Compiled by Linda English

Cambridge University Press 978-1-909-72651-2 — Mental Illness, Human Rights and the Law Brendan D. Kelly Index More Information

Index

admission order 17 Bentham, Jeremy 4, 6 Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 best interests 16, 18, 45, 57 72, 93–94 Mental Capacity Bill 2015 69–70, 74, 75, advance statements: Scotland 150, 152, 79, 86, 97, 100, 204, 215 153–155, 166 Mental Health Act 2001 120–121, 122, advocacy 123, 130, 131 ECHR 20 Mental Health (Care and Treatment) Mental Capacity Bill 2015 85–86, 98 (Scotland) Act 2003 145–146, 147–148 Mental Health Act 2007 57–58, 60, 86, Better Services for the Mentally Ill (White Paper) 199 36 Mental Health (Care and Treatment) Bill of Rights 1689: English 3–4 (Scotland) Act 2003 135, 139, 149, 155 Bill of Rights 1791: US 4 power 190, 194–195, 196, 199 Burke, Edmund 5, 6 social advocacy 214 alcohol or drugs addiction 16, 37, 48, 94–95, Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 109 11 Aristotle 2 capacity see mental capacity Ashworth Hospital 42–43 Care in the Community (DHSS) 36 Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Bill Chartism 5 2013 31, 70, 72, 73, 93–94, 95–96 China 192–193, 194, 198 asylums 7–8, 13, 35, 104, 181 chlorpromazine 13 asylum seekers 178 Cicero: natural law 3, 4 autonomy 211 civil partners: nearest relative 52, 59 dignity and 38, 57, 58, 61, 102, 150 Civil Partnership Act 2004 52 Ireland 122, 129, 130, 206, 207 clinical practice: rights promotion 211, Mental Health Act 2007 52–53, 56, 57, 58, 212–213 61 Clunis, Christopher 40 Northern Ireland 64, 65, 67, 97 community care 13–14, 19, 36, 181 Richardson Committee 40, 45–46, 47, 56 community treatment orders 17, 39, 51, Scotland 156–157 53–55, 59–60, 101, 103, 143 Competency Assessment Tool for Voting Ballinasloe Asylum (Ireland) 7 (CAT-V) 196 Bamford Review of Mental Health and Confucius 2 Learning Disability 63–67 conscientious objection: right to 11 A Comprehensive Legislative Framework 63 consent 37–38, 40, 65, 111, 145, 148, 206 Hague Convention on the International Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na Protection of Adults 2000 64 hÉireann) 24, 25, 27, 105, 129 Mental Capacity Bill 2015 and 67, 98–99, Convention on the Rights of Persons with 102, 103 Disabilities (CRPD) see UN Convention Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 1986 64 (CRPD) Review Group 64–65, 103 Council of Europe 14–15, 21, 22, 23, 46, Royal College of Psychiatrists 65–67 47, 62

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see also European Convention on Human Mental Health (Amendment) Act 1982 20 Rights (ECHR) overall assessment 58–62 Criminal Lunatics (Ireland) Act 1838 8 Richardson Committee 40–41, 45–46, 47, Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 56, 170, 206 146, 147, 150, 162 WHO standards 28–29, 32–33, 203–204 critical psychiatry 197 see also Mental Health Act 1983; Mental Cyrus the Great 2 Health Act 2007 Enlightenment 3–4 dangerousness 18, 47 equality 5, 6, 10 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the ethnicity: rates of detention 46 Citizen 1789 (French National Constituent European Convention on Human Rights Act Assembly) 5 2003 1, 20, 24–28, 32, 116, 202 Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of European Convention on Human Rights the Citizen (Olympe de Gouges) 5 (ECHR) 1, 14–22, 32, 62, 171, 201, dementia praecox (schizophrenia) 13 203, 211 De Praerogativa Regis 35 Article 2(1): 45 dignity 4–5, 64, 200, 202, 211–216 Article 3: 18 autonomy and 38, 57, 58, 61, 102, 150 Article 5(1): 16, 17, 18, 19, 42, 43, 50, 51, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU 