Asian Godfathers Jadi Buku Laris.” —BANGKOK POST

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Asian Godfathers Jadi Buku Laris.” —BANGKOK POST pustaka-indo.blogspot.com “Studwell menyajikan banyak informasi tentang proyek bisnis para godfather, juga kehidupan seks mereka. … Perkara seks ini membuat Asian Godfathers jadi buku laris.” —BANGKOK POST “Para godfather… benar-benar seperti parasit. Mereka memperoleh monopoli akses yang menguntungkan melalui guanxi beserta kroni-kroni politiknya.” —JOHN D. VAN FLEET, SHANGHAI “Reportase yang utuh dengan kepekaan sejarah menyangkut orang-orang hebat di balik perekonomian Asia.” —JEFF ANDREW, PENGAMAT ASIA pustaka-indo.blogspot.com ASIAN GODFATHERS Menguak Tabir Perselingkuhan Pengusaha dan Penguasa Joe Studwell mencerdaskan, mencerahkan pustaka-indo.blogspot.com Diterjemahkan dari ASIAN GODFATHERS Money and Power in Hong Kong and South-east Asia Hak cipta © Joe Studwell, 2007 Hak terjemahan Indonesia pada penerbit All rights reserved Penerjemah: Yanto Musthofa Editor: Julie Indahrini Desain sampul: Iksaka Banu Tata letak: Dadang Kusmana Cetakan 1, November 2015 Diterbitkan oleh PT Pustaka Alvabet Anggota IKAPI Ciputat Mas Plaza Blok B/AD Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 5A, Ciputat Tangerang Selatan 15412 - Indonesia Telp. +62 21 7494032, Faks. +62 21 74704875 Email: [email protected] www.alvabet.co.id Perpustakaan Nasional RI. Data Katalog dalam Terbitan (KDT) Studwell, Joe Asian Godfathers: Menguak Tabir Perselingkuhan Pengusaha dan Penguasa/Joe Studwell; Penerjemah: Yanto Musthofa; Editor: Julie Indahrini Cet. 1 — Jakarta: PT Pustaka Alvabet, November 2015 432 hlm. 15 x 23 cm ISBN 978-602-9193-76-3 1. Sosial/Politik I. Judul. pustaka-indo.blogspot.com Untuk ayahku, Eric, yang meninggal secara tak terduga saat buku ini selesai ditulis. Kami merindukannya. pustaka-indo.blogspot.com pustaka-indo.blogspot.com DAFTAR ISI Pendahuluan xi Catatan Pengarang xxxvii Bagian I Godfather Era Dulu 1 Bab 1 Konteks 3 Bagian II Bagaimana Menjadi Godfather Pascaperang 61 Bab 2 Bagaimana Menjadi Godfather (1): Memasuki Karakter 63 Bab 3 Bagaimana Menjadi Godfather (2): Aliran Uang Pokok 95 Bab 4 Bagaimana Menjadi Godfather (3): Strukturisasi Organisasi—Budak-budak Kepala dan Anjing Lari Gweilo 123 Bab 5 Bagaimana Menjadi Godfather (4): Bank, Bank Celengan dan Kesenangan Pasar Modal 139 Bagian III Godfather Masa Kini: Mempertahankan yang Berharga 185 Bab 6 Dekade 1990-an: Pesta Pora dan Pembalasan 187 Bab 7 Penutup: Politik, bodoh 261 Tentang Para Tokoh 300 Bibliografi Terpilih 361 Lampiran 372 Ucapan Terima Kasih 375 Indeks 377 Tentang Penulis 389 pustaka-indo.blogspot.com ASIA TENGGARA PADA 1900 pustaka-indo.blogspot.com ASIA TENGGARA KONTEMPORER pustaka-indo.blogspot.com pustaka-indo.blogspot.com Pendahuluan Fitzgerald: “Anda tahu, orang-orang kaya berbeda dari Anda maupun saya.” Hemingway: “Ya, mereka punya lebih banyak uang.” Percakapan yang diklaim Hemingway pernah terjadi antara dia dan E. Scott Fitzgerald.1 NILAH SEBUAH buku tentang sekelompok kecil orang-orang yang Isangat kaya—para miliarder Asia—yang muncul dan mendominasi ekonomi kawasan mereka di era pasca Perang Dunia Kedua. Untuk keperluan pembahasan buku ini, Asia Tenggara didefinisikan se- bagai lima negara anggota