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Place Identity Or the Place of Identity: Contribution to a Theory of Social Identity of Place

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Place Identity Or the Place of Identity: Contribution to a Theory of Social Identity of Place UNIVERSIDADE DE ÉVORA Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada PhD in Psychology Place Identity or the Place of Identity: contribution to a theory of social identity of place. Maria de Fátima Campos Bernardo Supervisor: José Manuel Palma-Oliveira Co-Supervisor: Nuno Rebelo dos Santos 2011 2 PhD in Psychology Place Identity or the Place of Identity: contribution to a theory of social identity of place. Maria de Fátima Campos Bernardo Supervisor: José Manuel Palma-Oliveira Co-Supervisor: Nuno Rebelo dos Santos 2011 3 4 Abstract Place Identity or the place of identity: contribution to a theory of social identity of place. The relationship between the place where we live and our sense of who we are, has on one hand been neglected in social psychology, and on the other, within environmental psychology addressed mainly in the context of personal identity. The main objective of this thesis is to move the comprehension of place into the context of inter-group relationships, using the concepts of social identity and entitativity from social psychology. Specifically, this thesis aims to contribute to understanding the impact of place of residence from two points of view: from the residents’ point of view, place of residence as a basis for self-categorization and identification, leading to phenomena of in-group favouritism and out-group discrimination; and from the observers’ point of view, place of residence as an important source of information for forming impressions about its residents. Keywords: place identity, social identity, entitativity, neighbourhood i ii Resumo Identidade de Lugar ou o Lugar da identidade: contribuição para uma teoria da identidade social do lugar A importância do lugar onde residimos para a compreensão da nossa identidade tem sido, por um lado negligenciada no âmbito da psicologia social e por outro lado no âmbito da psicologia ambiental abordada essencialmente no contexto da identidade pessoal. O principal objectivo desta tese é trazer o estudo do lugar para o âmbito das relações intergrupais, recorrendo aos conceitos de identidade social e entitatividade desenvolvidos no âmbito da psicologia social. Em particular, esta tese tem por objectivo contribuir para a compreensão do impacto do lugar em que residimos de dois pontos de vista: do ponto de vista do residente, o lugar de residência como uma base para a auto-categorização e identificação, conduzindo a fenómenos de favoritismo pelo grupo próprio e discriminação em relação aos outros grupos; do ponto de vista do observador, o lugar de residência como uma fonte importante de informação para a formação de impressões sobre os seus residentes. Palavras Chave: identidade de lugar, identidade social, entitatividade, bairro iii iv Agradecimentos Ao meu orientador, José Manuel Palma-Oliveira, com quem partilhei o entusiasmo de explorar esta temática, que me proporcionou desde o primeiro momento um ambiente cientificamente estimulante e exigente e que esteve sempre presente para apaziguar as minhas dúvidas e para derrubar as minhas certezas. Agradeço a sua amizade e o entusiasmo com que partilhou cada pequena vitoria e com que amparou cada pequena derrota. Foi neste ambiente de confiança e curiosidade científica que tive o privilégio de desenvolver esta tese. Ao meu orientador Nuno Rebelo Santos que me proporcionou a liberdade para prosseguir o meu caminho, estando sempre disponível para me dar conselhos e sugestões pautadas pelo rigor científico e pela seriedade, e que se revelaram sempre fundamentais para a qualidade do resultado final deste trabalho. À minha colega Sílvia Luís que teve sempre disponível para ouvir e discutir cada novo passo desta tese, e com quem partilhei tantas vezes a angústia do caminho ainda não percorrido. Obrigado, pela amizade e pela visão tranquila e positiva da vida. Ao meu colega, Rui Carvalho com quem partilho o gosto de ver a realidade pelos olhos da psicologia e que acredita como eu que a ciência tem que estar ao serviço da humanidade. Obrigado pela amizade que se traduziu tantas vezes no sacrifício pessoal para responder aos meus apelos. À Isabel Ramos que partilha comigo desde o início da minha vida profissional o gosto pela descoberta e o entusiasmo pela vida, e com quem discuti tantas vezes as agruras da investigação e compartilhei o entusiasmo das pequenas vitórias. Mil obrigados, pela sua imensa disponibilidade lendo e relendo este documento e tornando-o definitivamente mais inteligível. v A todos eles queria agradecer o facto de me