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ity ity of pions is discussed within the framework of the Generation Model of particle [email protected] 11, 2012 -
Generation Model as an alternative to the Standard Model of particle physics is discussed. It is demonstrated how the Generation Model leads to a and how this makes feasible a composite model of the Model. In particular it is shown fundamental that the 1964 particles of the Standard be understood without The par physics and it is shown that both the 1954 determination of the parity of the charged pions and the 2008 determination of the parity of the neutral pion are nature of compatible the pions with predicted by a recent composite Generation Model. The development of the mail: Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons the ofCommons author(s) the terms the Attribution Creative owned by Copyright under -
Melbourne, AustraliaMelbourne, 36th International Conference on HighEnergy Physics July 4 The Australian National Canberra, University, 0200,ACT Australia E System Brian Robson Department of Theoretical Research Physics, School and of Physics Engineering Parity of Pions and CP Violation in Neutral Kaon Neutral in Violation Pions and CP of Parity
PoS(ICHEP2012)321
e of of
CP lived lived ] and - 4,6,7 within within th [
Brian Robson lived lived neutral - Analysis of the the Analysis of ty ty of the pions
all the three pions have ntary matter particles of ntary particles of matter arks arks have intrinsic parity that that the GM provides an
d d from the Standard Model =
P ]; ]; origin of gravity shows conservation conservation in 1964
4,6,7 [
CP 1. This value was first obtained in 1954 of pions played a decisive role in the
the the quark model so that in the analysis now describe briefly how this came about. came this how briefly describe now
= his his paper
the proposed combinations of up and down
trinsic trinsic parity P , ) symmetry in the decay of the long
Finally Finally section 5 states the conclusion that the
CP ( 10]. T :
- ation. tially, tially, the GM is obtaine
4,8 viol
parity [3, Essen [3]; origin of mass . This preceded
CP
. n ] 2 ] using the capture of negatively charged pions by deuterium 4 - [1 [11
the the Generation Model (GM) of particle physics, which has been
1. In the quark model D 53 several new particles were discovered. In particular one charged conjugation - =
P the the pions led to the overthrow of both parity conservation and on, decayed to pions two on, decayed es es between the GM and the SM lead to several new paradigms in particle
, in agreement with the result of Chinowsky and Steinberger. of Chinowsky result the with agreement , in
Theta Puzzle Theta = ] by making two postulates, which together maintain the same transition probabilities -
while the corresponding antiquarks have in parity nature of the charged pions allows the observed decay of the long parity quark states in hadrons
P This parity of Following Following the adoption of the quark model as part of the SM, the pari In the SM pions are assumed to have parity - - [5 1 In In the period Section Section 2 demonstrates that the intrinsic parity The The differenc This paper summarizes
Tau
Parity of Pions in Model of Pions Standard Parity Introduction veloped veloped over the last decade =
2.1 meson, named the tau meson, decayed to three charged pions, while another charged the theta mes named meson, P parity shall We processes. interaction in weak conservation the experiment, the pion, the proton and the neutron were each assumed to no substructure. with particle be an elementary remained accepted as quarks and their antiparticles for the three pions are such that if the qu 2. by Chinowsky and Steinberger to form two neutrons: overcomes the problems in of inherent the the classification eleme the overcomes SM’s problems the SM in terms of additive quantum numbers. mixed without pions charged two into kaon neutral kaon, which is absent in the SM. the in absent is which kaon, neutral overthrow of both parity conservation framework in of the 1957 SM. Section and 3 indicates the basic introduces problem inherent the in GM the SM. and Section 4 indicates how the simpler and unified GM classification scheme preserved. physics: strange quarks in nucleons mixed understanding of charge 1. de (SM) for both hadronic and leptonic processes as the SM so that agreement with experiment is Parity of Pions and CP Violation in Neutral Kaon System PoS(ICHEP2012)321
. - C 1, was was state
Such
= or 2 ) icular icular
1
0 C S K ’s decay 0 via via weak = 0 K
P Brian Robson
J are are degenerate 1.
