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91041R 1

Level 1 Social Studies, 2019 91041 Describe consequences of cultural change(s)

9.30 a.m. Monday 2 December 2019 Credits: Four

RESOURCE BOOKLET

Refer to this booklet to answer the questions for Social Studies 91041.

Check that this booklet has pages 2–12 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MAY KEEP THIS BOOKLET AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

© Qualifications Authority, 2019. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand QualificationsAuthority. 2

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THE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND

INTRODUCTION

Timeline •• The ’s Sputnik (the first man-made ) was launched into an elliptical Low Earth (LEO) on 4 October 1957, making it the first successful artificial satellite and marking the beginning of the . •• Russian Yuri Gagarin was the first person to fly in space. His flight, on 12 April 1961, lasted 108 minutes as he circled Earth for a little more than one orbit in the Soviet Union’s Vostok 1 . •• The ’ Apollo 11 blasted off on 16 July 1969, with Neil Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, and Michael Collins on board. Four days later, Armstrong became the first human to step on the Moon. He and Aldrin walked around for nearly three hours. They did experiments, picked up bits of Moon dirt and rocks, and placed the US flag and a sign on the Moon, before returning to Earth safely on 24 July 1969. 4

CULTURAL CHANGE FROM THE SPACE INDUSTRY

RESOURCE A:

Although humans have been looking up at space for thousands of years, it was not until the twentieth century that we travelled beyond Earth’s atmosphere, into space and to the Moon in a series of expeditions which would forever change the way we view ourselves and our place in the universe. In the 1950s and 1960s, rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), were caught up in a race to see who could conquer space first. Having a presence in space was seen by both nations as necessary for national security and a symbol of their political and military supremacy. This year marks the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11’s historic landing on the Moon in 1969. The Moon landing paved the way for future space exploration and opened the door to boundless curiosity and discovery. The Space Race itself has left a legacy of Earth is a photograph of Earth and communications and weather , continuing some of the Moon’s surface that was human space presence on the International Space taken from lunar orbit by William Anders on 24 December 1968, Station (ISS), and further exploratory missions to Mars during the Apollo 8 mission. It has and beyond. It has also sparked increases in spending been declared “the most influential on education and research and development, which has environmental photograph ever taken”. led to beneficial spin-off technologies. 5

RESOURCE B: TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES

What is a satellite? One of the major technological advances of the Space Age is the development of satellites. A satellite is an object that moves around a larger object. These machines are launched into space and orbit Earth or another body in space. The USSR was the first to launch a satellite into space. The satellite was launched in 1957 and was called Sputnik. Following the successful launch of Sputnik, NASA launched many satellites into space. The first was Explorer 1 in 1958. The first satellite picture of Earth came from NASA’s in 1959. There are an estimated half million artificial objects — ranging in size from paint flecks up to fully-fledged satellites — each travelling at speeds of thousands of kilometres an hour in Earth’s orbit today. The ISS is the biggest satellite in orbit, and took over a decade to construct. Fifteen nations contributed to the complex, which was put together piece by piece between 1998 and 2011.

NASA has more than a dozen Earth science satellites in orbit. They help NASA study the oceans, land, and atmosphere. 6

CONSEQUENCES OF THE CULTURAL CHANGE FOR BUSINESSES AND CONSUMERS consumer an individual or group (including governments, farmers, schools, and other ordinary people) who purchase goods or services for their personal use

RESOURCE C: CHANGING POP CULTURE

The Space Age launched more than satellites and spaceships, it launched a trend that changed American pop culture forever. An increasing fascination with the future and technology helped change the United States’ look in the 1950s and 1960s. In NASA’s Remembering the Space Age, historian Emily Rosenberg said that going beyond Earth’s atmosphere and gravitational pull stirred emotions so greatly that space exploration became an intense cultural fixation forAmericans. Movies and television For the entertainment industry, the Space Age provided a host of new stories, set design and characters to explore, as evidenced by The Jetsons, 2001: A Space Odyssey, Lost in Space, Star Trek and, a few decades later, the epic space franchise Star Wars. Many people in scientific and engineering fields have stated they were inspired by Star Trek, which they thought portrayed science and engineering in a positive light. Even physicist Stephen Hawking was a fan of the show. Although the original Star Trek series was occasionally sexist, many women have testified they were positively influenced by the show’s depiction of women scientists working alongside their male counterparts. African-American actress and comedian Whoopi Goldberg has said that seeing a black woman sitting on the bridge of a starship, and not working as a maid, made her believe as a young girl that she could be an actress with a real role. 7

