The High Water Mark of an Army
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Music and the American Civil War
“LIBERTY’S GREAT AUXILIARY”: MUSIC AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR by CHRISTIAN MCWHIRTER A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2009 Copyright Christian McWhirter 2009 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Music was almost omnipresent during the American Civil War. Soldiers, civilians, and slaves listened to and performed popular songs almost constantly. The heightened political and emotional climate of the war created a need for Americans to express themselves in a variety of ways, and music was one of the best. It did not require a high level of literacy and it could be performed in groups to ensure that the ideas embedded in each song immediately reached a large audience. Previous studies of Civil War music have focused on the music itself. Historians and musicologists have examined the types of songs published during the war and considered how they reflected the popular mood of northerners and southerners. This study utilizes the letters, diaries, memoirs, and newspapers of the 1860s to delve deeper and determine what roles music played in Civil War America. This study begins by examining the explosion of professional and amateur music that accompanied the onset of the Civil War. Of the songs produced by this explosion, the most popular and resonant were those that addressed the political causes of the war and were adopted as the rallying cries of northerners and southerners. All classes of Americans used songs in a variety of ways, and this study specifically examines the role of music on the home-front, in the armies, and among African Americans. -
A Past So Fraught with Sorrow Bert H
A Past So Fraught With Sorrow Bert H. Barnett, Gettysburg NMP On May 23 and 24, 1865, the victorious Union armies gathered for one massive, final “Grand Review” in Washington, D.C. Among the multitude of patriotic streamers and buntings bedecking the parade route was one, much noticed, hanging from the Capitol. It proclaimed, perhaps with an unintended irony, “The only national debt we can never pay is the debt we owe the victorious Union soldiers.” One sharp-eyed veteran, a participant in almost all the war’s eastern campaigns, observed, “I could not help wondering, whether, having made up their minds that they can never pay the debt, they will not think it useless to try” [emphasis in original].1 The sacrifices demanded of the nation to arrive at that point had been terrific—more than 622,000 men dead from various causes. To acknowledge these numbers simply as a block figure, however, is to miss an important portion of the story. Each single loss represented an individual tragedy of the highest order for thousands of families across the country, North and South. To have been one of the “merely wounded” was often to suffer a fate perhaps only debatably better than that of a deceased comrade. Many of these battle casualties were condemned to years of physical agony and mental duress. The side effects that plagued these men often also tore through their post-war lives and families as destructively as any physical projectile, altering relationships with loved ones and reducing the chances for a fuller integration into a post-war world. -
Six Flags of Texas
SIX FLAGS OF TEXAS 1685–1689 French flag possibly used by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, during the French colonization of Texas 1690–1785 State flag and ensign of New Spain, also known as the Cross of Burgundy flag 1785–1820 Spanish state flag on land 1821–1823 Flag of the first Mexican Empire 1823–1836 First flag of the Mexican Republic, flown over soil claimed by Mexico until the Texas Revolution 1836–1839; 1839–1879 The "Burnet Flag," used from December 1836 to 1839 as the national flag of the Republic of Texas until it was replaced by the currently used "Lone Star Flag"; it was the de jure war flag from then until 1879 1839–1845/1846 Republic of Texas national flag from 1839-1845/1846 (identical to modern state flag) 1845–1861, 1865–present US flag in 1846 when Texas became part of the Union 1861–1865 CS flag in 1861 when Texas became a part of the Confederacy (for further CS flags, see CS flag: National flags) Secession flags of Texas, 1861[ In early 1861, between the secession of Texas from the U.S. and its accession to the Confederacy, Texas flew an unofficial, variant flag of Texas with fifteen stars, representing the fifteen states. No drawings exist of the flag, there are only imprecise descriptions. The flag may have been based on the state flag or the Bonnie Blue Flag.[23] Possible secession flag based on the state flag Possible secession flag based on the Bonnie Blue Flag State flag over Texas 1845–present Flag of the State of Texas in the United States of America TH BATTLE FLAG OF THE 4 TEXAS The 4th Texas carried two different battle flags during the Civil War. -
Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT PROGRAM
Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT PROGRAM 1 Teachers’ Guide Table of Contents Purpose and Procedure ...................................3 FYI ...BackgroundInformationforTeachersandStudents CausesoftheAmericanCivilWar .........................5 TheBattleofGettysburg .................................8 CivilWarMedicalVocabulary ...........................12 MedicalTimeline ......................................14 Before Your Field Trip The Oath of Allegiance and the Hippocratic Oath ...........18 Squad #1 Activities — Camp Doctors .....................19 FieldTripIdentities .........................20 "SickCall"Play..............................21 CampDoctorsStudyMaterials ................23 PicturePages ...............................25 Camp Report — SickCallRegister .............26 Squad #2 Activities — BattlefieldDoctors .................27 FieldTripIdentities .........................28 "Triage"Play ...............................29 BattlefieldStudyMaterials ...................30 Battle Report — FieldHospitalRegister ........32 Squad #3 Activities — HospitalDoctors ...................33 FieldTripIdentities .........................34 "Hospital"Play..............................35 HospitalStudyMaterials(withPicturePages) ...37 Hospital Report — CertificateofDisability .....42 Your Field Trip Day FieldTripDayProcedures ..............................43 OverviewoftheFieldTrip ..............................44 Nametags .............................................45 After Your Field Trip SuggestedPost-VisitActivities ...........................46 -
"War Is a Hellish Way of Settling a Dispute" Dr. Jonathan Letterman and the Tortuous Path
“War is a hellish way of settling a dispute” Dr. Jonathan Letterman and the Tortuous Path of Medical Care from Manassas to Camp Letterman Matthew Atkinson, Gettysburg NMP A battlefield is like no other place on Earth. It is where men come to settle questions, test their resolve, and where the winner lives and the loser often dies. In the blink of an eye, friends are lost forever. In the years afterward, as old men tell their stories to young kin, memories fade; all that carnage, bloodshed, and strife are forgotten, sometimes on purpose. But, then again, who could blame them? We remember the brave ones—the men who stood out amidst the fray. As young boys, we emulate them; as men, we celebrate them. This is the story of those we do not wish to remember. Those twenty-two-year-old boys mangled for life in an instant: bullets or other projectiles impacting bone, severing arteries, mangling tissue until what once was a thriving life is reduced to a crumpled, disfigured mass of humanity. This scene has been repeated over and over multiple times in warfare through the centuries. Our microcosm for examining this tragedy is Gettysburg. Chaplain Anson Haines of the 15th New Jersey paints the picture well: The vast number of the wounded received attention on the 4th, which could not be given them while the battle was in progress. The scenes at the hospitals were often of the most shocking kind. The human body was wounded and torn in every conceivable manner. No description can portray the work of the surgeons at the amputating table. -
The Flags of Florida History
Sunland Tribune Volume 21 Article 10 1995 The Flags of Florida History Sunland Tribune Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune Recommended Citation Tribune, Sunland (1995) "The Flags of Florida History," Sunland Tribune: Vol. 21 , Article 10. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune/vol21/iss1/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sunland Tribune by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE FLAGS OF FLORIDA HISTORY Many flags have flown over Florida since Juan Ponce de Leon landed in 1513. Among these have been the flags of five sovereign nations: Spain, France, Great Britain, the United States, and the Confederate States of America. Numerous other unofficial flags also have flown on the peninsula at one time or another. Only a written description remains of some and one has no known description at all. SPAIN FRANCE Research indicates Spain had no truly The French established a short-lived national flag in 1513, when Juan Ponce settlement, in 1564, near Jacksonville at de Leon landed on Florida shores, but the the mouth of the St. Johns River. During Castle and Lion flag of the King was this period there was no single official recognized as the flag of the country flag for France. Their flag may have had a blue field which bore the royal golden fleurs-de-lys. The French also occupied Pensacola from 1719 to 1722 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. -