asal Perhimpunan Negara-negara Asia Tenggara (ASEAN)—Singapura, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, dan Filipina—plus Hong Kong, sebuah tempat yang secara tradisional menjadi pusaran sehingga memungkinkannya menjadi bagian dari ‘China Raya’ dan Asia Tenggara, sesuai dengan kepentingan dirinya. Keenam entitas inilah yang menentukan cerita ekonomi kawasan me reka. Menjadi kontributor-kontributor di kawasan tenggara, pustaka-indo.blogspot.com xii PENDAHULUAN yang pada 1993 mendapat julukan sebagai ‘keajaiban Asia Timur’2 dari Bank Dunia. Lima negara lainnya—Vietnam, Kamboja, Laos, Myanmar (Burma) dan Brunei—menganggap sebagai bagian dari Asia Tenggara, namun hasil ekonomi mereka—meskipun telah digabung—jumlahnya hanya sedikit di atas setengah hasil ekonomi Singapura (yang berpenduduk empat juta jiwa). Itulah sebabnya ha- nya dibahas sambil lalu.3 Sangat tidak lazim sebuah buku tentang kawasan Asia Tenggara menampilkan penilaian tematik dari setengah lusin negara itu. Padahal, kebanyakan kaum akademisi membatasi diri pada satu atau dua negara. Segelintir karya kalangan generalis cenderung me- nyajikan bab-bab terpisah mengenai tiap-tiap negara. Pembatasan- pembatasan yang ditetapkan sendiri ini memang bukan tanpa manfaat, menyangkut sebuah kawasan yang memiliki keragaman begitu ekstrem. Meski demikian, buku ini mengupayakan cakupan luas. Karena ia bertujuan menonjolkan fakta bahwa keenam ne gara yang didiskusikan disatukan oleh tema-tema kuat yang mem per- satukan. Dan yang paling penting, kemiripan warisan historis dan hubungan yang sangat khusus antara kekuasaan politik dan ekonomi. Kemiripan-kemiripan historis dan struktural ini, dan signifikansinya, sebelumnya dipandang sebelah mata dan kurang diulas oleh para komentator akademis maupun jurnalistik yang se lama ini fokus pada negara-negara individual.4 Para pengusaha Taipan yang berada di negara-negara itu perlu mendapat perhatian, karena mereka adalah gejala umum dari seperangkat kondisi umum. Pada 1996, setahun sebelum permulaan ‘krisis finansial Asia’ meng ubah wajah ekonomi kawasan itu, majalah Forbes, dalam rilis tahunan nya tentang individu-individu terkaya, mendaftar delapan pengusaha Asia Tenggara di antara dua puluh lima teratas dunia dan tiga belas di antara lima puluh teratas.5 Sebuah kawasan kecil, yang secara bersama-sama, tak sanggup mengangkat satu pun perusahaan non-negara di antara 500 perusahaan teratas global. Namun mampu menyumbang sepertiga dari dua lusin orang terkaya di planet ini. Inilah barisan terdepan para godfather Asia, yang masing-masing memiliki harta pribadi lebih dari empat miliar dolar Amerika—orang- orang seperti Li Ka-shing, Robert Kuok, Dhanin Chearavanont, Liem Sioe Liong, Tan Yu dan Kwek Leng Beng; di belakang mereka ada tulang-tulang jari yang terdiri dari taipan-taipan lebih kecil, dengan harta bersih satu, dua dan tiga miliar dolar. pustaka-indo.blogspot.com PENDAHULUAN xiii Di sebuah kawasan di mana US$500 sebulan adalah gaji yang sa ngat bagus. Tetapi, bagi orang-orang kaya yang sedikit itu malah menunjukkan perbedaan yang tajam, itu sungguh memalukan. Jadi, mengapa para taipan yang suka berahasia itu bisa menguasai ekonomi Asia Tenggara? Apa yang telah mereka sumbangkan pada pem bangunan ekonomi kawasan itu secara