DOCSLIB.ORG

From Authoritarianism to People Power in the MENA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Authoritarianism to People Power in the MENA CHAPTER 7 From Authoritarianism to People Power in the Middle East and North Africa: Implications for Economic Inclusion and Equity Eva Bellin The developing world faces many challenges. These include the need to carry out substantial structural transformation, generate growth that is environ­ mentally sustainable, and foster development that is economically inclusive. To balance the trade-offs inevitably generated by the simultaneous pursuit of these goals, many stakeholders have emphasized the importance of expanding the role of popular voice in the policy-making process. Augmenting the scope of political inclusion is considered pivotal especially with regard to advancing the goal of economicinclusion. By giving the (poor) majority greater political voice, it is argued, greater economic equity can be achieved. If only it were so simple. As the experience of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) suggests, political inclusion and economic inclusion may be less closely paired than many might think. Since th~ momentous events of the "Arab Spring" of 2011, this region, long an epicenter of authoritarian­ ism, has begun a process of significant political opening. As such it presents a "natural experiment" for exploring the impact that expanded political inclu­ sion may have on improving economic inclusion and equity. Unfortunately, early observation of the region suggests that while demo­ cratic reform may deliver some measure of political empowerment to the people of the MENA, it may not necessarily have a positive impact in terms of delivering a better distribution of economicbenefits to the demos. This is attributable to three factors. First, many regimes in the MENA had already established relatively commendable records in terms of economic inclusion, while still thoroughly authoritarian. Consequently, there are few "low-hang­ ing fruit" for newly democratizing regimes to pick in terms of advancing 138 <)I, EVA BELLIN economic inclusion. This weakens the linkage drawn between democratic advance and distributional gains. Second, the most pressing source of eco­ nomic exclusion in the MENA today derives from the region's high level of unemployment. But it is not clear that augmenting the level of political inclu­ sion will necessarily assist in delivering the most widely hailed remedy for unemployment-economic growth. Finally, to expand economic inclusion, regimes in the region must embrace public policies that are expressly redis­ tributive as well as growth-oriented. Such policy initiatives require effec­ tive political mobilization of committed constituencies and policy makers. Unfortunately, effective mobilization is a political good that is not automati­ cally guaranteed by political opening alone. To clarify these points, this chapter explores the relationship between political inclusion and economic inclusion in the context of the MENA. First, the chapter will highlight the region's surprisingly strong past performance in terms of economic equity and distribution. The goal here is to show that political exclusion and economic exclusion are not necessarily a "matched pair" and to spotlight the comparatively high bar that democratizing regimes in the region must clear in order to register progress on economic inclusion. This high bar makes the linkage between economic and political inclusion less than automatic. Second, the chapter will identify the causal mechanisms that lead us to link political opening to economic inclusion (at least theo­ retically) and then present the mechanisms that thwart the pairing of these two goals in reality. Specifically, mobilizational failures by constituencies committed to distributive agendas prevent political opening from necessarily delivering on inclusionary goals. Third, the chapter will explore one of the most central development challenges faced by the region-unemployment­ and consider the contribution political opening may make to meeting this challenge. The ambiguous role political opening plays in eliminating the key obstacles to job growth in the region (e.g., limited foreign investment, low integration into international trade) suggests the tenuousness of pairing political and economic inclusion in the MENA. Fourth, and more optimisti­ cally, the chapter will reflect on some of the positive models of paired politi­ cal and economic inclusion that can be found among some key political and cultural referents for the region. Specifically, it will consider how success in Turkey, Indonesia, and Malaysia may gird the Arab world with the political inspiration and will to embrace the policies necessary to achieve dual inclu­ sion simultaneously. