The Special Senses

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THE SPECIAL SENSES Lab Objectives Students should be able to: 1. Identify the anatomical structures of the eye, ear and tongue. 2. Discuss basic physiological function of each sense. 3. Identify the microscopic anatomy of the tongue. The human eye is subdivide into three tunics, each with specific structures: 1. Fibrous tunic: sclera and cornea 2. Vascular tunic: choroid layer, ciliary body, ora serrata, lens, suspensory ligaments, iris and pupil 3. Sensory tunic: macula lutea, fovea centralis, optic disc, and optic nerve Superficial (External) Eye Structures 1. Iris 5. Choroid 2. Cornea 6. Optic Nerve 3. Pupil 7. Medial rectus 4. Sclera 8. Inferior rectus Note: Know all rectus and oblique muscles associated with the eye Deep Eye Structures 1. Ciliary body 5. Macula lutea (w/ fovea centralis 2. Suspensory ligaments 6. Retina 3. Pupil 7. Optic disc (leading to optic nerve) 4. Lens 8. Vitreous humor Note: Also know the following structures: anterior segment, posterior segment, aqueous humor and ora serra of the retina Outer Ear 1. Pinna 2. External acoustic (auditory) meatus 3. Tympanic membrane Middle Ear 1. Incus 2. Malleus 3. Stapes Inner Ear 4. Semicircular canals 5. Vestibule 6. Cochlea 7. Nerve: Cranial nerve VIII vestibulocochlear 8. Eustachian tube Internal Inner Ear Structures 1. Ampulla 2. Utircle 3. Sacule 4. Vestibulocochlear nerve 5. Cochlear duct In addition to the Eye and Ear structures, students must know the following: Taste: taste buds and the three types of papilla (fungiform, filiform, and circumvallate) Smell: nasal concha, vomer, perpendicular plate, cribiform plate, olfactory foramina, and olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) .

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TEST YOUR TASTE Featuring a “Class Experiment” and “Try Your Own Experiment” TEACHER GUIDE
NEUROSCIENCE FOR KIDS http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html OUR CHEMICAL SENSES: TASTE TEST YOUR TASTE Featuring a “Class Experiment” and “Try Your Own Experiment” TEACHER GUIDE WHAT STUDENTS WILL DO · predict and then determine their ability to identify food samples by taste alone (holding the nose) and then by taste plus smell · collect all class data on identifying food samples and calculate the percentage of correct and incorrect answers for each method (with and without smell) · list factors that affect our ability to identify substances by taste · discuss the functions of the sense of taste · draw a simple diagram of the neural “circuitry” from the taste receptors to the brain · learn how to design experiments that include asking specific questions, defining control conditions, and changing one variable at a time · devise their own experiments to extend the study of the sense of taste SUGGESTED TIMES for these activities: 45 minutes for discussing background concepts and introducing the activities; 45 minutes for the “Class Experiment;” and 45 minutes for “Try Your Own Experiment.” 1 SETTING UP THE LAB Supplies For the Introduction to the Lab Activities Taste papers: control papers sodium benzoate papers phenylthiourea papers Source: Carolina Biological Supply Company, 1-800-334-5551 (or other biological or chemical supply companies) For the Class Experiment Food items, cut into identical chunks, about one to two-centimeter cubes. Food cubes should be prepared ahead of time by a person wearing latex gloves and using safe preparation techniques. Store the cubes in small lidded containers, in the refrigerator. Prepare enough for each student group to have containers of four or five of the following items, or seasonal items easily available.
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How Does the Balance System Work?
How Does the Balance System Work? Author: Shannon L.G. Hoffman, PT, DPt Sara MacDowell PT, DPT Fact Sheet Many systems work together to help you keep your balance. The goal is to keep your body and vision stable Peripheral Sensory Systems: 1) Vision: Your vision helps you see where your head and body are in rela- tion to the world around you. 2) Somatosensory/Proprioception: We use the feeling from our feet against the ground as well as special sensors in our joints to know where our feet and legs are positioned. It also tells how your head is oriented to your neck and shoulders. Produced by 3) Vestibular system: Balance organs in the inner ear tell the brain about the movements and position of your head. There are 3 canals in each ear that sense when you move your head and help keep your vision clear. Central Processing: Information from these 3 systems is sent to the brain for processing. The brain stem also gets information from other parts of the brain called the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, mostly about past experiences that have A Special Interest affected your sense of balance. Your brain can control balance by using Group of the information that is most important for a certain situation. For example, in the dark, when you can’t use your vision, your brain will use more information from your legs and feet and your inner ear. If you are walking on a sandy beach during the day, you can’t trust your feet on the ground and your brain will use your eyes and inner ear more.
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SENSORY MOTOR COORDINATION in ROBONAUT Richard Alan Peters
SENSORY MOTOR COORDINATION IN ROBONAUT 5 Richard Alan Peters 11 Vanderbilt University School of Engineering JSC Mail Code: ER4 30 October 2000 Robert 0. Ambrose Robotic Systems Technology Branch Automation, Robotics, & Simulation Division Engineering Directorate Richard Alan Peters II Robert 0. Ambrose SENSORY MOTOR COORDINATION IN ROBONAUT Final Report NASNASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program - 2000 Johnson Space Center Prepared By: Richard Alan Peters II, Ph.D. Academic Rank: Associate Professor University and Department: Vanderbilt University Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Nashville, TN 37235 NASNJSC Directorate: Engineering Division: Automation, Robotics, & Simulation Branch: Robotic Systems Technology JSC Colleague: Robert 0. Ambrose Date Submitted: 30 October 2000 Contract Number: NAG 9-867 13-1 ABSTRACT As a participant of the year 2000 NASA Summer Faculty Fellowship Program, I worked with the engineers of the Dexterous Robotics Laboratory at NASA Johnson Space Center on the Robonaut project. The Robonaut is an articulated torso with two dexterous arms, left and right five-fingered hands, and a head with cameras mounted on an articulated neck. This advanced space robot, now dnven only teleoperatively using VR gloves, sensors and helmets, is to be upgraded to a thinking system that can find, in- teract with and assist humans autonomously, allowing the Crew to work with Robonaut as a (junior) member of their team. Thus, the work performed this summer was toward the goal of enabling Robonaut to operate autonomously as an intelligent assistant to as- tronauts. Our underlying hypothesis is that a robot can deveZop intelligence if it learns a set of basic behaviors ([.e., reflexes - actions tightly coupled to sensing) and through experi- ence learns how to sequence these to solve problems or to accomplish higher-level tasks.