Disneyland: Creating “Tomorrowland” Walt Disney was known for his futurist views and, through his television programmes, showed the American public how the world was moving into the future. Disneyland’s “Tomorrowland” at the dawn of the Space Age was the realisation of his views. In his own words: “Tomorrow can be a wonderful age. Our scientists today are opening the doors of the Space Age to achievements that will benefit our children and generations to come. The ‘Tomorrowland’ attractions have been designed to give you an opportunity to participate in adventures that are a living blueprint of our future.” “Tomorrowland” is one of the many themed lands featured at all of the Magic Kingdom-styled Disney theme parks around the world. Each version of the land is different and features numerous attractions that depict views of the future, including “Adventure Thru Inner Space” and “Flight to the Moon”. 8

RESOURCE D: SEVEN WAYS SATELLITES HELP DAILY

1. Eating your bowl of cereal in the morning. Farmers use radar satellite images to determine the best time to irrigate their fields and harvest their wheat. 2. Watching the game on TV. To get from the arena to your TV screen, footage of the match is transmitted by satellite signal. 3. Posting an Instagram story. Your story may have zipped through the stars before reaching your friends. 4. Paying for your ice cream with your EFTPOS card. When you use your card, a satellite link is established between the business and your bank. 5. Finding out the weather before you hit the slopes. Satellites collect large amounts of data on temperature, precipitation, cloud movement, and wind direction. 6. Tracking your friend’s flight in real time. To obtain their precise position in the sky, aeroplanes transmit a signal to a constellation of satellites. 7. Finding your way home. Lost in the city? Even from 20 000 km up, satellites from the global positioning system (GPS) network can pinpoint your location. The signal they receive from your GPS allows you to see exactly where you are on a map, and that will help you get to your destination. 9

RESOURCE E: VALUABLE TOOLS

“Without satellites, we’d be able to survive, at least, but our lives would change in so many ways.” David Logsdon, Executive Director of the CompTIA Space Enterprise Council, made the consequences of losing satellites more personal: “No Internet. No smartphone. No weather forecasts in the palm of your hand. A military that is literally fighting blind: no satellite imagery. No reliable global communications. No precision-guided anything. Satellites’ influence on our culture and everyday lives can be seen in the technology for growing the grapes for our wine or wheat for our bread; in bringing us our news; in selling our homes; and in a growing number of other ways that have advanced our civilisation.” Satellites are a valuable tool for farmers sending information and imagery alerting farmers to which orchards are too dry and any that are too wet, so they may adjust their irrigation. These images are also used to estimate crop yields around the world. Some developing countries have also harnessed the power of satellites. India led the way in demonstrating a space programme relevant to developing countries. It broadcasts televised maths lessons to more than 11 000 rural schools and colleges across the country. Underqualified teachers can learn alongside their schoolchildren.

RESOURCE F: SPACE JUNK

Space is pretty big. Infinite, in fact. But the same can’t be said of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and, in particular, the most popular orbital lanes used by Earth-sensing and communications satellites. We’re launching more objects skyward every year and not, in many cases, cleaning up when we’re done with them. So the space around us is starting to fill up. As rocket launches continue and more debris is created, experts worry that we could reach a point where it’s too risky to launch new satellites. “We’re at the tipping point,” said John Crassidis, a Professor of at the University at Buffalo. “If we don’t do something, it’s not going to be that much longer before there’s so much space junk, and the probability of a collision is so great, that nobody is going to want to insure satellites any more.” 10

