Visceral Larva Migrans Causedby Trichuris Vulpis Presenting As A
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Fasciola Hepatica: a Review of the Economic Impact in Cattle and Considerations for Control
Veterinary Therapeutics • Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2001 Fasciola hepatica: A Review of the Economic Impact in Cattle and Considerations for Control Ray M. Kaplan, DVM, PhD Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602 I ABSTRACT opportunity to administer strategic treatments To understand the rationale behind recom- and still receive meaningful benefit is fairly mended control programs for liver flukes in large. To properly understand the rationale be- cattle, the economic impact and the complex hind recommended control programs, reason- life cycle of Fasciola hepatica need to be appre- able deviations that can be made from these ciated. Fluke-infected cattle rarely demonstrate recommendations, and issues pertaining to the clinical disease, but subclinical impairment of economic impact of fluke infections in cattle, feed efficiency, growth, and fertility can have the complex life cycle of liver flukes (Figure 1) an important impact on productivity. Al- needs to be appreciated. though the precise benefit from controlling liv- Liver fluke transmission is dependent on the er flukes is unknown due to the inherent vari- presence of its snail intermediate host; there- ability between studies, most investigations fore, the distribution of the parasite is limited demonstrate a considerable economic advan- to geographic areas where the appropriate snail tage to treatment. In addition, recent studies species is present. In the US, liver flukes are en- have demonstrated that liver flukes may cause zootic primarily in the Gulf coast and western a decrease in host fertility by altering normal states, where high annual rainfall, large areas of metabolism and/or balance of sex hormones. -
A Literature Survey of Common Parasitic Zoonoses Encountered at Post-Mortem Examination in Slaughter Stocks in Tanzania: Economic and Public Health Implications
Volume 1- Issue 5 : 2017 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000419 Erick VG Komba. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res ISSN: 2574-1241 Research Article Open Access A Literature Survey of Common Parasitic Zoonoses Encountered at Post-Mortem Examination in Slaughter Stocks in Tanzania: Economic and Public Health Implications Erick VG Komba* Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania Received: September 21, 2017; Published: October 06, 2017 *Corresponding author: Erick VG Komba, Senior lecturer, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania Abstract Zoonoses caused by parasites constitute a large group of infectious diseases with varying host ranges and patterns of transmission. Their public health impact of such zoonoses warrants appropriate surveillance to obtain enough information that will provide inputs in the design anddistribution, implementation prevalence of control and transmission strategies. Apatterns need therefore are affected arises by to the regularly influence re-evaluate of both human the current and environmental status of zoonotic factors. diseases, The economic particularly and in view of new data available as a result of surveillance activities and the application of new technologies. Consequently this paper summarizes available information in Tanzania on parasitic zoonoses encountered in slaughter stocks during post-mortem examination at slaughter facilities. The occurrence, in slaughter stocks, of fasciola spp, Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid) cysts, Taenia saginata Cysts, Taenia solium Cysts and ascaris spp. have been reported by various researchers. Information on these parasitic diseases is presented in this paper as they are the most important ones encountered in slaughter stocks in the country. -
The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca Volvulus Excretory Secretory Products
pathogens Review The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca volvulus Excretory Secretory Products Luc Vanhamme 1,*, Jacob Souopgui 1 , Stephen Ghogomu 2 and Ferdinand Ngale Njume 1,2 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (F.N.N.) 2 Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 18 November 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 Abstract: Nematodes constitute a very successful phylum, especially in terms of parasitism. Inside their mammalian hosts, parasitic nematodes mainly dwell in the digestive tract (geohelminths) or in the vascular system (filariae). One of their main characteristics is their long sojourn inside the body where they are accessible to the immune system. Several strategies are used by parasites in order to counteract the immune attacks. One of them is the expression of molecules interfering with the function of the immune system. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) pertain to this category. This is, however, not their only biological function, as they seem also involved in other mechanisms such as pathogenicity or parasitic cycle (molting, for example). Wewill mainly focus on filariae ESPs with an emphasis on data available regarding Onchocerca volvulus, but we will also refer to a few relevant/illustrative examples related to other worm categories when necessary (geohelminth nematodes, trematodes or cestodes). -
