DOCUMENT RESUME ED 081 891 UD 013 841 AUTHOR Sloane, Martin E., Ed. TITLE School Desegregation in Ten Communities. INSTITUTION Commission on Civil Rights, Washington, D,,C. PUB DATE Jun 73 NOTE 240p. .EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$9.87 DESCRIPTORS Black Community; Bus Transportation; Civil Rights; Educational Administration; Educational Quality; Integration Effects; *Integration Methods; Integration Plans; *Integration Readiness; News Media; *Political Issues; Public Opinion; *School Community Relationship; *School Integration; Student Transportation ABSTRACT The Commission on Civil Rights conducted its current study of ten school districts during the late fall and winter of the 1972-73 school year. The purpose of this study is to reexamine earlier findings and explore more deeply the dynamics of school desegregation and community reaction. In brief, the Commission found that one reason why many people are uneasy about desegregation is their fear that it will result in a poorer quality of education for their children. It is necessary to prepare carefully and sensitively for desegregation. The technical problems of achieving desegregation, such as determining the most appropriate desegregation technique and dealing with the problems incident to increased busing, have proven to be far less formidable than previously believed. Many school officials, in their concern to facilitate a successful transition to desegregation, have tended to consider the needs and desires of the white community alone, sometimes assuming that minority parents will welcome desegregation on almost. any terms. The way in which school officials, civic leaders, and the news media respond to disruptive incidents can serve either to preserve an atmosphere of calm or heighten tension even more. There is a sharp contrast between the reaction of communities to their own experience in desegregation and their expressed feelings concerning desegregation as a general proposition.. Finally, the effects of the controversy at the national level concerning busing and school desegregation have been felt in a number of communities visited by Commission staff.(Author/JM) SCHOOL DESEGREGATION IN TEN COMMUNITIES A Report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights June 1973 U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED F -ROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN ATiNG IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NAT ,ONAL INSTITUTE CF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY SCHOOL DESEGREGATION IN TEN COMMUNITIES June 1973 U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is a temporary, independent, bipartisan agency established by Congress in 1957 and directed to: Investigate complaints alleging that citizens are being deprived of their rightto vote by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin, or by reason of fraudulent practices; Study and collect information concerning legal developments constituting a denial of equal protection of the laws under the Constitution; Appraise Federal laws and policies with respect to equal protection of the laws; Serve as a national clearinghouse for information in respect to denials of equal protection of the laws; and Submit reports, findings, and recommendations to the President and the Congress. Members of thCommission Stephen Horn, Acting Chairman Frankie M. Freeman Maurice B. Mitchell Robert S. Rankin Manuel Ruiz, Jr. John A. Buggs, Staff Director TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview Page 1 Hills'corough County, Florida (Tampa) Page 14 Pontiac, Michigan Page 36 Winston-Salem/Forsyth County, North Carolina Page 69 Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina Page 90 Pasadena, California Page 110 Union Township, New Jersey Page 126 Riverside, California Page 152 Glynn County, Georgia (Brunswick) Page 177 Clark County, Nevada (Las Vegas) , Page 198 Oxnard, California Page 215 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Commission ±s iadebted to the following staff members who participA in the preparat:.on of this report under the direction of Caroltno F. Davis, Project Director, Office of Program and Policy Review: Mary V. Avant Josie Gonzales Lucille L. Boston James J. Lyons Alice R. Burruss Nathaniel Morehead Ruby P. Chandler Grenda L. Morris Patricia A. Cheatham Nadine Price James B. Corey Ulysses Prince, III Ruby T. Daniels Betty K. Stradford Lou Ann DeVargas Patsy Washington Brenda A. Watts The Report was prepared under the overall supervi-,ion of Martin E. Sloane, Assistant Staff Director, Office of Program and Policy Review. OVERVIEW In the winter and spring of 1972, the United States Commission on Civil Rights undertook a series of investigations of school systems in the process of desegregation. Some of the school systems selected, such as those in Pontiac, Michigan, Charlotte, North Carolina, and Pasadena, California, had been the subject of protracted and bitter litigation. The schools in these communities had not been desegregated willingly, but through the force of law. Newspaper stories of the opening of school in these cuulunities for the 1971-72 school year had provided vivid accounts of disruption and even violence, of communities split apart by the controversy over school desegregation. Shortly after the beginning of the school year, the headlines subsided and newspaper accounts of disruption ceased. The Commission sent investigators to these cities to find out how desegregation was in fact working. Commission staff also visited communities that had not been subjects of national publicity- - communities which, either reluctantly or willingly, had desegregated their schools in atmospheres of relative calm. The Commission sought to find out how desegregation was working in these communities, which had received little attention from the national news media and which apparently had not experienced the disruption and violence that had afflicted others. 2 On the basis of these investigations, the Commission issued two reports--Five Communities: Their Search for Equal Education and The Diminishing Barrier: A Report on School Desegregation in Nine Communities. In conducting these studies, the Commission recognized that elimination of segregated school systems, even under the best of circumstances, is neither a quick nor a painless process. But the circumstances have been far from the best.Even in those communities which have avoided the more obvious manifestations of turmoil and bitterness, desegregation has been carried out in a pervasive atmosphere of controversy.The controversy is nationwide in scope, for the problem of desegregation is no longer perceived as one unique to particular regions of the country, if indeed, it ever really was. It involves government at all levels. Several States- - North and South--have passed laws, resolutions, and even constitutional amendments, opposing busing as a means of achieving desegregation. Candidates in local, State, and national elections, instead of engaging in rational dialogue on the true issues involved, have vied with each other in declaring their w;alterable opposition to use of the school bus. The controversy also has severely tested the integrity of the three branches of the Federal Government, once united in their resolve to eliminate racially dual school systems by whatever means 3 necessary. Congress has passed legislation in an effort to curb busing. School districts subject to court orders have filed new appeals in the hope that school desegregation may not be as inevitable as once thought. And the Executive Branch has diminished its role as enforcer of desegregation requirements, to the point where a law suit against the Department of Hea10- Education, and Welfare (HEW) has led to a court order directing the Department to resume its responsibility for securing compliance with the law. Debates in the academic community have added to the atmosphere of uncertainty and confusion. Social scientists and professional educators, on the basis of slim data, have argued over the relative benefits of desegregation in relation to the inconvenience and cost involved. Minorities have not stood by passively awaiting acceptance of their children in desegregated schools. Some have rejected the idea of entrusting their children to schools dominated by the white, Anglo culture and have turned their attention to other issues such as the demand for "community control" of schools. It is in this atmosphere that the process of desegregation has proceeded. Nonetheless, in its two earlier studies, the Commission's basic conclusion was that school desegregation is working, that most 4 of the fears and anxieties, such as those concerning busing, have proven groundless. Even in those communities which once were explosive, the situation has eased and desegregation proceeds in relative calm. The facts found in those two reports suggested that school desegregation can sucneed, not just in the sense of physically bringing together children of different races and ethnic origins, but also in the sense of enabling them to understand and respect one another and generating an improved climate of racial understanding. among their parents. The Commission also found that the process of desegregation is almost never a totally smooth one. It cannot be traced on a graph as an unbroken line, ever moving upward.Mistakes frequently are made, petty incidents can throw an anxious community into confusion, and school systems that seem to have turned the corner toward total success suffer