Program2008 Report “Pullquote.” CONTENTS 2008 Highlights Peter Hakim, Foreign Affairs The Sol M. Linowitz Forum...... 5 We are pleased to present this summary of the Inter-American Dialogue’s work in 2008. U.S. Foreign Policy in the This year was the 16th time that Dialogue members have met in plenary session for the Hemisphere...... 7 Sol M. Linowitz Forum. The forum brought together some one hundred leaders from across the Western Hemisphere—led by our co-chairs Ricardo Lagos and Carla Hills—to Congressional Program...... 7 identify ways the next U.S. president can improve inter-American relations, and to debate Reshaping Drug Policy...... 9 policy prescriptions for fast-changing economic scenarios across the region. Drawing on the conclusions and recommendations of the Linowitz Forum, the Dialogue released in Inter-American Institutions...... 12 March 2009 A Second Chance: U.S. Policy in the Americas, its 10-point agenda for a new Latin America and the World...... 13 U.S. policy in the Americas designed to guide the Obama administration through the most important challenges it is likely to confront in the region. Trade and Economics...... 15 In 2008, Dialogue staff published a dozen articles and interviews in leading policy Remittances & Development...... 19 journals—Great Decisions, Current History, World Policy Journal, Latin American Politics Democratic Governance...... 20 and Society, Foreign Affairs en Español, and Revista América Economía—that analyzed the policy choices facing the next U.S. president, next steps for Cuba, consequences Dialogues on Democracy...... 21 of Latin America’s increasingly diverse international relations, the impact of Press Freedom...... 22 globalization on Peru’s economy and social fabric, and the paradoxes presented by Chávez’s Venezuela. Staff also published over 100 articles in newspapers, including Women’s Leadership...... 23 The Washington Post, The Miami Herald, El Tiempo, O Estado de São Paulo, El Mercurio, Education Policy/PREAL...... 24 El Universal, El Comercio, ideele, La Prensa, and Confidencial—on topics ranging from Social Policy...... 28 Countries and Subregions...... 29 Corporate Program ...... 42 Publications...... 45 Financial Report...... 49 Funding Sources...... 50 Inter-American Dialogue Members...... 56 Staff...... 58 Board of Directors...... 59

The Dialogue’s Sol M. Linowitz Forum

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 1 inter-american dialogue • 2008 PROGRAM REPORT Barack Obama’s cabinet picks to questions about free trade with Colombia, the rising tide of women in political power, student The summit achievement, trends in remittance flows, and the state of democracy in the Caribbean. “is a one-man show. Dialogue staff are regularly quoted by U.S., Latin American, and European newspapers The spotlight is on and interviewed on television and radio.

Obama. Nobody else The Dialogue’s Democratic Governance Program, in partnership with the Organization matters. of American States, Proyectamérica, and the Centro de Estudios Públicos, hosted the third ” of eight national dialogues on democracy Peter Hakim, in Reñaca, Chile in July. The program also The Economist Dialogue member Lee Cullum, columnist with published several reports this year, including The Dallas Morning News Ten Years after the Agreements on a Firm and Lasting Peace, which featured the results of its second dialogue on democracy in Antigua, Guatemala the year before; Media and Governance: A Reform Agenda in Latin America and the Caribbean, Access to Information in the Americas, and Women in the Americas: Paths to Political Power.

Other highlights of the year’s activities include the 12th annual Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF) conference, which reviewed hemispheric political and economic trends, and evolving U.S. relations with Latin America and the Caribbean. This year’s meeting featured CAF president Enrique García, OAS secretary general José Miguel Insulza, Inter-American Development Bank president Luis Alberto Moreno, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Thomas Shannon, and two lead Latin American policy advisors from the Obama and McCain presidential campaigns.

Dialogue Board members Jim Kolbe, Mack McLarty

Inter-American Dialogue 2 2008 Program Report In 2008, the Andean Working Group met twice—once in Washington and again in Lima, Peru. The Dialogue’s work on the Andean region analyzes the policy issues Latin America and choices confronting the region’s leaders. Our Andean program published three has learned from its working papers, and, with the Johns Hopkins “ University Press, the Dialogue published past mistakes, but it the third edition of Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America will still be buffeted

In 2008, the Dialogue’s Congressional Members by global economic Working Group hosted over two dozen members of Congress in private discussions turmoil… 2009 will and public forums on Capitol Hill and in other Dialogue events. Colombian defense Dialogue Board member Billie Miller be a tough year. minister Juan Manuel Santos met over dinner with Congress members to discuss the rescue ” operation that freed 15 hostages of the FARC. Joyce Chang, Members also discussed the merits and 2008 CAF Report shortcomings of the Mérida Initiative with Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte, Assistant Secretary Tom Shannon, Assistant Secretary for International Narcotics David Johnson and the ambassadors of Mexico and El Salvador. On other occasions they discussed challenges facing Afro-Colombians with Minister of Culture Paula Moreno and Cartagena Mayor Judith Pinedo. Other dinner topics included trade and poverty in the region, U.S.-Cuba policy choices, and the challenges facing Afro-descendents in Latin America. Dialogue Board member Antonio Navarro Wolff This year, the Inter-American Dialogue began its Latin American Economies Roundtable (LAER) series, a joint project with the Elliot School for International Affairs at The George Washington University. It brings together in closed sessions a small group of leading economic analysts from government agencies, international financial institutions, the private sector, think-tanks, and universities. The group explored the risks of the U.S. slowdown for Latin American economies and alternative policy responses; concerns about rising commodity prices and inflation, and how governments and central banks might respond; Latin America’s increasing vulnerability to the global credit crunch; and the region’s deepening capital shortage problem and the need for and feasibility of financing through international financial institutions.

Also in 2008, the Dialogue began its Rethinking the Drug War initiative with the help of the Open Society Institute and the Alvar-Alice Foundation. The project is designed to examine alternatives to current U.S. drug policies in the hemisphere and promote debate within the U.S. government and around the region. The Dialogue commissioned several papers outlining alternative policies and held small roundtable discussions debating the merits of those alternatives. These meetings paved the way for the publication of a final report and a major conference on drug policy in 2009.

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 3 In partnership with the Canadian Foundation for the Americas (FOCAL), the Dialogue has organized a Hemispheric Think Tank Working Group on the Fifth Summit of the Americas. The working group brings together think tank leaders from around the hemisphere to Cuba and discuss the agenda of the summit to be held in Trinidad and Tobago in April 2009, and to re-think the overall summit process. Working group members have written papers on specific “Colombia will offer topics related to the summit’s three main themes: human prosperity, energy security and environmental sustainability. our new president In 2008, the Dialogue initiated the China and Latin America Working Group to examine the opportunities he changing nature of this relationship and recommend strategies to make the emerging ties among China, Latin America, and the United States as constructive as possible. must grab. The Dialogue’s education reform program, PREAL, working with national partners, initiated ” a project to encourage national policy change in four Central American countries, expanded Marifeli-Pérez Stable, its business-education alliance, and launched an initiative to assess specific national education The Miami Herald policies (policy audits) as a complement to its report cards. It collaborated on three national and international education conferences (on accountability, quality education for the poor, and educational equity gaps) and hosted three events in Washington (on education in Haiti, Cuba’s education system, and recent reforms in São Paulo, Brazil). In addition, PREAL worked with national partners throughout the region to co-organize more than 30 events on key education topics, and its two working groups held 12 events designed to generate in-depth information and analysis for policy-makers on standards, assessments and the teaching profession.

Over the course of the year, PREAL produced and distributed more than 20 publications, including the second national report card on education in Nicaragua, and senior staff shared their expertise at approximately 50 conferences sponsored by outside organizations. The Dialogue’s Social Policy program also published, Fair Growth: Economic Policies for Latin America’s Poor and Middle-Income Majority.

Our Corporate Program collaborated on a series of polls with Zogby International in 2008, which generated widespread attention. We welcomed companies such as Liberty Mutual, Laureate Education, National Commercial Bank of Jamaica, Apple Computer, Novartis, Avon and others into the Corporate Circle in 2008. The Dialogue’s Miami Group on Western Hemisphere Affairs—a forum that regularly assembles the city’s corporate and financial leadership to exchange ideas on issues affecting business and trade with U.S. and Latin American policymakers—was particularly active this year. Meetings featured Brazilian Central Bank president Henrique Meirelles, CAF president Enrique García, and Colombian defense minister Juan Manuel Santos, among others.

This year, Mack McLarty became the Dialogue’s co-vice chair from North America and we welcomed to the Board of Directors Antonio Navarro Wolff of Colombia, Pierre Pettigrew of Canada, and Ernesto Zedillo of Mexico.

As a way to involve new leaders in its activities, increase the influence of its policy work, and help assure that it incorporates a wider range of political perspectives, the Dialogue convened 25 young leaders from across the Americas in September to discuss the future of Western Hemisphere affairs. Co-sponsored by the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB), the conference brought together an accomplished group of leaders, including top journalists, senators, mayors, and entrepreneurs.

Inter-American Dialogue 4 2008 Program Report THE SOL M. LINOWITZ FORUM The Sol M. Linowitz Forum is a biennial meeting of the membership of the Inter-American Dialogue and other high-level officials from across the hemisphere. The 2008 Forum was the The Dialogue’s 16th time that the Dialogue’s members have met in plenary session, and the seventh meeting of the forum, which was inaugurated in 1996. “proposals seek to The Linowitz Forum brought together three working groups analyzed the effect align U.S. policies one hundred leaders from the across the of the U.S. downturn on Latin American with the changed Western Hemisphere to identify ways the economies; political trends and tensions next U.S. president can improve inter- in the hemisphere; as well as poverty, conditions of American relations, and to debate policy inequality, and the politics of social policy. prescriptions for fast-changing economic A Second Chance: U.S. Policy in the Americas, Latin America. scenarios across the region. The event, a report drawing on the insights and which took place on May 16 to 18, in recommendations that emerged from the ” Washington, DC, included a half dozen Linowitz Forum was launched in March 2009. A Second Chance: former heads of state, numerous cabinet- U.S. Policy in The Linowitz Forum opened with a level officials, renowned economists, the Americas political analysts, top journalists, and reception, hosted by Ambassador Felipe business leaders from four continents. Ortíz de Zevallos of Peru at his residence, celebrating the 25th anniversary of the While much of this year’s Linowitz Forum founding of the Dialogue. Deputy Secretary focused on U.S. policy towards Latin America of State John Negroponte spoke at the event and the Caribbean with an eye towards the about the current state of U.S. relations new presidential administration in 2009, with Latin America.

President emeritus of CARE USA, Peter Bell; former U.S. trade representative, Carla Hills; former president of Peter Hakim, Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte, former president Ricardo Chile, Ricardo Lagos Lagos of Chile

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 5 The Future of Western Hemisphere Affairs: A Young Leaders Conference On September 24, the Dialogue convened 25 young leaders from across the Americas to discuss the future of Western Hemisphere affairs. Co-sponsored by the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB) and hosted by The George Washington University School of Business, the conference brought together an exceptionally accomplished group of leaders, including top journalists, senators, Lima city councilor, Jamaican senator, mayors, and entrepreneurs. The Dialogue Marisa Glave Warren Newby organized the conference specifically to involve new leaders in its activities, increase the quality and influence of its policy work, and help assure that it will incorporate a wider range of political perspectives. The event opened with an evening reception on Capitol Hill featuring remarks by Representatives Yvette D. Clarke (D-NY), Henry Cuellar (D-TX), and Jerry Weller (R-IL). The day-long, roundtable discussion included a keynote address by Enrique Iglesias, secretary general of SEGIB, and commentary by Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Roberta Jacobson; World Bank Vice-president Pamela Cox; and Riordan Roett of Johns Hopkins School of Advanced Canadian T.V. Network International Studies. editor, Andrea Mandel- Campbell Young Leaders Juan Marco Álvarez Mary Elizabeth Flores José Antonio Kast Adrián Pérez Gallardo Deputy Deputy Deputy Executive Director National Congress National Congress National Congress SalvaNATURA Honduras Chile Argentina El Salvador Marisa Glave Remy Andrea Mandel- Dan Restrepo Orazio Bellettini Councilor Campbell Senior Policy Advisor, Executive Director Metropolitan Lima Contributing Editor, Western Hemisphere Grupo Faro Municipality Author Obama Campaign Ecuador Perú Canadian Television United States Network Epsy Campbell Adriana González Canada Mónica Fernández Director Carrillo Sánchez Centro de Mujeres Senator Carl Meacham Director Afrocostarricenses National Congress Professional Staff Advisor Foro Panel Costa Rica México Senate Committee on Venezuela Foreign Relations Tal Dehtiar Gustavo Guerra-García United States Alejandro Santos Co-Founder & President Picasso Editor-in-Chief MBAs Without Borders International Consultant Judith Morrison Semana Magazine Canada Consultores para Regional Director for Colombia Decisiones Estratégicas South America and the Nicolás Ducoté Perú Caribbean José Neftaly Yanes Executive Director Inter-American Secretary General CIPPEC Ana Paula Hernández Foundation Sindicato de la Industria Argentina Consultant United States Eléctrica de El Salvador Open Society Institute El Salvador Edwin Escobar México Warren Newby President Senator Maslow Corporation Kaymar Jordan National Parliament Dean Journalist Jamaica Universidad Rafael Caribbean Media Landívar Corporation Guatemala Barbados

Inter-American Dialogue 6 2008 Program Report The U.S. “can help shape an environment more congenial to its interests—but only if it resists myopic, self-defeating measures and Senator Richard Lugar (R-IN) and Representative Charles Rangel (D-NY) stays engaged Judith Pinedo. Other participants U.S. Foreign Policy even in unfriendly in the Hemisphere included Ambassador Carolina Barco of Colombia and U.S. State Department places. The Congressional Members Working deputy assistant secretary for Andean Group (CMWG) affairs, Christopher McMullen. ” The Inter-American Dialogue’s Congressional • Several members of Congress—Chris Michael Shifter, Working Group on the Americas is designed Cannon (R-UT), Eliot Engel (D-NY), The Washington Post to encourage discussion and debate among Gregory Meeks (D-NY), and Jerry Weller members on the most important issues in (R-IL)—participated in the Dialogue’s Western Hemisphere affairs. In 2008, this two-day annual conference on Trade bipartisan group was led by Senators Norm and Investment in the Americas on Coleman (R-MN), Chris Dodd (D-CT), September 10 and 11, co-sponsored Richard Lugar (R-IN), and Bob Menéndez with the Andean Development (D-NJ) along with Representatives Xavier Corporation (CAF) and the Organization Becerra (D-CA), William Delahunt (D-MA), of American States. Eliot Engel (D-NY), Phil English (R-PA), Gregory Meeks (D-NY), Mark Souder (R-IN), and Jerry Weller (R-IL).

• The Congressional Members Working Group convened on September 17 for a dinner discussion on challenges facing Afro-Colombians. Hosted by Representatives Gregory Meeks (D-NY), Bill Delahunt (D-MA), Mario Díaz- Balart (R-FL), Sam Farr (D-CA) and Diane Watson (D-CA) they met with a delegation from Colombia, including Colombian minister of culture Paula Moreno and Cartagena city mayor, Representatives Chris Cannon (R-UT), Jerry Weller (R-IL), Gregory Meeks (D-NY) and CAF President Enrique García

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 7 Afro-descendants and against racial discrimination and racism for the Inter- American Commission on Human Rights; Marcelo Paixão, director of undergraduate studies at the Economic Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; and Ambassador Antonio Patriota of Brazil. Representatives Donna Christensen (D-VI), Sam Farr (D-CA), Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX) and Barbara Lee (D-CA) also participated.

Senators Bob Menéndez (D-NJ), Richard Lugar (R-IN), Norm Coleman (R-MN) • A CMWG dinner on January 29 explored the merits and shortcomings of • Senators Bill Nelson (D-FL) and Mel the Mérida Initiative. Hosted by Senators Martínez (R-FL) hosted a CMWG Norm Coleman (R-MN), Richard Lugar dinner on July 22 with Colombian (R-IN), and Bob Menéndez (D-NJ), the defense minister Juan Manuel Santos. discussants included Deputy Secretary Representatives Sam Farr (D-CA), of State John D. Negroponte, Assistant Gregory Meeks (D-NY), and Jerry Weller Secretary of State for the Western (R-IL) also participated in the discussion Hemisphere Thomas Shannon, Assistant that centered on the July 2 Colombian Secretary for International Narcotics Army rescue operation that freed 15 and Law Enforcement David Johnson, hostages of the Revolutionary Armed Ambassador Rene Leon of El Salvador, Forces of Colombia (FARC), among and Ambassador Arturo Sarukhan of other issues in US-Colombia relations. Mexico. Representatives Sheila Jackson • On May 14, Representatives Charles Lee (D-TX) and Jerry Weller (R-IL) also Rangel (D-NY) and Wally Herger participated. (R-CA) hosted a CMWG dinner on • On January 23, Congressman Charles trade and poverty in Latin America. Rangel (D-NY) hosted a CMWG dinner Rangel is chairman of the Ways & discussion on U.S.-Cuba policy choices. Means Committee and Herger was the Representatives Earl Blumenauer ranking member of Ways & Means’ (D-OR), James Moran (D-VA) and Trade Subcommittee. Representatives Senator Richard Lugar (R-IN) were Charles Boustany, Jr. (R-LA), Richard joined by Dialogue member Jorge Neal (D-MA), Jerry Weller (R-IL), Domínguez of Harvard University, Vicki Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) and Xavier Huddleston of the Brookings Institution Becerra (D-CA) also participated. and Caleb McCarry, Cuba transition Guest speakers included Nora Lustig coordinator for the State Department. of The George Washington University, Richard Newfarmer of the World Bank, and Sandra Polaski of the Carnegie Congressional Staff Program Endowment for International Peace. • On June 30 the Dialogue cosponsored with the Center for Strategic and • Challenges facing Afro-descendants International Studies (CSIS) an event, in Latin America were the focus of an “Is Haiti Drifting toward Crisis?” with April 9 CMWG dinner discussion. Jason Steinbaum, staff director for the Representatives Gregory Meeks (D-NY) Western Hemisphere Subcommittee of and Jerry Weller (R-IL) hosted the the House Foreign Relations Committee; dinner, which featured Sir Clare Roberts, Raymond Joseph, ambassador of Haiti special rapporteur on the rights of

Inter-American Dialogue 8 2008 Program Report in Washington; and Johanna Mendelson • On October 20, the second discussion Forman, CSIS. The session was of the series dealt with alternative rural broadcast on C-SPAN. development and drug policy. Francisco Thoumi, previously of the IDB and Washington has • Michael Shifter led a briefing for UNODC, led the discussion on illicit congressional staff on “Geopolitics in economies and potential alternative not learned much the Andean Region” on April 7, which development strategies. Several “ focused on developments precipitated Congressional staffers participated. from its 20-year war by Colombia’s March 1 raid of a FARC camp across the Ecuadoran border. The • Decriminalization and drug policy was against drugs. event was sponsored by the Security for the focus of a third meeting on October a New Century Program of the Henry L. 30. Peter Reuter of the University of ” Stimson Center. Maryland, who founded the RAND Drug A Second Chance: Policy program, led the discussion on U.S. Policy in • On January 14 Congressional staff measuring “harm” of various prohibition the Americas members Carl Meacham of the Senate and legalization policies and offered Committee on Foreign Relations, Peter recommendations for improving U.S. Quilter of the House Committee on drug policy. Participants included Foreign Relations and Jason Steinbaum, academics working at the local, national of House Western Hemisphere and international level on drug policy Subcommittee discussed the Mérida reform. Initiative at a Dialogue sponsored session. Other U.S. Foreign Policy Reshaping Drug Policy in the Americas • On October 23, the fifth meeting of the Miami Group—a forum that In 2008 the Inter-American Dialogue began assembles corporate and financial its Rethinking the Drug War initiative with leaders to exchange ideas with U.S. the help of the Open Society Institute (OSI) and Latin American policymakers on and the Alvar-Alice Foundation. The project issues affecting business and trade in is designed to examine alternatives to current the Americas—hosted a discussion on U.S. drug policies in the hemisphere and how U.S. policy will and should change promote debate within the U.S. government toward Latin America after the U.S. and around the region. The Dialogue presidential election. (See the Corporate commissioned several papers outlining Program, page 44, for more information alternative policies and held small roundtable on the Miami Group.) discussions debating the merits of those alternatives. These meetings will pave the • On November 6, the Dialogue held a way for the publication of a final report and a media roundtable to discuss the U.S. major conference on drug policy in 2009. election results and the incoming Obama administration. Dialogue senior staff • The first roundtable meeting of the spoke with the media about the major initiative took place on September 23 challenges and potential policies of the and focused on multilateral cooperation next administration. as part of developing and implementing drug policies in the hemisphere. • “How NAFTA, Migration, and Eduardo Posada-Carbo wrote the Government Policy Affect Mexico’s background brief and led the discussion Poor” was the topic of a January 30th discussion. (See the Social Policy section, page 29, for more detail.)