Toxocariasis: a Rare Cause of Multiple Cerebral Infarction Hyun Hee Kwon Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
Case Report Infection & http://dx.doi.org/10.3947/ic.2015.47.2.137 Infect Chemother 2015;47(2):137-141 Chemotherapy ISSN 2093-2340 (Print) · ISSN 2092-6448 (Online) Toxocariasis: A Rare Cause of Multiple Cerebral Infarction Hyun Hee Kwon Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworms Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, mostly due to accidental in- gestion of embryonated eggs. Clinical manifestations vary and are classified as visceral larva migrans or ocular larva migrans according to the organs affected. Central nervous system involvement is an unusual complication. Here, we report a case of multiple cerebral infarction and concurrent multi-organ involvement due to T. canis infestation of a previous healthy 39-year- old male who was admitted for right leg weakness. After treatment with albendazole, the patient’s clinical and laboratory results improved markedly. Key Words: Toxocara canis; Cerebral infarction; Larva migrans, visceral Introduction commonly involved organs [4]. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is relatively rare in toxocariasis, especially CNS Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by infection with presenting as multiple cerebral infarction. We report a case of the roundworm species Toxocara canis or less frequently multiple cerebral infarction with lung and liver involvement Toxocara cati whose hosts are dogs and cats, respectively [1]. due to T. canis infection in a previously healthy patient who Humans become infected accidentally by ingestion of embry- was admitted for right leg weakness. onated eggs from contaminated soil or dirty hands, or by in- gestion of raw organs containing encapsulated larvae [2]. -
Epidemiology of Human Fascioliasis
eserh ipidemiology of humn fsiolisisX review nd proposed new lssifition I P P wF F wsEgomD tFqF istenD 8 wFhF frgues he epidemiologil piture of humn fsiolisis hs hnged in reent yersF he numer of reports of humns psiol hepti hs inresed signifintly sine IWVH nd severl geogrphil res hve een infeted with desried s endemi for the disese in humnsD with prevlene nd intensity rnging from low to very highF righ prevlene of fsiolisis in humns does not neessrily our in res where fsiolisis is mjor veterinry prolemF rumn fsiolisis n no longer e onsidered merely s seondry zoonoti disese ut must e onsidered to e n importnt humn prsiti diseseF eordinglyD we present in this rtile proposed new lssifition for the epidemiology of humn fsiolisisF he following situtions re distinguishedX imported sesY utohthonousD isoltedD nononstnt sesY hypoED mesoED hyperED nd holoendemisY epidemis in res where fsiolisis is endemi in nimls ut not humnsY nd epidemis in humn endemi resF oir pge QRR le reÂsume en frnËisF in l p gin QRR figur un resumen en espnÄ olF ± severl rtiles report tht the inidene is sntrodution signifintly ggregted within fmily groups psiolisisD n infetion used y the liver fluke euse the individul memers hve shred the sme ontminted foodY psiol heptiD hs trditionlly een onsidered to e n importnt veterinry disese euse of the ± severl rtiles hve reported outreks not neessrily involving only fmily memersY nd sustntil prodution nd eonomi losses it uses in livestokD prtiulrly sheep nd ttleF sn ontrstD ± few rtiles hve reported epidemiologil surveys -
Sex and the Single Schistosome Once Thought to Pair for Life, Infective Flatworms Often Lose Their Mates in Battle
SEX AND THE SINGLE SCHISTOSOME ONCE THOUGHT TO PAIR FOR LIFE, INFECTIVE FLATWORMS OFTEN LOSE THEIR MATES IN BATTLE. UNNARI N BY PATRICK J. SKELLY JOHN GEMAN ART LIBRARY D HE BRI T © DAHESH MUSEUM OF ART / Opposite page: Adult male schistosome reveals the large suction cup underneath his “head,” which he uses to anchor himself against blood flow and shinny through veins inside a host (image magnified 200×). Above: Oil painting by Charles-Théodore Frère, circa 1850, entitled “Along the Nile at Gyzeh.” For millennia the Nile River has served as a primary site of schistosome infection for millions of Egyptians. CALL ME NAÏVE, BUT I WAS A LITTLE Many millions of Egyptians are infected today with surprised that the trip to the ancient temple of the pha- schistosomes. In their time, the pharaohs too were infected. raohs in Luxor, Egypt, did not require a couple of days’ Schistosome eggs have been detected in royal mummies ride into the desert on a camel. I had visions of heat and thousands of years old. In addition, X-ray examination dust and sandstorms, with the temple emerging like a of mummies has revealed the pathological calcifications mirage, magnificent in the distance. Nothing like it: the typical of schistosome infection, and worm proteins have temple (magnificent indeed) sits in downtown Luxor, been identified in rehydrated ancient tissue. If they have not far from the post office and the train station. A little prevailed across time, schistosomes have also been un- farther along the road, keeping the Nile River on your daunted by space: they are endemic in rural and suburban left, you will find the great temple of the god Amun at areas of seventy-four countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin Karnak. -
