.2 Likud | 65 3.2.1 Parti Çizgisi ve Seçmen Profili | 69 3.2.2 Temel Tartışmalı Meselelere Yaklaşımı | 71 3.2.3 Dış Politika Yaklaşımı | 77 3.2.4 Parti Lideri ve Temel Politik Figürleri | 82 3.3 Kadima | 86 3.3.1 Parti Çizgisi ve Seçmen Profili | 91 3.3.2 Temel Tartışmalı Meselelere Yaklaşımı | 92 3.3.3 Liderleri ve Temel Politik Figürleri | 94 3.4 İsrail Beytenu (İsrail Evimiz ) | 96 3.4.1 Parti Çizgisi ve Seçmen Profili | 97 3.4.2 Temel Tartışmalı Meselelere Yaklaşımı | 99 3.4.3 Dış Politika Yaklaşımı | 102 3.4.4 Lideri ve Temel Politik Figürleri | 103 3.5 Yeş Atid | 105 3.6 Meretz | 107 3.6.1 Parti Çizgisi ve Seçmen Profili | 109 3.6.2 Temel Tartışmalı Meselelere Yaklaşımı | 110 3.6.3 Dış Politika Yaklaşımı | 114 3.6.4 Lideri ve Temel Politik Figürleri | 115 3.7 Radikal Dinci Partiler | 117 3.7.1 ŞAS | 117 3.7.1.1 Temel Tartışmalı Meselelere Yaklaşımı | 118 3.7.1.2 Lideri ve Temel Politik Figürleri | 121 3.7.2 Birleşik Tevrat Yahudiliği | 123 3.7.2.1 Temel Tartışmalı Meselelere Yaklaşımı | 125 3.7.2.2 Lideri ve Temel Politik Figürleri | 125 3.8 Aşırı Sağ Partiler | 126 3.8.1 İhud Leumi (Milli Birlik Partisi) | 126 3.8.1.1 Temel Tartışmalı Meselelere Yaklaşımı | 130 3.8.1.2 Dış Politika Yaklaşımı | 131 3.8.1.3 Lideri ve Önemli Politik Figürleri | 132 3.8.2 Mafdal (Ulusal Dindar Parti) | 133 3.8.2.1 Temel Tartışmalı Meselelere Yaklaşımı | 137 3.8.2.2 Lideri ve Önemli Politik Figürleri | 139 3.9 Arap Partileri | 141 3.9.1 Ta’al (el Hareketu’l Arabiyye li’t Tağyir) | 142 3.9.1.1 Temel Tartışmalı Meselelere Yaklaşımı | 142 3.9.1.2 Lideri ve Temel Politik Figürleri | 144 3.9.2 Balad (et Tecemmuu’l Vatani el Demokrati) | 144 3.9.2.1 Temel Tartışmalı Meselelere Yaklaşımı | 145 3.9.2.2 Lideri ve Temel Politik Figürleri | 146 3.9.3. Hadaş (el Cebhetu’d Demokratiyye li’s Selami ve’l müsavat) | 147 3.9.3.1 Temel Tartışmalı Meselelere Yaklaşımı | 147 3.9.3.2 Lideri ve Temel Politik Figürleri | 148 4. ASKERİ, SİYASİ VE SOSYAL YAPILAR | 151 4.1 İsrail Ordusu | 151 4.2 Sağcı STK’lar | 156 4.2.1 Yeşa | 156 4.2.2 Guş Emunim | 157 4.2.3 Elad | 160 4.2.4 Im Tirtzu | 161 4.3 Solcu/Barış Yanlısı STK’lar | 163 4.3.1 Şalom Ahşav (Barış Şimdi Hareketi) | 163 4.3.2 B’Tselem (Suretinde Hareketi) | 168 4.3.3 Guş Şalom (Barış Bloğu) | 172 4.3.4 Yeş Din (Hukuk Var Hareketi) | 175 4.4 Yerleşimler | 177 4.5 Diaspora | 180 4.5.1 Amerikan Diasporası | 180 4.5.2 Avrupa Diasporası | 189 GİRİŞ GİRİŞ İsrail, tarihinden siyasi yapısına, dini yapısından bölgesel sorunlardaki merkezi ro- lüne kadar birçok konu sebebiyle büyük sıklıkla Türkiye’de gündeme gelen bir ül- kedir. Kuruluşundan bugüne kadar geçen süre zarfında hem içerde hem de dışarda attığı birçok adım yoğun bir şekilde tartışılmış, izlediği yayılmacı politika, onyıl- lardır devam ettirdiği işgal, komşularıyla hiçbir zaman kuramadığı komşuluk iliş- kileri ve işgal altında tuttuğu Filistinlilere karşı muamelesi sadece Türkiye’de değil dünya genelinde de yakından takip edilmiştir. Bu yakın ilgiye rağmen Türkiye’de İsrail’e ilişkin derinlikli çalışmaların eksikliği de gözden kaçmamaktadır. Bu eksikliğin en büyük sebeplerinden birisi, İsrail’e ilişkin meselelerin yoğun gün- demin aceleciliğine kurban edilmesidir. İsrail aldığı tartışmalı kararlar ve askeri operasyonlarla haber konusu olurken bu kararların ve saldırıların siyasi, dini ve sosyal arkaplanları çoğunlukla es geçilmekte ve İsrail bir sonraki tartışmalı kara- rına veya saldırısına kadar rafa kaldırılmaktadır. Bu durum “anormal” bir devlet olarak İsrail’i, heterojen bir toplum olarak İsraillileri ve tüm saçaklanmalarıyla İsrail’in dini yapısını hakkıyla analiz etmemizi zorlaştırmaktadır. İsrail anormal bir devlettir. Çünkü doğal yollardan kurulmamış ve kurulduğundan beri bölgenin doğal bir parçası olmak yolunda atması gereken adımları atmamıştır. İsrail’i analiz ederken yapılan en büyük yanlışlardan birisi, İsrail’i Ortadoğu ülke- leriyle aynı metodolojiyle ve ölçütlerle anlama çabasıdır. İsrail kuruluşundan beri fiziken Ortadoğu’nun kalbinde olsa da zihnen bölge dışında yer almış, bu sebep- ten Ortadoğulu olmakla olmamak arasında