t decay modes of invariance invariance in weak
conjugation ( operator operator so that they
- would would have a longer C
C 2 0 1, respectively. Since the K charge 1 and 1, it was clear that only the 1, it only clear that was aon, which has strangeness eutral kaon and realized that unlike the =
P del of neutral kaons would still apply if the
Mann and Pais suggested that it was more -
are are individually maximally violated. Landau’s .
s P n and Pais was confirmed in 1957 when it was ) of the neutral kaon and its antiparticle states and
2 with eigenvalues 0 ) and also showed that
state and and K ] that the weak interactions may be underinvariant the may ] thethat interactions weak Man K - was conserved. was CP C
ed to the conclusion that the tau meson had [12 pion
- CP
two Mann and Pais mo - nstates of
. They suggested that these particle states be quantum mechanical body body decay of the theta meson gave the opposite parity for the two -
could could decay to two charged pions, while 1 for pions, l ) and difference (
1 1 , although both zle zle was resolved in 1956 by Lee and Yang, who suggested that parity 0 0 iscovered also in 1957. in also iscovered = K , since it had a different strangeness quantum number: S = quantum strangeness a different had it since , K
CP intermediate intermediate
P , were eige
Mann and Pais considered the behavior of neutral particles under the charge mixing mixing theory of Gell 2 -
- 0 K 54 Dalitz suggested that a study of the energy distribution of the three pions in theta theta puz - same same meson (now called the and
ns through ns 1 0 s led to a proposal Landau by K This tau In In 1953 The particle Thi They They concluded that the two neutral mesons, the kaon and its antiparticle, In order to treat this novel situation, Gell In In 1955 Gell violated in weak interactions. in weak violated Neutral Kaon Mixing Kaon Neutral
combined combined operation suggestion implied that the Gell states, parity intrinsic to have were considered pions charged if pions, to charged two decay could demonstrated demonstrated that not more than half of the particles in a beam consisting only of into two charged pions. This was in spite of the incorrect assumption of d processes interaction describe describe neutral kaon decay mixtures of the sum ( concluded that these particle states must have different decay modes and lifetimes. In part they concluded that was of upon the This decay conservation and based modes. conclusion lifetime complex more processes. interaction in weak particles particles that exhibit unusual properties, since they can interactio transform into each other different than convenient to particle states, the employ rather neutral kaon to and its antiparticle, conjugation conjugation operator. In particular they considered the n photon and the neutral pion, which transform into themselves under the are their own antiparticles, the antiparticle of the neutral k particle a distinct was indeed indeed the also 2.2 On On the other hand, the two particles. different were mesons theta and tau the that indicating spin values, even was violated in weak interactions. This suggestion was independent rapidly experiments. confirmed These in experiments 1957 indicated in that three the tau and theta mesons were properties properties suggested that the tau and theta particles were simply two differen particle. the same tau meson decays would provide information about the spin and parity of the tau meson. analyses, assuming Parity of Pions and CP Violation in Neutral Kaon System These masses. and lifetimes similar closely had they that indicated particles these of both decays PoS(ICHEP2012)321
CP very very
2 2
± ± onserved onserved 1 1
g 0 0 ± ± 0, 0, Brian Robson itive itive quantum violation violation in weak
icely icely restored some
) could decay to two
is the classification of of classification is the 2 , which are c
0 p ⅓ ⅓ ⅓ ⅓ ⅓ ⅓ CP K : it , , several add Except for charge, leptons and
⅔ ⅔ ⅔ ⅓ ⅓ ⅓ Q + - + - + -
er, in 1964 the surprising disco
all all the observed transition amplitudes
basic problem basic s conservation separately. conservation Indeed separately. the very
P vation vation turned out to be very small (0.2%) ic problem inherent in the SM, replacing it replacing the inherent SM, in problem ic
d in weak interaction processes; and at the
lived neutral kaon (
-
bas particle u d c s t b and and
describe unified. unified. In addition additive additive quantum numbers C - conser
the
CP
three three 2 2
± ± 1 1
] that the long 0, 0, g 0 0 ± ± ]. The model [13 ese efforts were unsuccessful and the the leptons and quarks, employing a diverse scheme of additive violation violation led to a variety of suggestions explaining it in a [4 .
