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Zootaxa, Diptera, Sciaroidea, Lygistorrhinidae
Zootaxa 960: 1–34 (2005) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA 960 Copyright © 2005 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) New taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) and their implications for a phylogenetic analysis of the family HEIKKI HIPPA, INGEGERD MATTSSON & PEKKA VILKAMAA Heikki Hippa & Ingegerd Mattsson, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stock- holm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] Pekka Vilkamaa, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoological Museum, PO Box 17, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents Abstract . 1 Introduction . 2 Material and methods . 2 Characters of the Lygistorrhinidae . 3 Characters used in the phylogenetic analysis . 6 Phylogeny of the Lygistorrhinidae . 10 Key to genera of Lygistorrhinidae . 11 New taxa of Lygistorrhinidae . 12 Labellorrhina gen. n. 12 Labellorrhina quantula sp. n. 13 Labellorrhina grimaldii sp. n. 14 Blagorrhina gen. n. 14 Blagorrhina blagoderovi sp. n. 16 Blagorrhina brevicornis sp. n. 17 Gracilorrhina gen. n. 17 Gracilorrhina gracilis sp. n. 19 Lygistorrhinidae sp. 1 (female) . 19 Lygistorrhinidae sp. 2 (female) . 20 Acknowledgements . 20 References . 21 Abstract New Oriental taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae - Blagorrhina gen. n., with B. blagoderovi sp. n. and B. brevicornis sp. n.; Gracilorrhina gracilis gen. n., sp. n.; and Labellorrhina gen. n., with L. grimaldii sp. n. and L. quantula sp. n. - are described, and two undescribed species, known only from females, are characterized. Based on this new material, the family is redefined. The phylogenetic Accepted by P. Adler: 13 Apr. 2005; published: 26 Apr. 2005 1 ZOOTAXA relationships among the taxa of Lygistorrhinidae were studied by parsimony analysis using 43 mor- 960 phological characters from the adults of 25 ingroup and one outgroup species. -
Phylogenomics Illuminates the Backbone of the Myriapoda Tree of Life and Reconciles Morphological and Molecular Phylogenies
Phylogenomics illuminates the backbone of the Myriapoda Tree of Life and reconciles morphological and molecular phylogenies The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Fernández, R., Edgecombe, G.D. & Giribet, G. Phylogenomics illuminates the backbone of the Myriapoda Tree of Life and reconciles morphological and molecular phylogenies. Sci Rep 8, 83 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18562-w Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37366624 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Title: Phylogenomics illuminates the backbone of the Myriapoda Tree of Life and reconciles morphological and molecular phylogenies Rosa Fernández1,2*, Gregory D. Edgecombe3 and Gonzalo Giribet1 1 Museum of Comparative Zoology & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 28 Oxford St., 02138 Cambridge MA, USA 2 Current address: Bioinformatics & Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Carrer del Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3 Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK *Corresponding author: [email protected] The interrelationships of the four classes of Myriapoda have been an unresolved question in arthropod phylogenetics and an example of conflict between morphology and molecules. Morphology and development provide compelling support for Diplopoda (millipedes) and Pauropoda being closest relatives, and moderate support for Symphyla being more closely related to the diplopod-pauropod group than any of them are to Chilopoda (centipedes). -
Literature-Based Survey on the Swiss Fauna of Chilopoda
SOIL ORGANISMS Volume 81 (3) 2009 pp. 647–669 ISSN: 1864 - 6417 Literature-based survey on the Swiss fauna of Chilopoda Edi Stöckli Natural History Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Swiss centipede fauna has never been fully reviewed. Even though the first records date from 1845, a checklist has not been drawn up until now. Literature research based on 88 publications and 2 online databases offers a preliminary list of 62 species and 1 subspecies. Type species from the Swiss area are specified. Additional potential species are named and might be added in the future to a complete checklist incorporating almost 90 species. Keywords: fauna, Chilopoda, literature, species list, Switzerland 1. Introduction Research into the Diplopoda and the Chilopoda in