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Diptera, Sciomyzidae)1 BIOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF THE SNAIL-KILLING FLIES BELONGING TO THE GENUS SCIOMYZA FALLEN (DIPTERA, SCIOMYZIDAE)1 BENJAMIN A. FOOTE Department of Entomology and Limnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.2 ABSTRACT All known larvae of Sciomyza species are efficient attacks and destroys several individuals of Oxyloma killers of terrestrial snails of the family Succineidae. snails. Some biological-ecological information is pre- Life histories are given in considerable detail for 5. sented for S. dryomyzina Zett., but the exact relation- aristalis (Coq.) and 5. simplex Fallen. The larva of ships with the snail host are unknown for this and for the former is very closely associated in a parasitoid the fourth Nearctie species, 5. varia (Coq.). Keys are manner with Succinea ovalis Say, a common woodland given to the adults, and to eggs, third-instar larvae, and snail of the northeastern states. The larva of 5. simplex puparia of the species for which they are known. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/52/1/31/12944 by guest on 02 October 2021 is probably more predaceous in its habits, as it readily It has been only since the recent publication this genus. S. lucida Hendel and testacea Mac- by Berg (1953) of a paper dealing with the quart are restricted to the Palaearctic Region; habits of the immature stages of the sciomyzid dryomyzina Zetterstedt and simplex Fallen are flies that it has been generally recognized that Holarctic in distribution and aristalis Coquillet the larval stages of this family are killers of and varia Coquillet are apparently limited to the snails. Before that time it was commonly Nearctie Region. Thus four species are known assumed (on no reliable evidence whatsoever) to occur in North America, although dryomyzina that the larvae were consumers of decaying plant has been reported only from Alaska. Biological material or occasionally carnivorous on small information is now available on three of these invertebrates (e.g. Lundberg, 1923). For a more four species. extensive review of the pertinent literature on European workers (Sack, 1939; Verbeke, 194S) the larval habits of the Sciomyzidae the reader continue to use the generic name Bischofia is referred to Berg's paper. It is the purpose of Hendel for the six included species, but it appears the present paper to present a few observations that Sciomyza has distinct priority. Fallen on the life history of three Nearctie species of one (1820) proposed the name Sciomyza to include genus of the family. 12 species of sciomyzid flies. West wood (1840) designated 5. simplex Fallen 1820 as the type ACKNOWLEDGMENTS species of Sciomyza, and his type designations I wish to express my deep appreciation to Dr. were later upheld by Opinion 71 of the Inter- C. (). Berg of Cornell University for his continuing national Rules of Nomenclature. Hendel (1902) support and enthusiasm during the course of the first proposed the name Bischofia and selected present investigation. Without his valuable sug- S. simplex as the generitype of his new genus. gestions and constructive criticisms the life Because this species had already been selected as history studies would have been considerably the generitype of Sciomyza, it seems quite obvious more difficult to undertake. He also made that Bischofia is a junior synonym. Hendel available to me his two reared puparia of S. (1910) recognized that his generic name was a dryomyzina Zetterstedt. Mr. Stuart Neff pro- synonym and stated that Sciomyza should be vided the original material for the rearing of considered as the correct name, but later reversed .V. simplex Fallen and has been a very pleasant himself and reinstated Bischofia without giving companion on many field trips. And finally I any reasons for so doing. wish to tender my thanks to Mr. George C. It is interesting that all the known larvae of Steyskal for his many helpful hints and suggestions this genus are associated with terrestrial snails concerning the taxonomy and geographic distribu- of the family Succineidae. Repeated attempts tion of the adult flies. to feed the larvae on species of snails belonging to other families were completely unsuccessful. The Genus Sciomyza Fallen The larvae are either predators or parasitoids on According to Steyskal (1954), who presented the living snails and have not been observed to a key to the world species of Sciomyza, there are invade decaying carcasses. In the present paper only six species now recognized as belonging to a predacious larva is considered as being one which normally attacks and kills several snails 'This investigation was supported by a research grant during the course of its larval life. A parasitoid (E-743) from the National Institute of Allergy and larva, on the other hand, is one which invades Infectious Diseases, U. S. Public Health Service. Ac- and eventually kills only one snail during its life. cepted for publication June 23, 1958. The term parasitoid is referable to Reuter (1913) 2Present address: Department of Entomology, Uni- versity of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. and