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC lNCLUSION/ExcLUSION- A MATCHED PAIR? Analysts who are philosophically committed to the goals of both political inclusion and economic equity have long been susceptible to the persuasion that "all good things go together." That is, they have long been inclined to believe that the extension of political rights to ever-larger segments of society POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INCLUSION • 139 will result in a fairer sharing of society's bounty. Conversely, they tend to believe that political exclusion of major segments of society will also spell economicexclusion of the majority. Although there are valid analytic grounds for the pairing of political and economic inclusion (as will be explored below), the reality on the ground is often quite different. Observers from the United States know this only too well. In terms of its formal political institutions, the United States is one of the most politically inclusive democracies in the world. And yet, the United States ranks as one of the least economically inclusive countries among its industrialized peers. Its performance on social indicators such as infant mortality and economic inequality place it in the company of countries that are much poorer and significantly less well endowed with democratic heritages (Bakalar 2011). Clearly, the provision of (formally) equal opportunities for political inclusion does not guarantee commensurate access to society's wealth. The fact that political and economic inclusion and exclusion are not a matched pair is nowhere more evident than in the case of the Arab world. This is a region that has long been renowned for authoritarianism, excep­ tional in both its scope and endurance. Freedom House and the Polity Project have routinely ranked the Arab world as the world region that is the least free and the least politically inclusive. And yet the region's performance in terms of economic inclusion (i.e., sharing society's wealth among all seg-. ments of society) has been surprisingly strong. This is evident in terms of a number of indicators. Most impressive is the Arab world's performance in terms of limiting lev­ els of absolute poverty. The Arab world has long had the lowest level of absolute poverty of all developing regions in the world. That is, a smaller percentage of people live on less than $1 a day or even $2 a day in the Arab world than in Latin America, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, or East Asia (see table 7.1 and figure 7.1). In this regard, the Arab world is "comparable to the super successful Asian countries" (Noland and Pack 2011:66). Among all Arab countries, only Yemen and Egypt have poverty levels that approach Third World levels (Noland and Pack 2011). The Arab world's impressive performance in terms of economic inclusion is also evident in its performance on numerous human development / social welfare indicators. Between 1960 and 2000, the region registered consider­ able gains in terms of life expectancy, infant mortality, child immunization rates, child nutrition, and education rates. For example, by the early 2000s, life expectancy in most Arab countries had risen by 44 percent, nearly equal­ ing that of the United States and surpassing the performance of comparably developed countries in East Asia and South Asia. Infant mortality rates had fallen dramatically, decreasing more than that of any other region. Child immunization rates had risen impressively, to the point that immunization became nearly universal. Educational opportunities increased dramatically with primary school education nearly universal in most Arab countries. 1 By some lights educational expansion had even gone too far, overproducing some tertiary education, if judged by the limited employment opportunities 140 '*' EVA BELLIN Table 7.1 Population below the poverty line(%) Co,mtry Year $1/day $2/day Middle East Algeria 1995 2.0 15.1 Egypt 2000 3.1 43.9 Jordan 2003 2.0 7.0 Morocco 1999 2.0 14.3 Tunisia 2000 2.0 6.6 Yemen 1998 15.7 45.2 Resotirce rich comparators Botswana 1993 23.5 SO.I Indonesia 2002 7.5 52.4 Nigeria 2003 70.8 92.4 Venezuela 2000 8.3 23.6 By region Middle East 2002 1.6 19.8 East Asia 2003 11.6 40.8 Latin America 2002 8.9 23.4 South Asia 2002 31.l 77.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 2002 44.0 74.9 Sor,rce:World Bank, cited in Noland and Pack (2011:68). 100 90 ·----------------------............_.... 80 ---------------- 70 B 0 a. 60 'E Cl) 50 ~ 40 if 30 -------------------- -----.............,:.·.·-~"'!:e..,I':'~- •......_- 20 ..•••••••••••••• --... 10 .... 0 ·-----------·"' 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2001 -- East Asia and Pacific - - • - · East Europe and Central Asia -- Sub-Saharan Africa - • - - · Latin America and the Caribbean -- Middle East and North Africa - - - • · South Asia Figure 7.1 Comparative trends in regional poverty at $2/day line, 1987-2001. So11rce:World Bank, cited in Iqbal (2006:8). available to many university graduates (Iqbal 2006:21-22, Noland and Pack 2011:62-64). Table 7.2 illustrates these accomplishments. Perhaps most surprisingly, the region's achievement in terms of eco­ nomic inclusion is evidenced by its relatively strong performance in terms POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INCLUSION <> 141 Table 7.2 Human development in the Middle East and North Africa (1960-2000) 1960 1980 2000 Years of education (average per person over 15) 0.9 2.6 5.5 Years of education (average per female over 15) 0.5 1.8 4.6 Child mortality (deaths per 1,000 births) 262 138 47 Life expectancy (years at birth) 47 58 68 S011r,e:World Bank, cited in Iqbal (2006:22).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download the List of History Films and Videos (PDF)
