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DG Environment) Collection and Analysis of Data for the Control of Emissions from the Spreading of Manure

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DG Environment) Collection and Analysis of Data for the Control of Emissions from the Spreading of Manure European Commission (DG Environment) Collection and Analysis of Data for the Control of Emissions from the Spreading of Manure Final Report 6 January 2014 AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited in partnership with BIO Intelligence Service Copyright and Non-Disclosure Notice The contents and layout of this report are subject to copyright owned by AMEC (©AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited 2013). save to the extent that copyright has been legally assigned by us to another party or is used by AMEC under licence. To the extent that we own the copyright in this report, it may not be copied or used without our prior written agreement for any purpose other than the purpose indicated in this report. The methodology (if any) contained in this report is provided to you in confidence and must not be disclosed or copied to third parties without the prior written agreement of AMEC. Disclosure of that information may constitute an actionable breach of confidence or may otherwise prejudice our commercial interests. Any third party who obtains access to this report by any means will, in any event, be subject to the Third Party Disclaimer set out below. Third-Party Disclaimer Any disclosure of this report to a third party is subject to this disclaimer. The report was prepared by AMEC at the instruction of, and for use by, our client named on the front of the report. It does not in any way constitute advice to any third party who is able to access it by any means. AMEC excludes to the fullest extent lawfully permitted all liability whatsoever for any loss or damage howsoever arising from reliance on the contents of this report. We do not however exclude our liability (if any) for personal injury or death resulting from our negligence, for fraud or any other matter in relation to which we cannot legally exclude liability. Document Revisions No. Details Date 1 Final Report for client comment 3 July 2013 2 Updated Final Report 26 July 2013 incorporating new cost analysis 3 Revised Final Report taking into 25 September 2013 account client comments 4 Revised Final Report taking into 15 November 2013 account client comments 5 Final Report 20 December 2013 6 Revised Final Report 6 January 2014 © AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited 6 January 2014 S:\Projects\33280 PPAQ EC Manure Spreading\C Client\Reports\Revised Final Report (issue 2)\Issued Final\33280 Revised Final Report_20131220.docx © AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited 6 January 2014 S:\Projects\33280 PPAQ EC Manure Spreading\C Client\Reports\Revised Final Report (issue 2)\Issued Final\33280 Revised Final Report_20131220.docx i Executive Summary Introduction AMEC Environment and Infrastructure UK Limited („AMEC‟) in partnership with BIO Intelligence Service („BIO‟) were contracted by the Commission to undertake the following study: “Collection and analysis of data for the control of emissions from the spreading of manure” (contract number 070307/2012/635347/ENV.C3). This final report sets out the findings from the review of literature, consultation with Member States and the analysis of possible policy options for the control of emissions from the spreading of manure. The overall objectives of this study were to provide support to the Commission for the collection and analysis of data concerning the control of emissions from the spreading of manure. A large volume of work has already been completed in this field and the aim was to build on this; supplementing it with further data to be gathered directly from the Member States. This consultation focused on those main gaps identified through the literature review. A range of possible options for the control of emissions from manure spreading have been developed and analysed with an assessment of the main relevant environmental, economic and social impacts in line with the Commission‟s impact assessment guidelines and associated guidance and toolkits. Data Collection (Section 2) In addition to a review of relevant literature and available datasets, all of the Member States were consulted and asked to complete a data collection proforma focusing primarily on any policies and measures in place at a national level targeted at reducing emissions to air and water from manure spreading. The approach taken and summary of responses received are provided in Section 2 of the report. In addition to the above, modelling outputs produced to inform the review of the Thematic Strategy for Air Pollution (TSAP) were also provided by IIASA (from their GAINS model) for the agriculture sector. Baseline Definition (Section 3) Section 3 of the report presents the baseline for the study