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 9 Congressional Testimony President’s Agenda,” in Great Decisions , January 7. Daniel Erikson, “The New Challenge: China and the Western Hemisphere.” China is now Michael Lisman and Megan Fletcher, Testimony presented before the House “Bush Not Making the Grade in Central Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee Latin America’s America,” South Florida Sun Sentinel, “ on the Western Hemisphere on June 11. March 22. third largest trading Manuel Orozco, “Crossing Borders, Daniel Erikson, “Obama and Latin partner after Keeping Connected: Women, Migration America: Magic or Realism?” World Policy and Development in the OSCE Region.” Journal, January 2009; “Cuba, Castro, and the U.S. and the Testimony before the U.S. Congress and the U.S. Foreign Policy,” Interview on Public U.S. Helsinki Commission on April 24. Radio International’s The World, December European Union… 29; “Will the American Elections Shake Michael Shifter, “Crisis in the Andes: The Up Washington’s Cuba Policy?” ari (Real Chinese foreign Border Dispute between Colombia and Instituto Elcano), October 13; “Requiem Ecuador, and Implications for the Region.” for the Monroe Doctrine,” Current History, direct investment in Testimony before House Committee on February 1. Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on the Latin America lags Western Hemisphere on April 10. Michael Shifter, “El gabinete de Obama,” far behind that El Tiempo (Colombia), December 28; “Entre Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “With Castro la ansiedad y la esperanza,” El Observador Stepping Down, What’s next for Cuba of both. (Uruguay), December 27; “Presidente and the Western Hemisphere?” Testimony electo Barack Obama,” Ideele (Peru), before the House Committee on Foreign ” December 17; “Latin America/US: Obama Affairs, Subcommittee on the Western may mark attitude shift,” Oxford Analytica, Daniel Erikson, Hemisphere on March 5. Congressional Testimony November 21; “Obama y Uribe, la pareja dispareja,” El Tiempo, November 14; “El Published cambio también llega a América Latina,” Peter Hakim, “What Latin America can El Colombiano, November 9; “Obama Expect from the Next US President,” Real frente a Latinoamérica,” La Tercera (Chile), Instituto Elcano, October 22; “Experto November 5; “El reto en Sudamérica,” La estadounidense dice que su país ‘está Prensa (Bolivia), November 2; “U.S.-Latin más distante que nunca’ de América American Relations: Recommendations Latina,” El Mercurio (Chile), May 28; for the New Administration,” University “Barack Obama tiene todo para ganar la of Virginia Miller Center Forum, October Presidencia,” La Nacion (Chile), May 28; 27; “No Way to Influence Latin America,” “Un consejo para el próximo presidente,” The Washington Post, October 9; “La El Universal (Mexico), April 20; ”La agenda montaña rusa de la campaña,” El Tiempo, latinoamericana del próximo presidente September 26; “Las Elecciones de Estados de Estados Unidos,” Foreign Affairs en Unidos y las Definiciones Cruciales para sus Español, April-June; “Conselhos para o Candidatos,” Argumentos (Peru), September próximo presidente dos EUA,” O Estado 25; “La última batalla,” El Colombiano, de São Paulo, April 13; “Advice for the September 7; “Barack Obama y América Next US President,” O Estado de São Latina,” El Tiempo, July 31; “La Visita Paulo (Brazil), April 13; “Cenário Político de McCain,” El Tiempo, June 27; “The nas Américas e Relação com os Estado prospects for US/Latin American relations Unidos,” Revista América Economia, April alter a new US president takes office next 4; “Gaining Congressional Consideration year,” Oxford Analytica, June 12; “Obama, and Approval of the Colombia–U.S. FTA,” McCain, y A. Latina,” El Tiempo, June January; “Latin America: The Next U.S. 10; “¿Obama y Colombia, una política

Inter-American Dialogue 10 2008 Program Report contradictoria?,” El Colombiano, June 8; Michael Shifter “Entre ‘Santa Hillary’ y ‘Obama, el que todo • Gave a presentation on December 10 lo puede’,” Ideele, May 1; “Los obstáculos at the Instituto de Estudios Peruanos al TLC con E.U.”, El Tiempo, April 17; in Lima, Peru on the subject of Latin Latin America’s “Estados Unidos y su ‘patio trasero,’” La America policy under President Obama. Tercera, March 16; “Se va Bush, ¿qué relationship with viene?,” Perú Económico, February 22. “ • Led two session on Andean politics and the Obama administration at the the United States Marifeli Pérez-Stable, in The Miami Swedish International Development Herald: “Awaiting a new policy on Cuba,” Cooperation Agency’s regional is crucial. December 28; “Open travel, remittances best conference in Cartagena, Colombia course for Cuba,” November 20; “Timely in December entitled “Current Trends ” questions about Colombia, free trade,” in Latin American Development and Enrique García, November 7; “Castros’ arrogance gets in the Sweden’s Development Cooperation: CAF Conference Report way of help,” September 25; “A chance for Where do they Meet?” 2008 normal relations,” August 14; “Washington, Havana must learn to live in peace,” July • Spoke at the University of Virginia’s 31; “Sober lessons from relations with Miller Center of Public Affairs on Mexico,” July 17; “Markets, not aid, are October 27 where he presented his the solution,” June 19; “Let’s find common paper, “U.S.-Latin American Relations: ground for a free Cuba,” April 24; “Review Recommendations for the New laws on travel,” March 13; in Encuentro Administration.” en la Red:“Compromiso o confrontación,” December 23; “Colombia en el camino de • Presented on the panel, “Impacto de las Obama,” November 30; “A la espera de una Elecciones de Estados Unidos en América oportunidad,” August 22; “Una enemistad de Latina,” at a Fundación Global Democracia medio siglo,” August 7; “Lecciones sabias,” y Desarrollo conference in the Dominican July 31; “La solución es el mercado,” July 1. Republic on September 15.

Select Presentations and Engagements • Gave a talk on U.S.-Latin American relations at the World Affairs Council of Peter Hakim Dallas on March 3 and the World Affairs • Spoke on “U.S. Presidential Elections: Council of Western Michigan on March 31. Implications for Latin America” at Canning House in London, England on Dan Erikson November 11. • Taught “Contemporary U.S.-Latin American Relations” at the Johns • Was the keynote speaker on, “Policy Hopkins University School of Advanced Analysis and Exchange on Western International Studies in June and July. Hemisphere Affairs” at Vanguardia Iberoamericana 2008, in El Salvador, San • Presented “U.S.-Cuba Relations: Still on Salvador on October 28 to 29. the Brink?” at the Bildner Conference on Cuba at the City University of New York • Served as a panelist on “Perspectives on on March 13. the Future for Latin America and the Caribbean” at the Ministry of Foreign • The Dialogue organized a 3-day visit to Affairs in Santiago, Chile on May 26. Washington in June for a delegation of private sector leaders from Haiti led by • Spoke at the JP Morgan Conference on Edouard Baussan, current president of “US Policy Towards Latin America” in the Maritime Association of Haiti. The Miami Beach, Florida on April 5. group met with members of Congress,

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 11 State Department officials, and officers group meeting in Ottawa. Leaders of the international financial institutions from over a dozen think tanks in to express their views on the food crisis the hemisphere were joined by OAS To be in Haiti and accompanying political Assistant Secretary General Albert challenges. Peter Hakim and Dan Ramdin and representatives from the “successful, the Erikson gave their views on the current Canadian government. political climate in Washington at a summit will need private breakfast with the delegation. • The second meeting of the working group took place on January 13, 2009 in to deliver political Marifeli Pérez-Stable was a panelist at the Washington. OAS Secretary General José annual meeting of Raíces de Esperanza, a Miguel Insulza, Summit Coordinator results while group of young Cuban-Americans. Luis Alberto Rodriguez of Trinidad and Tobago, and ECLAC Executive avoiding divisive INTER-AMERICAN Secretary Alicia Bárcena spoke. Over a disagreements. INSTITUTIONS dozen think tank leaders discussed their recommendations related to the summit. The event opened with a reception ” Summit of the Americas Initiative hosted by Graeme Clark, permanent José Miguel Insulza, The Dialogue in partnership with the representative of Canada to the OAS. CAF Conference Report 2008 Canadian Foundation for the Americas (FOCAL) has organized a Hemispheric Think • The Working Group will publish its Tank Working Group on the Fifth Summit papers and meet again in 2009 to review of the Americas. The working group brings the summit mandates and declaration together think tank leaders from around and discuss a way forward. the hemisphere to discuss the agenda of the summit, held in Trinidad and Tobago Other Inter-American Institutions in April 2009, and to re-think the overall • The Andean Development Corporation summit process. Working group members (CAF), the Inter-American Dialogue and have written papers on specific topics the Organization of American States related to the summit’s three main themes: held their annual conference on Trade human prosperity, energy security and and Investment in the Americas on environmental sustainability. September 10 and 11. (See Trade and • On September 23, the Dialogue and Economics, page 15, for more detail.) FOCAL sponsored the first working • On May 19 the Dialogue and the World Bank organized a one day conference entitled “Not So Distant Neighbors: The Social Impacts in Latin America and the Caribbean of the U.S. Economic Downturn.” (See Social Policy, page 26, for more detail.)

• On March 27, Secretary-General of the OAS José Miguel Insulza discussed the conflict between Ecuador and Colombia at a Dialogue event. Insulza commented on the challenges faced by the region with regard to the guerrilla war and the role of the OAS in working to help address them. Trinidad and Tobago Summit Coordinator Luis Alberto Rodriguez, IDB President Luis Alberto Moreno

Inter-American Dialogue 12 2008 Program Report At the summit “the new U.S. president will hear first hand about discomfort with U.S. immigration laws and distaste for fence-building on Secretary general of SEGIB Enrique Iglesias, former governor of Mendoza José Octavio Bordón the border. Published Participants included select members of the Dialogue’s Board of Directors, including ” Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Impunity in former presidents Ricardo Lagos and Buenos Aires bombing,” The Miami Herald, Peter Hakim, Fernando Henrique Cardoso and former September 11. FOCALPoint U.S. trade representative Carla Hills. OAS Secretary General José Miguel Insulza, Peter Hakim, “Why We Are Together,” UN ECLAC Executive Secretary Alicia FOCAL Point, August 7. Bárcena, and Spain’s secretary of state for Ibero-America, Trinidad Jimenez, also Select Presentations participated. Joining the discussion by Peter Hakim presented on the panel, video-conference from Washington were “Re-engagement of Canada in the Americas” Gregory Meeks (D-NY), Eliot Engel (D-NY), at the Department of Foreign Affairs and former Clinton special envoy for Latin International Trade in Ottawa, Canada on America Mack McLarty, and Washington March 13. Post managing editor Philip Bennett.

LATIN AMERICA China and Latin America AND THE WORLD Working Group In 2008, the Dialogue initiated the China Second Annual Trilateral Conference and Latin America Working Group to in Madrid examine the changing nature of this relationship and recommend strategies On January 14 and 15, 2009 the Dialogue to make the emerging ties among China, together with the Ibero-American General Latin America, and the United States as Secretariat (SEGIB) and the Real Instituto constructive as possible. Elcano convened public and private leaders from Latin America, the United States, • The first China and Latin America and Europe to discuss the impact of the Working Group meeting was held on financial crisis on Latin America and the February 28 and featured Tom Shannon, Caribbean and the significance of the new assistant secretary of state for Western Obama administration for the region. Hemisphere affairs, as well as a wide-

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 13 Washington University, and Evan Ellis of Booz Allen Hamilton.

China wants Congressional Testimony “to show it is Daniel Erikson, “The New Challenge: China and the Western Hemisphere.” a responsible Testimony presented before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee stakeholder, on the Western Hemisphere on June 11. interested in Published Latin America’s Dan Erikson, “Requiem for the Monroe Doctrine,” Current History, February 1. longer-term development. Select Presentations Chinese Ambassador Zhou Wenzhong Peter Hakim ” ranging group of 25 leading policy • Led a discussion at the Economic Dan Erikson, officials and analysts from the United Officers’ Conference, “The Emerging BBC Interview States, Latin America, and China. Transpacific Community: Making Democracy Deliver Through Regional • On May 13, the Dialogue hosted the Economic Integration,” in San Diego second working group discussion with California on January 10. Ambassador Zhou Wenzhong of the People’s Republic of China, who was Daniel Erikson previously ambassador to Antigua • Visited Beijing and Shanghai, China & Barbuda and long-time policy from March 18 to April 2 where he maker on the Western Hemisphere. met with Latin American diplomatic Wenzhong highlighted the rapidly missions, journalists, and Chinese growing economic relationship between scholars and government officials China and the developing countries to discuss China’s relationship with of Latin America, and emphasized the Latin America. His presentations in constructive role that China and the China included a discussion of U.S.- United States could play in the region. Latin America relations at the Chinese Following the presentations, members of Academy of Social Sciences and a the working group discussed the sources discussion of the implications of the of tension and areas for cooperation in U.S. election for China-Latin America the tri-partite relationship among China, relations at the China Institutes of Latin America, and the United States. Contemporary International Studies. In Shanghai, Erikson also met with scholars • The Dialogue hosted a public meeting affiliated with the Shanghai Institute on October 30 to discuss China’s for international studies and Fudan evolving political and economic ties University. with Latin America and the Caribbean in advance of President Hu Jintao’s visit • Provided commentary in a National to Latin America for the APEC summit Public Radio program, “America Abroad: in November. The discussion was led by Money, Missiles, and the Mainland,” that members of the Dialogue’s China and dealt with Latin America’s place in the Latin America Working Group—Gonzalo China-Taiwan struggle, on May 18. Paz and David Shambaugh of George

Inter-American Dialogue 14 2008 Program Report As president, “Barack Obama will understand that we need to OAS Secretary General José Miguel Insulza, CAF President Enrique García, Peter Hakim engage again, but by TRADE AND ECONOMICS discussions about political and economic developments and prospects in the region. listening instead of Annual CAF Conference on Trade and talking… We don’t Investment in the Americas Latin American Economies Roundtable view ourselves as The Andean Development Corporation (CAF), the Inter-American Dialogue and In 2008, the Inter-American Dialogue began the savior of the the Organization of American States its Latin American Economies Roundtable (OAS) held their annual conference on (LAER) series, a joint project with the Elliot Americas. Trade and Investment in the Americas on School for International Affairs at The September 10 and 11. It featured CAF George Washington University. It brings ” together in closed sessions a small group of president Enrique García, OAS secretary Dan Restrepo, general José Miguel Insulza, Inter-American leading economic analysts from government CAF Conference Report Development Bank president Luis Alberto agencies, international financial institutions, 2008 Moreno, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State the private sector, think-tanks, and Thomas Shannon, and the lead Latin universities. Participants analyze the state of American policy advisors from the Obama Latin American and Caribbean economies, and McCain presidential campaigns. The the effects of the external environment conference brought together senior U.S. on the countries of the region, and the and Latin American government officials, best policy options for governments. three U.S. Congress members, policy The insights and conclusions from the analysts, leading journalists, and private roundtable are disseminated through sector leaders for intense and expansive private meetings and reports posted on the Dialogue’s website. Nora Lustig of the Elliot School jointly moderates and coordinates the sessions with the Dialogue.

• The Dialogue held its first LAER session on March 30. The group explored the risks of the U.S. slowdown on Latin American economies and the alternative policy responses available to different governments of the region. Discussants included Augusto de la Torre of the World Bank, Santiago Levy of the Inter- American Development Bank, and Brian O’Neill of the U.S. Treasury Department.

Dan Restrepo, National Security Council

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 15 Trade Policy Group

The Dialogue regularly convenes a select group of trade policy experts in a private setting to examine issues critical to the future of hemispheric trade relations. The group engages in discussion on complex questions in order to help move those issues closer to resolution. It also acts as a sounding-board for key trade policymakers in the Western Hemisphere.