    Video List in Alphabetical Order Department of History # Title of Video Description Producer/Dir Year 532 1984 Who controls the past controls the future Istanb ul Int. 1984 Film 540 12 Years a Slave In 1841, Northup an accomplished, free citizen of New Dolby 2013 York, is kidnapped and sold into slavery. Stripped of his identity and deprived of dignity, Northup is ultimately purchased by ruthless plantation owner Edwin Epps and must find the strength to survive. Approx. 134 mins., color. 460 4 Months, 3 Weeks and Two college roommates have 24 hours to make the IFC Films 2 Days 235 500 Nations Story of America’s original inhabitants; filmed at actual TIG 2004 locations from jungles of Central American to the Productions Canadian Artic. Color; 372 mins. 166 Abraham Lincoln (2 This intimate portrait of Lincoln, using authentic stills of Simitar 1994 tapes) the time, will help in understanding the complexities of our Entertainment 16th President of the United States. (94 min.) 402 Abe Lincoln in Illinois “Handsome, dignified, human and moving. WB 2009 (DVD) 430 Afghan Star This timely and moving film follows the dramatic stories Zeitgest video 2009 of your young finalists—two men and two very brave women—as they hazard everything to become the nation’s favorite performer. By observing the Afghani people’s relationship to their pop culture. Afghan Star is the perfect window into a country’s tenuous, ongoing struggle for modernity. What Americans consider frivolous entertainment is downright revolutionary in this embattled part of the world. Approx. 88 min. Color with English subtitles 369 Africa 4 DVDs This epic series presents Africa through the eyes of its National 2001 Episode 1 Episode people, conveying the diversity and beauty of the land and Geographic 5 the compelling personal stories of the people who shape Episode 2 Episode its future.
    [Show full text]
  • National Conference of Christians and Jews, Washington, D.C., January
    REMARKS VICE PRES I DENT HUBERT HUMPHREY NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHRISTIANS AND JEWS WASHINGTON, D. C. JANUARY 31, 1967 ~ 1 am privileged to accept this National Brotherhood Citation on behalf of President Johnson, and to express to you his profound appreciation of this honor and his regret that he was unable to be with you tonight ( ~~~~.J J. President Johnson said in his State of the Union Message that this was a time of testing for Americans. 6 f many people applied this just to Vietnam, or to our international responsibilities. L-.._ But this i ~ of testing here at home too. ~ Again} in the President's words, "the questi!l12Js whether we will continue working for better opportunities for ~ Americans, when most Americans are already living better than any people in history." -2- There is no question that \Aetnam, and our other international obligations, do require resources which might otherwise be devoted to building wider and better opportunity here in America. - ~ ~ ~ ~· ~nd may I say, parenthetically, that our efforts to resist agg ~!!OJ~ ciple of national independenc:~ i~tnam also have a great deal to do with A the building of human opportunity~tlA-/._~ 1 ~ ut I wonder: Should we cut back here at hom~ What are the facts of ou r Amen. can economy.? I L_ The fact is that we have ~one 70 strcll,g ht months without inte rr uption of ou r economic expansion --the .,longest . and strongest expansion in our history-- and that 1967 will be anothe r year- of balanced growth. -3- L!,he fact is that our nation's output, last year, grew more than 5 per cent for the third straight year -- and that's another record fo r length and strength.
    [Show full text]
  • People Power: the Everyday Politics of Democratic Resistance in Burma and the Philippines
    People Power: The Everyday Politics of Democratic Resistance in Burma and the Philippines Nicholas Henry A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations Victoria University of Wellington 2011 ii ... the tale he had to tell could not be one of a final victory. It could be only the record of what had had to be done, and what assuredly would have to be done again in the never ending fight against terror and its relentless onslaughts, despite their personal afflictions, by all who, while unable to be saints but refusing to bow down to pestilences, strive their utmost to be healers. Albert Camus, The Plague This thesis is dedicated to all those who, resisting the terror of state violence, continue to do what has to be done. iii Abstract How do Community Based Organisations (CBOs) in Burma and the Philippines participate in the construction of political legitimacy through their engagement in local and international politics? What can this tell us about the agency of non-state actors in international relations? This thesis explores the practices of non-state actors engaged in political resistance in Burma and the Philippines. The everyday dynamics of political legitimacy are examined in relation to popular consent, political violence, and the influence of international actors and norms. The empirical research in this thesis is based on a grounded theory analysis of in-depth semi-structured interviews with a wide cross-section of spokespeople and activists of opposition groups from Burma, and with spokespeople of opposition groups in the Philippines.