58–59 21 Article 5(4): 19, 20, 38–39, 44–45 CRPD 29–30, 33–34, 107, 171 Article 8: 18–19, 21, 42–43, 45, 52, 59, day-to-day clinical practice 212–213 150, 152, 156, 203 international activism 214–216 conditions while detained 18–19 Ireland 215 Convention 14–16 Mental Health Act 2007 57, 58, 59–60, 62 Council of Europe 1, 14–15 mental health service management 213–214 European Court of Human Rights 15, natural law 3 16–17, 18, 19–20, 22–23, 43, 106–107, Richardson Committee 45–46, 47 113, 116, 195–196 seclusion 43 European Union and 20–22 social engagement 214 Human Rights Act 1998 and 16, 20, UDHR 9–10 22–23, 24, 32, 45, 55, 202 disability: CRPD deinition 30–31 involuntary detention 16–18 Disability Rights UK 199 Ireland and 26–28, 106–107, 113, 116, discharge 202 European Court of Human Rights 54–55 problems 15–16 see also mental health tribunals review of involuntary detention 19–20 Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act European Union 20–22, 62 2004 47 Charter of Fundamental Rights of EU 21–22 European Court of Justice 20–21, 22 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 13, 46, 111 evidence-based mental healthcare 212–213 Mental Health Act 2007 55–56, 60, 203–204 forensic psychiatry Mental Health (Care and Treatment) patients 19–20, 42–44, 100 (Scotland) Act 2003 146, 148–149 schizophrenia and imprisonment 180–183, Northern Ireland 65, 76 189 emergency capacity assessments 100, 205 French Revolution 1789–1799 5 emergency detention 18, 137–138, 143, fusion law 100–102, 205 151–152, 163–164, 207–208 FW v Dept. of Psychiatry James Connolly Memorial emergency treatment 29, 32–33, 54, 56, 60, Hospital 121 75, 85, 125–126, 203–204 employment: schizophrenia 173–174, 184 global inequality/global health inequality England and Wales 35–62, 174 191, 214–215 CRPD 31, 62 guardianship 37, 38, 51, 65 Mental Capacity Act 2005 31, 47, 69, 70, 72, 73, 92–93, 95–96, 213 Habeas Corpus Act 1679 3 Mental Health Act 1959 20, 36 Hague Convention on the International Mental Health Act 1983 (Remedial) Order Protection of Adults 2000 64, 67–68 2001 42 Hammurabi’s Code 3

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HIV/AIDS in Haiti 172–173, 178 Irish Human Rights and Equality HL v UK (Bournewood) [2004] 16, 19, 118 Commission 26 Hobbes, Thomas 3 Irish Supreme Court 105, 106 homelessness: schizophrenia 176–178, Mental Health: The Case for Reform 105–106 182–183, 184–185, 189 Mental Health Act 2008 118–120, 129, homicide 39–40, 107 206–207 hospital managers 57 Mental Health Bill 1999 106–107 hospital orders 20 mentally ill in the 19th century 6 human rights: background Mental Treatment Act 1945 13, 104–106, early 20th century 8–9 115–116, 128–129, 206 early philosophies 2–3 overall assessment 128–131 Enlightenment 3–4 Public Authorities Judicial Proceedings Act mental illness in 19th century and 6–8 1954 105 mental illness in 20th century and 12–14 voting rights 195–196 political context and implementation 12 WHO standards 28–29, 32–33, 202–203 political philosophy of individual rights 4–6 see also Mental Health Act 2001 secular 3–4 USA and France 4–6 JF v DPP 27 human rights: national legislative form 22–28 Laing, R. D. 197 Human Rights Act 1998 1, 22–24, 26–27, League of Nations 8, 9 41, 47, 59, 62, 194 liberty: deprivation of declarations of incompatibility with ECHR CRPD 31, 33, 62, 72, 97, 99, 138, 143, 23, 27, 41–42, 44 152, 203, 205 ECHR 16, 20, 22–23, 24, 32, 45, 55, 202 DoLS in England and Wales 103 Mental Health Act 1983 and 41 Mental Capacity Bill 2015 77–78, 79, 82, section 6(1) 45, 55 97, 99, 103, 205 Hutchison Reid v UK 116 Mental Health Act 2001 129–130, 