• On May 2, the Trade Policy Group Deputy Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Treasury Brian O’Neill and IDB Secretary convened to discuss possible paths Hugo Beteta to a vote on the Colombia Free Trade Agreement. Amber Cottle of the Senate • The LAER met again on June 30 to Finance Committee’s Democratic staff, discuss the concern of rising commodity Angela Ellard of the House Ways and prices, the challenge of inflation in Latin Means Committee’s Republican Staff, and America, and how governments and Jeffrey Schott of the Peterson Institute central banks might respond. The Center for International Economics led the for Global Development’s Liliana Rojas- discussion. Suárez, who chairs the Latin American Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee, • The Dialogue’s trade group met again spoke to the group and Augusto de on July 15 to discuss a new proposal la Torre, Santiago Levy, Brian O’Neill by Nancy Lee, visiting fellow at the and Anoop Singh of the International Center for Global Development on leave Monetary Fund provided comments. from the U.S. Treasury Department, to pursue hemispheric integration through • On October 21, the LAER convened its a regional investment agreement. Gary third meeting, which focused on Latin Hufbauer of the Peterson Institute for America’s increasing vulnerability to the International Economics provided global credit crunch. Ernesto Talvi of additional comments. the Center for the Study of Economic and Social Affairs (CERES) in Uruguay presented to the group and Augusto de la Torre, Santiago Levy, and Brian O’Neill served as discussants.

• The fourth roundtable was held on December 16 for a discussion of the region’s deepening capital shortage problem and the need for and feasibility of financing through international financial institutions. Santiago Levy, Justin Lin of the International Monetary Fund, and Brian O’Neill provided comments.

World Bank Chief Economist Augusto de la Torre

Inter-American Dialogue 16 2008 Program Report Other Trade and Economics

• Enrique Goñi, founder and CEO of Spanish bank Caja Navarra explained his experiment in community empowerment A deep or through banking at a Dialogue prolonged slump discussion on November 12. “ could undo the • The Dialogue’s Working Group on the Cuban Economy met on January 23 region’s impressive and again on September 19 for a half- day conference. (See Cuba, page 36, for economic and more detail.) social gains. • The longevity of Brazilian and Mexican regional influence amidst a global ” economic meltdown was the topic of Peter Hakim, debate at a Dialogue meeting on October Roberto Dañino, former prime minister of Peru El Universal 23. The second of two roundtable discussions on Latin America and the observations and predictions regarding global financial crisis, select participants the region’s business climate. included Chris Garman, director for Latin America at the Eurasia Group, • The factors causing the increase in Otaviano Canuto, vice president food prices, current responses in Latin of countries at the Inter-American America, and recommendations for Development Bank, and Nora Lustig of future policy actions were topics of a George Washington University. discussion co-sponsored with the Center for Global Development on July 21. • The first of two discussions on the effects of the financial crisis on the Western • On July 18, the Dialogue convened the Hemisphere was held at the Dialogue on second meeting of the steering committee October 15. Santiago Levy of the Inter- for its Institutional Capacity-Building American Development Bank joined initiative for Trade and Integration in the Dialogue’s Claudio Loser, a former Central America. Committee members Western Hemisphere director of the gathered to discuss a report by former International Monetary Fund, in leading Salvadoran finance minister Manuel Hinds the roundtable discussion and offering regarding existing trade capacity-building projections for the coming year. institutions in Central America and discussed next steps for the creation of a • A July 29 Dialogue discussion focused network of such institutions in the region. on the World Bank’s “Ease of Doing Business” (EDB) index and trends related • Former prime minister of Peru and to Latin America’s business climate. executive director of Hochschild Speakers included Pamela Cox, vice Mining Roberto Dañino led a discussion president for Latin America at the World on the future of investment in Peru Bank and Victoria Elliott, the principal at a July 9 Dialogue session. Liliana author of an independent critique of Ruiz, the former head of Peru’s the EDB index by the World Bank’s telecommunications regulatory agency evaluation department. Everett Santos, provided commentary. president of DALEC LLC, also provided

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 17 • Potential increases in annual foreign at the Dialogue. (See Social Policy, page direct investment as a result of new 29, for more detail.) offshore oil finds in Brazil was the I will no longer subject of a June 24 discussion at the • On January 28 the Dialogue hosted a Dialogue featuring Francisco Gros, the discussion with Michael Reid, the “vote for agreements former president of national oil company Americas editor of The Economist, on Petrobras. his new book, Forgotten Continent: that do not carry The Battle for Latin America’s Soul. • On May 19, the Dialogue co-organized Commentators included Santiago Levy of stronger protections with the World Bank a one day the IDB and Riordan Roett, director of the conference, entitled “Not So Distant Western Hemisphere Program at SAIS. for workers and the Neighbors: The Social Impacts in Latin America and the Caribbean of the US environment. Published Economic Downturn.” (See Social Policy, page 28, for more detail.) Trade and Investment in the Americas: ” Report on the Eleventh Annual Corporación Representative Xavier • The Dialogue and the Center for Andina de Fomento (CAF) Conference, Becerra (D-CA), Strategic and International Studies September, 2008. CAF Conference Report co-sponsored a breakfast session with 2008 President Martín Torrijos of Panama on Peter Hakim, “América Latina: vulnerable May 7 to discuss Panama’s social and frente a la crisis financiera global,” El economic challenges and its relations Universal (Mexico), November 22; “Gaining with the United States. Congressional Consideration and Approval of the Colombia-U.S. FTA,” January 28. • Prime Minister Jorge Del Castillo of Peru spoke at an April 30 Dialogue event on Marifeli Pérez-Stable, in The Miami trade relations with the United States. Herald: “Cubans anxious about change,” October 24; “Markets, not aid, are the • CAF president Enrique García spoke at solution,” June 19; “Free trade could benefit the Miami Group’s third meeting, which all partners,” May 8; and “La batalla por el convened nearly 30 people for dinner on crudo,” Encuentro en la Red, January 31. April 24. (See Corporate Program, page 44, for more detail.) Michael Shifter, “Los obstáculos al TLC con E.U.,” El Tiempo (Colombia), April 17. • On February 12th, the Dialogue hosted a discussion on the relationship between Dan Erickson, “Beyond Tourism: The taxation and inequality in Latin America. Future of the Services Industry in the Commentators included Carola Pessino Caribbean,” (with Joyce Lawrence), Centre of the Universidad Torcuato di Tella and for International Governance Innovation, Luis Servén of the World Bank. April 1.

• The efficacy of investment treaties in Latin Select Presentations America was the topic of a discussion Peter Hakim held at the Dialogue on February 5. Speakers were Ana Palacio, Spain’s former • Deliberated on the, “Political Landscapes foreign minister, Boston University in the Americas” with the World economist Kevin Gallagher, and Jonathan Economic Forum on Latin America in Hamilton, a Partner at White & Case. Cancún, Mexico on April 15.

• “How NAFTA, Migration, and • Spoke at the JP Morgan Conference on Government Policy Affect Mexico’s Poor” “US Policy Towards Latin America” in was the topic of a January 30 discussion Miami, Florida on April 5.

Inter-American Dialogue 18 2008 Program Report • Moderated a panel discussion on Congressional Testimony “Challenges to Opening Global Markets Manuel Orozco, “Crossing Borders, for Ethanol” in Houston, Texas on Keeping Connected: Women, Migration October 20. and Development in the OSCE Region.” The linkage Dan Erikson Testimony before the U.S. Congress and the U.S. Helsinki Commission on April 24. “between remittances • Presented a paper co-authored with Paul Wander entitled “Raúl Castro and and financial Published Cuba’s Global Diplomacy,” at the 18th annual conference of the Association Manuel Orozco, “¿Están cayendo las literacy can provide for the Study of the Cuban Economy remesas hacia AL y el Caribe?” Confidencial (ASCE) in Miami, Florida from August (Nicaragua), October 26; “Are Trends in greater solutions Money Transfers to Latin America Shifting 5 to 7. for local economic Downward?” FOCAL Point Spotlight on • Presented his paper, “Beyond Tourism: the Americas, November; “Remittance development. The Future of the Services Industry in transfers, its marketplace and financial the Caribbean,” at the annual meeting intermediation in Uganda: preliminary convened by the National Association findings, lessons and recommendations,” ” of Cuban Economists in Havana, Cuba Inter-American Development Bank, Manual Orozco, from March 3 to 7. October 18; “Remittance Transfers International Labour to Armenia: Preliminary Survey Data Organisation Report REMITTANCES & Analysis,” microReport #117, US Agency DEVELOPMENT for International Development, September; “Remittances and Microfinance in Latin • On November 10 the Dialogue America and the Caribbean: Steps Forward convened a meeting on “Recent Trends on a Long Road Ahead,” microReport in Remittances to Latin America,” to #118, US Agency for International explore the effects of the economic Development, September; “Planting the downturn and increased enforcement of seeds of financial inclusion: financial immigration laws on remittances to the literacy for remittance recipients in region. Panelists included the Dialogue’s Moldova,” Budapest: Interational Labour Manuel Orozco, Dilip Ratha of the Organisation, June; “Remittances in Latin World Bank, and Robert Meins of the America and the Caribbean: Their Impact Inter-American Development Bank. on Local Economies and the Response of Local Governments,” Organization of • The Dialogue hosted a discussion American States, June; “The Nicaraguan on June 12 with senior managers of diaspora: trends and opportunities for several money transfer companies diaspora engagement in skills transfers about the recent trends in remittances and development,” commissioned by the to Latin America. Participants included Office for Economic Co-operation and Ben Knoll, the chief executive officer Development, March 28; “Centroamérica: for GroupEx Financial Corp and Kai remesas, economía y las finanzas con Schmitz, the executive vice president and aproximación al caso Nicaragüense,” report chief operating officer for Microfinance for the Democracia, Cohesión Social e International Corporation. The group Integración Regional (Serie de Encuentros explored how the economy, immigration Centroamericanos en Managua), January. and the money transfer industry have affected remittances to the region. Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Review laws on travel,” The Miami Herald, March 13.

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 19 Select Presentations and Engagement Manuel Orozco Under Uribe, • Visual representations of Manuel Orozco’s data on global migration and improved security remittances were featured in the Cartier “ Foundation Museum in Paris, as part of has brought better an exhibit titled Native Lands, by Paul Virilio, on display from November 21 governance… through March 15, 2009.

Colombia ranked • Spoke on remittances to the Dominican Republic at an event organized by second in Latin La Fundación Global Democracia y Desarrollo (FUNGLODE) on December America in the 12 in the Dominican Republic. overall confidence • Presented “Migración y Remesas en Jorge Domínguez of Harvard University of citizens in Honduras,” at an event organized by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische 2007. The committee met twice in 2008, government Zusammenarbeit in Honduras on and continues to offer recommendations October 17. to the FDIC on initiatives geared toward institutions. expanding access to banking services for • Presented “Tendencias Actuales en underserved populations. ” las Transferencias hacia Guatemala y su Intersección con las Finanzas,” Marifeli Pérez-Stable, DEMOCRATIC The Miami Herald at a conference organized by the GOVERNANCE International Organization for Migration in Guatemala on October 15. Constructing Democratic Governance

• Presented “Análisis y resultados de Jorge Domínguez of Harvard University la última encuesta sobre remesas y was the featured speaker at an October 3rd migración” at an event organized by Dialogue symposium on the health and Confidencial and the American Chamber future of democracy in Latin America. of Commerce in Nicaragua on January 31. Dominguez is the co-editor with Michael Shifter of Constructing Democratic • Participated in the International Governance in Latin America, which has Advisory Committee of the Global tracked democratic progress in the region Remittances Working Group, which since the early 1990s—the third edition was formed in 2008 by the heads of was available for sale at the session. government of the Group of Eight and Domínguez argued that despite trouble coordinated by the World Bank, with spots, democracy is the norm in the the objective of elevating the issue region. Panelists Diego Abente, former of migrant remittances on the global senator of Paraguay now with the National development agenda. Endowment for Democracy, Kevin Casas, former vice president of Costa Rica now • Participated in the Advisory Committee with Brookings Institution, and Carlos de la on Economic Inclusion of the Federal Torre of the Woodrow Wilson Center added Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) their analysis. where he has been a member since

Inter-American Dialogue 20 2008 Program Report Dialogues on Democracy guard pulling the strings,” February 28; “Steps toward progress, peace,” January The Inter-American Dialogue, in partnership 3; and “El mensaje de Fidel,” Infolatam, with the Organization of American States, February 20. Proyectamérica, and the Centro de Estudios Despite Públicos, hosted the third of eight national Marifeli Pérez-Stable and Landen their weakness, dialogues on democracy in Reñaca, Chile Romei, “Calderon’s Popularity Hinges on “ from July 26 to 28, 2008. The workshop, Success of Anti-Drug Effort,” Latin America political parties titled Chile: Twenty Years after the Plebiscite, Advisor, July 28. convened 20 distinguished Chileans are necessary representing previous administrations, the Select Presentations opposition, nongovernmental organizations, because without universities, a labor union, and the media. Peter Hakim Discussions of the central themes of Chilean • Presented as a panelist at an OAS them there is no democracy reflected a broad range of conference on “Democracy, Well-being political perspectives. and Citizenship in Latin America” in Rio democracy. de Janeiro, Brazil on December 4th. Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “El parto de ” la democracia,” Encuentro en la Red, Michael Shifter Guatemala: Ten Years July 10; “Growing pains of democracy, • Presented his paper, “Promoting Open after the Agreements on development,” The Miami Herald, July 3. Society Values in a Divided Region,” at a Firm and Lasting Peace the Open Society Institute Latin America Published Program’s Annual Meeting in Antigua, Constructing Democratic Governance in Guatemala from November 17 through 19. Latin America: Third Edition, edited by Jorge I. Domínguez and Michael Shifter. • Presented his paper, “U.S.-Latin Sponsored by the Open Society Institute American Relations: Recommendations and the Inter-American Dialogue. August for the New Administration,” at the 2008. University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs on October 27. Michael Shifter, “U.S.-Latin American Relations: Recommendations for the New Administration,” University of Virginia Miller Center Forum, October 27.

Michael Shifter with Dan Joyce, “Bolivia, Ecuador y Venezuela, la refundación andina,” Política Exterior, May 1.

Marifeli Pérez-Stable, in Encuentro en la Red: “Chávez es su peor enemigo,” December 10; “Adicción fatal,” September 2; “Otra política,” March 21; “La vieja guardia mueve los hilos,” March 7; “Castro, el gobierno y el partido,” February 22; “Apariencias y realidades,” February 11; “De regreso del abismo,” January 7; “¿Soltando las riendas?” January 2; in The Miami Herald: “Two presidential terms is enough,” August 28; “Help opposition to restore democracy,” June 9; “Same old Editor-in-chief of Semana magazine, Alejandro Santos

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 21 Press Freedom Ricaurte, Constitutional Court Justice Manuel José Cepeda, Deputy Interior Violence against Journalists and Minister María Isabel Nieto, Alejandro In times of Impunity Santos from Semana, Rafael Nieto from RCN Radio, and Rafael Pardo from the The Dialogue project on violence against democracy, the news Liberal Party. Dialogue members Senator “ journalists and impunity is designed to Marta Lucía Ramírez and Governor raise awareness among relevant decision media’s role is Antonio Navarro Wolff, also participated. makers and practitioners about impunity more complex. in the case of violence against journalists • In partnership with Fundación Prensa y and its high cost to the rule of law and Democracia and Consejo Mexicano de ” to a free and democratic society. The Asuntos Internacionales, the Dialogue initiative aims to develop a greater sense of Media and Governance convened the second closed-door meeting urgency about crimes against journalists; on June 16 and 17 in Mexico City to strengthen communication between the discuss violence against journalists and media and government officials charged impunity in Mexico. Participants included with defending journalists; and identify Lydia Cacho, investigative journalist from a set of recommendations regarding the Quintana Roo, columnist Denise Dresser investigation and prosecution of violence of ITAM, Carmen Aristegui of CNN en against journalists. Español, José Carreño of El Universal, Octavio Orellana Wiarco from the office • In cooperation with the Colombian of the Attorney General for crimes against Foundation for the Freedom of the Press journalists, Congressman Gerardo Priego (FLIP), the Dialogue organized on April Tapia, Senator Carlos Sotelo García, and 3 and 4 in Bogotá a high-level, off-the- others. record discussion on the challenges facing media workers and steps that can be taken to increase safety and access to Media and Governance justice. The forum featured journalists, On January 14 and 15, the Dialogue media owners, advocates, scholars convened a politically and nationally diverse and high-level officials from the three group of some 40 leading practitioners, branches of government—including decision makers, and thinkers on freedom of Supreme Court president Francisco the press from 15 countries of the Americas for an intensive, full-day workshop to review a set of challenges facing the media in Latin America and the Caribbean and to begin to think about ways to enable the press to be a more positive force for democracy in the region. The discussions focused on: 1) laws and regulations regarding the media; 2) concentration of media ownership and government advertising; and 3) the nexus of media responsibility and the quality of democracy.