    [Show full text]
  • The Erosion of Liberalism and the Rise of Duterte in the Philippines Lisandro Claudio
    The Erosion of Liberalism and the Rise of Duterte in the Philippines Lisandro Claudio To cite this version: Lisandro Claudio. The Erosion of Liberalism and the Rise of Duterte in the Philippines. 2019. halshs-03151036 HAL Id: halshs-03151036 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03151036 Submitted on 2 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. EUROPEAN POLICY BRIEF COMPETING INTEGRATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA The Erosion of Liberalism and the Rise of Duterte in the Philippines This brief situates the rise and continued popularity of President Rodrigo Duterte within an intellectual history of Philippine liberalism. First, the history of the Philippine liberal tradition is examined beginning in the nineteenth century before it became the dominant mode of elite governance in the twentieth century. It then argues that “Dutertismo” (the dominant ideology and practice in the Philippines today) is both a reaction to, and an assault on, this liberal tradition. It concludes that the crisis brought about by the election of Duterte presents an opportunity for liberalism in the Philippines to be reimagined to confront the challenges faced by this country of almost 110 million people.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Cosmopolitanism and the World Social Forum: Global Resistance, Emancipation, and the Activists’ Vision of a Better World
    Globalizations, 2017 Vol. 14, No. 4, 504–518, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2016.1254413 Open Cosmopolitanism and the World Social Forum: Global Resistance, Emancipation, and the Activists’ Vision of a Better World GIUSEPPE CARUSO ∗,∗∗ ∗NHS England, Redditch, UK ∗∗Richmond Fellowship, London, UK ABSTRACT The World Social Forum (WSF) is the world’s largest activist network to date. Its global, regional, national, and thematic events have gathered since 2001 millions of participants and thousands of civil society and social movement organisations. Its cosmopolitan vision is built on resistance to the planetary domination by neo-liberal globalisation. This paper unpacks WSF’s cosmopolitan project and reflects on its vision of emancipated individuals, convivial communities, and a just planetary society in harmony with the environment. In its open organisational space, WSF’s cosmopolitan project develops while in the process of political action rather than prior to that. At the same time, power dynamics, ideological cleavages, and pragmatic concerns about organisation and strategy challenge WSF’s ability to pursue its goals. However, it is these internal tensions that make WSF’s cosmopolitan project both more difficult to achieve and more realistic than claims of universal unity among all its participants. Keywords: World Social Forum, open cosmopolitanism, global justice movement, global resistance 1. Introduction The resurgence over the past three decades of a cosmopolitan discourse is related to, on the one hand, the expansion of market-led globalisation and, on the other, the intensification of social and political mobilisation for social justice. The fall of the Berlin Wall introduced a vision of global unity predicated on the global spread of neo-liberal doctrines.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 13 Civil Disobedience and Satyagraha
    UNIT 13 CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE AND SATYAGRAHA Structure 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Concept of Civil Disobedience 13.3 History of the Concept of Civil Disobedience 13.4 Theory of Civil Disobedience and Existentialist Philosophy 13.5 Gandhian Concept of Civil Disobedience and Satyagraha 13.6 Civil Disobedience in Practice 13.7 Summary 13.8 Exercises 13.1 INTRODUCTION The concept of civil disobedience movement has become an important element in the political power structure in contemporary world. This movement has spread around the world. It has been exemplified by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in the civil rights movement in the United States, the ‘ people’s power’ movement in the Philippines, the non-violent collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and so on. The success of Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. had a lot to do with the emergence of satyagraha as an organisational power. To discuss about the history of the twentieth century, without exploring the impact of civil disobedience and satyagraha is to malign the very basis of the people’s movement and the study of social science. The Gandhian method of civil disobedience and satyagraha has given a new dimension to the concept of statecraft. While delivering the most prestigious Gandhi Memorial Lecture on “Towards a World without war- Gandhism and the Modern World” on 11 February 1992, Dr. Daisaku Ikeda said, “As we approach the end of this century of unprecedented wars and violence, we seek as our common goal the creation of a world without war. At this critical juncture what can we – must we- learn from this great philosopher – a man whose spiritual legacy could rightly be termed as one of humanity’s priceless treasures, a miracle of the twentieth century.” The basic aim of every political system is to assist in the process of self-actualisation of individuals to fulfil the inner requirements for a continuous moral growth.