Switzerland demonstrates two totally different levels. For the Diplopoda there is an excellent work by Ariane Pedroli-Christen dating from 1993. It covers the fauna and ecology of 127 species and presents their global and Swiss distribution (for Switzerland in a 5 x 5 km grid!). Unfortunately, she abandoned her scientific work some years ago and has no successor in Switzerland working with this group at such a level. In contrast, the Swiss centipedes have not had such an intensive level of study. Up to the end of 2008 a published checklist was not available, not even a preliminary one. This may seem surprising, as most of the surrounding countries or areas already possess such lists. As examples may be named Austria (Würmli 1972b: 71 species), France (Geoffroy & Iorio 2009: 145 species) or Italy (Checklist of the species of the Italian fauna 2003: 155 species). -
Some Centipedes and Millipedes (Myriapoda) New to the Fauna of Belarus
Russian Entomol. J. 30(1): 106–108 © RUSSIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL JOURNAL, 2021 Some centipedes and millipedes (Myriapoda) new to the fauna of Belarus Íåêîòîðûå ãóáîíîãèå è äâóïàðíîíîãèå ìíîãîíîæêè (Myriapoda), íîâûå äëÿ ôàóíû Áåëàðóñè A.M. Ostrovsky À.Ì. Îñòðîâñêèé Gomel State Medical University, Lange str. 5, Gomel 246000, Republic of Belarus. E-mail: [email protected] Гомельский государственный медицинский университет, ул. Ланге 5, Гомель 246000, Республика Беларусь KEY WORDS: Geophilus flavus, Lithobius crassipes, Lithobius microps, Blaniulus guttulatus, faunistic records, Belarus КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: Geophilus flavus, Lithobius crassipes, Lithobius microps, Blaniulus guttulatus, фаунистика, Беларусь ABSTRACT. The first records of three species of et Dobroruka, 1960 under G. flavus by Bonato and Minelli [2014] centipedes and one species of millipede from Belarus implies that there may be some previous records of G. flavus are provided. All records are clearly synathropic. from the former USSR, including Belarus, reported under the name of G. proximus C.L. Koch, 1847 [Zalesskaja et al., 1982]. РЕЗЮМЕ. Приведены сведения о фаунистичес- The distribution of G. flavus in European Russia has been summarized by Volkova [2016]. ких находках трёх новых видов губоногих и одного вида двупарноногих многоножек в Беларуси. Все ORDER LITHOBIOMORPHA находки явно синантропные. Family LITHOBIIDAE The myriapod fauna of Belarus is still poorly-known. Lithobius (Monotarsobius) crassipes C.L. Koch, According to various authors, 10–11 species of centi- 1862 pedes [Meleško, 1981; Maksimova, 2014; Ostrovsky, MATERIAL EXAMINED. 1 $, Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Kra- 2016, 2018] and 28–29 species of millipedes [Lokšina, sivyi lane, among household waste, 14.07.2019, leg. et det. A.M. 1964, 1969; Tarasevich, 1992; Maksimova, Khot’ko, Ostrovsky. -
André Nel Sixtieth Anniversary Festschrift
Palaeoentomology 002 (6): 534–555 ISSN 2624-2826 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/pe/ PALAEOENTOMOLOGY PE Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press Editorial ISSN 2624-2834 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.6.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:25D35BD3-0C86-4BD6-B350-C98CA499A9B4 André Nel sixtieth anniversary Festschrift DANY AZAR1, 2, ROMAIN GARROUSTE3 & ANTONIO ARILLO4 1Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences II, Department of Natural Sciences, P.O. Box: 26110217, Fanar, Matn, Lebanon. Email: [email protected] 2State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China. 3Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, Entomologie, F-75005, Paris, France. 4Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. FIGURE 1. Portrait of André Nel. During the last “International Congress on Fossil Insects, mainly by our esteemed Russian colleagues, and where Arthropods and Amber” held this year in the Dominican several of our members in the IPS contributed in edited volumes honoring some of our great scientists. Republic, we unanimously agreed—in the International This issue is a Festschrift to celebrate the 60th Palaeoentomological Society (IPS)—to honor our great birthday of Professor André Nel (from the ‘Muséum colleagues who have given us and the science (and still) national d’Histoire naturelle’, Paris) and constitutes significant knowledge on the evolution of fossil insects a tribute to him for his great ongoing, prolific and his and terrestrial arthropods over the years. -