Other Press Freedom

• Roberto Saba, executive director of the Association of Civil Rights in Argentina, presented the findings of a recent report produced in partnership with the Open Mexican investigative journalist, Lydia Cacho

Inter-American Dialogue 22 2008 Program Report Society Justice Initiative titled, The Price of Silence: The Growing Threat of Soft Censorship in Latin America, at the Dialogue on October 14. Commentary It’s not was provided by Catalina Botero, OAS special rapporteur for freedom of enough to be a expression and John Dinges, professor of “ journalism at Columbia University. democracy. It has to • At a Dialogue event on December 9, be a democracy for investigative journalist Claudia López of Colombia’s El Tiempo shared findings women. that indicate a significant penetration by paramilitary groups into Colombia’s ” democratic institutions over the past Chilean Congresswoman decade. Scott Wilson of The Washington María Antonieta Saa, Post also provided comments. Epsy Campbell, candidate for President of Costa Rica Women in the Americas: Paths to Political Power Published Organization for Migration in Paraguay shared their experiences promoting Media and Governance: A Reform Agenda women’s rights in the areas of domestic in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter- violence, trafficking of women and American Dialogue, January 2009. children, civil and penal code reform, and access to justice for women. Access to Information in the Americas. Inter- American Dialogue, December 2008. • With the Initiative for Inclusive Security and the Woodrow Wilson Center, on Women’s Leadership January 24 the Dialogue convened a session with four influential leaders • The role of women in promoting a from Colombia—Senate president culture of non-violence and peace- Nancy Patricia Gutiérrez, Senator Marta building in Latin America was the topic Lucía Ramírez, Deputy Minister of the of a discussion on January 23, co-hosted Interior María Isabel Nieto, and María by the Dialogue with the Initiative for Emma Wills of the Historical Memory Inclusive Security. Panelists included Commission—to address the main Juanita Roca, consultant and researcher security challenges facing Colombia, with the UNIR Bolivia Foundation; including progress on the conflict with Maria Eugenia Rojas, executive director the FARC, the continuing plight of of the Women’s Councilors’ Association the hostages, and the situation of the of Bolivia; Emiliana Bernard, a human demobilized paramilitary groups. rights activist from Colombia; and Evelyn Garrido Rodríguez of the Published Universidad Javeriana in Colombia. Women in the Americas: Paths to Political • The Dialogue hosted a symposium on Power. A Report Card on Women in Political March 13 with three women leaders Leadership. Inter-American Dialogue, Inter- working on justice issues in Latin American Development Bank, and League America and the Caribbean. Supreme of Women Voters, January 2008. Court Justice Elena Highton of Argentina, Minister of Human Services Joan Caivano and Thayer Hardwick, Priya Devi Manickchand of Guyana, and “Latin American Women in Movement: Cynthia Bendlin of the International Changing Politics, Changing Minds,” in

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 23 Education Policy

Partnership for Educational The quality of Revitalization in the Americas (PREAL) “an education system Working Group on Standards and cannot exceed Assessments (GTEE) the quality of its • On October 20 to 24, the GTEE and the Ministry of Education of Colombia teachers. co-organized a roundtable discussion on use of external assessments and ” in-classroom student assessment PREAL Working Paper practices during Colombia’s National #41 Forum on Assessment. The GTEE presentation focused on the results of a PREAL-Universidad Católica del Uruguay study on the topic. GTEE members also commented on the institutional use of assessments and assisted with teacher training workshops. Approximately 3,000 people Congresswomen Nemecia Achacollo Tola of Bolivia and Dayana Martínez Burke of Honduras attended the event and officials from 25 cities connected via video conference. Civil Society and Social Movements: Building Education Minister Cecilia María Vélez Sustainable Democracies in Latin America, participated. ed. Arthur Domike. Washington, DC: Inter- American Development Bank, 2008. • On August 26 to 29, the GTEE and the National Union of Private Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Mejores cuotas, Education Centers—a PREAL partner más poder,” Encuentro en la Red, January in Panama—collaborated with the 25; “Women in the Americas,” The Miami Ministry of Education of Panama and Herald, January 17. the Business Circle for Improving Quality of Education to organize a Other Democratic Governance series of four presentations on the results of UNESCO’s Second Regional On January 28 the Dialogue hosted Comparative and Explanatory Study and a discussion on Forgotten Continent: their implications for education policy The Battle for Latin America’s Soul by in Panama. Education Minister Salvador Michael Reid, the Americas editor for The Rodríguez participated. Economist. Reid led the discussion with commentary by Santiago Levy of the Inter- • On July 31, the GTEE hosted a American Development Bank and Riordan presentation on the U.S. experience with Roett of Johns Hopkins School of Advanced developing and implementing standards and International Studies. in Lima, Peru.

• The GTEE and the World Bank organized two training workshops on national assessments of student

Inter-American Dialogue 24 2008 Program Report achievement. The workshops, which • The GTD and the Ricardo Ernesto took place in Panama from January 23 Maduro Andreu Education to 31 and in the Dominican Republic Foundation—a PREAL partner from June 9 to 13, targeted members in Honduras—collaborated with Just providing of technical teams from ministries of the Ministry of Education to host education and agencies responsible for a conference on August 27 on more resources to the assessment of student achievement the relationship between teacher “ throughout the region, focusing on performance standards and education schools is unlikely different aspects of assessments during quality. The event attracted over 200 each session. people including technical staff from to be successful— the Education Ministry, teachers, Working Group on Teacher parents’ associations, teachers’ unions, improving the quality Professionalization (GTD) NGOs, and international organizations. Distinguished guests included María of education will • The GTD and the Center for National Antonieta de Bográn, National Party of take major changes Economics Research—a PREAL partner Honduras candidate for vice president in Guatemala—organized an event on and Elia del Cid Andrade and Marco in institutions. November 12 in Guatemala City on Tulio Mejía, former vice ministers of teacher pay. education. ” • On October 20, the GTD and Action for • In El Salvador, the GTD brought together PREAL Working Paper Basic Education (EDUCA)—a PREAL experts on teacher remuneration in #39 partner in the Dominican Republic—held Latin America to discuss case studies in a discussion on teacher effectiveness. Venezuela and Guatemala and exchange experiences on April 3 and 4. Participants • The GTD collaborated with Colombia’s included the minister and vice-minister Share Foundation to hold the “First of education of El Salvador, Darlyn Meza Annual Great Teachers of Latin America and José Luis Guzmán. The two-day Conference” on October 1. The event meeting produced a number of important featured organizations that recognize conclusions, including a proposal to outstanding teachers throughout the tie teacher pay to better policies for region. Education Minister Cecilia María evaluating teacher effectiveness. Velez White and Leoncio Fernández, the director general of the Santa María • On January 23 to 24, the GTD and Foundation were among the nearly 400 UNCEP organized a series of workshops participants from all sectors. on continuous teacher training. Events included a national symposium of high • On September 26, the GTD collaborated school directors at the Universidad on the conference, “Closing the Circle: Latina de Panama; a special session of Beyond Assessment,” which was organized the National Education Commission; with Support Education Quality, Mexicans and a workshop for members of the First, the graduate studies department of press, various business and civil society the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de groups, as well as representatives of the Mexico, and the planning and evaluation Ministry of Education. unit of the Ministry of Education of Mexico. The conference brought together Other Education Policy some 300 teachers, administrators, academics and education professionals • On October 29, PREAL and the from Mexico and Latin America to discuss Caribbean Policy Research Institute ways to improve education quality. organized a conference, “Improving

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 25 the Quality of Education in Jamaica: that appear in the PREAL-edited book Performance and Accountability,” in Education and Equity Gaps in Latin Mona, Jamaica. It brought together over America provided background for the Even though 150 government officials, representatives panel. The session was held at Columbia of teachers unions, policy analysts University in New York. “the literacy rate and private sector leaders and laid the foundation for a possible PREAL report • PREAL and its partner EDUQUEMOS increased for card in Jamaica. launched the second education report card on Nicaragua, Betting on Education all racial groups • PREAL launched its special report, in Managua on March 12. Education in Haiti—The Way Forward, between 1950 at an event with the author Laurence • On January 28, PREAL—in collaboration Wolff on September 26 at the Dialogue. with the World Bank and the City and 2000, the gap University of New York—organized a between African- • On September 25, PREAL organized half-day workshop on ways to improve a discussion on Cuba’s Academic primary and secondary education for descendants and Advantage: Why Students in Cuba Do the poor during the Ninth Annual Better in School, a new book by Martin Conference of the Global Development whites actually Carnoy. The author presented the book’s Network. The event brought together findings and Eduardo Vélez, former researchers from North America, Latin widened. education sector manager at the World America, Africa, Asia, and Eastern Bank, offered commentary. Europe. Twenty-three researchers and ” discussants from universities, NGOs, • PREAL organized a discussion at the Marcelo Paixão, and international organizations in over PREAL Special Report Dialogue on March 21 with Maria fifteen countries attended the workshop, Helena Guimaraes, the secretary of which took place in Brisbane, Australia. education of São Paulo. She spoke about her ongoing education reform efforts and Published reflected on the political obstacles. Reports • With the Latin American Educational Research Fund, PREAL co-hosted a Education in Haiti—The Way Forward, a panel on educational equity gaps in Latin PREAL special report by Laurence Wolff. America during the annual Comparative September 2008. and International Education Society A Dialética do Bom Aluno: relações raciais conference on March 17. Three papers e o sistema educacional brasileiro, a PREAL special report by Marcelo Paixão. February 2008.

Apostar por la educación: Un informe de progreso educativo en Nicaragua by PREAL and EDUQUEMOS. January 2008.

Working Papers and Briefs Desarrollo de la Capacidad Institucional y de Gestión de los Ministerios de Educación en Centroamérica y República Dominicana. November 2008.

Marcelo Paioxão of the University of Rio de Janeiro, Rep. Gregory Meeks (D-NY), Rep. Jerry Weller (R-IL)

Inter-American Dialogue 26 2008 Program Report Como hicieron los mejores sistemas • Las claves de los sistemas educativos con educativos con mejor desempeño del mundo mejor desempeño. August 2008. para alcanzar sus objetivos, by Michael Barber and Mona Mourshead. July 2008. • Educación y competitividad en América Latina. July 2008. Only 6 percent Las evaluaciones educativas que América of U.S. foreign aid to Latina necesita, by Pedro Ravela, et al. • Cuatro palancas de políticas para “ March 2008. mejorar el liderazgo escolar. June 2008. Central America is Calidad de la educación y crecimiento • Prioridades para la ayuda externa a la slated for education económico, by Eric Hanushek and Ludger Educación Para Todos. May 2008. Wößmann. January 2008. assistance, and of • Diez recomendaciones para las Policy Series: evaluaciones educativas en América this, much is spent Latina. March 2008. • ¿Qué dice la literatura internacional on scholarships for sobre la efectividad del desempeño • Las principales influencias en los logros docente? September 2008. de lectura. February 2008. university study in

• Reflexiones y recomendaciones sobre • Decálogo ¿Qué podemos lograr the U.S. las evaluaciones educativas en América evaluando el aprendizaje en la escuela Latina. May 2008. mediante encuestas comunitarias? ” January 2008. Michael Lisman and • La situación de la Educación Para Todos Megan Fletcher, a siete años de la meta. January 2008. Staff Articles The South Florida Sun- Sentinel Best Practices Series: Jeffrey Puryear, “Preocupante Ranking de Desempeño Estudiantil,” La Prensa • Revalorización y nuevas prácticas de la (Nicaragua), February 20. supervisión escolar. October 2008. Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “La educación • Apoyo a directores de escuelas en es la clave,” Encuentro en la Red, April 4; contextos de creciente autonomía escolar. “Education is the key,” The Miami Herald, July 2008. March 27.

• Corea: un referente mundial de calidad Michael Lisman with Conor Bohan, educativa. February 2008. “Haiti’s Educational Foundations,” The Guardian, November 13; “Latin America Education Synopsis Series: Can Help Itself More,” The Washington Post, August 22; With Megan Fletcher, • Educación e igualdad: ¿por qué es “Bush Not Making the Grade on Education importante la gobernanza? December Pledge to Central America,” The South 2008. Florida Sun-Sentinel, March 22. • ¿Cómo lograr escuelas efectivas en contextos de pobreza? November 2008 Select Presentations PREAL staff provided advice and technical • Un llamado de atención a las assistance to a number of individuals desigualdades raciales en la educación and institutions and participated in brasilera. October 2008. approximately 50 conferences sponsored by outside organizations. Particularly • Las metas educativas de los países noteworthy were a meeting of the iberoamericanos. September 2008.

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 27 editorial board of the Education for All Mexico’s Oportunidades; Sanjeev Gupta Global Monitoring Report, chaired by of the International Monetary Fund; PREAL co-director Marcela Gajardo, and former finance minister of Ecuador Crime is presentations by PREAL co-directors Jeffrey Fidel Jaramillo of the Inter-American Puryear and Marcela Gajardo and Working Development Bank; Nora Lustig, Shapiro “as devastating Group coordinators Denise Valliant and Visiting Professor at Elliott School of Patricia Arregui at meetings in Madrid and International Affairs, George Washington to the poor as São Paulo organized by the Organization of University; and José Antonio Ocampo, Ibero-American States. former executive secretary of UNECLAC. unemployment and SOCIAL POLICY • “Rising Food Prices and the Impacts on discrimination. the Poor” was the focus of a Dialogue event co-sponsored with the Center Latin America • On May 19, the Dialogue co-hosted with the World Bank a day-long for Global Development on July 21. leads the world in conference, “Not So Distant Neighbors: Joachim Von Braun, director general of The Social Impacts in Latin America the International Food Policy Research kidnappings. Its and the Caribbean of the U.S. Economic Institute and Nora Lustig, Shapiro Downturn.” Panels covered four major Visiting Professor at George Washington homicide rate is topics: (1) the impacts on health and University led the discussion. education of past economic slowdowns, twice the global and the influence of rising food prices • Representatives Charles Rangel (D-NY) in this slowdown; (2) ways in which and Wally Herger (R-CA) hosted a average. institutional and political processes affect Congressional Members Working Group social spending; (3) countercyclical (CMWG) dinner discussion on trade and ” social policy options available to limit poverty in Latin America on May 14. Nancy Birdsall, negative impacts; and (4) how the World Augusto de la Torre, Bank could help the region. Panelists • Sir Clare Roberts, special rapporteur and Rachel Menezes, included: Augusto de la Torre, Shanta on the rights of Afro-descendants for Fair Growth Devarajan, Francisco Ferreira, and Ariel the Inter-American Commission on Fiszbein of the World Bank; Rogerio Human Rights and Marcelo Paixão of Gomez Hermosillo, former director of the University of Rio de Janeiro led a congressional dinner discussion on the challenges facing Afro-descendents in Latin America on April 9.

• Former president of Peru Alejandro Toledo led a roundtable discussion at the Dialogue on March 26 on the pressing issues of inequality and poverty in the region. Toledo announced his new initiative to bring a group of former presidents together as bridge-builders between researchers and politicians to forward Latin America’s social agenda.

• On February 12, the Dialogue hosted a discussion on the relationship between taxation and inequality in Latin America. Commentators included Carola Pessino of the Universidad Torcuato di Tella and Luis Servén of the World Bank. Nora Lustig, George Washington University

Inter-American Dialogue 28 2008 Program Report • “How NAFTA, Migration, and Countries and Government Policy Affect Mexico’s Subregions Poor” was the topic of a January 30 discussion, jointly sponsored by the Andean Region More than Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, the George Washington Andean Working Group half of all U.S. University, and the Dialogue. It featured “ Gerardo Esquivel of Colegio de Mexico; The Andean Working Group, which began ‘aid’ to Latin Luis Felipe Lopez Calva of the United in 2001 as the Colombia Working Group Nations Development Program; John and expanded to encompass the other America supports Scott of Mexico’s Centro de Investigacion Andean countries in 2004, is comprised y Docencia Economicas (CIDE); and of 25 to 35 diverse, high-level experts on Washington’s anti- Nora Lustig, Shapiro Visiting Professor the Andean region, including influential at Elliott School of International Affairs, lawmakers, former officials, diplomats, and drug campaign George Washington University. opinion leaders. The Dialogue hosts two meetings per year, each lasting two full in the Andean Published days. The discussions are wide-ranging, region. with a focus on national political situations Fair Growth: Economic Policies for Latin and outlooks, as well as regional and America’s Poor and Middle-Income Majority international relations. ” A book that presents a dozen “tools” Nancy Birdsall, meant to make life in Latin America more • The Dialogue held the fifteenth meeting Augusto de la Torre, equitable for a majority of its people. By of the Andean Working Group in and Rachel Menezes, Nancy Birdsall, Augusto de la Torre, and Lima, Peru on December 11 and 12. Fair Growth Rachel Menezes. Inter-American Dialogue Participants discussed each of the and Center for Global Development. countries in the region—Peru, Bolivia, January 2008. Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela—and the region’s cooperation with outside Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Castros’ arrogance actors like multilateral institutions and gets in the way of help,” The Miami Herald, the United States. Much of the meeting September 25. was focused on gauging the impact of the new Obama administration and the Select Presentations economic crisis on the Andean countries. On April 25, Dialogue vice president for As part of the meeting, Peru’s Prime social policy Jeffrey Puryear participated Minister Yehude Simon gave a brief in deliberations on education reform presentation and answered questions alternatives at the second meeting of from participants about the priorities of the Global Center for Development and the García administration and the future Democracy, in Lima, Peru. Participants of Peruvian politics. Walter Mendoza, included seven former presidents— head of the Economics Department at the Fernando de la Rúa (Argentina), Carlos Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Mesa (Bolivia), Rodrigo Carazo (Costa commented on the financial situation of Rica), Rodrigo Borja (Ecuador), Vicente Fox Peru and other governments in the region. (Mexico), Nicolás Ardito (Panama), and • The fourteenth meeting of the Alejandro Toledo (Peru), along with former Andean Working Group took place in vice president of Guatemala, Eduardo Stein. Washington on June 2 and 3. There was a session on each of the countries in the region as well as the U.S. presidential campaign and the economic situation. Participants addressed these topics and

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 29 relevant recent events, including the • At a March 20 event on U.S. drug policy March crisis in the Andean region, the in Latin America, Mark Schneider death of FARC leader Manuel Marulanda, and Markus Schultz-Krafte of the While a new and the autonomy votes in Bolivia. A International Crisis Group presented few broad regional trends stood out, findings from two recent reports that “constitution is a in particular, the weak party systems, concluded that U.S. counter-drug pushes for presidential reelection, policy in Latin America has been powerful political ongoing constitutional assemblies, counterproductive. and the rising use of referendums. The tool, it is unclear to coordinator of Barack Obama’s Latin • Enrique Garcia, President of the Andean America team, Dan Restrepo, spoke at Development Corporation (CAF), spoke what extent it can the welcome dinner and Augusto de la at the Miami Group’s third meeting, which convened nearly 30 people for dinner on resolve underlying Torre, chief economist for Latin America at the World Bank, led a lunch session on April 24. (See Corporate Program, page 44, problems that often the economic outlook for the region. for more on the Miami Group.) bedevil Andean Other Andean Region Published nations—social • “Politics and International Relations in Michael Shifter, “No Way to Influence the Andes” was the topic of discussion Latin America,” The Washington Post, exclusion, poverty, at a June 3 event that brought together October 9; With Dan Joyce, “Bolivia, Teodoro Petkoff, editor of Venezuela’s Ecuador y Venezuela, la refundación corruption, and daily Tal Cual, Rodrigo Pardo, director andina,” Política Exterior (Spain), May 1; of Colombia’s Cambio newsmagazine, “Lula debería asumir un liderazgo para polarization. and Adrián Bonilla, director of FLACSO encontrarle salidas a la crisis,” Cambio Ecuador, in a discussion on the region’s (Colombia), March 6. ” political challenges. Michael Shifter, Marifeli Pérez-Stable, in Encuentro en Política Exterior (Spain) • On March 27, Secretary-General of the la Red : “Adicción fatal,”, September 2; OAS José Miguel Insulza discussed the “Un terreno común,” May 1; “Crisis a conflict between Ecuador and Colombia tres bandas,” April 17; and in The Miami at a Dialogue event. Insulza commented Herald: “Two presidential terms is enough,” on the challenges faced by the region with August 28; “FARC’s a ‘hot potato,’” May 22; regard to the guerrilla war and the role of “The surest road to peace,” April 10. the OAS in working to help address them.