131 Mental Health (Care and Treatment) independent advocates (Scotland) Act 2003 138, 143, 152 Mental Capacity Bill 2015 85–86, 98 liberty: right to 201, 202, 209 Mental Health Act 2007 57–58, 60, 86, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU 199 21 informal patients see voluntary patients ECHR 16, 42, 43, 44, 51, 58–59 insulin coma therapy 13 prisons 182 intellectual disability 16, 30, 44 UDHR 10 Bamford Review of Mental Health and life: right to 3, 45 Learning Disability 63–67 lobotomy 13 deinition 108 Locke, John 4 Mental Capacity Bill 2015 72, 97 Lovett, William 5 Mental Health Act 2001 108, 124 Mental Health Act 2007 41 McManus Review 132, 151–161, 162, interest groups 186, 187–189, 196–197, 210 166–168, 170, 208 international activism 214–216 Magna Carta (1215) 3 involuntary detention: ECHR 16–20 manic depression (bipolar affective disorder) Ireland 104–131, 168, 206–207 13 Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Bill medications 213 2013 31, 70, 72, 73, 93–94, 95–96 mental capacity 44–45, 58, 209 Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na CRPD 31 hÉireann) 1937 24, 25, 27–28, 105, 129 ECT 56 cost of mental health problems 174 Mental Health Act 2001 and voluntary dignity 215 patients 117–118 European Convention on Human Rights see also Mental Capacity Act 2005; Mental Act 2003 1, 20, 24–28, 31, 116, 202 Capacity Bill 2015 homelessness 177 Mental Capacity Act 2005 31, 47, 69, 70, 72, Human Rights Commission Act 2000 25 73, 92–93, 95–96, 213 indeinite detention 105, 206 Mental Capacity Bill 2015 1–2, 31, 63, Irish Human Rights Commission 25–26 67–103, 130, 204–206, 215

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approved healthcare professional 82 see also Richardson Committee authorisation for serious interventions Mental Health Act 1983 (Remedial) Order 77–84 2001 42 authorisation of treatment 79 Mental Health Act 2001 1–2, 69, 104–131, best interests 69–70, 74, 75, 79, 86, 97, 140, 143, 206–207 100, 204, 215 Circuit Court and High Court 111, capacity assessment 75, 205 115–116, 117, 121, 127, 129, 144, 206 Codes of Practice 96–97, 98 consent to treatment 111 Committee on the Rights of Persons with deinitions 94, 107–108, 123 Disabilities (2014) 91 human rights implications 111–122 community residence requirement 80–81 independent review of detention 110–111 Consultation Document 102 ‘intermediate’ patients 124 deinition of capacity 72–73 involuntary admission 109–110, 114–115, deinition of mental disorder 94 123–126 deprivation of liberty 77–78 involuntary patient ‘SM’ 118–120 deputies 89 law prior to 104–107 Enduring Powers of Attorney (Northern mental capacity 117–118 Ireland) Order 1987 71 Mental Health Act 2008 118–120, 129, fusion law 100–102, 205 206–207 ‘ground-breaking’ 96, 99, 100, 101, 205 Mental Health (Amendment) Act 2015 128 Health and Social Care (HSC) Trust panel Mental Health Commission 43, 109–111, 81–82, 83, 95, 97, 98, 103 112, 113, 114, 115, 121–122, 126, 129, High Court 88–91 206 independent advocates 85–86, 98 mental health tribunals 87, 110–111, 112, lack of capacity 71–73 113–115, 116–117, 121–122, 126 lasting power of attorney 70–71, 95, 98 overall assessment 128–131 life-sustaining treatment 70 paternalism 120–122, 129 nominated person 75–76 preliminary and general matters 107–109 Ofice of Public Guardian 95 report of Expert Group on Review of police power 95 (2015) 122–128, 130 principles 68–70 resource problems 112, 120, 129–130, protection from liability and general 131, 207 safeguards 73–74 voluntary patients 110, 117–118, 124 Regulation and Quality Improvement Mental Health Act 2007 1–2, 31, 41, 42, 45, Authority (RQIA) 76–77, 95 47–62, 69, 203–204 requirement to attend for treatment 79–80 appropriate treatment test 49, 50, 59, 203 research 91–94 approved mental health professional 51, 61 Review Tribunal 86–88, 98 detention criteria 49–50 short-term detention in hospital 82–84 ECT 55–56, 60, 203–204 summary 97–102 exclusion criteria amended from Mental Mental Health Act 1959 20, 36 Health Act 1983 48–49, 59 Mental Health Act 1983 62, 108, 213 independent mental health advocates admission for assessment 37, 38 57–58, 60, 86, 199 admission for treatment 37, 38 leave of absence 53, 54 background 35–37 medical treatment 49–50 Code of Practice and seclusion 42, 43 mental disorder deinition 48–49, 59, 60, consent 37–38, 40 94, 203, 204 deinitions 37 Mental Health Act 2001 and 108–109, 130 ECHR and 17, 19–20 mental health tribunals 56–57, 60, 203, guardianship 37, 38 204 human rights 41–45 nearest relative deinition 52–53, 59, issues arising from 39–47 203–204 mental health tribunals 41–42, 43–44 overall assessment 58–62 movement towards reform 45–47 professional roles expanded 50–52, 59, 61, nearest relative 42, 44–45 203, 204 public safety 39–41, 101–102 renewal orders 17, 49, 51, 52, 59, 203 responsible medical oficer 37, 38, 51 responsible clinician 17, 51, 52, 53–54, 55, second opinions 38 59, 61

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supervised community treatment 51, ECHR and 19–20, 38–39, 44–45, 55 53–55, 59–60, 203–204 Ireland 87, 110–111, 112, 113–115, Mental Health Act 2008 118–120, 129, 116–117, 121–122, 126 206–207 Mental Health Act 1983 38, 41–42, 43–44, Mental Health Alliance 47 46 Mental Health (Amendment) Act 1982 20 Mental Health Act 2007 56–57, 60, 203, Mental Health (Care and Treatment) 204 (Scotland) Act 2003 69, 70, 130, Review Tribunal in Mental Capacity Bill 132–151, 207–208 2015 86–88, 98 advance statements 150, 152, 153–155, Scotland 136, 139, 140, 141–142, 166 143–145, 152–153, 156, 159–160, 163, appeals to sheriff principal and Court of 165, 167, 168, 207 Session 144 third dimension of power 197–198 care plans 142, 159 Mental Treatment Act 1930 36 Codes of Practice 149 Mental Treatment Act 1945 13, 104–106, compulsory treatment orders 140–143, 115–116, 128–129, 206 145, 161 migration: schizophrenia 178–180, 182–183, deinition of ‘mental disorder’ 94, 189 135–136 Mind 187, 199 duties of state actors 136–137 multidisciplinary teamwork 213 ECT 146, 148–149 emergency detention 137–138, 207–208 National Association for Mental Health 36 independent advocacy 155 National Eating Disorders Association (UK) local authorities 136–137, 207, 209 197 McManus Review 132, 151–161, 166–168, natural law 3, 4 170, 208 natural rights 3, 4 medical matters 157–159 nearest relative 42, 44–45, 52–53, 59, Mental Health Tribunal for Scotland 136, 203–204 139, 140, 141–142, 143–145, 152–153, Northern Ireland 34, 63–103, 204–206 156, 159–160, 207 Bamford Review of Mental Health and Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland Learning Disability 63–67, 102, 103 136, 139, 142, 145, 148, 154, 155, Enduring Powers of Attorney (Northern 160–161, 207 Ireland) Order 1987 71 named persons 155–157, 168 fusion law 100–102, 205 postal packets 150 Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order principles 134–135 1986 64, 67–68, 99 psychiatrists’ views 152–153 see also Mental Capacity Bill 2015 psychosurgery 145–146 Nowicka v Poland [2003] 19 short-term detention 138–140, 207–208 Nussbaum, M. 5 treatments for detained patients 145–149 urgent medical treatment 148 objective medical evidence/expertise 17, 18, Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 51, 52, 55, 59, 61, 203 