2018 – Fall Volume 75 No 3
Loyal Legion Historical Journal Fall 2018 www.mollus.org Time is Running Out Register Now! MOLLUS Congress October 12-15 Richmond, Virginia Alexander Barton Gray William R. Firth, III Esq. Noah Edward Meyers Registration Form on Page 9 Loyal Legion Welcomes a New Generation of Members Three Millenial members join the Pennsylvania Commandery With recruitment assistance from the New Generation Committee, the Pennsylvania Commandery has installed three new Companions. Please join the Commandery in wel- coming Alexander Barton Gray, William R. Firth, III Esq., and Noah Edward Meyers. Alex Gray is the great-great-great-grandson of Captain Duane Merritt Greene of the 6th California Volunteer Infantry. Alex currently serves as Special Assistant to the President for the Defense Industrial Base at the White House Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy. Alex is pursuing an M.A. in National Security & Strategic Continued on p. 13 ROTC Award Recipients Recognized Giordano Named Exec.Dir. of Commanderies award medals to 41 U.S. Semiquincentennial outstanding cadets. Commission The Loyal Legion ROTC Award recognizes worthy cadets and midship- The office of the Chair of the United States Semi- men for academic achievement and quincentennial Commission, a federally appointed demonstrated leadership at some of the body in charge of planning and developing the com- nation’s most distinguished colleges and memoration of the 250th anniversary of the founding universities. The award ceremonies are of the United States, has appoint Frank Giordano, very rewarding and many Loyal Legion Pennsylvania Companion and the president and CEO Companions participate and personally of the Philly Pops, as its executive director. -
The Bonnie Blue Flag Britain Ceded the Territory to Spain
The story of the Lone Star Flag began in While pretending to agree to a convention and hear Spain's West Florida colony, a territory the grievances of his Anglo-Celtic subjects, gover- stretching from the Mississippi river eastward nor de Lassus secretly sent word to East Florida to to the Perdido River which marks Florida's send troops to help put down what he believed to present day western border with Alabama. be a threat to his authority. The territory was bounded on the South by the Gulf of Mexico and Lake Pontchartrain Upon learning of this treachery the Anglo-Celtic and to the North by the 31st parallel. This patriot's demands for a convention turned to cries territory had been ceded to Britain by France for rebellion. The revolution began on 23 Septem- in 1763 at the end of the French and Indian ber, 1810 when the rebels led by Philemon Tho- War but under the 1783 Treaty of Paris mas marched on the Spanish fort at Baton Rouge. The Bonnie Blue Flag Britain ceded the territory to Spain. As their symbol of independence they carried a Having been a part of the old Republic of rectangular blue flag with a single white star in its West Florida might have inspired the new center representing the new Republic. This flag Republic of Mississippi to raise the Lone Star had been sewn a few days earlier by Mrs. Melissa Flag over her state capitol of Jackson on Johnson, wife of Major Isaac Johnson, commander January 9, 1861 when she seceded from the of the West Florida Dragoons. -
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’S Civil War Battlefields
U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Washington, DC March 2010 Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields Commonwealth of Pennsylvania U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program Washington, DC March 2010 Authority The American Battlefield Protection Program Act of 1996, as amended by the Civil War Battlefield Preservation Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-359, 111 Stat. 3016, 17 December 2002), directs the Secretary of the Interior to update the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC) Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields. Acknowledgments National Park Service (NPS) Project Team Paul Hawke, Project Leader; Kathleen Madigan, Survey Coordinator; Tanya Gossett and January Ruck, Reporting; Matthew Borders, Historian; Kristie Kendall, Program Assistant. Battlefield Surveyor(s) Lisa Rupple, American Battlefield Protection Program. Respondents Kathi Schue, Gettysburg Battlefield Preservation Association; Elliott Gruber, Gettysburg Foundation; Greg Coco, Brion Fitzgerald, Troy Harman, Scott Hartwig, and Katie Lawhon, Gettysburg National Military Park; Larry Wallace, Hanover Battlefield Historian; Susan Star Paddock, No Casino Gettysburg; and Sarah Kipp, The Land Conservancy of Adams County Cover: View of the Trostle Farm at Gettysburg National Military Park, -
Why Confederates Fought