Colombian senator Marta Lucía Ramírez, Joyce Chang of JP Morgan Chase, and former mayor of Medellín Sergio Fajardo

Inter-American Dialogue 30 2008 Program Report Congressional Testimony Michael Shifter, “Crisis in the Andes: The Border Dispute between Colombia and Ecuador, and Implications for the Region.” Are we to Testimony before House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on the “believe that no other Western Hemisphere on April 10. Colombians and Select Presentations Dominicans from Michael Shifter within the ranks of • Led sessions on Andean politics and the Obama administration at the Swedish Uribismo and the International Development Cooperation Agency’s regional conference in Angela Ellard, minority chief trade counsel, Ways & PLD are capable of Cartagena, Colombia from December Means Committee 1 through 3, entitled “Current Trends • On October 20 to 24, the Dialogue’s stepping up to the in Latin American Development and educational reform program (PREAL) Sweden’s Development Cooperation: and the ministry of education of plate? Where do they Meet?” Colombia co-organized a roundtable discussion on use of external assessments ” • Presented a paper, “Promoting Open and in-classroom student assessment Marifeli Pérez-Stable, Society Values in a Divided Region,” at practices as part of Colombia’s National The Miami Herald the Open Society Institute Latin America Forum on Assessment. Program’s annual meeting in Antigua, Guatemala from November 17 through 19. • On October 1, PREAL collaborated with Colombia’s Share Foundation to hold • Spoke about recent political the “First Annual Great Teachers of Latin developments in Venezuela, Bolivia America Conference.” and Ecuador at Boston University on November 13. • The Congressional Members Working Group convened on September 17 for a • Led a briefing for congressional staff on dinner discussion on challenges facing “Geopolitics in the Andean Region” on Afro-Colombians. April 7, which focused on developments precipitated by Colombia’s March 1 raid • In the wake of the dramatic rescue of of a FARC camp across the Ecuadoran 15 FARC hostages by the Colombian border. The event was sponsored by the government, Patrick Esteruelas of the Security for a New Century Program of Eurasia Group, Stephen Donehoo of the Henry L. Stimson Center. McLarty Associates, and Adam Isacson of the Center for International Policy Colombia offered their analyses of the impact of the rescue on the future of the FARC at a • At a Dialogue event on December 9, July 31 discussion at the Dialogue. investigative journalist Claudia López of Colombia’s El Tiempo shared findings • Hosted by Beatrice Rangel, CEO of that indicate a significant penetration AMLA Consulting, the Miami Group held by paramilitary groups into Colombia’s its fourth dinner on July 29, featuring democratic institutions over the past Juan Manuel Santos, defense minister of decade. Scott Wilson of The Washington Colombia. (See Corporate Program, page Post also provided comments. 44, for more on the Miami Group.)

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 31 • Senators Bill Nelson (D-FL) and Mel forum on violence against journalists Martínez (R-FL) hosted a CMWG dinner and impunity in Colombia. on July 22 with Colombian defense Trade and minister Juan Manuel Santos. • Colombian Foreign Minister Fernando Araujo led a Dialogue roundtable “human rights are • Colombian Senator Marta Lucía Ramirez, discussion on February 8. He assured Governor Antonio Navarro Wolff, and the group that his government is likely to put the former defense minister Rafael Pardo committed to facilitating any handover provided commentary during a June 2 of hostages held by FARC rebels to greatest strain in session on recent leadership changes Venezuela President Hugo Chavez. in the FARC secretariat and a possible the relationship humanitarian exchange agreement. • With the Initiative for Inclusive Security and the Woodrow Wilson Center, on between Obama and • On May 2, the Trade Policy Group January 24 the Dialogue convened a Uribe. convened to discuss possible paths session with four influential leaders to a vote on the Colombia Free Trade from Colombia—Senate president Agreement. Amber Cottle of the Senate Nancy Patricia Gutiérrez, Senator Marta ” Finance Committee’s Democratic staff, Lucía Ramírez, Deputy Minister of the Michael Shifter, Angela Ellard of the House Ways and Interior María Isabel Nieto, and María El Tiempo Means Committee’s Republican Staff, Emma Wills of the Historical Memory and Jeffrey Schott of the Peterson Commission—to address the main Institute for International Economics security challenges facing Colombia, led the discussion. including progress on the conflict with the FARC, the continuing plight of • Iván Cepeda Castro of the National the hostages, and the situation of the Movement for Victims of State Crimes demobilized paramilitary groups. and Jorge Rojas of the Consultancy on Human Rights and Displacement • Colombian Senator Piedad Cordoba explained how recent events have spoke about the Colombian government’s generated a “healthy social debate” on role in negotiating the release of rebel- human rights in Colombia at an April 15 held hostages at a January 30 Dialogue Dialogue roundtable. session, where she also defended her decision to invite Venezuelan President • On April 3 and 4, the Dialogue, in Hugo Chávez to participate as a mediator cooperation with the Foundation for in the negotiations. the Freedom of the Press (FLIP) of Colombia, the Dialogue organized a Published Peter Hakim, “Colombia perdió un poco: no esperaba tantas críticas”, El Comercio (Ecuador), March 19; “Gaining Congressional Consideration and Approval of the Colombia-U.S. FTA”, Inter-American Dialogue, January 28.

Michael Shifter, in El Tiempo (Colombia): “El gabinete de Obama,” December 28; “Obama y Uribe, la pareja dispareja,” November 14; “La montaña rus de la campaña,” September 26; “La Visita de McCain,” June 27; “¿Obama y Colombia, Colombian Foreign Minister Fernando Araujo una política contradictoria?”, El Colombiano,

Inter-American Dialogue 32 2008 Program Report What is “significant about the bilateral talks with Chile is the pragmatic turn in Bolivia’s most sensitive diplomatic Michael Shifter, Colombian Senator Peidad Cordoba

June 8; “Uno tendría que tener un corazón Red, February 11; “Nuevos horizontes para relations. de piedra,” La Prensa (Panama), January 15. Cuba,” Infolatam, January 26 ” Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Colombia en el Special Presentations George Gray Molina, camino de Obama,” Encuentro en la Red, Andean Working Paper November 30; “Timely questions about Michael Shifter gave a presentation on Colombia, free trade,” The Miami Herald, a panel, “Venezuela’s Global Relations,” November 7; “De regreso del abismo,” as part of a conference organized by The Encuentro en la Red, January 7; “Steps George Washington University Latin toward progress, peace,” The Miami Herald, American and Hemispheric Studies January 3. Program entitled, “Venezuela in the Twenty- first Century: Democratic Trajectories and Venezuela Global Relations,” on January 28.

In the run-up to the November local and Bolivia regional elections in Venezuela, Chacao mayor and Chávez critic Leopoldo López described • On November 7, the Dialogue and the the country’s electoral disqualification Woodrow Wilson Center co-sponsored situation and gave a preview of the a discussion of Unresolved Tensions: opposition’s plan for the upcoming elections at a Dialogue session on June 23.

Published A Watershed Moment in Venezuela, Inter- American Dialogue Andean Working Paper by Teodoro Petkoff, July 2008.

Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Chávez es su peor enemigo,” Encuentro en la Red, December 10; “Help opposition to restore democracy,” The Miami Herald, June 9; “FARC’s a ‘hot potato,’” The Miami Herald, May 22; “Apariencias y realidades,” Encuentro en la George Gray Molina, Oxford University and Eduardo Gamarra, Florida International University

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 33 Bolivia Past and Present, edited by John Ecuador Crabtree and Laurence Whitehead. The editors were joined by Dialogue member • Ecuador’s minister of internal and Perhaps George Gray Molina as they discussed external security, Gustavo Larrea the historical context of social divisions responded to international criticism nowhere in Latin in Bolivia. of the Correa administration at a “ conference co-sponsored by the America is the • Bolivia’s Vice Minister of Social Defense Dialogue and the Center for Strategic Felipe Cáceres and Economy Minister and International Studies on July 24, combination of Luis Arce decried the suspension of where he highlighted the country’s trade preferences by the United States success in deterring coca cultivation. robust economic as a political move, unreflective of Bolivia’s progress in the war on drugs, • During a discussion hosted by the growth and keen at a conference held October 24 at the Dialogue and the Center for Strategic and International Studies on March political frustration Dialogue. 18, Ecuadoran foreign minister, María more salient than • Following his declaration as persona non Isabel Salvador dismissed accusations grata by the Bolivian government, U.S. by Colombia and others that President in Peru. Ambassador Philip Goldberg spoke of Rafael Correa has ties to the FARC rebel the events leading up to his expulsion group and that the country is harboring ” and the current state of U.S.-Bolivian rebels behind its border. relations at a media roundtable held at Michael Shifter, the Dialogue on September 18. Current History Published • In a June 4 event at the Dialogue, Two Perspectives on Ecuador: Rafael the director of the UN Development Correa’s Political Project, Inter-American Programme in Bolivia, George Gray Dialogue Andean Working Paper by Adrián Molina, discussed the upcoming Bonilla and César Montúfar, August 2008. autonomy referendums. Eduardo Gamarra, a professor of political science Peru at Florida International University, • On July 31, the Dialogue’s educational provided additional commentary. reform program hosted a presentation • Bolivia’s foreign minister, David on the U.S. experience with developing Choquehuanca, ambassador for and implementing standards. Thirty-five integration and commerce, Pablo Solón, people attended the event, which took and vice minister for government place in Lima, Peru. coordination, Héctor Arce made the • Former Peruvian prime minister and case for approving the draft constitution World Bank general counsel Roberto and rejecting the opposition’s autonomy Dañino led a discussion on the future referendums during a discussion at the of investment in Peru at a July 9 event Dialogue on March 4. on “Peru’s Investment Outlook.” Liliana Ruiz, the former head of Peru’s Published telecommunications regulatory agency Bolivia’s Long and Winding Road, Inter- also participated. American Dialogue Andean Working Paper by George Gray Molina, July 2008. • At a June 5 event co-sponsored by the Dialogue and the Due Process of Law Foundation, leading Peruvian human

Inter-American Dialogue 34 2008 Program Report rights advocate Ernesto de la Jara discussions on Latin America and the argued that the government is failing global financial crisis, select participants to take advantage of the social policy included Chris Garman, the director opportunity presented by the current for Latin America at the Eurasia Group, Chile’s economic boom. Otaviano Canuto, the vice president of countries at the Inter-American problems are the • Peruvian prime minister Jorge Del Development Bank and Nora Lustig, “ Castillo spoke at an April 30 Dialogue an economist with George Washington result of success, event on trade relations with the United University. States, affirming that Peru was on track not failure. to implement a free trade agreement • Potential increases in annual foreign direct with the United States. investment as a result of new offshore oil ” finds in Brazil was the subject of a June Marifeli Pérez-Stable, • Former president Alejandro Toledo of 24 discussion at the Dialogue featuring The Miami Herald Peru headlined a Dialogue roundtable Francisco Gros, the former president of on March 26 on the pressing issues of national oil company Petrobras. inequality and poverty in the region. Toledo announced his new initiative to • On April 4, the Dialogue held its second convene a group of former presidents as meeting of the Miami Group on Western bridge-builders between researchers and Hemisphere Affairs by featuring Brazilian politicians to forward Latin America’s Central Bank president, Henrique social agenda. Meirelles at a dinner for 35 Miami business leaders and policymakers. (See Published Corporate Program, page 44, for more on the Miami Group.) Michael Shifter, “El Perú globalizado: Éxito económico con fracturas sociales,” • On March 21, the Dialogue’s educational Perú en el siglo XXI, December 15. reform program organized a discussion with Maria Helena Guimaraes, the Select Presentations secretary of education of São Paulo, who Michael Shifter reflected on the political obstacles that she has faced in promoting education reform. • Spoke on December 10 at the Instituto de Estudios Peruanos in Lima, Peru on Published the subject of Latin American policy under President Obama. Michael Shifter, “‘Lula’ debería asumir un liderazgo para encontrarle salidas a la • Debated the role of Peru in a globalized crisis,” Cambio (Colombia), March 6. world at a meeting entitled, “Perú en el Siglo XXI,” held in Salamanca, Spain and Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Nuevos horizontes organized by the Instituto Interuniversitario para Cuba,” Infolatam, January 26. de Iberoamérica at the Universidad de Salamanca on May 8 and 9. Chile

Brazil The Inter-American Dialogue, in partnership with the Organization of American States, • The longevity of Brazilian and Mexican Proyectamérica, and the Centro de Estudios regional influence amidst a global Públicos, hosted the third of eight national economic meltdown was the topic of dialogues on democracy in Reñaca, Chile debate at a Dialogue meeting on October from July 26 to 28. 23. The second of two roundtable

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 35 Published Center for the New Economy in Puerto Rico, Juan Lara from the University of Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “El parto de Puerto Rico, and Barry Bosworth from la democracia,” Encuentro en la Red, the Brookings Institution. While the July 10; “Growing pains of democracy, development,” The Miami Herald, July 3. “U.S. is dithering, • The Dialogue’s educational reform program (PREAL) and the Caribbean virtually every other Argentina Policy Research Institute co-organized a conference on October 29 on “Improving Roberto Saba, executive director of the major actor in world the Quality of Education in Jamaica: Association of Civil Rights in Argentina, Performance and Accountability.” affairs is becoming presented the findings of a recent report produced in partnership with the Open • On October 20, PREAL and Action more engaged with Society Justice Initiative titled, The Price for Basic Education—a partner in the of Silence: The Growing Threat of Soft Cuba. Dominican Republic—held a discussion Censorship in Latin America, at the on teacher effectiveness. Dialogue on October 14. ” • PREAL and the World Bank co-organized Dan Erikson, Published two training workshops on national The New York Times Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Impunity in assessments of student achievement. Buenos Aires bombing,” The Miami Herald, The second workshop took place in the September 11; with Christian Gómez, Dominican Republic from June 9 to 13. “Cristina Fernandez’s First 100 Days Marked by Turbulence,” Latin America Published Advisor, April 1. Dan Erikson, “Beyond Tourism: The Future of the Services Industry in the Caribbean Region Caribbean,” (with Joyce Lawrence), Centre for International Governance Innovation, • On December 5, the Dialogue hosted April 1; “The Caribbean: Democracy the U.S. ambassadorial corps from Adrift?” in Latin America’s Struggle for the English-speaking Caribbean for a Democracy, Johns Hopkins University roundtable on U.S.-Caribbean relations. Press, 2008. Ambassadors Roy Austin of Trinidad & Tobago, Brenda LaGrange Johnson of Select Presentations Jamaica, Mary Ourisman of Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean, and Ned Dan Erikson presented his paper, “Beyond Siegel of the Bahamas discussed their Tourism: The Future of the Services tenure abroad and suggested that security Industry in the Caribbean” at a conference cooperation and disaster preparedness be on small-state diplomacy sponsored by considered critical areas for cooperation the Centre for International Governance under the next administration. Innovation from February 19 to 21. He also spoke at the University of the West Indies • Manuel Orozco spoke on remittances on the Summit of the Americas process. to the Dominican Republic at an event organized by La Fundación Global Cuba Democracia y Desarrollo on December 12 in the Dominican Republic. Working Group on the Cuban Economy • The Dialogue hosted a discussion on the Puerto Rican economy on December 17 The Dialogue remained actively engaged featuring Miguel Soto-Class, from the in issues related to the Cuban economy

Inter-American Dialogue 36 2008 Program Report and U.S.–Cuban relations, with the goal of • On September 25, PREAL organized moving Cuba towards a more open political a discussion at the Dialogue on a new and economic system and facilitating Cuba’s book by Martin Carnoy, Cuba’s Academic reintegration into the international financial Advantage: Why Students in Cuba Do Never before system and hemispheric institutions. Better in School. has Cuba been so • The Dialogue’s Working Group on • The Dialogue co-sponsored a book “ the Cuban Economy held a half-day launch for Tom Gjelten’s Bacardi and the pauperized conference on September 19 to discuss Long Fight for Cuba on September 9 at the impact of Raúl Castro’s reforms on the NPR building in Washington. Peter or Cubans there the Cuban economy. Ted Henken of Hakim and Mark Falcoff commented on Baruch College; Daniel Lederman of the Gjelten’s presentation. so dispirited. World Bank; Raj Desai of the Brookings Institution and Georgetown University; • With the presidential and congressional ” elections approaching, the Dialogue Andy Wolfe of the International Monetary Marifeli Pérez-Stable, Fund; Yvonne Tsikata of the World Bank; co-sponsored with Florida International The Miami Herald and Julia Sweig of the Council on Foreign University a forum on the implications Relations spoke on panels throughout for Cuba policy. Dan Restrepo presented the day. The working group convened Senator Obama’s views and Adolfo at a particularly relevant time, with Raúl Franco represented Senator McCain. Castro implementing a series of reforms David Reiff of the New York Times in Cuba over the summer. The group Magazine and David Wasserman of the evaluated the reforms and considered Cook Political Report discussed key the possibility for further action by congressional races in South Florida at both the Cuban government and other the September 11 event. international actors. • On June 20 the Dialogue hosted a • Harvard University professor Jorge discussion on Cuba’s international Domínguez gave a special briefing relations with Paul Hare, former British for the Working Group on the Cuban ambassador to Cuba; Mario Loyola of the Economy on January 23. He presented Senate Republican Policy Committee; and his views on recent developments in Jorge Piñon of the University of Miami. Cuba and the potential impact on U.S. policy. Domínguez noted some key • The Dialogue co-sponsored with decisions that would more clearly posit the Association for the Study of the Raúl as a reformer: professionalization Cuban Economy a discussion on of national accounting procedures, U.S.-Cuba property issues on May organization of a new party congress, or 20. Erika Moreno and Pat Borchers of deregulation in minor market areas.