1986 64, 67–68, 99 out-patient services 36 Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1984 116, 155–156 Paine, Thomas 4, 5 Mental Health (Scotland) Act 2015 1–2, 132, parens patriae 122 161–166, 168, 208–209 Parole Board 44 advance statements 166, 208 paternalism 47, 61, 62, 117, 120–122, 204, compulsory treatment order 163–164, 165 207 emergency detention order 163–164 personality disorder 45, 57, 60, 94, 100, mothers with mental disorders 166, 208 108–109, 124, 135–136 objectives 162 Petition of Right 1628 3 removal order 164–165, 168, 208 Plato 2 speciic provisions 163–166 political participation 10 mental health service management 213–214 power gap 195–197, 200, 210 mental health tribunal (Mental Health polyarchy 187 Review Tribunal) post-psychiatry 197 burden of proof 41–42, 59, 203 post-traumatic stress disorder 178

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poverty 172–173 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 4 power: mental illness and 185–199, 210 Royal Commission on the Law Relating decision-making and non-decision making to Mental Illness and Mental Deiciency 189–190, 193 (Percy Commission) 13–14, 36 democracy 198 Royal Commission on Lunacy and Mental human rights approach 194–195 Disorder 1926 36 individual agency 190–192, 193, 194, 198, Russian Declaration of the Rights of the 200, 210 Working and Exploited People 1918 8–9 interest groups 186, 187–189, 196–197, 210 Savage v South Essex Partnership NHS Foundation political participation 195–197, 200, 210 Trust 45 ‘power gap’ 186–187, 189–190, 193–199, schizophrenia 14, 31, 62, 173–185 200, 210 clinical and biological dimensions 173– research 197 175 second dimension in China 192–193 costs 174–175 ‘soft power’ 198–199, 200, 210 dementia praecox 13 structural violence 189 dopamine dysregulation 175 three dimensions of 187–193, 197–199 ‘downward social drift’ 175–176 prisons: schizophrenia 180–182, 189 employment 173–174, 184 private and family life: right to 18–19, 21, gene–environment interactions 183, 185 42–43, 45, 52, 59, 150, 152, 156, 203 homelessness 176–178, 182–183, psychiatrists: Mental Health Act 2007 51–52 184–185, 189 psychiatry and human rights: books and imprisonment 180–182, 189 resources 211, 215 life expectancy 173 psychological therapies 213 migration 178–180, 182–183, 189 psychopathic disorder 37, 50, 108–109 risk of violence 39 psychosis 179–180, 189 socioeconomic group 175–176, 182–183, psychosurgery 73, 111, 145–146 189 public safety 39–41, 47, 59, 62, 65, 102, 107, structural violence 173–185, 189, 209–210 170, 203 substance misuse 176–178, 181 Scotland 132–170, 207–209 Qur’an 3 Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 72, 93–94 R (D) v Secretary of State for Home Department challenges of reform 166–170 43–44 Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 recovery 214 146, 147, 150, 162 Reform of Mental Health Legislation (White McManus Review 132, 151–161, 162, Paper) 37 166–168, 170, 208 religious groups: in the 19th century 6–7 Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1984 116, remedial order 27 155–156 renewal orders Mental Health (Scotland) Act 2015 1–2, Mental Health Act 2001 110–111, 112, 132, 161–166, 168, 208–209 113, 118–120, 127 Mental Health Strategy for Scotland, Mental Health Act 2007 49, 51, 52, 59, 2012–2015 169, 174, 208–209 203 Mental Health Tribunal 136, 139, 140, Winterwerp case 17 141–142, 143–145, 152–153, 156, responsible clinician: Mental Health Act 2007 159–160, 163, 165, 167, 168, 207 17, 50, 51, 53–54, 55, 59, 61 Mental Welfare Commission 136, 139, Retreat hospital 6 142, 145, 148, 154, 155, 160–161, R (H) v Mental