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Information Bulletin 115.Pdf TE TIROHANGA I TE KOREROT ANGA 0 TE REO RANGATIRA I ROTO I NGA KAINGA MAORI ME NGA ROHE Survey of Language Use in Maori Households and Communities PANUI WHAKAMOHIO 0~ INFORMATION BULLETIN I 15 Localities in which ten or more households were visited e Two thirds or more of adults were fluent speakers of Maori + Less than two thirds of adults were fluent speakers of Maori • HEPURONGORONGO WHAKAMOHIO MA NGA KAIURU KI TE • TORONGA TUATAHI, 1973-1978 A report to Participants in the Initial Investigation, 1973-1978 THE MAORI LANGUAGE IN .KAITAIA AND NEIGHBOURING COMMUNITIES This report covers the township of Kaitaia and five neighbouring smaller localities in Mangonui County, which were included in the survey of language use in •Kaitaia Maori households and communities in January 1976. Altogether 79 households were visited, with 437 "v • people (434 of Maori descent; about a fifth of the Keri Keri Maori population in each locality at that time): 32 "v "v households in Kaitaia (with 196 people), five in "v Kareponia (16 people), ten in Awanui (50 people), 20 "v "v in Ahipara (109 people), five in Pukepoto (33 people), and seven in "v • • "v Pamapuria (with 33. people) • Kaikohee Map showing the Towns and "v The interviewers in the survey in this district "v Localities in Northwest Northland were Kahu Waititi (Ngapuhi/Whanau Apanui), Tawini Visited during the Census of "v • Rangihau (Tuhoe), Peter Wensor (Ngapuhi), Iriaka Language Use. ® Wensor (Ngapuhi), Susan Rikihana (Tuhoe), Rena Tito "v (Ngati Whatua), Maku Potae (Ngati Porou), Kathleen Grace Potae (Tuwharetoa), Raiha Smith (Ngati Kahungunu), Candice Scrimshaw (Ngati Kahungunu), "v Peter Ranby and John Ranby. Fourteen interviews were carried out in Maori, five in Maori and English, and Percentage of fluent speakers of Maori @ More than 85% .. Less than 60% the rest in English. among persons aged 25 and over in the households visited. • 76% to85% "v Fewer than 7 households visited e 60% to75% Iwi Affiliation This is• purtly im,gin•ry m•p of the district covered by this three of these communities, Ngapuhi and Te reporl, on which lht hou~holds included in the survey h•ve In been Joc•led lo show the M•ori Jangu•ge resources of lhe area . Aupouri were the two major iwi represented among the families we visited. In Kaitaia about half the people mentioned Ngapuhi as their main iwi, and about a quarter Te Aupouri; Awanui had three-fourths Ngapuhi and one-fourth Te Aupouri, while in Kareponia two thirds were Te Aupouri and one-third Ngapuhi, In Pukepoto, Ngapuhi was also one of two major iwi, mentioned by a fifth of the people; however four­ fifths belonged to Te Rarawa, m&king Pukepoto the only predominantly Rarawa community among the six covered by this report. In Pamapuria, a little over one third of the people visited also belonged to Te Rarawa; the other major iwi there were Ngapuhi (one e llolh flu,•nt spcak,·rs third) and Ngati Kahu (just under a third). There A One flu,·nl spcJkcr but the most numerous 'v Sum~ unJn,IJnding were several iwi in Ahipara, 0 Lillie or no knowledge were Ngapuhi and Te Rarawa (just over one-third of the people each) and Te Aupouri (about one-eighth), KAITAIA Altogether, Ngapuhi was the only one of the four major northern iwi mentioned by a tenth or more of the people in each of these communities. Most of the heads of the households we visited were born or brought up in Mangonui County--six out Results of the Linguistic Survey of every ten in Ahipara and Kaitaia, seven in ten in Awanui, Kareponia and Pukepoto, and eight in ten in Pamapuria. Ability to Speak and Understand Maori As the table on the next page shows, there was only one community, Pamapuria, where the proportion of people who could speak Maori well was almost one in two (45 percent). In other communities the proportion of fluent speakers, without taking age differences into account, ranged from about one in five in Kareponia and Awanui, to just over one in four in Ahipara, Pukepoto ~nd Kaitaia. 2 3 - ==============================================--------------------- Almost all the people 45 and over in Pamapuria, KNOWLEDGE OF SPOKEN MAORI IN KAITAIA, AWANUI, KAREPONIA, AHi.PARA, PUKEPOTO, AND PAWAPURIA (1976) . Ahipara, and Pukepoto (90 percent or more in each case) spoke Maori well; in Kaitaia, Kareponia and Awanui the proportion of fluent speakers in this age -------------------------------------------------------------------Kareponia Ahipara I. Kaitaia & A"anui Pukepoto Pamapuria group was about three in four. Ahipara and Pukepoto --------- --------- --------- --------- also had the highest proportion of fluent speakers No % No % No X No % among people between the ages of 25 and 44, two in Fluent Speakers three, followed by Pamapuria (57 percent) and Kaitaia (56 percent)--slightly over half--and Kareponia and 45 yrs & over 20 77 8 73 20 91 9 90 25 to 44 yrs 18 56 6 46 14 67 4 57 Awanui combined, with just under half (46 percent). 