National Park Service OurAppomattox men must prevail in combat, or lose their property, country, freedom,U.S. everything…On Department of the the Interior other hand the enemy, in yielding the contest, may retire into their own country, and possess everything they enjoyed before the war began.” – Clerk John Jones, ConfederateAppomattox War Department. Court House Court House National Historical Park Why Confederate Soldiers Fought All images Library of Congress Confederate soldiers were primarily volunteers who enlisted for a variety of reasons. A crucial motivator for many Southern soldiers was the defense of home and family against the invading Northern armies, often characterized as “Vandals” or “Hessians.” Additionally, whether their families owned slaves or not, many believed that two fundamental aspects of Southern society, white liberty and black slavery, were under threat by a Federal government dominated by the North. Finally, a sense of personal honor and duty to their comrades, families, and communities, and to the new Confederacy, eventually propelled more than 800,000 men to enlist and persevere through four long years of Civil War; nearly 260,000 would not survive. Home and Family “If I am killed tomorrow, it will be for “Let me liberate my home from the Virginia, the land of my fathers, and not varlet’s tread, and then my country shall for the damned secession momvement.” be freed from the fiendish vandals.” – – Major Charles Minor Blackford, 2nd Private James W. Smith, 37th Mississippi Infantry. Virginia Cavalry. “If I fall it will be in a good Cause in the “Our homes our firesides our land and defence of my country defending my negroes and even the virtue of our fair home and fireside.” – Private Andrew J. -
Allan's Lone Star Ballads. a Collection of Southern Patriotic Songs, Made
; ; ! ! ! 40 80UTHERN PATRIOTIC SONGS. 'Tis joy to be a Ranger ! to fight for dear Southland ! 'Tis joy to follow Wharton, with his gallant, trusty band ! 'Tis joy to see our Harrison plunge like a meteor bright Into the thickest of the fray, and deal his deathly might, ! who'd not be a Ranger, and follow Wharton's cry ! And battle for their country, and, if needs be, die ! By the Colorado's waters, on the Gulf's deep murm'ring shore, On our soft, green, peaceful prairies, are homes we may see no more [hairs. But in those homes oui^ gentle wives, and mothers with silvery Are loving us with tender hearts, and shielding us with prayers. So trusting in our Country's God, vv^e draw our stout good brand, For those we love at home—our altars, and our land Up ! up ! with the crimson battle-flag let the blue pennon fly — ; Our steeds are stamping proudly—they hear the battle-cry ! The thundering bomb, the bugle's call, proclaim the foe is near : We strike for God and native land, and all we hold most dear. Then spring into the saddle, and shake the bridle free, For Wharton leads, thro' fire and blood, for Home and Victory THE BOMIE BLUE PLAG. BY HARRY MACARTHY. We are a band of brothers, and natives to the soil, Fighting for the property we gain'd by honest toil, And when our rights were threaten'd, the cry rose near and far, To hoist on high the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star. -
Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era 2019
Volume 9 Article 1 May 2019 Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era 2019 Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/gcjcwe Part of the United States History Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. (2019) "Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era 2019," The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era: Vol. 9 , Article 1. Available at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/gcjcwe/vol9/iss1/1 This open access complete issue is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era 2019 Keywords Gettysburg College, civil war This complete issue is available in The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/gcjcwe/vol9/ iss1/1 Volume 9, Spring 2019 Editors – in-Chief: Olivia J. Ortman, Zachary A.Wesley Editors: Ryan D. Bilger, Benjamin T. Hutchison, Brandon R. Katzung Hokanson, Garrett Kost, Christopher T. Lough, Cameron T. Sauers, Erica Uszak, Julia C. Wall Advisor: Dr. Ian A. Isherwood Cover Image: An operating tent at Camp Letterman, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in 1863. Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Interested in getting published in the Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era? If you or anyone you know has written an undergraduate paper in the past five years about the Civil War Era or its lasting memory and meets the following categories and requirements, then please consider visiting our website at http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/gcjwe/ to enter your work for consideration for next year’s publication.