ideolojik ve siyasi gelgitler yaşamış bir ülkedir. Vatandaşlarının önemli bir kısmı İsrail’de doğmamış, onyıllardır aliya 11 İSRAİL SİYASETİNİ ANLAMA KILAVUZU (İsrail’e göç) merkezli demografik stratejiler izlemiş, konuşulan dillerden ve kul- lanılan aksanlardan, dini yaşayış ve anlayış şekillerine ve hatta fiziki görünüşlere kadar birçok önemli farklılıkları içerisinde barındıran bir ülke olan İsrail, diğer Ortadoğu ülkelerinin hepsinden farklı dinamiklere sahiptir. Bu sebepten mezkur dinamikler iyi analiz edilmeden İsrail üzerine yapılacak çalışmalar eksik kalacak ve büyük resmi göstermekten uzak olacaktır. İsrail bir dereceler ülkesidir, bu sebepten İsrail’de her ideoloji, her siyasi duruş ve her dini anlayış bir diğerine karşı nispetiyle değerlendirilmektedir. Örneğin en temel manasıyla bir Yahudi milliyetçiliğini anlatmak için kullanılan Siyonizm kavramı, tek başına İsrail içerisindeki milliyetçi akımları tanımlamak için yeterli bir kavram değildir. Siyonizm ideolojisine dini sebeplerden dolayı sahip olanlar olduğu gibi, Yahudiliği bir kültür olarak kabul eden ve Yahudiliğin teolojik boyu- tuyla ilgilenmeyen hatta ateist olan Siyonistler de vardır. Bu sebepten Siyonizm İsrail’de devrimci, işçi, dini, kültürel veya revizyonist gibi sıfatlarla birlikte kulla- nılmakta, farklı tandanslı Siyonistler arasında önemli çatışmalar da olmaktadır. Yine İsrail’de insanlar dini yaşayış ve anlayışlarına göre de derecelendirilmekte, seküler, gelenekselci (masorati) veya dindar (dati) gibi sıfatlarla sınıflandırılabil- mektedir. Dindarlık da içerisinde birçok dereceyi barındırmakta ve dini ritüelleri ve kıyafetleri gibi göstergeler İsraillilerin dindarlık derecelerini belirleyebilmek- tedir. Bununla birlikte İsrail, kuruluşundan beri güçlü bir seküler damara da sa- hiptir. İsrail’in kurucu ideolojisi olan siyasi Siyonizm’in birçok lider figürünün seküler olması ve erken dönem İsrail’in Sosyalizm’den mülhem Kibbutz’lar ve Moşav’lar etrafında kurulması sebebiyle sekülarizm toplumdaki etkisini devam ettirebilmiştir. Özellikle Sovyet Rusya’dan gelen göçler de ülke içerisinde güçlü bir seküler bloğun oluşmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Bu noktada yine dini sebep- lerle Siyonizm’e karşı çıkan grupların olduğunu ve bu grupların Mesih gelmeden İsrail devletinin kurulmasının şer’en yanlış olduğuna inandıklarını da not etmek gerekmektedir. İsrail’in komşularıyla olan çatışması çoğu zaman İsrail içindeki farklılıkların ve ça- tışmaların görülememesine sebep olmaktadır. İsrail içindeki farklılıkları hakkıyla görebilmek de hem akademik çalışma, hem İbranice’yi kullanabilme hem de saha deneyimini gerektirmektedir. Türkiye ile İsrail arasındaki ilişkinin geleneksel ola- rak askeri karaktere sahip olması ve insanlar arası ilişkinin sınırlı kalması bu gerek- sinimlerin yerine getirilememesine sebep olmakta ve İsrail’in içinden Türkiye’ye sahih bilgi akışını zorlaştırmaktadır. Türkiye’de İsrail çalışmalarının yok denilebi- lecek seviyede olması da yukarda anlatılan kopuklukla doğrudan bağlantılıdır. Elinizdeki bu çalışmada kısaca İsrail’in tarihine, sosyal yapısına ve siyasi oluşum- larına değinilmekte ve İsrail çalışmalarına giriş mahiyetinde muhtasar bilgi ve analizler sunulmaktadır. Birinci bölümde erken dönem İsrail’in siyasi ve sosyal 12 GİRİŞ yapısına değinilmekte ve İsrail’in kurucu aktörleri, yapıları ve ideolojileri tartışıl- maktadır. Bu bölüm İsrail’deki güncel siyasi oluşumları daha iyi anlamak adına bir arkaplan oluşturmaktadır. İkinci kısımda İsrail’in seçim sistemi, parlamento yapısı ve yargı sistemi incelenmekte ve sıklıkla seçimlerin yapıldığı bir ülke olan İsrail’in siyasal sistemine dair önemli ipuçları verilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde ise İsrail’in önde gelen siyasi partileri incelenmekte, liderlerinin biyografik analizi verilmekte ve partilerin tartışmalı meselelere karşı tutumları ve seçmen kitlele- ri değerlendirilmektedir. İsrail, siyasi ittifakların sıklıkla kurulup dağıldığı, yeni partilerin kurulma hızına
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