SHIFTS IN ATTITUDE OR PRACTICE

RESOURCE G: DISNEY AND STAR WARS

After more than a year of negotiations with Lucasfilm’s owner and founder, George Lucas, Luke Skywalker and Han Solo joined Mickey Mouse, Buzz Lightyear, and Iron Man in Disney’s roster of heroes in 2012. Disney bought Lucasfilm for $4 billion, adding the legendary Star Wars franchise to the entertainment giant’s stable of characters. Disney CEO Robert Iger said: “This is one of the great entertainment properties of all time, one of the best branded and one of the most valuable, and it’s just fantastic for us to have the opportunity to buy it, run it, and grow it.” Star Wars has paid off for Disney. The four Star Wars feature films Disney has released since 2015 have grossed more than $4.8 billion at the box office. Disney also makes money from licensing agreements and sales of merchandise, apparel, and toys. An example of this is the collaboration with Lego to produce Star Wars-themed products. In 2019, Disneyland’s newest theme park land, “Star Wars: Galaxy’s Edge”, opened at Disneyland Resort in California and Walt Disney World Resort in . The new land features rides, themed food, and interactive experiences, fully transporting visitors to a galaxy far, far away. Star Wars fans were so excited about the theme park that all Disney properties at the Disneyland Resort were completely booked the night before “Star Wars: Galaxy’s Edge” opened. Independent organisations predicted that 150 000–200 000 visitors would come for the opening day alone. Walt Disney World in Florida also does wonders for the local economy. The theme park has over 70 000 employees – the largest number of people employed by any company in a single location anywhere in the US. It spends more than US$1.2 billion on payroll and US$474 million on benefits each eary for its employees. It was expected that Disney’s new “Star Wars: Galaxy’s Edge” would create a further 7 000 jobs.

A photo from amateur aerial photographer bioreconstruct, posted to Twitter, charts the growth of the “Star Wars: Galaxy’s Edge” park in Orlando, Florida. Note the landing pad and smaller starship on the left-hand side of the frame, which houses one of the park’s new restaurants. 11

RESOURCE H: ROCKET LAB

Making more satellites, sending them to space more often – at a fraction of the price and New Zealand made! Did you know that you can 3D print rocket engines? Founded in June 2006, Rocket Lab’s mission is to provide commercial customers access to “rapid and repeatable” small satellite orbit launches. The US company with facilities in New Zealand wants to remove barriers to commercial space by providing frequent launch opportunities, aiming for weekly launches for commercial clients. By comparison, only 83 successful launches were made worldwide in 2017. To achieve their mission, Rocket Lab developed a 3D-printed rocket and launched its first mission for NASA sending 13 satellites into orbit. Rocket Lab chose 3D printing for good reason: this manufacturing technique allows them to create a rocket, making a lighter vehicle at a lower cost. The 3D printing process also allows the company to produce faster (in 24 hours); and speeding up the process reduces the costs even more. A new production facility in Auckland aims to build, test, and launch an rocket every month in 2019, and every week by the end of 2020. “This technology will really open space for business,” Rocket Lab Chief Executive Peter Beck said. Rocket Lab will be the poster child for a government campaign to sell New Zealand’s space business to the world. The head of the New Zealand Space Agency, Dr Peter Crabtree, said staff would ramp up New Zealand’s presence in the international space industry as fast as possible to leverage Rocket Lab’s success.

Staff at Rocket Lab’s Auckland production facility. The government agency wants international space companies to set up rocket and satellite manufacturing in New Zealand and possibly also launch operations, Dr Crabtree said. That would bring in extra investment and talent to the industry and build more aerospace infrastructure, he said. The space agency was formed in 2016 after Mr Beck approached the Government with plans to regularly launch rockets from New Zealand. The Sapere Research Group estimated the economic value of rocket launches, and its effect on employment, tourism, education institutions, and business, at between $600 million and $1.55 billion. Legislation to allow for rocket launches, the formation of a space agency, and the future of an industry here would not have happened without Mr Beck, according to Dr Crabtree. 12

Acknowledgements

Material from the following sources has been adapted for use in this examination (accessed 4 June 2019).

