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Technology in Africa 2014 Digest Technology in Africa 2014 Digest By Tefo Mohapi Contributors: Varaidzo Mureriwa | Alan Knott-Craig | Calestous Juma | Ntobeko Wakaba | Meghan Semancik | Mark Clarke | Kanyi Maqubela | Mbugua Njihia | Johan Nel | Vika Mpisane | Amir Kiyaei | Jay Cousins Copyright © 2014 by Mohapi & Co. and Individual Contributors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other non-commercial uses. For permission requests, write to the publisher at the address below. E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://iafrikan.com Cover Image Credit: Derek Keats/ Flickr CC by 2.0 Table of Contents Introduction STEM Education as a solution to Youth Unemployment in Africa Impact of the Internet in Africa Technology and the Reinvention of Education in Africa Build, Deploy and Thrive - Embrace the Hacker Within Tech Startup Ecosystem and Investment Landscape Comparison Technology Ecosystem in South Africa Free & Open Source Software - South Africa’s Missed Opportunity? The Rise of Peer Networks in the Innovation Ecosystem Innovation, Intellectual Property and Law Content, What Content? Single Internet Space for Africa ICTs Role in Strengthening Post-Conflict States - A Critical Review Reflection on Technology A Publication of iafrikan.com Introduction “ I think the Internet is absolutely extraordinary. It's very, very useful and I think one of the things we've got to do is make sure that the African continent gets on to that information super highway. We've got to access this modern technology. I've been saying, for instance, if you put in this infrastructure, you're able then to deliver tele-medicine to a village. In reality, this technology is most useful for poor countries. ” -- Thabo Mbeki, ex-President of South Africa in a Conversation with BBC News Online Users in 2000 “Africa Rising” is the phrase we have become used to and sometimes use carelessly in a bid to portray a progressive image of our continent despite some of its shortcomings. Although the past few decades have seen an increase in the fortunes of the continent, there are certain things that need to happen in order for Africa to Rise. One of the key factors that will play a role in the economic growth, skills growth and life improvement of Africa and Africans is Technology in the form of Information and Communications Technology. This year’s Technology in Africa – Digest sees professionals and thought leaders in the technology industry offer their insights into the problems facing the continent and also offer solutions, some of which they are already working on. We hope you find this eBook useful. Tefo Mohapi Publisher: Technology in Africa – 2014 Digest A Publication of iafrikan.com STEM Education as a solution to Youth Unemployment in Africa VARAIDZO AUDREY MURERIWA A Publication of iafrikan.com “ Instruction in youth is like engraving in stone. ” -- Moroccan Proverb The story of Africa’s booming economic growth has dominated the press for a while. Africa is the fastest growing continent economically, real income per person has increased by 10% over the last 10 years, and GDP is expected to grow by 6% per year. Amidst all this encouraging growth lurks a number of significant challenges that threaten to derail it. Ticking Time Bomb Africa faces an unprecedented youth unemployment crisis. Having the youngest youth population in the world of 200 million aged between 15 and 24, increasing youth unemployment poses a significant threat to sustained economic growth and the growing political and socio-economic stability of the continent. South Africa’s Statistics SA released the official unemployment rates for the southern African country, which currently sit at 25.6% as per the third quarter of 2013. Unemployment is calculated based on active job seekers, thus when including those who have given up on searching, termed discouraged job seekers, the true unemployment figure for South Africa sits closer to 40%. According to Statistics SA, nearly 50% of the 40% who are unemployed, are between the ages of 14 – 25. Unfortunately, South Africa is not unique. Youth unemployment in North Africa sits at 30%, and this is even higher in some Sub Saharan African countries. Zambia’s finance minister, Alexander Chikwanda, states ‘Youth unemployment is a ticking time bomb’. Another Crisis While youth unemployment is an often touted challenge for the continent, another, equally severe crisis is brewing. The growing skills shortage, particularly in management and specialised skills such as in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics), has reached crisis level. Though an estimate suggests that there will be a 75% increase in the demand for expatriate skills in the next 3 years, one of the challenges of this skills shortage is that there is little quantification of the nature, depth and extent of the skills shortage across the continent and in individual countries. A Publication of iafrikan.com Clearly the dichotomy of high youth unemployment and a growing skills shortage indicate a mismatch between the type of skills in demand and what can be supplied by the labour market. Young Developers busy developing a racing car game at The P-Stem Foundation. - Johannesburg, South Africa Demand vs. Supply Based on current indicators, the growing economic resurgence in Africa is driving a demand for specialised skills. These include skills in fields such as mining, manufacturing, engineering, retail, agriculture and medicine. Foreign direct investment and growing entrepreneurship opportunities in natural resources, retail and telecommunications across the continent require skilled geologists, technologists, engineers, technicians, and financiers. “Based on current indicators, the growing economic resurgence in Africa is driving a demand for specialised skills.” A Publication of iafrikan.com Compare this demand to the skills that Africa is churning out; the largest contingent of social sciences and humanities graduates of any region in the world with 70% of graduates in Sub Saharan Africa holding a social science or humanities degree, according to a study by OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)6 This study surmised that African universities are failing to prepare African youth for the labour market. It would be unjust however, to merely view this as a university or tertiary education challenge alone. Universities produce what the education pipeline fosters, and the education pipeline across Africa is leaky and has failed to keep up with the changing nature of the economy and work. Foundation The challenges start at a foundational level with the quality of foundational skills. Foundational skills, are literacy and numeracy skills developed through primary and high school education. These basic skills allow for future training and skills development without which the attainment of adequate employment and or the participation in entrepreneurial activities is reduced. A lot has been written concerning the challenges of basic education across Africa, not least a curriculum that is still heavily colonially biased and does not reflect Africa’s current reality; infrastructure concerns; a shortage of of qualified teachers; and minimum on-going development of educators. However, It is important to note that a significant portion of the "blame" for the lack of strong foundational skills is simply laid at the feet of governments and schools, and not enough focus is given on the other, equally prominent reasons such as societal attitudes to education, particularly STEM education and the role that communities need to play in supporting governments and schools in delivering education. To transform Africa's capacity to produce more qualified individuals particularly in STEM, African society needs to radically change its attitudes to STEM. In Africa, STEM is considered elitist, for the intelligent and above the capacity of the ordinary African scholar. This attitude is reinforced by teachers and schools that advocate for advanced maths and science for the top performers only, and a curriculum that provides a more watered down syllabus for the majority of students and learners. Compare this with South Korea, where advanced science and maths education are considered a staple for all students, and great performance in these subjects is attributed to hard work and not intelligence. South Korea, by the way, is amongst the best performing countries in education and particularly in maths and science education. A Publication of iafrikan.com Communities, parents and business must also play a bigger role in education. The diverse nature of education and the curriculum today, and the challenges faced by many of our schools due to the legacies of colonisation and or apartheid clearly demonstrate that it does our children a great disservice, to limit education, particularly formal education, purely to the domain of schools. Parents and communities need to be actively involved, providing optional avenues of learning that substantiate the roles of schools. Research shows when communities, parents and schools work together to support learning, students perform better academically and stay in school longer. The single most important predictor of student success is the family’s attitude that learning is a positive, joyful
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