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Cortex Necessary for Pain — but Not in Sense That Matters
Shriver, Adam J. (2016) Cortex necessary for pain — but not in sense that matters. Animal Sentience 3(27) DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1051 This article has appeared in the journal Animal Sentience, a peer-reviewed journal on animal cognition and feeling. It has been made open access, free for all, by WellBeing International and deposited in the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Animal Sentience 2016.034: Shriver Commentary on Key on Fish Pain Cortex necessary for pain — but not in sense that matters Commentary on Key on Fish Pain Adam Shriver Center for Neuroscience and Society University of Pennsylvania Abstract: Certain cortical regions are necessary for pain in humans in the sense that, at particular times, they play a direct role in pain. However, it is not true that they are necessary in the more important sense that pain is never possible in humans without them. There are additional details from human lesion studies concerning functional plasticity that undermine Key’s (2016) interpretation. Moreover, no one has yet identified any specific behaviors that mammalian cortical pain regions make possible that are absent in fish. Keywords: pain, sentience, neuroethics, cortical regions, affect, fish, mammals, vertebrates, consciousness, brain plasticity Adam Shriver [email protected] is a fellow at the Center for Neuroscience and Society at the University of Pennsylvania. He is an ethicist and a philosopher of cognitive science who studies the neuroscience of affective states that contribute to subjective well-being. http://medicalethics.med.upenn.edu/people/administration/adam- shriver Key’s (2016) target article, “Why fish do not feel pain” is the strongest yet in a series of recent papers arguing that fish are incapable of consciously experiencing pain.
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Sensory Change Following Motor Learning
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Hernandez Arieta, A; Dermitzakis, C; Damian, D; Lungarella, M; Pfeifer, R (2008). Sensory-motor coupling in rehabilitation robotics. In: Takahashi, Y. Handbook of Service Robotics. Vienna, Austria, 21-36. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch University of Zurich Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. Zurich Open Repository and Archive http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: Takahashi, Y 2008. Handbook of Service Robotics. Vienna, Austria, 21-36. Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich http://www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2008 Sensory-motor coupling in rehabilitation robotics Hernandez Arieta, A; Dermitzakis, C; Damian, D; Lungarella, M; Pfeifer, R Hernandez Arieta, A; Dermitzakis, C; Damian, D; Lungarella, M; Pfeifer, R (2008). Sensory-motor coupling in rehabilitation robotics. In: Takahashi, Y. Handbook of Service Robotics. Vienna, Austria, 21-36. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: Takahashi, Y 2008. Handbook of Service Robotics. Vienna, Austria, 21-36. 2 Sensory-Motor Coupling in Rehabilitation Robotics Alejandro Hernandez-Arieta, Konstantinos Dermitzakis, Dana Damian, Max Lungarella and Rolf Pfeifer University of Zurich, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Switzerland 1. Introduction The general well-being of people has always been a strong drive towards the improvement of available technologies and the development of new ones. Recently, a greater longevity and the consequent increase of physically challenged elder adults have increased the significance of research on assistive technologies such as rehabilitation robots, power-assist systems, and prosthetic devices. One important goal of these research endeavors is the restoration of lost motor function for people with disabilities (e.g.
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Sensitivity of the Contact Chemoreceptors of the Blowfly to Vapors (Common Chemical Sense/Gustation/Olfaction/Sensory Coding/Aversive Behavior)
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 69, No. 8, pp. 2189-2192, August 1972 Sensitivity of the Contact Chemoreceptors of the Blowfly to Vapors (common chemical sense/gustation/olfaction/sensory coding/aversive behavior) V. G. DETHIER Department of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 Contributed by V. G. Dethier, June 8, 1972 ABSTRACT Contact chemoreceptors on the mouth- sensitivity to vapors analogous to the skin sensitivity of parts and legs of the blowfly Phormia regina that normally amphibians and to the sensitivity of mucous membranes respond to aqueous solutions of sapid substances also respond to compounds in the gaseous state. Effective of man continued to invite discussion (3). Electrophysio- vapors include organic and inorganic acids and various logical analyses have now provided evidence for sensitivity unrelated nonpolar compounds. In general, the acids in insects that is compatible with the concept of a common stimulate the salt receptor. Some nonpolar compounds chemical sense. stimulate the salt receptor while others inhibit it. Others stimulate the water, sugar, or "fifth" receptor. Differential MATERIALS AND METHODS action cannot be attributed to pH or solubility. Not all compounds that are irritating to mammalian mucous The labellar chemosensory hairs of the blowfly Phormia re- membranes or amphibian skin stimulate the contact gina are primarily gustatory organs. A typical hair is equip;ed chemoreceptors of the fly. Sensitivity to these vapors is a with five bipolar neurons of which one is a mechanoreceptor. phenomenon analogous to the common chemical sense of The dendrites of the others terminate in an apical pore in vertebrates. the hair (Figs.
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Sensory Processing Skills and Self-Regulation
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