Introduction: Text: https://www.edn.com/electronics-blogs/edn-moments/4397868/Sputnik-1-launches--October-4--1957, https://www.space. com/16159-first-man-in-space.html, and https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/first-person-on-Moon.html. Images: https://www.newsweek.com/russia-space-60-years-moscow-launched-Earths-first-manmade-satellite-677258 (top left), http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/Baker_00/03-04/Baker-LM-MB-3-04/the_launch_of_sputnik.htm (top right), https:// www.theverge.com/2013/6/15/4434176/first-astronaut-yuri-gagarin-death-mystery-solved (bottom left), and https://www. mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/gallery/men-on-the-Moon-1483416 (bottom right).

Resource A: Text: https://www.bsu.edu/calendar/events/academics/planetarium/2019/07/20/apollo50-230 Image: https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1335.html

Resource B: Text: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-a-satellite-k4.html and https://www.space. com/24839-satellites.html Image: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-a-satellite-k4.html

Resource C: Text: https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/science/space/25pop.html, and https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Social/star_ trek/SH7.htm, and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland. Images: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0055683/mediaviewer/rm1451232768 (top), https://www.ebay.com/p/Star-Trek-Poster-TOS- Bridge-Cast-24-X-36-TV-Original-Series-Spock-Kirk-McCoy/1131555959 (bottom left), and https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)#/media/File:2001_A_Space_Odyssey_(1968).png (bottom right) on page 6; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPkt-dI7xs4 (top), and http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OwIlGHjC7P0/UhwqCj7oAXI/ AAAAAAAAfP0/IwVjvpiDSIg/s1600/brad-bird-1952-tomorrowland.jpg (bottom) on page 7.

Resource D: Text: http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/everyday-lives/10-ways-that-satellites-helped.asp Image: https://epinium.com/blog/best-gps/

Resource E: Text: https://www.intelsatgeneral.com/blog/we-cant-go-back-to-life-without-satellites/, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/10/ heres-how-satellites-have-changed-the-modern-world, and https://www.ft.com/content/c7e00344-111a-11e8-940e- 08320fc2a277 Image: http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/everyday-lives/10-ways-that-satellites-helped.asp

Resource F: Text: http://www.astronomy.com/news/2018/12/despite-concerns-space-junk-continues-to-clutter-Earth-orbit and https://www. nbcnews.com/mach/science/space-junk-huge-problem-high-tech-satellite-net-just-might-ncna913426

Resource G: Text: https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2012/10/30/disney-star-wars-lucasfilm/1669739/, https://www.cnbc. com/2018/10/30/six-years-after-buying-lucasfilm-disney-has-recouped-its-investment.html, https://www.usatoday.com/ story/travel/experience/america/theme-parks/2019/05/20/disneyland-star-wars-galaxys-edge-reservations-tickets-rides- when-it-opens/3739537002/, https://www.businessinsider.com.au/florida-economy-facts-2019-5?r=US&IR=T, https://www. investopedia.com/articles/investing/011316/floridas-economy-6-industries-driving-gdp-growth.asp, and https://www. bizjournals.com/orlando/news/2019/08/08/sneak-peek-disneys-new-star-wars-galaxys-edge-land.html. Images: https://filmschoolrejects.com/star-wars-the-posters-14ad09654325/ (top), https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/lego-star-wars- iii/c27jsq4xkp9x?activetab=pivot:overviewtab (middle), and https://www.polygon.com/2019/3/1/18229956/star-wars-galaxy- edge-disneyland-disney-world (bottom).

Resource H: Text: https://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2019/01/09/3d-printed-rocket-rocket-lab-launches-first-nasa-mission/, https://www.newshub. co.nz/home/new-zealand/2018/12/nz-s-rocket-lab-successfully-puts-nasa-satellites-in-orbit.html, https://www.engineering.co m/3DPrinting/3DPrintingArticles/ArticleID/18191/Rocket-Lab-Successfully-Launches-First-NASA-Mission-with-3D-Printed- Rocket.aspx, https://www.rocketlabusa.com/news/updates/rocket-lab-usa-poised-to-change-the-space-industry/, and https:// www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/100814492/rocket-lab-opens-nz-for-space-business. Image: https://www.noted.co.nz/money/business/rocket-lab-how-new-zealand-entered-space-race/