Notes on the Genus Lygistorrhina Skuse with the Description of the First Nearctic Species (Diptera: Mycetophiloidea)
NOTES ON THE GENUS LYGISTORRHINA SKUSE WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST NEARCTIC SPECIES (DIPTERA: MYCETOPHILOIDEA) F. CHRISTIAN THOMPSON Reprinted from PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Vol. 77, No. 4, December 1975 pp. 434-445 Made in United States of America NOTES ON THE GENUS LYGISTORRHINA SKUSE WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST NEARCTIC SPECIES (DIPTERA: MYCETOPHILOIDEA) F. CHRISTIAN THOMPSON1 The American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024 ABSTRACT—A new species of Lygistorrhina Skuse (Diptera: Mycetophiloidea), sanctaecatharinae, is described from southeastern United States. The genus is redescribed; its placement within the Mycetophiloidea is discussed; and it is considered to represent a separate family. Fungus gnats of the genus Lygistorrhina Skuse are extremely rare in insect collections and are known from only a few localities (map 1). Lygistorrhine gnats differ rather strikingly from other fungus gnats because of their greatly elongate mouthparts and reduced wing vena- tion. The apparent scarcity of these flies coupled with their peculiar structure has led to much uncertainty and controversy about their classification. Recently I was able to collect for the first time a large number of specimens of Lygistorrhina from southeastern Georgia and have taken this opportunity not only to describe a new species of Lygistorrhina but to attempt to elucidate some of the points of un- certainty about lygistorrhine fungus gnats. Lygistorrhine fungus gnats have previously been considered to be- long to a single genus, Lygistorrhina Skuse. Lygistorrhina has usually been recognized as representing a separate entity in the higher classi- fication of fungus gnats, either a subfamily or a family.2 Only Tuomi- koski (1966) has combined lygistorrhine fungus gnats with another group and his work is discussed below. -
James K. Wetterer
James K. Wetterer Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458 Phone: (561) 799-8648; FAX: (561) 799-8602; e-mail: [email protected] EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Seattle, WA, 9/83 - 8/88 Ph.D., Zoology: Ecology and Evolution; Advisor: Gordon H. Orians. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, East Lansing, MI, 9/81 - 9/83 M.S., Zoology: Ecology; Advisors: Earl E. Werner and Donald J. Hall. CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, NY, 9/76 - 5/79 A.B., Biology: Ecology and Systematics. UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS III, France, 1/78 - 5/78 Semester abroad: courses in theater, literature, and history of art. WORK EXPERIENCE FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY, Wilkes Honors College 8/04 - present: Professor 7/98 - 7/04: Associate Professor Teaching: Biodiversity, Principles of Ecology, Behavioral Ecology, Human Ecology, Environmental Studies, Tropical Ecology, Field Biology, Life Science, and Scientific Writing 9/03 - 1/04 & 5/04 - 8/04: Fulbright Scholar; Ants of Trinidad and Tobago COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, Department of Earth and Environmental Science 7/96 - 6/98: Assistant Professor Teaching: Community Ecology, Behavioral Ecology, and Tropical Ecology WHEATON COLLEGE, Department of Biology 8/94 - 6/96: Visiting Assistant Professor Teaching: General Ecology and Introductory Biology HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Museum of Comparative Zoology 8/91- 6/94: Post-doctoral Fellow; Behavior, ecology, and evolution of fungus-growing ants Advisors: Edward O. Wilson, Naomi Pierce, and Richard Lewontin 9/95 - 1/96: Teaching: Ethology PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 7/89 - 7/91: Research Associate; Ecology and evolution of leaf-cutting ants Advisor: Stephen Hubbell 1/91 - 5/91: Teaching: Tropical Ecology, Introduction to the Scientific Method VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY, Department of Psychology 9/88 - 7/89: Post-doctoral Fellow; Visual psychophysics of fish and horseshoe crabs Advisor: Maureen K. -
Diptera) Diversity in a Patch of Costa Rican Cloud Forest: Why Inventory Is a Vital Science