Other Meetings on Cuba

• On December 10 the Dialogue co-sponsored with Florida International University a discussion on “The U.S. and Cuba: Prospects for Change” with Damien Fernandez of SUNY-Purchase, Jake Colvin of the National Foreign Trade Council, Tomas Bilbao of the Cuba Study Group, and Anya Landau French of the Lexington Institute. National War College professor Frank Mora

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 37 Creighton University presented their 14; Una tercera oportunidad,” El Nuevo USAID-funded report on the subject Herald, August 6; “Washington, Havana and Lorenzo Perez of the International must learn to live in peace,” July 31; “Sober Does Raul Monetary Fund, Mark Falcoff of the lessons from relations with Mexico,” July American Enterprise Institute, and 17; “Markets, not aid, are the solution,” “disappoint Fidel or Armando Linde of ASCE commented. June 19; “Let’s find common ground for a free Cuba,” April 24; “Review laws on does he disappoint • On April 18, the Dialogue co-sponsored travel,” March 13; “Same old guard pulling with Florida International University a the strings,” February 28; “Forces from the Cuban discussion on “Making Sense of Post- within are demanding changes,” February Fidel Cuba” with William Leogrande of 15; in Encuentro en la Red: “Compromiso people? American University, Frank Mora of the o confrontación,” December 23; “Colombia National War College, and Phil Peters of en el camino de Obama,” November 30; ” Lexington Institute. “Ansias de cambio,” November 4; “In Dan Erikson, Memóriam: A Emilia Luzárraga,” October Time • The Dialogue hosted a discussion on 30; “A la espera de una oportunidad,” March 14 on the human rights situation August 22; “Una enemistad de medio siglo,” in Cuba with Caleb McCarry of the August 7; “Lecciones sabias,” July 31; “La U.S. Department of State, José Miguel solución es el mercado,” July 1; “Otra Vivanco of Human Rights Watch, política,” March 21; “La vieja guardia mueve Eusebio Mujal-Leon of Georgetown los hilos,” March 7; “Castro, el gobierno University, and Thomas Quigley, y el partido,” February 22; “Exigencias formerly of the U.S. Conference of de cambio,” February 21; “¿Soltando las Catholic Bishops. riendas?” January 2.

• On January 23, Representatives Earl Dan Erikson, “Obama and Latin America: Blumenauer (D-OR) and James Moran Magic or Realism?” World Policy Journal, (D-VA) and Senator Richard Lugar January 2009; “Cuba on the Verge,” Great (R-IN) were joined by Jorge Domínguez Decisions, January 2009; “Cuba, Castro, and of Harvard University, Vicki Huddleston U.S. Foreign Policy,” Interview on Public of the Brookings Institution, and Caleb Radio International’s The World, December McCarry of the U.S. Department of State 29; “Uma Carcomida Relíquia da Guerra for a Congressional Members Working Fria (interview),” O Estado de Sao Paulo, Group dinner discussion on U.S.-Cuba December 28; “Will the American Elections policy choices. The dinner was hosted Shake Up Washington’s Cuba Policy,” Real by Congressman Charles Rangel (D-NY). Instituto Elcano, October 13; Book Review of “Cuba’s Aborted Reform” and “Cuba Published Transnational,” Latin American Politics and Society, April 1; Coauthored with Joyce Marifeli Pérez-Stable, in Infolatam: “Medio Lawrence, “Beyond Tourism: The Future siglo en Cuba,” December 31; “El mensaje of the Services Industry in the Caribbean,” de Fidel,” February 20; “Nuevos horizontes Centre for International Governance para Cuba,” January 26; in The Miami Innovation, April 1;“Requiem for the Monroe Herald: “Awaiting a new policy on Cuba,” Doctrine,” Current History, February 1. December 28; “Open travel, remittances best course for Cuba,” November 20; “Timely questions about Colombia, free Congressional Testimony trade,” November 7; “Cubans anxious about Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “With Castro change,” October 24; “Castros’ arrogance Stepping Down, What’s Next for Cuba and gets in the way of help,” September 25; the Western Hemisphere.” Testimony before “A chance for normal relations,” August the House Committee on Foreign Affairs,

Inter-American Dialogue 38 2008 Program Report Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere 16); Harvard University (November on March 5. 14); Inter-American Development Bank (November 13); St. Edward’s University in Austin, Texas (November 6). Select Presentations Now the Marifeli Pérez-Stable • Presented a paper he co-authored with island is caught • Participated in the ongoing Brookings Paul Wander, “Raúl Castro and Cuba’s “ Cuba Project, including in a simulation Global Diplomacy,” at the 18th annual up in the midst of on February 7 and 8, a policy conference of the Association for the recommendation meeting in Miami on Study of the Cuban Economy in Miami, its next revolution: September 19, the fourth Cuba simulation Florida from August 5 to 7. on October 9, and the fifth Cuban a revolution of simulation and policy recommendation • Presented his paper, “Beyond Tourism: meeting on December 2 and 3. The Future of the Services Industry in expectations in the Caribbean,” at the annual meeting • Spoke on a panel at a conference in convened by the National Association Havana, Miami, and of Cuban Economists in Havana, Cuba the Dominican Republic sponsored by Washington. Solidaridad de Trabajadores Cubanos to from March 3 to 7. discuss current affairs in Cuba on August 22 and 23. • Presented “U.S.-Cuba Relations: Still on ” the Brink?” at the Bildner Conference on Dan Erikson, • Spoke on a panel at the Conference on Cuba at the City University of New York The Cuba Wars Cuba: Potential for Liberalization Over on March 13. the Next Two Years sponsored by the National Intelligence Council and the • Participated in the ninth annual Bureau of Intelligence and Research of the meeting of International Economists U.S. Department of State, on August 15. on Globalization and the Problems of Growth in Havana, Cuba, from March 3 • Was a panelist at a State Department to 7. discussion on Cuba under Raúl on January 24. • Participated in a group discussion on U.S.-Cuba policy organized by the Dan Erikson Brookings Institution with staffers • Published in November a book on from the U.S. Senate and House of U.S.-Cuba relations under the Bush Representatives, on February 8. administration, The Cuba Wars: Fidel • Spoke on the constraints of corruption Castro, the United States, and the Next on the reform process in Cuba on Revolution (Bloomsbury), drawing on February 6 at a day-long conference frequent visits to Cuba and conversations on Cuba sponsored by Foreign Policy with government officials and opposition and BCEE at the Brookings Institution. leaders—plus key players in Washington The forum was called “Cuba 2008: and Florida. Select book launches and Opportunities and Challenges.” presentations include: BBC World News (December 31); Public Radio • Spoke on Cuba’s economic and political International’s (December The World transition and lessons from other 23); NBC News (December 22); Voice transition experiences on January 15, of America’s Foro Interamericano at an American Enterprise Institute (December 12); U.S. Chamber of conference, “Economic Engagement with Commerce (December 3); Brookings a Free Cuba.” Institution (November 25); Miami International Book Fair (November

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 39 Haiti

• On September 26, PREAL organized a The Haitian launch of Education in Haiti—The Way Forward, a PREAL special report. government should “ • With the Center for Strategic and recognize that it International Studies the Dialogue co-sponsored an event on June 30, “Is does not need to Haiti Drifting towards Crisis?” with Jason Steinbaum, staff director for the be the sole, or even Western Hemisphere Subcommittee of the House Foreign Relations Committee; the main provider of Raymond Joseph, ambassador of Haiti in Washington; Johanna Mendelson education. Forman, CSIS; and Dan Erikson. The ” event appeared on C-SPAN. Laurence Wolff, • The Dialogue organized a visit to Senate Committee on Foreign Relations staff member, PREAL Special Report Washington from June 24 to 27 for a Carl Meacham delegation of private sector leaders from Published Haiti led by Edouard Baussan, current Education in Haiti—the Way Forward, a president of the Maritime Association of PREAL special report by Laurence Wolff. Haiti. The delegation met with members September 2008. of Congress, State Department officials, and officers of the international financial Dan Erikson, Interview on BBC World institutions to express their views on the Service Program “The World Today” on the food crisis in Haiti and accompanying situation in Haiti, July 28. political challenges. Peter Hakim and Dan Erikson held a private breakfast Michael Lisman with Conor Bohan, discussion with the delegation to give “Haiti’s Educational Foundations,” The their views on the current political Guardian, November 13. climate in Washington. Mexico

• The longevity of Brazilian and Mexican regional influence amidst a global economic meltdown was the topic of debate at a Dialogue meeting on October 23. The second of two roundtable discussions on Latin America and the global financial crisis, select participants included Chris Garman, of the Eurasia Group, Otaviano Canuto, of the Inter- American Development Bank, and Nora Lustig with George Washington University.

• On September 26, the Dialogue’s education reform program (PREAL) collaborated on the conference, “Closing ITAM professor Denise Dresser, Michael Shifter

Inter-American Dialogue 40 2008 Program Report the Circle: Beyond Assessment,” with gathered to discuss a report by former Support Education Quality, Mexicans Salvadoran finance minister Manuel First, the graduate studies department of Hinds regarding existing trade capacity- UNAM, and the Ministry of Education of building (TCB) institutions in Central The scourge of Mexico. America and discussed next steps for the creation of a network of TCB institutions common crime and • The Dialogue, in partnership with in the region. “ Fundación Prensa y Democracia the impotence of and Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos • The Dialogue’s Working Group on Teacher Internacionales, convened a closed- Professionalization and the Center for law enforcement and door meeting on June 16 and 17 in National Economics Research—a PREAL Mexico City to discuss violence against partner in Guatemala—organized an event judicial authorities journalists and impunity in Mexico. (See on November 12 in Guatemala City on Press Freedom, page 22, for more detail.) teacher pay. have led to vigilante

• “How NAFTA, Migration, and Government • PREAL partnered with the National justice. Policy Affect Mexico’s Poor” was the Union of Private Education Centers topic of a January 30 discussion. (See in Panama, the Ministry of Education ” Social Policy, page 29, for more detail.) of Panama, and the Business Circle Guatemala: Ten Years for Improving Quality of Education after the Agreements on • A Congressional Members Working to organize four presentations of the a Firm and Lasting Peace Group (CMWG) dinner on January 29 results of UNESCO’s Second Regional explored the merits and pitfalls of the Comparative and Explanatory Study and Mérida Initiative. (See Congressional their implications for education policy in Program, page 8, for more detail.) Panama from August 26 to 29.

• On January 14 Congressional staff • PREAL and the Ricardo Ernesto members Carl Meacham of the Senate Maduro Andreu Education Foundation Committee on Foreign Relations, Peter collaborated with the Ministry of Quilter of the House Committee on Education of Honduras to host a Foreign Relations and Jason Steinbaum, conference on the relationship between of House Western Hemisphere teacher performance standards and Subcommittee discussed the Mérida education quality on August 27. Initiative at a Dialogue sponsored session. • In El Salvador, PREAL brought together experts on teacher remuneration in Central America Latin America to discuss case studies in Venezuela and Guatemala and exchange • The Dialogue and the Center for experiences from April 3 to 4. Strategic and International Studies co-sponsored a breakfast session with • On March 12, PREAL and its national President Martín Torrijos of Panama on partner EDUQUEMOS launched May 7 to discuss Panama’s social and the second education report card on economic challenges and its relations Nicaragua, Betting on Education (Apostar with the United States. por la educación), in Managua. Over 100 people attended the event, including • On July 18, the Dialogue convened the officials from the Nicaraguan ministry second meeting of the steering committee of education, legislative representatives, for its Institutional Capacity-Building business leaders, teachers, civil society initiative for Trade and Integration in groups, and members of the Nicaraguan Central America. Committee members press.

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 41 • PREAL and the World Bank jointly organized two training workshops on national assessments of student In August, achievement. The first workshop took place in Panama from January 23 to 31. “remittance flows • On January 23 to 24, PREAL and the fell by 12 percent National Union of Private Education Centers co-organized a series of workshops in Mexico in on continuous teacher training in Panama. relationship to Published the previous year, Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Lecciones sabias,” Encuentro en la Red, July 31; “Sober lessons reflecting a drop from relations with Mexico,” The Miami Herald, July 17; “Free trade could benefit of nearly 500,000 all partners,” The Miami Herald, May 8; “La person-to-person batalla por el crudo,” Encuentro en la Red, Ana Palacio, former foreign minister of Spain January 31. transfers. • Presented a report, “Centroamérica: Manuel Orozco, “El retroceso al remesas, economía y las finanzas con ” autoritarismo,” El Nuevo Diario, October aproximación al caso Nicaragüense,” 15; “Centroamérica: remesas, economía at Democracia, Cohesión Social E Manuel Orozco, y las finanzas con aproximación al caso Integración Regional, part of the Serie Focal Point Nicaragüense,” a report for the Democracia, de Encuentros Centroamericanos in Cohesión Social E Integración Regional Managua, Nicaragua on January 20. (Serie de Encuentros Centroamericanos en Managua), January. Corporate Program

Michael Lisman with Megan Fletcher, The Dialogue welcomed companies such “Bush Not Making the Grade on Education as Liberty Mutual, Laureate Education, Pledge to Central America,” The South National Commercial Bank Jamaica, Apple Florida Sun-Sentinel, March 22. Computer, Novartis, Avon and others into its Corporate Circle in 2008. Select Presentations In May, more than two dozen Corporate Manuel Orozco Circle members contributed significantly to • Presented “Tendencias Actuales en las the Dialogue’s 25th anniversary reception, Transferencias hacia Guatemala y su hosted by Ambassador Felipe Ortíz de Intersección con las Finanzas,” at a Zevallos of Peru at his residence. (For a list conference organized by the International of corporate sponsors see page 52.) Organization for Migration, in Guatemala on October 15. The Corporate Circle’s Latin America Advisor newsletters, which published • Presented a paper, “Migración y Remesas throughout the year nearly 1,000 en Honduras: Sinopsis de los resultados commentaries on questions posed by de la última encuesta sobre remesas y subscribing business leaders, added new migración realizada en Junio 2008 por executives to their Advisory Boards. Shelly Borges & Asociados,” at a survey release Shetty, senior director for Latin America event in Honduras on October 17. ratings at Fitch Inc, and Jason Hafemeister, former USTR official and vice president

Inter-American Dialogue 42 2008 Program Report Petrobras no “longer sees itself as an oil company but as an energy conglomerate.” Alfred Szwarc, CAF Conference Report 2008

Brazilian Central Bank president, Henrique Meirelles, Peter Hakim, Mario Mesquita, deputy governor of the Brazilian Central Bank of Allen F. Johnson & Associates, joined Ana Palacio, former foreign minister the Board of the daily Latin America of Spain and secretary general of the Advisor. Garrett Soden, CFO of PetroFalcon International Centre for the Settlement of Corporation and attorneys Jorge Kamine Investment Disputes, and Roberto Dañino, of Skadden Arps and Mark Thurber of former prime minister of Peru and now Andrews Kurth joined the weekly Energy executive director of Hochschild Mining, Advisor Board. Richard Child, former among others (see the Trade and Economics president of MasterCard Latin America and section for a full listing). now executive chairman of MPOWER Labs & Rêv Worldwide, and Franco Moccia, a member of the Stanford Financial Group Global Advisory Board, joined the biweekly Financial Services Advisor Board.

The Corporate Circle continued to collaborate on a series of polls with Zogby International in 2008. The joint Dialogue/ Zogby polls generated widespread media attention about the U.S. public’s attitude toward Latin America policy debates ahead of the Obama/McCain election.

Corporate Circle members met with senior Dialogue staff in private briefings throughout the year, and numerous Circle members spoke at Dialogue events. This year the Dialogue hosted sessions featuring chief executives such as Francisco Gros, former president of Brazilian national oil company Petrobras, Enrique Goñi, founder Mercedes Ferré, Beatrice Rangel, CEO of AMLA and CEO of Spanish bank Caja Navarra, Consulting

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 43 Latin America “is the least successful among emerging markets in sustaining long-term growth.” Anoop Singh, CAF Conference Report 2008

University of Miami professor, Ambler Moss; H.J. Heinz Company area director, Fernando Pocaterra; Colombian defense minister, Juan Manuel Santos

The Miami Group Manuel Santos, defense minister of Colombia. It took place on July 29, less The Dialogue continued its Miami Group than a week after the rescue of former on Western Hemisphere Affairs, a forum presidential candidate Ingrid Betancourt that assembles the city’s corporate and and fourteen other victims, including financial leadership to exchange ideas with three U.S. defense department contract U.S. and Latin American policymakers on workers and eleven members of the the most important issues affecting business Colombian security forces. and trade in the Americas. • On October 23, the fifth meeting of the • On April 4, the Dialogue held its second Miami Group on Western Hemisphere meeting of the Miami Group on Western Affairs featured a discussion led by the Hemisphere Affairs, which featured Dialogue’s executive team on how U.S. Brazilian Central Bank president, policy will and should change toward Henrique Meirelles at a dinner for 35 Latin America after the U.S. presidential Miami businessmen and policymakers. election. The event was sponsored by the law firm Diaz Reus & Targ.

• Enrique García, president of the Andean Development Corporation (CAF), spoke at the Miami Group’s third meeting, which convened nearly 30 people for dinner on April 24.

• The Miami Group’s fourth dinner was hosted by Beatrice Rangel, CEO of AMLA Consulting, and featured Juan

Inter-American Dialogue 44 2008 Program Report publications Desarrollo de la Capacidad Institucional y de Gestión de los Ministerios de Educación Inter-American Dialogue Reports and en Centroamérica y República Dominicana. Books November 2008.

Media and Governance: A Reform Agenda Como hicieron los mejores sistemas in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter- educativos con mejor desempeño del mundo American Dialogue, January 2009. para alcanzar sus objetivos, by Michael Barber and Mona Mourshead. July 2008. Access to Information in the Americas. Inter-American Dialogue, December 2008. Las evaluaciones educativas que América Latina necesita, by Pedro Ravela, et al. Trade and Investment in the Americas. March 2008. Report on the Eleventh Annual Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF) Conference, A Dialética do Bom Aluno: relações raciais September, 2008. e o sistema educacional brasileiro, a PREAL special report by Marcelo Paixão. February Constructing Democratic Governance in 2008. Latin America: Third Edition Edited by Jorge I. Domínguez and Michael Apostar por la educación: Un informe de Shifter. Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins, progreso educativo en Nicaragua by PREAL August 2008. and EDUQUEMOS. January 2008.