terem feito compreender que não fazemos nenhum caminho sozinho e que esta tese também é deles, que com os seus comentários impediram que percorre-se caminhos tortuosos e atingisse o meu objectivo. Agradeço ainda a todos os que nas várias apresentações que realizei dos estudos aqui apresentados em conferências nacionais e internacionais, tiveram a amabilidade de me escutar e de me dar sugestões que se revelaram de grande pertinência. E finalmente à minha família que sempre confiaram que iria chegar a ‘bom porto’ vi Contents Abstract I Resumo iii Agradecimentos v Contents vii List of figures ix List of tables xi 1. General introduction 1 1.1. Framework 1 1.2. Aims and research questions 7 1.3. Spatial Unit - neighbourhood 9 1.4. Structure of the thesis 11 2. Exploring place and identity: the impact of place salience on place identity 17 2.1. Abstract 17 2.2. Introduction 18 2.2.1. Place and self definition 20 2.2.2. Place identity and place scale 22 2.2.3. Place identity and salience 25 2.3. Study 1 28 2.3.1. Study objectives 28 2.3.2. Method 29 2.3.3. Results 30 2.3.4. Discussion 33 2.4 Study 2 34 2.4.1. Study objectives 34 2.4.2. Method 36 2.4.3. Results 38 2.4.4. Discussion 43 2.5 Conclusion 47 3. Place identity and neighbourhood size: impact in terms of discrimination 51 3.1. Abstract 51 3.2. Introduction 52 3.2.1. Place identity, neighbourhood dimension and discrimination 55 3.3. Study 1 60 3.3.1. Method 62 3.3.2. Results 64 3.3.3. Discussion 69 3.4 Study 2 73 3.4.1. Method 74 3.4.2. Results 77 3.4.3. Discussion 81 3.5 General Discussion 83 4. Place identity and intergroup relations: the study of four neighbourhoods of 87 Lisbon 4.1. Abstract 87 vii 4.2. Introduction 88 4.2.1. Social Identity Approach 90 4.3. Study 97 4.3.1. Study objectives 97 4.3.2. Method 98 4.3.3. Results 104 4.3.4. Discussion 114 4.4 Conclusions 123 5. How we think about neighbourhoods: The concept of “entitativity” and the 127 understanding of “place” 5.1. Abstract 127 5.2. Introduction 128 5.2.1. Social perception and entitativity 131 5.2.2. Group properties and group entitativity 133 5.2.3. Varieties of social groups and entitativity 136 5.2.4. Research overview 138 5.3. Study 139 5.3.1. Method 139 5.3.2. Results 142 5.3.3. Discussion 148 5.4 Conclusions 154 6. The central role of entitativity in the information organization and impression 155 formation of a neighbourhood residents 6.1. Abstract 155 6.2. Introduction 156 6.2.1. Social perception and entitativity 157 6.2.2. Studies Overview 165 6.3. Study 1 166 6.3.1. Predictions 166 6.3.2. Method 167 6.3.3. Results 172 6.3.4. Discussion 178 6.4 Study 2 181 6.4.1. Method 181 6.4.2. Results 188 6.4.3. Discussion 196 6.5 General Discussion 199 7. General conclusions 203 7.1. Return to the research questions 203 7.2. How does place identity influence the way people perceive themselves, their 206 group and others? 7.2.1. Levels of Self-categorization and Salience 207 7.2.2. Place identity and in-group favouritism 208 7.2.3. Place identity and out-group distinctiveness and discrimination 209 7.2.4. Group dimension, place identity and discrimination 210 7.3. How does place of residence influence the way others perceive people and their 211 group? 7.4. How does the understanding of place identity contribute to the understanding of 212 intergroup relations in an urban context? 7.5. Some final remarks and future research 215 References 221 Annexes 249 viii List of Figures Figure 1.1. Implications of place of residence for intergroup perception 7 Figure 1.2. Thesis structure 13 Figure 2.1. Mean of place identity, according to environment and group condition 39 Figure 2.2. Mean of place attachment, according to environment and group condition 39 Figure 3.1. Examples of matrices type A and type B (Tajfel et al., 1971) 64 Figure 3.2. Map of Parque das Nações. 74 Figure 4.1. Map of study area 99 Figure 4.2. Aerial photos of the four neighbourhoods 101 Figure 4.3. Correlation between place identity and intergroup differentiation 108 Figure 4.4. Neighbourhood global quality perception (in-groups and out-groups) 110 Figure 4.5. Means of out-group differentiation 120 Figure 7.1. Implications of the study of place identity for socio-spatial interventions 213 Figure 7.2. Impact of neighbourhood entitativity and neighbourhood value on place identity 218 ix x List of Tables Table 1.1. Main concepts focused in the studies 14 Table 2.1. Percentage and number of participants that use the space reference in their self- description, by context. 31 Table 2.2. Means rating and t tests by type of residence relationship (permanent or temporary resident) and target condition (neighbourhood salience, city salience and country salience) (only the significant results are displayed) 40 Table 2.3.
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