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Estimating Dispersal and Evolutionary Dynamics in Diploporan Blastozoans (Echinodermata) Across the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Ve Ent

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Estimating Dispersal and Evolutionary Dynamics in Diploporan Blastozoans (Echinodermata) Across the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Ve Ent University of South Florida Scholar Commons School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications School of Geosciences 2020 Estimating Dispersal and Evolutionary Dynamics in Diploporan Blastozoans (Echinodermata) Across the Great Ordovician Biodiversification vE ent Adriane R. Lam University of Massachusetts Sarah L. Sheffield University of South Florida, [email protected] Nicholas J. Matzke University of Auckland Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/geo_facpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Scholar Commons Citation Lam, Adriane R.; Sheffield, Sarah L.; and Matzke, Nicholas J., "Estimating Dispersal and Evolutionary Dynamics in Diploporan Blastozoans (Echinodermata) Across the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event" (2020). School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications. 2291. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/geo_facpub/2291 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Geosciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Paleobiology, 2020, pp. 1–23 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2020.24 Article Estimating dispersal and evolutionary dynamics in diploporan blastozoans (Echinodermata) across the great Ordovician biodiversification event Adriane R. Lam†, Sarah L. Sheffield† , and Nicholas J. Matzke Abstract.—Echinoderms make up a substantial component of Ordovician marine invertebrates, yet their speciation and dispersal history as inferred within a rigorous phylogenetic and statistical framework is lacking. We use biogeographic stochastic mapping (BSM; implemented in the R package BioGeoBEARS) to infer ancestral area relationships and the number and type of dispersal events through the Ordovician for diploporan blastozoans and related species. The BSM analysis was divided into three time slices to ana- lyze how dispersal paths changed before and during the great Ordovician biodiversification event (GOBE) and within the Late Ordovician mass extinction intervals. The best-fit biogeographic model incorporated jump dispersal, indicating this was an important speciation strategy. Reconstructed areas within the phyl- ogeny indicate the first diploporan blastozoans likely originated within Baltica or Gondwana. Dispersal, jump dispersal, and sympatry dominated the BSM inference through the Ordovician, while dispersal paths varied in time. Long-distance dispersal events in the Early Ordovician indicate distance was not a significant predictor of dispersal, whereas increased dispersal events between Baltica and Laurentia are apparent during the GOBE, indicating these areas were important to blastozoan speciation. During the Late Ordovician, there is an increase in dispersal events among all paleocontinents. The drivers of disper- sal are attributed to oceanic and epicontinental currents. Speciation events plotted against geochemical data indicate that blastozoans may not have responded to climate cooling events and other geochemical perturbations, but additional data will continue to shed light on the drivers of early Paleozoic blastozoan speciation and dispersal patterns. Adriane R. Lam. *Department of Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902, U.S.A.; and Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 627 North Pleasant Street, 233 Morrill Science Center, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]. *Present address: Department of Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902, U.S.A. Sarah L. Sheffield. School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue NES 107, Tampa, Florida 33620, U.S.A. E-mail: ssheffi[email protected] Nicholas J. Matzke. School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland Central, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted: 13 May 2020 Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4tmpg4f6j † These authors contributed equally to this work and are therefore listed alphabetically by last name. Introduction shifts in geochemical cycles (Haq and Schutter 2008; Trotter et al. 2008; Rasmussen et al. Echinoderms show complex patterns of mor- 2016; Albanesi et al. 2019) that impacted micro- phological disparity and taxonomic diversity fossil and marine invertebrate groups (reviewed throughout their evolutionary history (Sumrall in Stigall et al. 2019), suggesting that blastozoan 1997; Deline 2015; Deline and Thomka 2017; echinoderms would have been impacted. Deline et al. 2020) and have been suggested to However, there are limited studies that have respond to long-term environmental and analyzed the paleobiogeography of extinct echi- climatic patterns (Paul 1968; Clausen 2004; noderms to infer how they evolved and dispersed Dickson 2004; Clausen and Smith 2005, 2008; in response to major climatic perturbations. Zamora and Smith 2008; Rahman and Zamora Of the blastozoan echinoderms, we primarily 2009). The early Paleozoic experienced large focus on the Diploporita in this study. © 2020 The Paleontological Society. All rights reserved. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the DownloadedCreative from https://www.cambridge.org/core Commons Attribution licence. IP address: (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 173.168.155.110, on 14 Jul 2020 at 23:42:57, subject to the), Cambridge which permits Core terms unrestricted of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/termsre-use, distribution, and reproduction. https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.24 in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 0094-8373/20 2 ADRIANE R. LAM ET AL. Diploporitan echinoderms (Ordovician– understand patterns of evolution and dispersal, Devonian) appeared in the fossil record in as two of the largest diversity booms and busts Lower Ordovician rocks in the Prague Basin, occur within this period: the great Ordovician and quickly gained high biogeographic diver- biodiversification event (GOBE) and the Late sity and morphological disparity (Lefebvre Ordovician mass extinction (LOME). To date, et al. 2013); all three large groupings within there is no information regarding the speciation Diploporita (i.e., Asteroblastida, Sphaeroni- types and dispersal patterns of diploporan tida, and Glyptosphaeronitida) are found in species, and few regarding echinoderms (a not- similarly aged strata within the Prague Basin. able exception being Bauer 2020) within a rigor- Diploporitans were originally placed in the ous phylogenetic and statistical framework same group by the presence of diplopore through the Ordovician Period. As diploporans (double-pore) respiratory structures, as all blas- were likely reevolving respiratory structures tozoan groups are traditionally classified by through their evolutionary history, it is critical their respiratory structures (Sprinkle 1973). to assess why this pattern occurred. During However, it is suspected that many groups of the Ordovician, organisms like diploporans blastozoans are not monophyletic and that and other blastozoans were likely responding respiratory structures might be convergent to changing conditions, such as increasing (Paul 1988; Sumrall 2010; Sheffield and Sumrall oxygen levels (e.g., Lenton et al. 2018), by 2017, 2019a). Sheffield and Sumrall (2019a), the evolving these respiratory structures and first study to place diplopore-bearing echino- other morphological features. derms within a phylogenetic framework, con- In this contribution, we use the R package cluded that Diploporita is likely polyphyletic BioGeoBEARS (Matzke 2013) to infer the bio- and diplopores have evolved more than once geographic history of the diploporans through in echinoderms. As Diploporita is not a real the entire Ordovician Period. Further analysis evolutionary grouping, we refer to diplopore- of the patterns of dispersal and speciation bearing blastozoans as diploporans herein. within the group is investigated using biogeo- While biogeographic patterns of blastozoan graphic stochastic mapping (BSM; Dupin echinoderms have been explored to a degree et al. 2017). These analyses are conducted to (e.g., Lefebvre 2007; Nardin and Lefebvre (1) investigate the origin of the diploporan echi- 2010; Lefebvre et al. 2013; Zamora et al. 2013), noderms; (2) assess the contribution of vicari- these studies have treated blastozoan groups ance, dispersal, and founder-event speciation as monophyletic, which can limit our under- (or “jump dispersal”) that led to the early standing of biogeographic and evolutionary Paleozoic radiation of the diploporans; and patterns. Further, these studies have largely (3) reconstruct the source and directionality of been conducted by analyzing the counts of dispersal events before, during, and after the echinoderm taxa within stratigraphic locations, GOBE. not through phylogenetic methods. Similarly, many studies of diversity curves, origination, Background and extinction rates of Paleozoic echinoderms have been conducted at the genus level, with- The Ordovician Earth System.—The Ordovi- out the context of evolution (e.g., Nardin and cian Period (485.4–443.8 Ma; Ogg et al. 2016)was Lefebvre 2010). Interpretation of such patterns a time of increased tectonic activity, widely dis- of evolution within a phylogenetic
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