Two Perspectives on Ecuador: Rafael Calidad de la educación y crecimiento Correa’s Political Project. económico, by Eric Hanushek and Ludger An Inter-American Dialogue Andean Wößmann. January 2008. Working Paper by Adrián Bonilla and César Montúfar, August 2008. Staff Publications

A Watershed Moment in Venezuela. Peter Hakim, “América Latina: vulnerable An Inter-American Dialogue Andean Working frente a la crisis financiera global,” El Paper by Teodoro Petkoff, July 2008. Universal (Mexico), November 22; “What Latin America can Expect from the Next US Bolivia’s Long and Winding Road. President,” Real Instituto Elcano, October An Inter-American Dialogue Andean Working 22; “Why We Are Together,” FOCAL Point, Paper by George Gray Molina, July 2008. August 7; “Experto estadounidense dice que su país ‘está más distante que nunca’ de Women in the Americas: Paths to Political América Latina,” El Mercurio (Chile), May Power. A Report Card on Women in Political 28; “Barack Obama tiene todo para ganar Leadership. Inter-American Dialogue, Inter- la Presidencia,” La Nacion (Chile), May 28; American Development Bank, and League of “Un consejo para el próximo presidente,” Women Voters, January 2008. El Universal (Mexico), April 20; ”La agenda latinoamericana del próximo presidente PREAL publications de Estados Unidos,” Foreign Affairs en Español, April-June; “Conselhos para o Published próximo presidente dos EUA,” O Estado de São Paulo, April 13; “Advice for the Next Reports, Working Papers and Briefs US President,” O Estado de São Paulo Brazil, Education in Haiti—The Way Forward, a April 13; “Cenário Político nas Américas PREAL special report by Laurence Wolff. e Relação com os Estado Unidos,” Revista September 2008. América Economia, April 4; “Colombia

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 45 perdió un poco: no esperaba tantas 10; “¿Obama y Colombia, una política críticas,” in El Comercio (Ecuador), March contradictoria?,” El Colombiano, June 8. 19; “Gaining Congressional Consideration 2008; “Bolivia, Ecuador y Venezuela, la and Approval of the Colombia-U.S. FTA,” refundación andina,” Política Exterior January 28; “Latin America: The Next U.S. (Spain), May 2008; “Entre ‘Santa Hillary’ President’s Agenda,” in Great Decisions, y ‘Obama, el que todo lo puede’,” ideele January 7. (Peru), May 2008; “Los obstáculos al TLC con E.U.,” El Tiempo (Colombia), April 17; Michael Shifter, “El gabinete de Barack “La región vista desde Estados Unidos,” Obama,” El Tiempo (Colombia), December La Prensa (Bolivia), April 6; “‘Lula’ debería 28; “Entre la ansiedad y la esperanza,” asumir un liderazgo para encontrarle salidas El Observador (Uruguay), December a la crisis,” Cambio (Colombia), March 6; 27; “El Estilo Obama,” Caretas (Peru), “Se va Bush, ¿qué viene?,” Perú Económico, December 18; “El Presidente electo Barack February 22; “A New Path for Latin Obama,” ideele (Peru), December 1; “El America?,” Current History, January 2008; Perú globalizado: éxito económico con “Uno tendría que tener un corazón de fracturas sociales,” Perú en el Siglo XXI, piedra,” La Prensa (Panama), January 15. December 2008; “Promoting Open Society Values in a Divided Region,” Open Society Marifeli Pérez-Stable, in The Miami Institute, November 28; “Obama may Herald: “Awaiting a new policy on Cuba,” mark attitude shift,” Oxford Analytica, December 28; “Open travel, remittances November 21; “La pareja dispareja,” best course for Cuba,” November 20; El Tiempo (Colombia), November 14; “Timely questions about Colombia, free “Democratic Governance and the Rule of trade,” November 7; “Cubans anxious about Law in Colombia,” Brookings Institution, change,” October 24; “Castros’ arrogance November 11; “El cambio también llega a gets in the way of help,” September 25; América Latina,” El Colombiano, November “Impunity in Buenos Aires bombing,” 9; “Obama frente a Latinoamérica,” La September 11; “Two presidential terms Tercera (Chile), November 5; “El reto is enough,” August 28; “A chance for en Sudamérica,” La Prensa (Bolivia), normal relations,” August 14; “Washington, November 2; “Relaciones Venezuela- Havana must learn to live in peace,” July EEUU después del 4/11,” El Universal 31; “Sober lessons from relations with (Venezuela), October 30; “U.S.-Latin Mexico,” July 17; “Growing pains of American Relations: Recommendations democracy, development,” July 3; “Markets, for the New Administration,” Miller not aid, are the solution,” June 19; “Help Center (UVA), October 27; “No Way to opposition to restore democracy,” June 9; Influence Latin America,” Washington “FARC’s a ‘hot potato,’” May 22; “Free trade Post, October 9; “La montaña rusa de could benefit all partners,” May 8; “Let’s la campaña,” El Tiempo (Colombia), find common ground for a free Cuba,” September 26; “Las Elecciones De Estados April 24; “The surest road to peace,” April Unidos Y Las Definiciones Cruciales Para 10; “Education is the key,” March 27; Sus Ciudadanos,” Argumentos (Peru), “Review laws on travel,” March 13; “Same September 25; “La última batalla,” El old guard pulling the strings,” February Colombiano, September 7; “Barack Obama 28; “Forces from within are demanding y América Latina,” El Tiempo (Colombia), changes,” February 15; “Has defeat at July 31; “La Visita de McCain,” El Tiempo the polls deterred Chávez?,” January 31; (Colombia), June 27; “The prospects for “Women in the Americas,” January 17; US/Latin American relations after a new “Steps toward progress, peace,” January US president takes office next year,” Oxford 3; in Encuentro en la Red: “Compromiso o Analytica, June 12; “Obama, McCain y confrontación,” December 23; “Chávez es A. Latina,” El Tiempo (Colombia), June su peor enemigo,” December 10; “Colombia

Inter-American Dialogue 46 2008 Program Report en el camino de Obama,” November 30; Revolution, Bloomsbury Press, 2008; “Can “Ansias de cambio,” November 4; “In Obama End “The Cuba Wars?” Focal Point, Memóriam: A Emilia Luzárraga,” October Vol. 8, Issue 1, January 2009; “Can Obama 30; “Adicción fatal,” September 2; “A la End “The Cuba Wars?” Focal Point, Vol. 8, espera de una oportunidad,” August 22; Issue 1, January 2009; “Obama and Latin “Una enemistad de medio siglo,” August America: Magic or Realism?” World Policy 7; “Lecciones sabias,” July 31; “El parto de Journal, January 2009, “Cuba on the Verge,” la democracia,” July 10; “La solución es Great Decisions, January 2009; “Cuba, el mercado,” July 1; “Un terreno común,” Castro, and U.S. Foreign Policy, Interview May 1; “Crisis a tres bandas,” April 17; on Public Radio International’s The World, “La educación es la clave,” April 4; “Otra December 29; with Paul Wander “Raúl política,” March 21; “La vieja guardia mueve Castro and Cuba’s Global Diplomacy,” Cuba los hilos,” March 7; “Castro, el gobierno in Transition, ASCE, Vol. 18, November y el partido,” February 22; “Exigencias 2008; “Uma Carcomida Relíquia da Guerra de cambio,” February 21; “Apariencias y Fria,” O Estado de Sao Paulo, December realidades,” February 11; “La batalla por 28; “Will the American Elections Shake el crudo,” January 31; “Mejores cuotas, Up Washington’s Cuba Policy,” Real más poder,” January 25; “De regreso del Instituto Elcano, October 13; “Book Review abismo,” January 7; “¿Soltando las riendas?” of ‘Cuba’s Aborted Reform’ and ‘Cuba January 2; in El País: “Un ligero aire de Transnational,’” Latin American Politics cambio en Miami,” November 27; in El and Society, April 1; with Joyce Lawrence Nuevo Herald: “Una tercera oportunidad,” “Beyond Tourism: The Future of the August 6; in Infolatam: “Medio siglo en Services Industry in the Caribbean,” Centre Cuba,” December 31; “El mensaje de for International Governance Innovation, Fidel,” February 20; “Nuevos horizontes April 1; “Requiem for the Monroe para Cuba,” January 26; co-authored Doctrine,” Current History, February 1; with Christian Gómez, in Latin America “The Caribbean: Democracy Adrift?” in Advisor: “Cristina Fernandez’s First 100 Latin America’s Struggle for Democracy, Days Marked by Turbulence,” April 1; Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. “Venezuela, Mexico Need to Reform State Oil Companies,” January 18; “México Manuel Orozco, “¿Están cayendo las y Venezuela: compañías petroleras,” El remesas hacia AL y el Caribe?” Confidencial Universal, January 19; co-authored with (Nicaragua), October 26; “Are Trends in Landen Romei: in Latin America Advisor: Money Transfers to Latin America Shifting “Calderon’s Popularity Hinges on Success of Downward?” FOCAL Point Spotlight on Anti-Drug Effort,” July 28 the Americas, November; “Remittance transfers, its marketplace and financial Jeffrey Puryear, “Preocupante Ranking intermediation in Uganda: preliminary de Desempeño Estudiantil,” La Prensa findings, lessons and recommendations,” (Nicaragua), February 20. Inter-American Development Bank, October 18; “El retroceso al autoritarismo,” El Joan Caivano and Thayer Hardwick, Nuevo Diario, October 15; “Remittance “Latin American Women in Movement: Transfers to Armenia: Preliminary Survey Changing Politics, Changing Minds,” in Data Analysis,” microReport #117, US Civil Society and Social Movements: Building Agency for International Development, Sustainable Democracies in Latin America, September; “Remittances and Microfinance ed. Arthur Domike. Washington, DC: Inter- in Latin America and the Caribbean: American Development Bank, 2008. Steps Forward on a Long Road Ahead,” microReport #118, US Agency for Dan Erikson, The Cuba Wars: Fidel International Development, September; Castro, the United States, and the Next “Planting the seeds of financial inclusion:

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 47 financial literacy for remittance recipients compañías petroleras,” El Universal, in Moldova,” Budapest: Interational Labour January 19. Organisation, June; “Remittances in Latin America and the Caribbean: Their Impact Thayer Hardwick and Joan Caivano, on Local Economies and the Response “Latin American Women in Movement: of Local Governments,” Organization of Changing Politics, Changing Minds,” American States, June; “The Nicaraguan in Civil Society and Social Movements: diaspora: trends and opportunities for Building Sustainable Democracies in Latin diaspora engagement in skills transfers America, ed. Arthur Domike. Washington, and development,” commissioned by the DC: Inter-American Development Bank, Office for Economic Co-operation and 2008. Development, March 28; “Centroamérica: remesas, economía y las finanzas con Michael Lisman, in The Guardian/Cif aproximación al caso Nicaragüense,” report America: “Saving Nicaragua,” December for the Democracia, Cohesión Social e 30; With Conor Bohan, “Haiti’s Educational Integración Regional (Serie de Encuentros Foundations,” November 13; “Leaving Centroamericanos en Managua), January. Schools Behind,” July 1; and with Megan Fletcher, “Making the grade on education Megan Fletcher and Michael Lisman, pledge to Central America,” South Florida “Making the grade on education pledge Sun-Sentinel, March 22. to Central America,” South Florida Sun- Sentinel, March 22. Landen Romei and Marifeli Pérez-Stable, In Latin America Advisor: “Calderon’s Christian Gómez and Marifeli Pérez- Popularity Hinges on Success of Anti-Drug Stable, Latin America Advisor: “Cristina Effort,” July 28. Fernandez’s First 100 Days Marked by Turbulence,” April 1; “Venezuela, Mexico Paul Wander and Dan Erikson, “Raúl Need to Reform State Oil Companies,” Castro and Cuba’s Global Diplomacy,” Cuba January 18; “México y Venezuela: in Transion, ASCE, Vol. 18, November 2008.

Inter-American Dialogue 48 2008 Program Report Inter-American Dialogue

Statement of Financial Position Statement of Activities 2008

Assets: 2008 2007 Revenue Cash and cash equivalents 1,422,142 1,225,295 Foundations 500,000 Accounts receivable 445,215 53,300 Corporations 445,010 Grants receivable 646,335 1,764,905 Governments 2,257,845 Investments 4,351,367 6,704,014 International organizations 723,332 Prepaid expenses 33,965 31,544 Collaborating institutions 197,766 Property and equipment 35,647 45,529 Individual contributions 149,079 Deposits 19,605 19,605 Miscellaneous program revenue 7,444 TOTAL ASSETS 6,954,277 9,844,192 Interest/dividends 286,361 Gain (loss) on investments (1,922,446) Liabilities: TOTAL REVENUE 2,644,392 Accounts payable 52,475 20,400 Accrued expenses 82,148 85,408 Refundable advances — 3,610 Grants payable 363,151 843,378 Expenses Deferred rent 97,550 77,152 Program Services: U.S. policy 867,222 Total Liabilities 595,324 1,029,948 Social policy 2,612,620 Democratic governance 374,624 Net Assets: Sol M. Linowitz Forum 127,746 Unrestricted 157,363 295,808 Other outreach and communications 79,038 Temporarily restricted 1,655,470 2,214,224 Corporate programs 233,870 Endowment funds: Board-designated funds 201,736 1,959,828 Permanently restricted 4,344,384 4,344,384 Support Services: Administration 699,771 Net Assets 6,358,952 8,814,244 Fundraising 86,730 Governance 18,062 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS 6,954,277 9,844,192 TOTAL EXPENSES 5,099,684

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 49 FUNDING SOURCES 2008 Foundations

Canadian Foundation for the Americas (FOCAL) Annie E. Casey Foundation Dade Community Foundation Ford Foundation GE Foundation William and Flora Hewlett Foundation John S. and James L. Knight Foundation Henry Luce Foundation Open Society Institute Vollmer Foundation Tinker Foundation

Governments

Canadian International Development Agency Embassy of Chile Embassy of Colombia Embassy of Mexico Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Swedish International Development Agency U.S. Agency for International Development

Other Organizations and Corporations

Andean Development Corporation Multisector Investment Bank (BMI) Development Alternatives Inc Global Development Network Inter-American Foundation International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement International Centre for Migration Policy Development International Fund for Agricultural Development International Organization for Migration Liberty Mutual Louis Berger Group Secretaria General Iberoamericana United Nations Democracy Fund

Inter-American Dialogue 50 2008 Program Report Funding Sources (continued) Corporate Circle Members

Companies interested in enrolling in the Corporate Circle are invited to send an email to Erik Brand [email protected].

AFL-CIO Fitch Ratings Inc. Natural Resources Canada Allen F. Johnson (AFJ) & Associates Fitch, Inc. NERA American International Group Fowler Rodriguez Valdes-Fauli NII Holdings AMLA Consulting Gallup Organization Norfolk Southern Corporation Andrews Kurth LLP General Motors Corporation Novartis APERTURE, S.C. Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher Optima Compliance & Consulting, Inc. Apple Computer, Inc. Global Crossing International Ltd. Oracle Corporation Arias & Muñoz Globeleq Ltd Paladin Realty Partners, LLC Arnold & Porter LLP Grupo Domos Internacional, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education Latin America Arrakis Geodynamics Ltd. Grupo Marhnos PetroFalcon Astellas Pharma US, Inc. Harper Meyer PFC Energy Avon Products, Inc. Harris, Wiltshire & Grannis Pfizer Inc. Ayucus Hewlett-Packard Pharmaceutical Research and Banco de Ahorro y Crédito Unión S.A. Hogan & Hartson Manufacturers of America Bancomer Transfer Services, Inc. Holland & Knight LLP Planty & Associates, LLC Bank of America HSBC Porter, Wright, Morris & Arthur Barrick Gold Corp. Hunt Oil Company PPL Global Bausch & Lomb Institute of International Finance, Inc. PricewaterhouseCoopers BG Group Inter-American Defense College Procter and Gamble Latin America British American Tobacco Inter-American Development Bank Prudential Securities, Inc. Caterpillar Americas Co. International Advisory Services República Dominicana Cemex SA de CV ADS International Energy Agency / OECD Rêv Worldwide Chemonics International International Minerals Ryder System, Inc. Chevron Corporation International Trade and Communications Scotiabank Chubb & Son Corporation Sidley Austin LLP Cisneros Group of Companies Jamaica National Building Society Signals Telecom Consulting Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton Japan Bank for International Cooperation Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom Coca-Cola Company Japan Center for International Finance LLP Colégio Bandeirantes Ltda Jáuregui, Navarrete y Nader, S.C. Standard & Poor’s Continental Airlines JLG Industries, Inc. Stanford Financial Group Corporacion Interamericana de Johnson & Johnson STRAT Consulting Financiamiento (CIFI) Jones Walker Sullivan & Cromwell Darby Overseas Investments, Ltd. JPMorgan Chase & Co. SWIFT sc Dartmouth College K & M Engineering TGI Friday’s International Dell Inc. K&L Gates The Boeing Company DevTech Systems, Inc. Kraft Foods Inc. The Otun Group Diageo PLC Kroll Inc. The Yankee Group Diaz, Rolff, Reus, & Targ, LLP Latin Intelligence Corporation The Yzaguirre Group, L.L.C. DTB Associates, LLP Laureate Education, Inc. TMG Legal, Inc. E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Co., Inc. Liberty Mutual U.S. Army South Embraer Lockheed Martin Corporation U.S. Education Finance Group EnergiaCommunications Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP U.S. Government Accountability Office Envases Venezolanos Mayan Resorts U.S. Marine Forces South Eton Park Captial Management McLarty Associates United States Southern Command Eupen Cable Miller & Chevalier University of Florida Experian Mitsubishi International Corporation University of Michigan Farmington Asset Management Moneygram International University of Minnesota Federación Interamericana de Empresas Moody’s Investors Service Wells Fargo Banks de Seguros NAI Latin America Western Union International Federal Mogul Corporation National Commercial Bank Jamaica White & Case LLP Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Limited Xela Enterprises Ferreyros, S.A. National Defense University

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 51 Sol M. Linowitz Forum 2008

25th AnniversAry of the inter-AmericAn DiAlogue

The Inter-American Dialogue is pleased to recognize the generosity of the following sponsors:

Gold level

Silver level

FOWLER RODRIGUEZ VALDES-FAULI

Bronze level Promethean logo and line - CMYK version. Orange: 0c, 50m, 100y, 0k; Ye llow: 0c, 25m, 95y, 0k; Dark Grey: 0c, 0m, 0y, 75k.