CP
et al 1 1 1 1 1 1
- - p - - - -
1 1 1 Generation Model additive quantum numbers quantum additive Model Generation
0 - Q 0 - 0 - 1 displays the unified set of
SM, in spite of its considerable success, has a success, considerable its in of spite SM, are are allotted different kinds of additive quantum numbers: the leptons having several
Table 1: Table Table overcomes physics particle of GM The
The
The The suggestion of Landau was accepted for several years since it n - - -
τ e μ μ ν τ particle ν e ν Generation Model Generation Basic Problem inherent Model in Standard Basic Problem in all interactions, for the GM 4. quarks. and of leptons scheme classification unified and simpler with a much so that the SM classification scheme is numbers non of the SM, strangeness, charm, bottomness processes. interaction in weak unit of one a change undergo can they since interactions and topness, are not conserved in all its twelve elementary particles, quantum numbers, some of which are not conserve same time failing to provide any physical basis for this scheme. quarks bottomness lepton baryon and number, numbers, the having charm, quarks strangeness, topness, conserving conserving way. However, th accepted. was interactions 3. degree degree of symmetry in weak interaction processes. Howev was made by Christenson charged pions. The observed violation of compared with the violations maximal of both smallness of the observed Parity of Pions and CP Violation in Neutral Kaon System PoS(ICHEP2012)321
- - - c ,
u parity parity of of the -
Brian Robson
o o the Cabibbo g g angle introduced ngth of the charge of the ngth he he weak eigenstate since since it implies that conservation ] of the parity of the
[16
The
is is a mixin e e a composite version of the
e quarks in the two models. two the in e quarks number number g, provided the ‘force’ bosons, which have zero additive , is also compatible with the mixed
). Thus the GM assumes that the , where e W simplicity simplicity the following discussion is b
+ , e t e for
cos e
s
parity nature of the charged pion. charged the of parity nature parity states so that pions exist in mixed - -
) and (
l l can have multiple values. Essentially, particle urely urely
s 0 mixing mixing parameters correspond t , - c sin
, , which indicate that inclusion of the third generation arks, respectively, with the full stre the with respectively, arks, ] entally entally from the SM in two ways, corresponding to an d that that the recent determination ), ( d ] qu
proton proton have a complex substructure as in the composite , [15
= b and do not interact at all with quarks belonging to another
u
ʹ , are mixed [10 ʹ ] that the early experiment of and Chinowsky Steinberger is s
s [9 and and
s and and
, ʹ and d d
a simpler and unified classification scheme for leptons and quarks. sin uble uble Dalitz decay
s
cates cates cos s guaranteed by the conservation of the generation quantum number. quantum generation the of the conservation by s guaranteed
state quarks as in the SM. P ]. It should be noted that the extension of the discussion to all three generations d =
[14 ʹ
Maskawa Maskawa matrix elements table table indi d In In the composite model the leptons and quarks are not elementary particles as in the - weak weak interactions mediated by the charged
to only the first two generations of quarks. In this approximation t .