Zootaxa 4402 (1): 053–090 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4402.1.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C2FAF702-664B-4E21-B4AE-404F85210A12 Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest: Why inventory is a vital science ART BORKENT1, BRIAN V. BROWN2, PETER H. ADLER3, DALTON DE SOUZA AMORIM4, KEVIN BARBER5, DANIEL BICKEL6, STEPHANIE BOUCHER7, SCOTT E. BROOKS8, JOHN BURGER9, Z.L. BURINGTON10, RENATO S. CAPELLARI11, DANIEL N.R. COSTA12, JEFFREY M. CUMMING8, GREG CURLER13, CARL W. DICK14, J.H. EPLER15, ERIC FISHER16, STEPHEN D. GAIMARI17, JON GELHAUS18, DAVID A. GRIMALDI19, JOHN HASH20, MARTIN HAUSER17, HEIKKI HIPPA21, SERGIO IBÁÑEZ- BERNAL22, MATHIAS JASCHHOF23, ELENA P. KAMENEVA24, PETER H. KERR17, VALERY KORNEYEV24, CHESLAVO A. KORYTKOWSKI†, GIAR-ANN KUNG2, GUNNAR MIKALSEN KVIFTE25, OWEN LONSDALE26, STEPHEN A. MARSHALL27, WAYNE N. MATHIS28, VERNER MICHELSEN29, STEFAN NAGLIS30, ALLEN L. NORRBOM31, STEVEN PAIERO27, THOMAS PAPE32, ALESSANDRE PEREIRA- COLAVITE33, MARC POLLET34, SABRINA ROCHEFORT7, ALESSANDRA RUNG17, JUSTIN B. RUNYON35, JADE SAVAGE36, VERA C. SILVA37, BRADLEY J. SINCLAIR38, JEFFREY H. SKEVINGTON8, JOHN O. STIREMAN III10, JOHN SWANN39, PEKKA VILKAMAA40, TERRY WHEELER††, TERRY WHITWORTH41, MARIA WONG2, D. MONTY WOOD8, NORMAN WOODLEY42, TIFFANY YAU27, THOMAS J. ZAVORTINK43 & MANUEL A. ZUMBADO44 †—deceased. Formerly with the Universidad de Panama ††—deceased. Formerly at McGill University, Canada 1. Research Associate, Royal British Columbia Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, 691-8th Ave. SE, Salmon Arm, BC, V1E 2C2, Canada. Email: [email protected] 2. -
A New Cave Centipede from Croatia, Eupolybothrus Liburnicus Sp
Title A new cave centipede from Croatia, Eupolybothrus liburnicus sp. n., with notes on the subgenus Schizopolybothrus Verhoeff, 1934 (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha, Lithobiidae) Authors Akkari, N; Komeriki, A; Weigand, AM; Edgecombe, GD; Stoev, P Description This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The attached file is the published version of the article. Date Submitted 2017-10-06 A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 687: 11–43Eupolybothrus (2017) liburnicus sp. n. with notes on subgenus Schizopolybothrus 11 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.687.13884 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A new cave centipede from Croatia, Eupolybothrus liburnicus sp. n., with notes on the subgenus Schizopolybothrus Verhoeff, 1934 (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha, Lithobiidae) Nesrine Akkari1, Ana Komerički2, Alexander M. Weigand2,3, Gregory D. Edgecombe4, Pavel Stoev5 1 Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Burgring 7, 1010 Wien, Austria 2 Croatian Biospeleological Society, Za- greb, Croatia 3 University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany 4 Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 5 National Museum of Natural History and Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Bulgaria Corresponding author: Nesrine Akkari ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Zapparoli | Received 26 May 2017 | Accepted 1 July 2017 | Published 1 August 2017 http://zoobank.org/94C0F9A5-3758-4AFE-93AE-87ED5EDF744D Citation: Akkari N, Komerički A, Weigand AM, Edgecombe GD, Stoev P (2017) A new cave centipede from Croatia, Eupolybothrus liburnicus sp. -
Kjaerandsen Sciaroidea WIP.Pdf
Species recognition trade-off between structural wing colours and terminalia in fungus gnats ? J. Kjaerandsen Museum of Zoology Lund University Sweden Structural colours in flies Reflective scales in Diptera – Mosquitoes: Toxorhynchites manicatus (Japan) Reflective body scales in fungus gnats – only in the genus Allactoneura ? Hymenoptera: Eulophidae PhD student Ekaterina Shevtsova Wings imbedded in a medium or studied on a white background will not display their structural colours Slide with wings embedded in Canada balsam Dry specimens studied on a pure white background Mycetophilidae: Rymosia fasciata Keroplatidae: Proceroplatus scalprifera WIPs — Wing Interference Patterns i for interference Bolitophila occlusa Hybotidae: Ocydromia glabricula Cordyla sp. (California) Exechia nugatoria Photo: “Klaas” at Diptera.info, 2008 (= nigroscutellata) (California) Photos: Peter Kerr, 2008 My photo of the same species’ WIP Photos of structural wing colours on internet WIPs — Wing Interference Patterns i for interference • — Genetics of pigment patterns • — Thin Film Interference • — Newton Scale Metering • — Exechiini • — Lygistorrhinidae • — Keroplatidae • — The trade-off Pigmentation in brown, yellow and black: Spatiotemporally regulated by yellow and ebony MELANINS Leia Proceroplatus (Japan) (New Caledonia) Scientists unlock mystery of animal colour patterns Genetic April 22 control of pigment 2010 patterns T. Werner, S. Koshikawa, T. M. Williams, S. B. Carroll, Nature 464, 1143 (2010) Pigments are only a part of the ”mystery of wing colour -