    [Show full text]
  • An Anarchist Critique of 'Equity Planning'
    Sovereign Redistribution and Its Constrained Imagination: An Anarchist Critique of ‘Equity Planning’ Ariadne Brancato A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Urban Planning University of Washington 2017 Committee: Mark Purcell Branden Born Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Urban Design and Planning ©Copyright 2017 Ariadne Brancato University of Washington Abstract Sovereign Redistribution and Its Constrained Imagination: An Anarchist Critique of ‘Equity Planning’ Ariadne Brancato Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Mark Purcell Department of Urban Design and Planning This thesis argues that the state’s sovereignty is an illegitimate expropriation of power because it prevents individuals from developing their capacity to care for themselves and others. This argument is constructed around two main theoretical assertions. First, through Mark Purcell’s deconstruction of Hobbes’ Leviathan, that the proper place of power is within everyone, not within the sovereign state. Second, through Saul Newman, that equality and liberty within the liberal democratic imagination are always in tension. Contrastingly, the indeterminate space outside of the sovereign state wherein we all take up our power, resolves that tension, making possible a collective liberty. Equality then is not a distributable good but a social and political practice we all engage in together. This political practice amounts to developing our capacities to care for ourselves and others, rather than leaving those activities to a sovereign authority like the state or market. Acknowledgements Many thanks to Mark Purcell and Branden Born for their time in advising me on this thesis adventure. To Mark for hearing me through my incoherence—for asking questions, underlining things, and pointing at things until I was able to (mostly) get my words and myself to intelligibly cohere into a thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • 1,379 44% 69% 20 Years Inside the Mind of the CEO... What's Next?
    20th CEO Survey Competing in an age of divergence p6 / Managing man and machine p15 / Gaining from connectivity without losing trust p21 / Making globalisation work for all p27 20 years inside the mind of the CEO... What’s next? 1,379 CEOs interviewed in 79 countries 44% of CEOs say globalisation has not helped to close the gap between rich and poor 69% of CEOs say it’s harder for businesses to sustain trust in the digital age ceosurvey.pwc 2 20th CEO Survey But great convergence has come with the potential for great divergence. In last year’s survey, most CEOs foresaw Introduction from a world divided by multiple beliefs and frameworks. 2016 brought into sharp focus the tangible ways in which these differences play out. Surprising voting results put pressure Bob Moritz on established blocs, and today, the global systems which support trade are creaking at the seams. Recent events have also revealed the extent of public discontent over the gap in skills, jobs and income inequality, among a host of local issues that have stemmed from globalisation and technology. For the last two decades, PwC has asked business leaders everywhere about the trends reshaping Despite greater interconnectivity, and often as a result of it, business and society. As we mark the 20th year of our annual CEO survey, we’ve observed just how sections of the populace feel unheard and under-represented much the world has changed. in the decision-making process. There is a growing disconnect from leadership, leading to mistrust and cynicism Demographic shifts, rapid urbanisation, a realignment of of traditional bodies, both in public and private sectors.
    [Show full text]
  • Nonviolent Power and the End of Domination
    At James Madison University Nonviolent Power and the End of Domination Jack DuVall President and founding Director International Center on Nonviolent Conflict Washington, D.C. Gandhi Center Working Paper Number 1 January 14, 2008 MSC 2604, Cardinal House • 500 Cardinal Drive • Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, USA 540.568.4060 • 540.568.7251 fax • [email protected] • http://www.jmu.edu/gandhicenter/ Gandhi Center Working Papers Series ISSN 1941-2541 (print) Gandhi Center Working Papers Series ISSN 1941-255X (online) Copies of Gandhi Center Working Papers are available for download from http://www.jmu.edu/gandhicenter/workingpapers.shtml or by mailing a request to: Mahatma Gandhi Center for Global Nonviolence James Madison University MSC 2604, Cardinal House 500 Cardinal Drive Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, USA Suggested citation: DuVall, Jack. 2008. “Nonviolent Power and the End of Domination.” Gandhi Center Working Papers Series, Number 1. Mahatma Gandhi Center for Global Nonviolence, James Madison University, Harrisonburg. Copyright: The contents of this paper are solely the property of the authors, and cannot be reproduced without the permission of the authors. Nonviolent Power and the End of Domination * Jack DuVall President and founding Director International Center on Nonviolent Conflict Washington, D.C. <[email protected]> The Green Stick When he was a boy, Leo Tolstoy was told by his brother Nikolai that he had buried on their family’s property at Yasnaya Polyana a little green stick, on which he had written a great secret which, when revealed, would end all wars and suffering and the death they bring. Leo believed him, and after a long life dedicated to peace, Tolstoy was buried on that very site.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Cosmopolitanism: the Nation, Citizenship and Convivial Culture