Health Review Tribunal 41 164–165, 207, 208 Richardson Committee 40–41, 45–46, 47, Millan Committee principles 132, 56, 101, 108, 167, 170, 206 155–156, 167, 168 rights promotion 211–216 see also Mental Health (Care and R (KB) v Mental Health Review Tribunal 44 Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 R (Munjaz) v Mersey Care NHS Trust 42, 43 seclusion 42–43 R (M) v Secretary of State for Health 42, 57 sexual deviancy 37, 48, 59, 135, 136 R (N) v Ashworth Special Hospital Authority 42 slavery 4, 5–6 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 9 social capital 179–180

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social contract 3, 4 the Protection of Persons with Mental social engagement 214 Illness and the Improvement of Mental social exclusion 173, 187–188 Health Care; World Health Organization social justice: rights promotion 211–216 (WHO) socioeconomic/sociopolitical factors Universal Declaration of Human Rights 171–201, 209–210 (UDHR) 1, 3, 4, 9–14, 15, 32, 211 Socrates 2 controversies 11–12 stigma 182, 191–192, 204, 214 Declaration 9–10 structural violence: mental illness and ECT in Mental Health Act 2007 56 172–185, 199–201, 209–210 right to liberty 10 schizophrenia as example 173–185, Scotland 169, 209 209–210 Universal Islamic Declaration of Human second dimension of power 189–190 Rights 2 social engagement 214 UN Principles for the Protection of suffragette movement 5 Persons with Mental Illness and the suicide 45, 179, 182 Improvement of Mental Health Care supervised community treatment 39, 51, (1991) 1, 10, 14, 28–29, 32, 202 53–55, 60, 103, 143 Ireland 106 syndemics 177 Scotland 169–170, 209 Szasz, Thomas 197 structural violence and power 171, 184–185, 194, 199–200 TH v DPP 27 ‘unsound mind’ 17, 18, 50, 51, 52, 59, 105 Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 21 urbanicity 180 Treaty on European Union 1992 (‘Maastricht US Constitution 1787 4, 5–6 Treaty’) 21 US Declaration of Independence 1776 4 Treaty of Lisbon (‘Reform Treaty’) 22 tribunals see mental health tribunals Vagrancy Act 1744 35 Tuke, William 6 violence: risk factors 39, 40, 62 visits: to patients 18–19 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons voluntary patients 16, 62 with Disabilities (CRPD) (2006) 29–32, admission 13, 36, 104–105 33–34, 211 Mental Health Act 2001 110, 117–118, advocacy 214 124 deprivation of liberty 31, 33, 62, 72, 97, voting rights 5, 31, 95–96, 99, 195–196 99, 138, 143, 152, 203, 205 England and Wales 31, 62 Winterwerp v Netherlands 17–18, 55 homelessness 177–178 Wollstonecraft, Mary 5 Ireland 107, 124, 131 women’s rights 5 Northern Ireland 63, 64, 72, 91, 96, 97, Working Party on Human Rights in 99, 100, 101, 205, 215 Psychiatry 46 Scotland 138, 143, 148, 152, 208, 209 World Health Organization (WHO) 183, 211 structural violence and power 171–172, ‘Checklist for mental health legislation’ 177–178, 184–185, 194, 199–200 28–29, 32–33, 202–203 United Nations (UN) 211 deinition of intellectual disability 108 Charter 1945 9 global inequality 191, 214–215 Commission on Human Rights 9 Mental Health Declaration for Europe and International Covenant on Civil and Mental Health Action Plan for Europe Political Rights 12 131 International Covenant on Economic, Resource Book on Mental Health, Human Rights Social and Cultural Rights 12 and Legislation 28–29 see also UN Convention on the Rights Ten Basic Principles of Mental Health Care of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD); Law 28 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); UN Principles for Z v Kattak and Anor 114–115

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