Inter-American Dialogue 52 2008 Program Report Funding Sources (continued) Associates

Associates are regular participants in the Dialogue’s public forums, conferences, and other policy exchanges. Dialogue Associates are assured an invitation to nearly all Dialogue activities and they receive all Dialogue reports and other publications (usually in advance of their formal release). For information on how to join our Associates program, please contact Gretta Rivero, development and program assistant (202-463-2560 or [email protected]).

Guillermo Abaracon Carlos E. Chardon Gustavo H. Franco Miriam Kornblith Víctor Abramovich Osmar Chohfi Philip French Barbara Kotschwar Mariclaire Acosta Antonio Octavio Cintra María Eugenia Garcés Peter F. Kranstover Helen Aguirre Ferré Graeme C. Clark Campagna Charles Krause Rafael Aguirre-Sacasa John H. Coatsworth César Gaviria Ruth de Krivoy Francisco Alba Arturo Condo Jaime Gazmuri Mujica Sabine Kurtenbach Ramon Alburquerque Ramirez Guadalupe Contreras Robert S Gelbard Diane E. La Voy Ronald Alert Enrique Correa Ralph E. Getz Carlos Reynaldo Lacayo Frank Almaguer Thomaz G. Costa Mary Ellen T. Gilroy Horacio Lafer Piva Zaida Arguedas David Covin Emily Goldman Stephen Lande Ana Lucia Armijos Margaret Crahan Alexandra Gómez-Schweiger Luis Hernando Larrazábal Cynthia J. Arnson Susan P. Cronin David Greenlee Candace Lessa Diego Arria Nelson Cunningham Merilee Grindle Melvyn Levitsky Margarita Arroyave-Wessel Stephen F. Dachi Steve H. Griner Bruce Levy George Arzeno Brugal James Dandridge Claudio Grossman Santiago Levy Algazi David B. Atkinson Shelton Davis Marc Grossman Antonio Linos Jose F. Avila Ciro de Falco Claudio L. S. Haddad June Linowitz Robert L. Ayres Augusto de la Torre Tom Haider Marc Lortie Harriet C. Babbitt J. Michael Deal Anthony S. Harrington Thomas E. Lovejoy Diana M. Backlund Whitney Debevoise Margaret Daly Hayes Edgar Luna-Mendoza Norman A. Bailey Vivian L. Derryck John F. Helwig James Mack Gabriel Baldivieso John A. Detzner Alvaro Henzler Vernal Jacqueline Malagón Pedro Bara-Neto Robert Devlin Kathryn Hewlett-Jobes Javier Manrique Carmen Barroso Kathleen M. DeWalt Gary C. Hufbauer Yael Marciano Ernest Bartell Larry Diamond Shane Hunt Jacques Marcovitch Yxa Bazan José A. Diaz-Asper Jedidah Hussey David R. Mares Flori Berrocal McClung Eugenio Diaz-Bonilla Edmundo Jarquín C. Miguel E. Martinez Nurith Berstein Stephen C. Donehoo Catherine Jarvis Kelly McBride Roger R. Betancourt Richard D. Downie Frederick Z. Jaspersen Barry R. McCaffrey Hugo Eduardo Beteta Joseph Dukert Paul L. Joffe Christy McCampbell Jeremy Bigwood Oscar Alberto Echevarría Victor C. Johnson Cynthia McClintock Tomas Bilbao John Edwards James R. Jones N. Lynn McDonald Richard Bloomfield Cristina Eguizábal Bruce M. Juba Donna McLarty Shelley Blumberg-Lorenzana Luigi Einaudi Eliot Kalter John McShane Adrián Bonilla Todd Eisenstadt Jorge H. Kamine Jacob Meerman and Joan Catalina Botero Marino Flavio D. Espinal Robert N. Kaplan Nelson Claudia Botty Edmundo Espinoza Alexander Kazan Kellie A. Meiman Mikhail Bragin Beth Neville Evans James Kenworthy Bertus J. Meins Susan Burgerman Patricia Weiss Fagen Eileen Kessler Ada Mejía Jennifer Burrell James Faranda Jamal Khokhar Gilberto Méndez Carlos Cadena Sergio Ferragut Sarah King Carlos D. Mesa Guisbert Guillermo Calvo Dennis E. Flannery Francisco Kinney Carmelo Mesa-Lago Duncan H. Cameron Sylvia Fletcher Harvey F. Kline James H. Michel Christina M. Cerna Jean-François Fogel Ingrid Knutson Francesca Miller Cristiana Chamorro Barrios Johanna Mendelson Forman Susan Kohler Reed Christopher Mitchell Stephen M. Chaplin Andrés Franco Linda Borst Kolko Michael J. Mitchell

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 53 Funding Sources (continued)

Associates (continued)

Ruth Mitchell Anthony C.E. Quainton José Jorge Simán Juan Gabriel Valdes Antonio Monroig William Reese Adele Simmons Juan Valiente Juan Carlos Moreno Michael Reid Gabriel Siri Dina Siegel Vann Samuel Morley Charles Richter Michael Skol Bernardo Vega Stephen F. Moseley Joseph Rio Elliott C. Smith Cesar Vieira Ambler H. Moss Maryse Robert Peter H. Smith Jose Luis Vila Kathryn Mudge Samuel S. Robfogel Robert Solomon Francisco Villagrán de León David Myers Markus Rodlauer Juan Manuel Sotelo Gisela Von Muhlenbrock Diana Negroponte Rita M. Rodríguez Miguel A. Soto Class Terrence Wadsworth Joan M. Nelson Jacques Rogozinski Pamela K. Starr Ian Walker Richard S. Newfarmer Maria Lissette Romero Rainer B. Steckhan Ray Walser Daniel A. Nichols Carlos A. Rosales William P. Stedman Cristina Warren Laura Novoa Vásquez Hernán Rosenberg Sarah Stephens Alexander F. Watson Anthony J. Ody Gert Rosenthal Sherry Stephenson William Watts Juan Esteban Orduz Nancy Rubin William F. Stiers Virginia Weil William A. Orme Hilda Ruiz John David Sullivan Marvin F. Weissberg Oscar Ortiz Antelo Magaly Sanchez Margaret Symington Robert White Milagros Ortiz Bosch Gabriel Sanchez-Zinny Deborah Szekely Laurence Whitehead María Otero Alejandro Santos Kazuhito Takenaka Theodore Wilkinson Ernesto Ottone Thomas Scanlon Juan Tomas Tavares John Williamson Abelardo Pachano S. Jacob Scherr Enrique ter Horst Brenda Wills Marie-France Pagnier Gerolamo Schiavoni Anne B. Ternes Deborah Wince-Smith David Scott Palmer Mark L. Schneider Franklin A. Thomas Carol Wise Rodrigo Pardo Edward Seaton Volker Timmermann Fred F. Woerner Daniel Parfait Penny Sebring Maximo Torero George Wright Anne W. Patterson Andrew Selee Rafael D. Toribio Sally W. Yudelman Randolph H. Pherson José Seligmann-Silva Timothy Towell Jorge Zablah-Touché Rosine Plank-Brumback Terri Shaw Irving Tragen John A. Zemko Juliana Pungiluppi H.W. Shlaudeman Roberto Troya Luanne D. Zurlo Wei Qiang Benjamin B. Sicsú Edwin M. Truman Clarence Zuvekas

Inter-American Dialogue 54 2008 Program Report Funding Sources (continued) Other Individual Gifts

Lorena Alfaro Mariano Fernández Heraldo Muñoz Cresencio Arcos María De Los Angeles Fernández John Nittler Nicolás Ardito Barletta Richard H. Frank Brian D. O’Neill Diego Arria William L. Friend Luis Oganes Genaro Arriagada Diego García-Sayán Scott A. Otteman David Balloff Tonya Giannoni Beatriz Paredes Rangel Roberto Baquerizo Robert K. Goldman Teodoro Petkoff Michael D. Barnes Christian Gomez Sonia Picado Alan Batkin José Angel Gurría Otoniel Piccardo Martell Peter D. Bell Gustavo Guzmán Jacqueline Pitanguy Michael Bloomberg Jay Haddock John Edward Porter Rachel Boyle James E. Hill Jorge Quiroga Carl Braun Carla A. Hills Thomas C. Ramey Fernando Henrique Cardoso Donna J. Hrinak Vera Rechsteiner Frank C. Carlucci William J. Hybl Elizabeth Reicherts Maritza Castro Enrique V. Iglesias William K. Reilly Fernando Cepeda Ulloa Anthony Johnson Charles Roper Joyce Chang Yolanda Kakabadse Alexis Rovzar Joe Clark Israel Klabin Everett J. Santos Oliver F. Clarke Benjamin Little Brent Scowcroft Jorge Claude Andrew L. Lluberes Timothy R. Scully Edward T. Cloonan Claudio M. Loser Eugenio Sevilla-Sacasa Jonathan Coles Ward Abraham F. Lowenthal Donna E. Shalala Lee Cullum Mónica Lozano Ira Shapiro Randall Curtis John Maisto Jesús Silva-Herzog W. Bowman Cutter Theodore Edgar McCarrick Renato Solines José María Dagnino Pastore John McCarter Gregory Spak William A. Dalson Barbara J. McDougall Eduardo Stein Barillas Drew S. Days Thomas F. McLarty III Paula Stern Roberto Dañino M. Peter McPherson Prosser Stirling David de Ferranti Doris Meissner Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada Mary Dempsey Billie A. Miller Mitch Torton Karen DeYoung Robert H. Montgomery Rodrigo Valderrama Jorge I. Domínguez Jorge Montoya Raul J. Valdes-Fauli Geoffrey Drayton Thomas F. Morante Elena Viyella de Paliza Joseph D. Duffey Ricardo J. Morán Sidney Weintraub Ruth Espey-Romero Stanley A. Motta Kazuko H. White Mark Feierstein Roberto H. Murray-Meza Lorenzo H. Zambrano Marlene Fernandez Martha T. Muse

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 55 Inter-American Dialogue Members

The Dialogue’s most important asset is its membership of 100 outstanding public and private leaders from the United States, Canada, and the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean—including political, business, academic, media, church, and other non-governmental leaders. The Dialogue’s members are an intellectually and politically diverse group that includes Republicans and Democrats from the United States, and views from across the political spectrum in Canada, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Dialogue members enjoy a high level of visibility and credibility on public policy issues, within their own country and internation- ally. Members are united by their commitment to democracy, social equity, economic progress, and regional cooperation.

Members From the United States

Cresencio Arcos Francis Fukuyama Doris Meissner Washington, DC Washington, DC Washington, DC Bernard Aronson Bob Graham Martha T. Muse Washington, DC Miami Lakes, FL New York, NY Michael Barnes Richard Haass John R. Petty Washington, DC New York, NY Washington, DC Alan Batkin Lee Hamilton John Porter New York, NY Nashville, IN Washington, DC Xavier Becerra Carla A. Hills William Reilly Washington, DC Washington, DC San Francisco, CA Peter D. Bell Donna J. Hrinak Bill Richardson Atlanta, GA Purchase, NY Santa Fe, NM Joyce Chang William Hybl Anthony Romero New York, NY Colorado Springs, CO New York, NY Lee Cullum Alberto Ibarguen Brent Scowcroft Dallas, TX Miami, FL Washington, DC Drew S. Days III Jim Kolbe Timothy R. Scully New Haven, CT Tucson, AZ Notre Dame, IN David de Ferranti Abraham F. Lowenthal Donna Shalala Washington, DC Los Angeles, CA Miami, FL Karen DeYoung Mónica Lozano Paula Stern Washington, DC Los Angeles, CA Washington, DC Jorge I. Domínguez Thomas J. Mackell, Jr. Viron Peter Vaky Cambridge, MA Warrenton, VA Potomac, MD Maria Echaveste Theodore McCarrick Jerry Weller Washington, DC Washington, DC Washington, DC

Maurice A. Ferré John McCarter Emeritus Member: Miami, FL Key Biscayne, FL Jimmy Carter Albert Fishlow Thomas F. McLarty III Atlanta, GA New York, NY Little Rock, AR On Leave: William L. Friend Peter McPherson Stanley Fischer Washington, DC Arlington, VA Richard W. Fisher Anne-Marie Slaughter Robert Zoellick

February 2009

Inter-American Dialogue 56 2008 Program Report Members From Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada

Argentina Colombia Mexico José Octavio Bordón Sergio Fajardo Lázaro Cárdenas Battel José María Dagnino Pastore Antonio Navarro Wolff Eugenio Clariond Reyes-Retana On Leave: Rafael Pardo José Angel Gurría Beatríz Nofal Marta Lucía Ramírez Nora Lustig Emeritus: On Leave: Beatriz Paredes Raúl R. Alfonsín Fernando Cepeda Ulloa Andrés Rozental Noemí Sanín Jesús Silva-Herzog Barbados Juan Manuel Santos Ernesto Zedillo Billie Miller Costa Rica Nicaragua Bolivia Epsy Campbell Ernesto Fernández-Holmann L. Enrique García Sonia Picado Emeritus: George Gray Molina On Leave: Violeta Chamorro Jorge Quiroga Oscar Arias Emeritus: Panama Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada Dominican Republic Emeritus: Elena Viyella de Paliza Nicolás Ardito-Barletta Brazil On Leave: Fernando Henrique Cardoso Leonel Fernández Peru Luiz Fernando Furlan Lourdes Flores Nano Jacqueline Pitanguy Ecuador Diego García-Sayán João Sayad Roberto Baquerizo Jorge Montoya Roberto Teixeira da Costa Yolanda Kakabadse Mario Vargas Llosa On Leave: Emeritus: Emeritus: Henrique Campos Meirelles Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea Javier Pérez de Cuéllar

Canada El Salvador Trinidad and Tobago Joe Clark Roberto H. Murray Meza Edwin Carrington Barbara J. McDougall Joaquin Villalobos Sylvia Ostry Uruguay Pierre Pettigrew Guatemala Enrique Iglesias Nineth Montenegro Emeritus: Chile Eduardo Stein Julio María Sanguinetti Andrés Allamand Ricardo Lagos Haiti Venezuela On Leave: Carl Braun Jonathan Coles Sergio Bitar Moisés Naím Alejandro Foxley Jamaica Teodoro Petkoff Oliver F. Clarke February 2009

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 57 Staff

Peter Hakim Daniel Joyce Michael Shifter President Program Associate Vice President, Policy

Katherine Anderson Eugene Kuleta Crisbellt Slone Vice President, Editor Grants and Finance Manager Finance and Administration Michael Lisman Viron Peter Vaky Genaro Arriagada Associate Senior Fellow Visiting Senior Fellow Claudio Loser Paul Wander James Bosworth Senior Fellow Program Assistant Associate, Communications Daphne Morrison Erik Brand Program Assistant The Dialogue acknowledges the General Manager, Publishing following staff who also served Saul Nuñez during 2008: Chloe Brown Office Administrator Program Assistant Paola Amador Manuel Orozco Executive Assistant Joan Caivano Senior Associate Deputy to the President and Elisabeth Burgess Director of Special Projects Tamara Ortega-Goodspeed Reporter/Assistant Editor Senior Associate Nancy Castillo Christian Gomez Program Assistant Marifeli Pérez-Stable Program Assistant Vice President, Daniel Erikson Democratic Governance M. Thayer Hardwick Senior Associate Program Assistant Jeffrey Puryear Megan Fletcher Vice President, Ana Matos Program Associate Social Policy Accounting Assistant

Alejandro Ganimian Yesenia Rivas Julia Sekkel Program Associate Office and Events Manager Program Associate

Paul Isbell Gretta Rivero Robert Simpson Visiting Senior Fellow Executive Associate Editor

Danielle Jetton Landen Romei Nicole Spencer Coordinator, Computer Services Program Assistant Associate

Mariellen Malloy Jewers Matthew Schewel Carolina Villamarin Associate Reporter, Assistant Editor Accounting Assistant

Inter-American Dialogue 58 2008 Program Report BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Carla A. Hills, Co-Chair, United States Ricardo Lagos, Co-Chair, Chile Thomas F. McLarty III, Co-Vice Chair, United States Enrique Iglesias, Co-Vice Chair, Uruguay Peter D. Bell, Chair Emeritus, United States

Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Brazil David de Ferranti, United States William L. Friend, United States Francis Fukuyama, United States L. Enrique García, Bolivia Donna J. Hrinak, United States Yolanda Kakabadse, Ecuador Jim Kolbe, United States Thomas J. Mackell, Jr., United States M. Peter McPherson, United States Billie Miller, Barbados Antonio Navarro Wolff, Colombia Pierre Pettigrew, Canada Jorge Quiroga, Bolivia Eduardo Stein, Guatemala Elena Viyella de Paliza, Dominican Republic Ernesto Zedillo, Mexico * * * Peter Hakim, President

Inter-American Dialogue 2008 Program Report 59 In t e r -Am e r i c a n Dia l o g u e

The Inter-American Dialogue is the leading U.S. center for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs. The Dialogue brings together public and private leaders from across the Americas to address hemispheric problems and opportunities. Together they seek to build cooperation among Western Hemisphere nations and advance a regional agenda of democratic governance, social equity, and economic growth.

The Dialogue’s select membership of 100 distinguished citizens from throughout the Americas includes political, business, academic, media, and other nongovernmental leaders. Twelve Dialogue members served as presidents of their countries and more than two dozen have served at the cabinet level.

Dialogue activities are directed to generating new policy ideas and practical proposals for action, and getting these ideas and proposals to government and private decision makers. The Dialogue also offers diverse Latin American and Caribbean voices access to U.S. policy debates and discussions. Based in Washington, the Dialogue conducts its work throughout the hemisphere. A majority of our Board of Directors are from Latin American and Caribbean nations, as are more than half of the Dialogue’s members and participants in our other leadership networks and task forces.

Since 1982—through successive Republican and Democratic administrations and many changes of leadership elsewhere in the hemisphere—the Dialogue has helped shape the agenda of issues and choices in inter-American relations.

1211 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 510 Washington, DC 20036

PHONE: 202-822-9002 n FAX: 202-822-9553 EMAIL: [email protected] n WEB SITE: www.thedialogue.org Inter-American Dialogue 60 2008 Program Report