is in common usage in the literature dealing 31 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. with the larval habits of certain groups of KEYS "parasitic" Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae, Bra- Adults: conidae, Chalcidoidea, etc.). .1. Thoracic dorsum black; mesopleura bare posteriorly: fore femora black, at least on apical one-half.... From the study of the life histories of the S. varia (Coq.) three species an evolutionary development of the Thoracic, dorsum ferrugineous to grayish; meso- fly-snail relationship can be discerned. Two of pleura with at least a few bristly hairs posteriorly the species, S. dryomyzina and simplex, leave the near suture 2 2. Palpi blackish, at least apically; center of face host snail after completing larval growth to strongly blackened; fore femora wholly yellow. pupate on or in the ground. The S. aristalis S. aristalis (Coq.) larva, on the other hand, remains with the Palpi wholly yellow; face uniformly yellowish to destroyed snail and eventually forms a puparium reddish-brown 3 within its shell. S. aristalis adult females 3. Mesopleura with at least two strong bristles pos- teriorly in addition to numerous shorter birstly Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/52/1/31/12944 by guest on 02 October 2021 will not oviposit except directly on the shell hairs; ventral half of pleura pruinose; dorsum of of a living snail while adults of simplex merely mesonotum grayish with four darker longitudinal deposit eggs on vegetation in the immediate stripes; fore femora usually wholly yellow "S. simplex Fall. habitat of its host snail. These two observations Mesopleura with only a very few fine, short hairs clearly indicate that, of the three species, 5. near the posterior suture, without outstanding aristalis is the most intimately related to its host bristles; ventral half of pleura not pruinose; dor- snail. sum of thorax shining reddish-brown; fore femora usually blackened on apical one-half or more.... Sciomyza adults can be distinguished from those S. dryomyzina Zetter. of other sciomyzid genera by the following Eggs: combination of characters: possession of a strong 1. Egg uniformly elongate-ovoid, not flattened or con- propleural bristle; presence of two preapical cave on one side; chorion with all surfaces covered bristles on fore tibia; subbasal arista clothed by a with reticulate pattern; eggs not deposited on snail shells S. simplex black plumosity. The key given below to the Egg flattened or concave on one side; chorion on four Nearctic species is somewhat modified from this flattened surface smooth, without reticulnte Steyskal (1954). pattern; eggs deposited on snail shells. .S. aristalis It is not possible as yet to separate the eggs of Third Instar Larvae: Sciomyza from those of other genera. The eggs 1. Post-oral sternal plate present (fig. 9); spinules in are elongate-oval in shape, white to cream in ventral creeping welts black, conspicuous; ventro- color and have a chorion pattern of reticulated lateral lobes of posterior spiracular disc, well- pits and ridges (fig. 15). The eggs of only two developed (fig. 13); peritreme of posterior spiracles species are known and these can be separated by brown S. simplex Post-oral sternal plate absent or represented by a the accompanying key. very few small spinules; spinules in ventral creep- The following combination of characters will ing welts pale, apices darkened 2 serve to distinguish the larvae of Sciomyza from 2. Peritreme of posterior spiracles densely black; marginal lobe number of anterior spiracles those of other genera: color white to cream; approximately 27 S. aristalis ventral creeping welts with well-defined spinule Spiracular peritreme yellowish to light brown; bands; ventral cornua of pharyngeal sclerite of marginal lobe number of anterior spiracles cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton with conspicuous approximately 25 S. dryomyzina oval window; parastomal bars very poorly Puparia: developed, barely reaching posterior border of the 1. Puparium strongly twisted dorsally and to the left hypostomal sclerite; mouthhooks without acces- on posterior third; strong crease running ob- sory teeth, connected posterodorsally by a liquely across dorsum of posterior four segments; narrow, chitinized bar. Two species are known puparium definitely not barrel-shaped, formed within snail shell (fig. 16) S. aristalis in the larval condition, and the characters of a Puparium basically cylindrical, barrel-shaped, third can be deduced from available puparia. formed away from snail shell (fig. 18) 2 These can be separated by the accompanying key. 2. Anterior spiracles dorsal in position on cephalic. cap (fig. 19), about 32 lobes around margins; Puparia of three species are known, but these spinules in vestiges of larval ventral creeping can be positively distinguished from species welts black, conspicuous; ventral lobes of spi- belonging to other genera only on the basis of the racular disc, closely approximated medially, not larval cephalopharyngeal skeletal characters as divergent, posterior spiracles not visible when mentioned above.
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