Fossil Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Ancient Diversity and the Rise of Modern Lineages
Myrmecological News 24 1-30 Vienna, March 2017 Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages Phillip BARDEN Abstract The ant fossil record is summarized with special reference to the earliest ants, first occurrences of modern lineages, and the utility of paleontological data in reconstructing evolutionary history. During the Cretaceous, from approximately 100 to 78 million years ago, only two species are definitively assignable to extant subfamilies – all putative crown group ants from this period are discussed. Among the earliest ants known are unexpectedly diverse and highly social stem- group lineages, however these stem ants do not persist into the Cenozoic. Following the Cretaceous-Paleogene boun- dary, all well preserved ants are assignable to crown Formicidae; the appearance of crown ants in the fossil record is summarized at the subfamilial and generic level. Generally, the taxonomic composition of Cenozoic ant fossil communi- ties mirrors Recent ecosystems with the "big four" subfamilies Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, and Ponerinae comprising most faunal abundance. As reviewed by other authors, ants increase in abundance dramatically from the Eocene through the Miocene. Proximate drivers relating to the "rise of the ants" are discussed, as the majority of this increase is due to a handful of highly dominant species. In addition, instances of congruence and conflict with molecular- based divergence estimates are noted, and distinct "ghost" lineages are interpreted. The ant fossil record is a valuable resource comparable to other groups with extensive fossil species: There are approximately as many described fossil ant species as there are fossil dinosaurs. The incorporation of paleontological data into neontological inquiries can only seek to improve the accuracy and scale of generated hypotheses. -
Sitemate Recognition: the Case of Anochetus Traegordhi (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) Preying on Nasutitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) by B
569 Sitemate Recognition: the Case of Anochetus traegordhi (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) Preying on Nasutitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) by B. Schatz', J. Orivel2, J.P. Lachaud", G. Beugnon' & A. Dejean4 ABSTRACT Workers of the ponerine ant Anochetus traegordhi are specialized in the capture of Nasutitermes sp. termites. Both species were found to live in the same logs fallen on the ground of the African tropical rain forest. A. traegordhi has a very marked preference for workers over termite soldiers. The purpose of the capture of soldiers, rather than true predation, was to allow the ants easier access to termite workers. During the predatory sequence, termite workers were approached from behind, then seized and stung on the gaster, while soldiers were attacked head on and stung on the thorax. When originating from a different nest-site log than their predator ant, termites were detected from a greater distance and even workers were attacked more cau- tiously. Only 33.3% of these termite workers were retrieved versus 75% of the attacked same-site termite workers. We have demonstrated that hunting workers can recognize the nature of the prey caste (workers versus termite soldiers) and the origin of the termite colony (i.e. sharing or not the log where the ants were nesting), supporting the hypothesis that hunting ants can learn the colony odor of their prey. This, in addition to the nest-site selection of A. traegordhi in logs occupied by Nasutitermes can be considered as a first step in termitolesty. Key words: Anochetus, Nasutitermes prey recognition, predatory behavior. INTRODUCTION During their 100 million years of coexistence, ants and termites have been engaged in a coevolutionary arms race, with ants acting as the aggressor and employing many predatory strategies while termites are the prey presenting several defensive reactions (1-11511dobler & Wil- 'LEPA, CNRS-UMR 5550, Universite Paul-Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France (e-mail: schatz©cict.fr)(correspondence author: B.