keseluruhan? Dan, mungkin yang paling penting, mengapa mereka masih begitu kuat, ketika krisis finansial Asia semakin dalam, padahal mereka memiliki peran yang penting sebagai sumber krisis. Bagi para pengamat, hal itu seperti melemahkan mereka? Padahal tidak. Seperti yang akan kita lihat, para taipan itu kini justru sedang kuat-kuatnya ke- timbang masa-masa sebelumnya; hanya segelintir minoritas anggota ter lemah kelas mereka yang terperangkap beban utang korporat yang tercuatkan oleh krisis. Pencarian jawaban-jawaban untuk per- tanyaan-pertanyaan di atas menjadi tujuan pokok buku ini. Dalam mencari jawaban, buku ini menggunakan para taipan se bagai sarana yang nyaman untuk menelusuri isu-isu eko nomi dan politik yang lebih luas. Inilah sulap struktural yang tak bisa di beri peluang apologi: narasi historis yang jujur yang men cakup dua negara, kota yang menjadi gudang barang (kata yang pa ling berguna—kalaupun bukan benar secara politik—untuk menyebut Hong Kong dan Singapura) dan empat negara ‘utuh’—Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia dan Filipina—akan benar-be nar tersegmentasi dan kering. Sebuah pendekatan rumit tapi yang lebih ber sahabat buat pembaca lebih disukai. Dalam hal ini, buku besar Lytton Strachey yang banyak dipuji, Eminent Victorians, yang di ter bit kan pada 1918, telah memberi inspirasi. Ketika Strachey ingin me nangkap bahasa dan kemunafikan Inggris Victoria, dia menolak apa yang dia sebut ‘metode langsung narasi yang cermat’ dan fokus pada kehidupan orang-orang ‘terkemuka’. Diharapkan cerita ten tang para taipan Asia mampu memberi gambaran. Diharapkan pula bahwa analisis tentang Asia Tenggara—yang dulu di juluki dengan status kawasan maju tapi belakangan dipungut se bagai anak-anak pintar kesayangan oleh China dan India—akan mem beri ma sukan ber guna bagi ilmu yang belum sempurna, yaitu eko nomi pem bangunan. Plot Ada bahaya dari pendekatan bottom-up (jika istilah ini memang bisa digunakan merujuk ke beberapa orang terkemuka) pada sejarah pustaka-indo.blogspot.com xiv PENDAHULUAN mutakhir Asia Tenggara. Akibatnya, pembaca bisa terseret terlalu dalam ke detail anekdotal kehidupan para taipan yang terkadang aneh dan luar biasa. Yang ditakutkan, pembaca akan kehilangan jejak dari gambaran ekonomi dan politik yang lebih besar. Untuk meminimalkan risiko ini, ada baiknya meringkas tema-tema utama buku ini terlebih dahulu. Yang pertama, dan mungkin yang paling utama, adalah bah- wa ekonomi Asia Tenggara merupakan produk dari hubungan an tara kekuatan politik dan ekonomi yang berkembang di era ko- lonial dan terpelihara, dengan setumpuk karakter yang berbeda, da lam era pascakolonial. Dalam hubungan ini, elite politik mem- berikan kepada elite ekonomi konsesi-konsesi monopoli eko- nomi, yang biasanya dalam industri-industri jasa domestik, se- hingga memungkinkan kelompok yang disebut belakangan itu bisa meraup kekayaan dalam jumlah besar. Tanpa keharusan meng hasilkan kapabilitas teknologi, perusahaan-perusahaan yang memiliki reputasi dan pencapaian-pencapaian produktivitas yang mampu mendorong perkembangan ekonomi berkelanjutan. Da- lam era kolonial, pengaturan-pengaturan seperti ini dibatasi ha nya pada anggota elite kolonial. Dan pada tingkat yang lebih
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