Clinical Cysticercosis: Diagnosis and Treatment 11 2
WHO/FAO/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, prevention and control of taeniosis/cysticercosis Editor: K.D. Murrell Associate Editors: P. Dorny A. Flisser S. Geerts N.C. Kyvsgaard D.P. McManus T.E. Nash Z.S. Pawlowski • Etiology • Taeniosis in humans • Cysticercosis in animals and humans • Biology and systematics • Epidemiology and geographical distribution • Diagnosis and treatment in humans • Detection in cattle and swine • Surveillance • Prevention • Control • Methods All OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) publications are protected by international copyright law. Extracts may be copied, reproduced, translated, adapted or published in journals, documents, books, electronic media and any other medium destined for the public, for information, educational or commercial purposes, provided prior written permission has been granted by the OIE. The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. The views expressed in signed articles are solely the responsibility of the authors. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. –––––––––– The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization or the World Organisation for Animal Health concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Dr. Donald L. Price Center for Parasite Repository and Education College of Public Health, University of South Florida
Dr. Donald L. Price Center For Parasite Repository and Education College of Public Health, University of South Florida PRESENTS Sources of Infective Stages and Modes of Transmission of Endoparasites Epidemiology is the branch of science that deals with the distribution and spread of disease. How diseases are transmitted, i.e. how they are passed from an infected individual to a susceptible one is a major consideration. Classifying and developing terminology for what takes place has been approached in a variety of ways usually related to specific disease entities such as viruses, bacteria, etc. The definitions that follow apply to those disease entities usually classified as endoparasites i.e. those parasites that reside in a body passage or tissue of the definitive host or in some cases the intermediate host. When the definition of terms for the “Source of Infection” or “Mode of Infection” relate to prevention and/or control of an endoparasitic disease, they should be clearly described. For the source of infection, the medium (water, soil, utensils, etc.) or the host organism (vector, or intermediate host) on which or in which the infective stage can be found should be precisely identified. For the mode of transmission, the precise circumstances and means by which the infective stage is able to come in contact with, enter, and initiate an infection in the host should be described. SOURCE OF INFECTION There are three quite distinct and importantly different kinds of sources of the infective stage of parasites: Contaminated Sources, Infested Sources, and Infected Sources. CONTAMINATE SOURCES Contaminated Source, in parasitology, implies something that has come in contact with raw feces and is thereby polluted with feces or organisms that were present in it. -
Pathophysiology and Gastrointestinal Impacts of Parasitic Helminths in Human Being
Research and Reviews on Healthcare: Open Access Journal DOI: 10.32474/RRHOAJ.2020.06.000226 ISSN: 2637-6679 Research Article Pathophysiology and Gastrointestinal Impacts of Parasitic Helminths in Human Being Firew Admasu Hailu1*, Geremew Tafesse1 and Tsion Admasu Hailu2 1Dilla University, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Biology, Dilla, Ethiopia 2Addis Ababa Medical and Business College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Firew Admasu Hailu, Dilla University, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Biology, Dilla, Ethiopia Received: November 05, 2020 Published: November 20, 2020 Abstract Introduction: This study mainly focus on the major pathologic manifestations of human gastrointestinal impacts of parasitic worms. Background: Helminthes and protozoan are human parasites that can infect gastrointestinal tract of humans beings and reside in intestinal wall. Protozoans are one celled microscopic, able to multiply in humans, contributes to their survival, permits serious infections, use one of the four main modes of transmission (direct, fecal-oral, vector-borne, and predator-prey) and also helminthes are necked multicellular organisms, referred as intestinal worms even though not all helminthes reside in intestines. However, in their adult form, helminthes cannot multiply in humans and able to survive in mammalian host for many years due to their ability to manipulate immune response. Objectives: The objectives of this study is to assess the main pathophysiology and gastrointestinal impacts of parasitic worms in human being. Methods: Both primary and secondary data were collected using direct observation, books and articles, and also analyzed quantitativelyResults and and conclusion: qualitatively Parasites following are standard organisms scientific living temporarily methods. in or on other organisms called host like human and other animals. -
Waterborne Zoonotic Helminthiases Suwannee Nithiuthaia,*, Malinee T