setting out the current situation in terms of manure production, environmental impacts, existing legislation and the current economic status. The aim was to define the current status of the livestock sector, focussing primarily on manure management, which could then be used as a starting point for assessing the potential impacts of possible options to control emissions to air and water. © AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited 6 January 2014 S:\Projects\33280 PPAQ EC Manure Spreading\C Client\Reports\Revised Final Report (issue 2)\Issued Final\33280 Revised Final Report_20131220.docx ii There are a number of different types of manure: Liquid manure (slurry): it is produced in intensive livestock rearing systems using concrete or slats instead of straw bedding. It consists of excreta produced by livestock in a yard or building mixed with rainwater and wash water and, in some cases, waste bedding and feed. Slurries can be pumped or discharged by gravity. The use of slurry separators is not uncommon and this produces a very liquid fraction, suitable for irrigation pumping onto fields via irrigation pipes and a solid fraction which is handled as solid manure.; Solid manure: comprises material from covered straw yards, excreta from livestock, or solids from mechanical slurry separators. Solid manures can generally be stacked; and Litter-based farmyard manures, which contain the material (e.g. straw, wood shavings) that have been used as bedding for animals and has absorbed the faeces and urine. There is no official reporting of the amount of manure produced across the EU, but a recent report estimates that the entire manure production in the EU27 is about 1.4 billion tonnes1and includes a calculated estimate by Member State and livestock and manure type. The table below reproduces the data at a EU27 level (for Member State breakdown see Table 3.6). Table 1 Estimated amount of livestock manure produced per year in EU27 Separated Pig Pig Pig Separated Cattle Cattle Cattle Poultry Poultry Total Manure Slurry Litter Manure Slurry Litter Slurry Litter Solid Liquid Solid Liquid 1,000 tonnes 14,151 8,845 148,590 5,307 297,870 54,606 447,766 294,870 3,387 109,518 1,381,911 % of EU total 1% 1% 11% 0.4% 22% 4% 32% 21% 0.2% 8% 100% Source: Agro Business Park, 2011 Livestock farming places significant pressures on the environment, in particular through the production of manure. Manure has the potential to generate both positive and negative impacts on the environment. A discussion of the key environmental impacts associated with manure is provided in Section 3.3 and summarised in Table 3.7 (reproduced below). All impacts depend on the sort of practices implemented and the prevailing local conditions such as topography, soil types and condition, proximity to water courses etc. 1 Agro Business Park, 2011, Manure Processing Activities in Europe © AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited 6 January 2014 S:\Projects\33280 PPAQ EC Manure Spreading\C Client\Reports\Revised Final Report (issue 2)\Issued Final\33280 Revised Final Report_20131220.docx iii Table 2 Overview of Environmental Impacts of Manure Spreading Impacts of Manure Domain of Impact Description of the Impacts of Manure Spreading Spreading Air Climate change (-) Emissions of CO2, N2O and CH4 which all contribute to climate change Avoided impacts due to the reuse of residues, while the use of mineral fertilisers would (+) require energy and resources to be produced Manure spreading and storage impacts on air quality due to considerable emissions of (-) 2 Air quality pollutants, such as ammonia (NH3) and particulate matter (PM) This leads to eutrophication, acidification, and formation of secondary PM which is harmful for health. Manure spreading creates unpleasant odours due inter alia to emissions of hydrogen Odour (-) sulphide (H2S), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) Noise (-) Noise is caused by machinery (and animals). Water Eutrophication from emissions of N and P and NH3 deposition Water eutrophication, Acidification from emissions of NH3 acidification and (-) Drinking water standards require N and P concentration in water to be below certain pollution thresholds Medicinal residues can be leached into water and cause negative impacts to fauna Soil Manure brings organic matter beneficial to soil conditions (soil structure and soil carbon, Soil structure and soil biodiversity). The microorganisms that benefit from increased soil organic matter (+) composition improve soil degradation indicators, i.e. reduce soil compaction and improve water circulation/retention. Improved soil conditions by the beneficial impact of organic matter on soil biodiversity and Soil water retention (+) structure leads to improved water filtration from soil. On drought-prone soils, higher organic content will provide better water retention. Manure sometimes contains heavy metals, which increase soil heavy metal concentration
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