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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE 50 Years To UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE 50 Years to the Wilshire Subway: The Political and Social Discourse Surrounding the Development of the Purple Line Extension THESIS submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in Urban and Regional Planning by Olivia Harris Thesis Committee: Associate Professor Douglas Houston, Chair Assistant Professor Nicholas Marantz Associate Professor Walter Nicholls 2017 © 2017 Olivia Harris Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS ................................................................................................................ vi 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Background ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Megaprojects: Overview, History, and Urban Theory ....................................................... 4 2.1.1 Overview of Mega-projects ................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.2 The Four Eras of Megaprojects .......................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Rail Development and NIMBYism .......................................................................................... 12 2.3. Background: The History of Rail Development in Los Angeles (1900-1970) ........ 16 2.3.1 A brief history of the MTA: Who’s in charge? ............................................................................ 16 2.3.2 Propositions and Measures ............................................................................................................. 17 2.3.3 Subway Development in the 1980’s ............................................................................................. 24 3. Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 25 Part 1 Methods: Historical and legal information collection ......................................................... 25 Part 2 Methods: Claims Database ............................................................................................................. 26 Part 3 Methods: Categorization and Assessment of Claims ............................................................ 30 4. Results ................................................................................................................................................ 30 4.1 Part 1 Results: History of the Purple Line Extension ................................................................. 30 4.2 Part 2 Results. Political Claims Descriptive Analysis ................................................................ 46 4.2.1 Summary of Actors and Claims ...................................................................................................... 46 4.2.2 Key Actors and Political Forces ...................................................................................................... 47 4.3 Part 3 Results. Discussion of Claims ................................................................................................ 48 4.3.1 BH Claims ............................................................................................................................................... 48 4.3.1.a Claims of Danger ........................................................................................................................................... 48 4.3.1.b Claims of Incompetency............................................................................................................................. 50 4.3.1.c Claims of Corruption ................................................................................................................................... 51 4.3.2 Metro Claims ......................................................................................................................................... 52 4.3.2.a Claims of “Rational” Planning .................................................................................................................. 52 4.3.2.b Claims of Public or Regional Benefit or “Public Value” ................................................................. 54 4.3.2.c Claims of Hysteria ......................................................................................................................................... 55 5. Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 56 6. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 62 7. References ......................................................................................................................................... 66 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Baxter's Sunset Coast Rapid Transit Line ......................................................................... 19 Figure 2 The Purple Line Extension by Phase ................................................................................... 31 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Project Schedule .............................................................................................. 32 Table 2 Subway systems impacted by earthquakes ..................................................... 40 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my committee chair, Professor Douglas Houston, who was extremely supportive of all my various research interests and whims before I landed on my final topic. Professor Houston was always available to help and was willing to work around my hectic academic and employment schedule. Professor Houston is a skilled teacher, and I am lucky to have been able to call him my advisor. Thank you to my committee members, Professors Nicholas Marantz and Walter Nicholls. Professor Marantz was the first to point out that my underlying interest is in transportation megaproject development, and as a result, he may have inadvertently helped to guide and shape my future research endeavors. Professor Nicholls suggested that I perform a claims analysis, which became the backbone of my work, and for that I am particularly grateful. In addition, I’d like to extend my thanks to Professor Martin Wachs at UCLA for allowing me to meld the work for his course around my thesis. Professor Wachs also assuaged several research related fears and anxieties of mine and assured me that my topic was interesting and worthy. I always walked out of his office feeling much better. I’d like to thank the University of California Irvine Institute for Transportation Studies and UC Connect for the fellowship support they provided in the summer of 2016. Without their financial assistance, it would have been extremely difficult to complete this thesis. I thank the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority for permission to include various images, tables, and charts as part of my thesis. I’d like to thank my mother for always believing in me and supporting my academic endeavors. She has always believed in me even when I struggle to believe in myself. I love you, Mom. Lastly, I’d like to thank Tyler Arant for staying up with me, feeding me, cleaning up after me, editing my papers, checking my calculations, and a whole host of other things he did while I wrote my thesis. I cannot possibly begin to enumerate them. Without him, none of this would be possible. I mean that literally because he taught me to drive on the freeway so I could commute to school. Thank you for being the most supportive partner I could possibly ask for. v ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS 50 Years to the Wilshire Subway: The Political and Social Discourse Surrounding the Development of the Purple Line Extension By Olivia Harris Master of Urban and Regional Planning University of California, Irvine, 2017 Associate Professor Douglas Houston, Chair Wilshire Boulevard is one of the densest corridors in Los Angeles County, yet it lacks a dedicated subway line. Currently, the Purple Line runs from downtown Los Angeles to the intersection of Wilshire Boulevard and Western Avenue. The Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority has been developing an extension of the line since the mid-aughts. However, the City of Beverly Hills and Beverly Hills Unified School District have impeded this process every step of the way. Using a claims analysis and historical data collection, this thesis studies the political and social discourse surrounding the Purple Line Extension. Ultimately, it determines that there has been a discursive shift in the way claims are made, and that regional environmentalism has begun to take precedence over localized anti-growth movements. vi 1. Introduction At the turn of the twentieth century, Los Angeles was building what was to be a world class, far reaching transportation system. This system
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