La Metáfora De Hablar: Inscripciones De La Mente Silenciosa

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La Metáfora De Hablar: Inscripciones De La Mente Silenciosa UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE MEDICINA Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia TESIS DOCTORAL La metáfora de hablar: inscripciones de la mente silenciosa MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Carlos López de Silanes de Miguel Director Luis Montiel Llorente Madrid, 2018 ©Carlos López de Silanes de Miguel, 2017 La metáfora de hablar: inscripciones de la mente silenciosa Carlos López de Silanes de Miguel Tesis doctoral Director: Prof. Luis Montiel Llorente Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Febrero de 2017 Para Minouche AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer al profesor Luis Montiel haberme acogido como doctorando en su cátedra. Yo era apenas un antiguo alumno, con una idea bajo el brazo, y él no dudó un instante en ayudarme a llevarla a cabo. Y le agradezco especialmente haber tenido en su día el atrevimiento de leernos en clase a Thomas Mann, en mis años de estudiante de medicina en esta Facultad, y mostrarnos con ello otros significados de la enfermedad, y un sentido más profundo de ser médico. Pasado el tiempo, la necesidad de una práctica humanista de esta profesión no ha hecho en mí sino acrecentarse, y uno de sus motivos está en esas clases. Esta tesis ha sido un largo discurrir por un proceso de investigación, meditación, aprendizaje, y hasta de transformación personal —creo que en esto consiste, precisamente, hacer una tesis: ponerse uno en lo que hace, y ponerse en juego uno mismo—, de manera que agradezco a todos los autores que pasaron antes que yo por donde yo he pasado, y que dejaron una marca en el camino para que otros pudieran seguir buscando lo que ellos buscaron. En esta búsqueda siempre regreso a casa, que es Begoña. La más veraz, mi mayor aventura. El destino se revela en ella origen, y hacia ella se dirigen todas mis palabras, las que digo y las que no sé decir. Y hacia mi hija Claudia. Y hacia mi hija Irene. Que han sabido llorar sólo lo justo por las noches, para que pudiera trabajar, y reír mucho más por el día, para ser mi alegría, y curarme del insomnio. Mis padres han tenido lo suyo, claro, Piloncha y Juan Pablo, que me lo han dado todo, también la curiosidad —prometo devolver algún día los numerosos hurtos bibliófilos que cometí en sus estanterías—. Y mi hermana Teresa, que es tía abnegada. Y mis suegros, Mª Carmen y Manolo, entregados a todas las causas. De todos ellos he aprendido a ser persona, a seguir adelante, y a saber disfrutar con ello. A Amelia Gamoneda, de la Universidad de Salamanca, le debo prácticamente la tesis entera. Me embarqué con ella, y un grupo de aguerridos galos —mi reconocimiento aquí por la filología francesa, y por mis compañeros del grupo ILICIA: Paco, Víctor, Manuel, Patricia, José Manuel, Gustavo, ¡va por vosotros!—, en el vasto dominio de la epistemología, y mi mente ha viajado desde entonces por parajes que ni siquiera sospechaba, y que son para mí lo más parecido a una patria. A mi mentor, mi maestro, Antonio Vecino, toda mi gratitud. Nos conocimos hace ya unos años —vamos a decir que por casualidad—, en una reunión científica en el Hospital de Segovia. Yo hablaba allí del Crátilo, y él, psiquiatra confeso, se preguntaba por un neurólogo que hablaba del Crátilo… Después nos pasamos la noche hablando de Pessoa, de Alcmeón de Crotona, y de los palacios transparentes que los dos reconocemos en el pensamiento musical de Rafael Riqueni. No era posible que hubiera desde entonces sólo una voz en mi cabeza, y así es como se abrieron, de golpe, todas las puertas, para dar paso a los muchos vientos de la dialéctica. Y a mis compañeros de trabajo, en el Hospital de Torrejón —a Marta, Míriam, Bea, Mariajo, Nacho, Sara, Blanca, Míguel—, toda mi admiración. Porque os veo todos los días, a todas horas, pero el espíritu no cambia, y sois la mejor motivación. Y deseo «que sea largo el camino», como decía Kavafis, para seguir teniéndoos a mi lado, todos los días, y a todas horas. ÍNDICE RESUMEN ..................................................................................................................... 11 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 21 INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................... 31 EL CEREBRO Y EL MUNDO ...................................................................................... 39 Pas de deux ................................................................................................................. 39 Dramatis personae ....................................................................................................... 