] It It has recently been shown Similarly, it has been shown The The unified classification scheme of the GM makes feasibl Secondly, Secondly, the GM postulates that hadrons are composed of weak eigenstate quarks rather Firstly, Firstly, the GM postulates that it is the mass eigenstate quarks of the same generation, The
quarks interact with the the with interact quarks
[4,7 t
e weak eigenstate quarks,
neutral neutral pion, using the do GM. composite the by pion predicted the neutral of nature parity th states. inconclusive, if the pion, neutron and mixed the with compatible also is it that and GM would have minimal effect on the present discussion. present on the effect minimal have would GM SM but are composed of rishons and/or antirishons. In particular this model down and predicts strange quarks that have opposite the intrinsic parities. This is important restricted quarks are by Cabibbo is straightforward. In this case Kobayashi the quark changing changing quantum numbers apart from charge, i This generation. than mass eigen generation generation quantum number in weak interactions was only achieved by making two postulates, which means that the GM differs fundam eigenstat weak and eigenstate mass the roles of the of interchange which form weak isospin doublets: ( and quantum quantum number replaces the remaining quantum numbers of the SM other than charge, which models. in both is same the Furthermore, all three additive quantum numbers several are of conserved those in (e.g. all strangeness) allotted interactions, to unlike quarks in the SM. numbers: numbers: charge Q, particle number p and generation quantum particles, mediating the various interactions, have p = g = 0. Each quarks generation of has leptons and the same set of generation values quantum number, for which in Q genera and p: the number generations replaces are both differentiated lepton by number the and baryon number of the SM, while the generation Parity of Pions and CP Violation in Neutral Kaon System for both hadronic and leptonic processes in terms of only three conserved additive quantum PoS(ICHEP2012)321
- - , 2
, 0 quark -
(2002) 11 11
(2009) 1773.(2009) Brian Robson lived lived neutral Int. J. Mod. Int. J. - , (2004) 999. 18 electrondecay y y in terms of the decay ofK the 13 13 -
(1957) 127. violation violation observed . E. Kennedy, E
ys. E
3
(1963) 531. CP , Ed the 2
10 1 eigenstate so that the long Int. J. Mod.Phys. E Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Nucl. Phys. (2011)1677. , , (2011)1961. = violation. Furthermore the of rate Furthermore violation.
20 20 20 20 Evidence for Int. J.Int. Mod. Phys. CP , CP Ed., Cambridge Cambridge UniversityEd., Press, Particle Physics
th meson without CP violation in in
Phys. Lett. Rev.
L , , 4 0
parity parity of the charged pions provides the two - (2012)1.
is not violated in the neutral kaon system. kaon neutral in the violated is not
Int. Int. J. Mod. Phys. E ] ] have demonstrated that the
, Int. Mod. J. EPhys. CP decay of the K Fitch and R. Turlay, [8 ,
Absorptionnegative of pions in deuterium:parity of pion
Concepts of Particle Physics, 2
tral kaon system can be described in terms of mixed
Comparison of quark mixingin the standardand generation High Energy Physics
, (2006)617. kopf,
s 15 teinberger,
(1964) 138. E
) with a small component of a 13 13 (2011) 733.(2011)
Determination ofparity the of the neutral pion via four its ] for the neu (2008) 182001. 20 1 eigenstate 1 and eigenstate the mixed
Introduction to Parity of neutral pion [13 On the conservation forlaws weak interactions A quantum of gravity theory based on amodel composite of leptonsquarks, and Parity of charged pions Relation between strong and The generationmodel and the originof mass, Int. J. Mod. Ph A generation model of the fundamental particles
Unitary symmetry and leptonic decays = 100
The generation model of particle physics (1954) 1561. CP et al.
(2009)1825. 95 95 Int. J. Mod. Phys.
18 Phys. Rev. Lett. , ion system ( mixing angle. This suggests that This suggests angle. mixing
N. Cabibbo, D.H. Perkins, E. Abouzaid et al., W. and Chinowsky J. S Landau, L.D. J.H. J.W. Christenson, Cronin, V.L. B.A. Robson, -
A.D. MorrisonA.D. and B.A. Robson, B.A. Robson, B.A. Robson, B.A. Robson, P.W. andEvans B.A. Robson B. Robson, K. Gottfried and V.F. Weis B.A. Robson, B.A. Robson, Recently, Recently, Morrison and Robson
Phys. Rev. Lett. Cambridge Cambridge UK (2000). Phys. Rev. meson Phys. E New York (1984).New Int. J. Mod. Phys. E models, InTech Open Access Publisher, Rijeka, Croatia 555. [14] [15] [16] [11] [12] [13] [8] [9] [10] [6] [7] [3] [4] [5] [1] [2] References charged charged p tolived neutral two kaon can pions decay charged without this decay relative to the decay into all charged modes is estimated accuratel Cabibbo by Christenson states in hadrons. In the GM, within the two generation approximation, the long kaon exists in a Parity of Pions and CP Violation in Neutral Kaon System 5. Conclusion