Veterinary Parasitology 126 (2004) 167–193 www.elsevier.com/locate/vetpar Review Waterborne zoonotic helminthiases Suwannee Nithiuthaia,*, Malinee T. Anantaphrutib, Jitra Waikagulb, Alvin Gajadharc aDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand bDepartment of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand cCentre for Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon Laboratory, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N 2R3 Abstract This review deals with waterborne zoonotic helminths, many of which are opportunistic parasites spreading directly from animals to man or man to animals through water that is either ingested or that contains forms capable of skin penetration. Disease severity ranges from being rapidly fatal to low- grade chronic infections that may be asymptomatic for many years. The most significant zoonotic waterborne helminthic diseases are either snail-mediated, copepod-mediated or transmitted by faecal-contaminated water. Snail-mediated helminthiases described here are caused by digenetic trematodes that undergo complex life cycles involving various species of aquatic snails. These diseases include schistosomiasis, cercarial dermatitis, fascioliasis and fasciolopsiasis. The primary copepod-mediated helminthiases are sparganosis, gnathostomiasis and dracunculiasis, and the major faecal-contaminated water helminthiases are cysticercosis, hydatid disease and larva migrans. Generally, only parasites whose infective stages can be transmitted directly by water are discussed in this article. Although many do not require a water environment in which to complete their life cycle, their infective stages can certainly be distributed and acquired directly through water. Transmission via the external environment is necessary for many helminth parasites, with water and faecal contamination being important considerations. -
Foodborne Anisakiasis and Allergy
Foodborne anisakiasis and allergy Author Baird, Fiona J, Gasser, Robin B, Jabbar, Abdul, Lopata, Andreas L Published 2014 Journal Title Molecular and Cellular Probes Version Accepted Manuscript (AM) DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2014.02.003 Copyright Statement © 2014 Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, providing that the work is properly cited. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/342860 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Foodborne anisakiasis and allergy Fiona J. Baird1, 2, 4, Robin B. Gasser2, Abdul Jabbar2 and Andreas L. Lopata1, 2, 4 * 1 School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 4811 2 Centre of Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 4811 3 Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 4 Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 4811 * Correspondence. Tel. +61 7 4781 14563; Fax: +61 7 4781 6078 E-mail address: [email protected] 1 ABSTRACT Parasitic infections are not often associated with first world countries due to developed infrastructure, high hygiene standards and education. Hence when a patient presents with atypical gastroenteritis, bacterial and viral infection is often the presumptive diagnosis. Anisakid nematodes are important accidental pathogens to humans and are acquired from the consumption of live worms in undercooked or raw fish. Anisakiasis, the disease caused by Anisakis spp. -
Guidelines for the Control of Taenia Saginata in Meat of Domestic Cattle
GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL OF TAENIA SAGINATA IN MEAT OF DOMESTIC CATTLE CAC/GL 85-2014 CAC/GL 85-2014 2 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. OBJECTIVES 3. SCOPE AND USE OF THE GUIDELINES 3.1. Scope 3.2. Use 4. DEFINITIONS 5. PRINCIPLES APPLYING TO CONTROL OF BOVINE CYSTICERCOSIS 6. PRELIMINARY RISK MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES 6.1. Identification of a food safety issue 6.2. Risk Profile 7. IDENTIFICATION, SELECTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RISK-BASED CONTROL MEASURES 7.1. Control measures at farm level 7.2. Post-slaughter control measures 7.2.1 Post mortem inspection 7.2.2 Alternative inspection procedures 7.2.3 Treatment of meat 7.2.4 Traceability for slaughtered cattle 7.2.5 Movement control and surveillance 7.3. Selection of risk-based control measures 7.3.1 Risk-based approach 8. MONITORING AND REVIEW 9. RISK COMMUNICATION CAC/GL 85-2014 3 1. INTRODUCTION Bovine cysticercosis refers to the infection of the striated muscle of cattle with the metacestode (e.g. cysticerci) of Taenia saginata, traditionally referred to as “Cysticercus bovis”. Humans acquire the infection (taeniasis or beef tapeworm infection) solely from consumption of raw or undercooked beef containing live cysticerci. Taeniasis in human populations varies worldwide with a high prevalence in some countries. Very few countries are free from T. saginata. Bovine cysticercosis is not a condition notifiable to the OIE and is regulated in some countries. The public health significance of T. saginata is limited due to the mostly benign clinical symptoms (or asymptomatic forms illustrated in the global ranking of foodborne parasites using a multicriteria ranking tool for scoring parasites based on public health criteria only during the FAO/WHO expert meeting on Foodborne Parasites – Multicriteria based ranking for risk management (Annex 5, Figure 2 of the report1).