43 Tragaluces ................................................................................................................... 45 GRADOS DE REALIDAD ............................................................................................ 51 Cúmulo–nimbos .......................................................................................................... 51 El alcance de lo real .................................................................................................... 55 Sonido y símil ............................................................................................................. 60 LA SABIDURÍA COMO LOCALIDAD ....................................................................... 69 Envejecimiento en el sistema cerebro–mente ............................................................. 69 Filogenia y ontogenia de una anatomía ...................................................................... 75 Guardianes de lo que viene ......................................................................................... 83 Memoria o cultura ....................................................................................................... 87 Evoluciones cognitivas en el tiempo .......................................................................... 90 EVOLUCIÓN Y (ELIPSIS) ......................................................................................... 105 La especie y la diferencia .......................................................................................... 105 La elipsis como vehículo de significación ................................................................ 112 Ondas y corpúsculos ................................................................................................. 122 EL CUERPO ILUSORIO ............................................................................................. 131 Materialismo poético ................................................................................................ 131 Ficciones a tiempo real ............................................................................................. 143 LA ESCRITURA Y LA MEMORIA ........................................................................... 149 Rete mirabile ............................................................................................................. 149 Órganon .................................................................................................................... 153 Salto .......................................................................................................................... 157 BIBLIOGRAFÍA CITADA .......................................................................................... 163 10 RESUMEN El lenguaje surge del silencio. Es un hecho simple, casi inapreciable, y en el que apenas reparamos. Pero encierra en sí mismo toda la profundidad del habla humana, que asoma en la superficie de una sustancia muda, que no se pronuncia, y en la que discurre como un nómada por el pensamiento, en la búsqueda de la significación. Este es el tema principal de esta tesis, y así lo hago ver desde el título: la inscripción, por el habla, de lo que en la mente es solo silencio. Se trata de una nueva forma de abordar el problema cerebro–mente, y la manera en que nos relacionamos con los objetos del mundo —entre ellos los propios términos que usamos para nombrarlo—, que hace necesario replantear los vínculos de la mente con el signo, y del signo con el cerebro. Pues el referente es algo que nunca se expresa, y permanece siempre como a punto de ser dicho. El camino del lenguaje es un buscarlo. Y su función primera es por tanto metafórica: constituirse en signo, presencia; manifestarse, respecto de lo que no se manifiesta. Por el habla hacemos que los hechos del mundo se hagan patentes y cobren sentido, en un acto que puede llamarse de consumación, y el sujeto hablante confiere así propiedades de epifanía al habla, de inserción en la realidad desde una materia que es anterior a la primera palabra pronunciada. Por eso el lenguaje de este texto, científico y poético al mismo tiempo, quiere ser escenario mismo donde la tesis suceda, de manera que se haga palpable, como acontecimiento. Todo lo que la tesis descubre lo hace a través de la palabra, que a menudo se estira en estos párrafos como un grito lanzado hacia los límites de la semántica, dejando tras de sí el rastro de una luz transparente en su regreso a la estricta órbita de lo conocido. Esta luz es lo único que queda, pero existen significados ocultos 11 en lo que vemos, estratos no declarados en la cadena del sentido, que esperan su oportunidad, y hay habitaciones del pensar que se resisten a las formulaciones de la lógica consciente, sin dejar por ello de
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