    JNU/WARWICK Inaugural Conference Nadine Holdsworth, University of Warwick Title: Beyond Cosmopolitanism: The Nation, Citizenship and Convivial Culture As we proceed through the twenty-first century, it would seem that conceptions of cosmopolitanism have become a primary part of cultural and political discourse. A fact epitomised by Barack Obama’s inaugural speech in 2009 when he declared, We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus - and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself. As this quote demonstrates, at the heart of cosmopolitanism’s popularity is the sense that it acknowledges cultural, religious, national difference whilst recognising that simultaneously there is a layer of shared moral imperatives that unite people throughout the world. So, cosmopolitanism invites us to think of citizens of the world, of global citizens and ‘common humanity’ alongside identities more locally specific to geographical placement or individual subjectivities. Cosmopolitanism under threat However, there are some theorists who argue that cosmopolitanism has become a contested term hijacked by what the British sociologist and political theorist, Paul Gilroy calls a ‘brand of ethical imperialism’ in After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture? (2004, p.69). He argues that attempts to form a coalition of willing national states to fight for the universal human rights associated with the spread of liberal democracy and capitalism smacks of neo-imperialism.
    [Show full text]
  • Real Judicial Restraint
    The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law CUA Law Scholarship Repository Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions Faculty Scholarship 2013 Real Judicial Restraint Joel Alicea Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/scholar Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, Courts Commons, and the Supreme Court of the United States Commons Real Judicial Restraint JoelAlicea AST NOVEMBER, THE FEDERALIST SOCIETY gathered in LWashington, D.C, to mark its thirtieth anniversary at its annual convention. This was no ordinary assembly. The conservative legal movement came together to celebrate three decades of astonishing suc- cess in changing the way judges, lawyers, scholars, and citizens think about the law. But it also met in the aftermath oi National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius and Chief Justice John Roberts's opinion upholding the President's health-care law. Both before and during the conference, conservative legal scholars were sharply divided about the decision. Some conservatives saw it as a model of judicial restraint and praised the Chief Justice for leaving ques- tions of self-government up to the electorate. Other conservatives saw it as an abdication ofthe judicial duty to enforce the limits ofthe federal gov- ernment's enumerated powers. Still more legal conservatives—especially those of a libertarian bent — thought Roberts had sanctioned the health-care law's unjust violation of individual rights. The NFIB decision exposed divisions in the conservative legal move- ment that have existed for decades. Legal conservatism has long stood for a modest judicial role that tends to defer to current legislative majorities. But legal conservatism has also stood for originalism, the idea that judges should enforce the original meaning of the Constitution and its amendments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Erosion of Liberalism and the Rise of Duterte in the Philippines
    EUROPEAN POLICY BRIEF COMPETING INTEGRATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA The Erosion of Liberalism and the Rise of Duterte in the Philippines This brief situates the rise and continued popularity of President Rodrigo Duterte within an intellectual history of Philippine liberalism. First, the history of the Philippine liberal tradition is examined beginning in the nineteenth century before it became the dominant mode of elite governance in the twentieth century. It then argues that “Dutertismo” (the dominant ideology and practice in the Philippines today) is both a reaction to, and an assault on, this liberal tradition. It concludes that the crisis brought about by the election of Duterte presents an opportunity for liberalism in the Philippines to be reimagined to confront the challenges faced by this country of almost 110 million people. Lisandro E. Claudio, March 201 9 INTRODUCTION The election of President Rodrigo Duterte in 2016 took many political commentators by surprise. At the time of the election, conventional wisdom held that one of three main candidates would win the election. Initially, the favored candidate was then Vice President Jejomar Binay, a pro- poor populist in the mold of former president Joseph Estrada (in office from 1998-2001). As a former mayor of Makati City, the wealthy business center of Metro Manila, Binay had set up a formidable electoral machinery that capitalized on Makati’s ties with other cities across the country. However, when Binay’s name was dragged through corruption hearings in the Philippine Senate, his favorability numbers dropped. The controversy paved the way for the emergence of Grace Poe—a first-term senator and daughter of the country’s most prominent action star turned presidential candidate—to emerge as the front-runner.
    [Show full text]