15 to 24 yrs 10 24 0 4 15 0 .. Only in Kaitaia (24 percent) and Ahipara and Pukepoto 2 to 14 yrs 4 5 0 0 0 (15 percent) were there fluent speakers in the 15 to Overall 52 28 14 21 38 27 13 45 24 age group. Among children between two and 14 years there were only four (5 percent) altogether who Understand EasilT could talk Maori without difficulty; these all lived in the township of Kaitaia. 45 yrs 6. over 24 92 11 100 20 91 10 100 25 to 44 yrs 24 75 8 85 17 81 6 86 15 to 24 yrs 14 34 1 11 10 38 0 2 to 14 yrs 5 6 6 18 7 9 2 20 Overall 67 35 26 39 54 38 18 60 This is• purely im•ginary map of the district covered by this report, on which the households included in the survey have Limited Underst,uidin/1 b .. n localed lo sh.ow the Maori l•nguage resources of the .u ... 45 yrs & over 2 8 0 2 9 0 25 to 44 yrs 4 13 3 23 3 14 0 15 to 24 yrs 10 24 2 22 9 35 0 2 to 14 yrs 31 34 14 42 34 47 3 30 Overall 47 25 19 29 48 34 3 10 .... No Kriowl ed11e • 45 yra I. over 0 0 25 to 44 yra 4 13 2 15 1 5 1 14 15 to 24 yrs 17 42 6 67 7 27 3 100 2 to 14 yrs 55 61 13 39 32 44 5 50 Overall 76 40 2] 32 40 28 9 30 (Numbers and percentages refer to members of households visited; percentages have been rounded to nearest whole number), =============================================-------=------------ .r - I \ ) I ' AHIPARA '\ 4 5 Pukepoto was the only community where a --=-- LANGUAGE USED W;;~ ALL THE FAMILY=~~;-TOGETHER sizeable minority of young people and children could ------ -- Kareponia Ahipara & understand Maori easily (in the table the figures for Kaitaia & Awanui Pukepoto Pemapuria Pukepoto have been combined with Ahipara, where fewer -------- -------- -------- --------- children understood Maori well), In Awanui, (14%) ( •• %) ( •• r.) 2 ( 11%) 1 Pamapuria and Kareponia there were relatively more Mostly Maori %) 2 (29%) 5 (17") 1 (10%) 2 ( 11 Half and half 3 (43%) young children who could understand Maori easily than 15 (51%) 8 (80%) 12 (67%) Mostly English 2 ( 11%) 1 (14%) in Kaitaia and Ahipara, although even in those areas Entirely English 9 (32%) 1 (10%) a high proportion of children did not understand 10 18 7 Maori at all at the time of the survey. However, in No. of Households 29 Kaitaia and Ahipara about a third of the teenagers ---------------------------------- and young adults could understand Maori easily. ----(;igures refer to ho::eholds with dependent_children_only) ___ _ These are the hope of the future in the revival of -----========--=---------==------------------- --- the Maori language as they become parents and grandparents and start bringing up children and mokopuna who may have a chance of benefitting from bilingual education and te kohanga reo. Use of the Maori Language in the Household In all but one of the communities included in In most of the homes visited English seemed to be this report, at least three in five of the household used more often than Maori; however, there were heads who were interviewed said that Maori was the importa:nt differences in language use from one kind language they first understood and spoke. Pamapuria of household to another. For example, there were was the exception to this rule: three of the quite noticeable differences between those homes in household heads interviewed there said it was Maori which all the household members were over 15 years of they first spoke, and the other four, English, A few age, and those where there were school-age or people in the other communities- said they learned to preschool children present. speak both English and Maori at the same time. Very few people first learned to write only in Maori. The In childless homes, the language normally used proportion of those who first learned to write in for conversation when the family were all together English varied from 73 percent in Awanui and was Maori at least half of the time, if not all the Kareponia, to 100 percent in Pukepoto. Reading time, On the other hand (as the table at the top of patterns followed the same lines as those for this page shows) those families which included.young writing. children tended to use mostly English. The main exception as a community was Pamapuria, where three of the seven families we visited used either mostly Maori (one family), or Maori and English about equally (two families), 7 6 I I exclusively Maori-language situation, such as a hui The Maori Language in the Community on the marae.
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