LITTLE ETOBICOKE CREEK KIOSK DESIGN
Kathleen Corey and Sarah Taslimi LARC 643 November 07, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AERIAL CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPH
We would like to thank Bob Levesque for taking the time to Dixie Road Acknowledgements ... 2 Figure 1: Aerial Context Photograph ... 2 guide us through Little Etobicoke Creek, and Mark Inglis for providing valuable technical information on which to base our designs. N Executive Summary ... 2 Figure 2: Dixie Farmerettes ... 3 Kennedy Park
Introduction ... 2 Figure 3: Vegetation ... 4 Burnhamthorpe EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Public Lit School tle Literature Review ... 3 Figure 4: Pathway Flooding ... 6 • The purpose of this study is to develop an interpretive kiosk Et coke Burnhamthorpe Road East obi Cr for Little Etobicoke creek, based on an informed Landscape eek Methodology ... 3 Figure 5: Physiography Map ... 7 Resource analysis. • This study was requested by Mark Inglis. Dufferin-Peel Applewood Findings ... 3 - 10 Figure 6: Option 1 Perspective ... 11 • An investigation was conducted jointly by Kathleen Corey and Catholic District Hills Park Sarah Taslimi. School Board Kiosk Design Options ... 11 - 12 Figure 7: Option 2 Perspective ... 12 • The main findings are that the creek is slowly regenerating Tomken Road Bloor Street through rehabilitation efforts. Recommendation ... 13 Figure 8: Option 2 Section ... 12 • It was concluded that an interpretive kiosk be provided to educate the public about this environmental regeneration. Appendices: Figures 9: Little Etobicoke Creek ... 13 • It is recommended that the first kiosk option be implemented following further consultation. Figure 1 A: Arborist Report ... 14 LIST OF TABLES
B: Drawing 1 – Landscape Units Map ... 15 Table 1: Native Trees of Mississauga ... 5 INTRODUCTION put in place with the goal of counteracting the effects of intense urbanization (Interview with Bob Levesque 2011). The effects of those C: Bio-engineering Details ... 16 Table 2: Native Vertebrates of ... 8 Little Etobicoke Creek is one of four subwatershed basins that efforts and the state of the creek today will be presented in this report. Mississauga make up Etobicoke Creek in Peel Region. It emerges from a culvert D: Option 1 Kiosk Plan ... 17 on the south side of Britannia Road East and continues southeast This report will focus on the section of the creek that begins Table 3: Land Use Chart ... 9 until it reaches Etobicoke Creek, just north of the Queensway (Peel at Burnhamthorpe Road and ends at Bloor Street in Mississauga, References ... 18 - 19 Regional Road 20). Before its rehabilitation approximately 20 years encompassing Applewood Hills Park. A landscape resources report, ago, the rapid waters of Little Etobicoke Creek had eroded the including information on vegetation, microclimate, external influences, channel, destabilizing the banks and creating an uninhabitable space hydrology and soils will inform the design of two kiosk options. One of for wildlife. Various methods of bio-engineering, the establishment of these options will be recommended for implementation, based on a meanders throughout the creek and naturalization of vegetation were thorough assessment of the site. 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW FINDINGS In 1992, recognizing the danger to human, animal and plant life, conservation authorities directed that all new and rehabilitation designs Information on the Little Etobicoke Creek subwatershed was CULTURAL and ECOLOGICAL HERITAGE focus on softening the edges of banks “to reflect a more natural stream found in two reports developed by the Toronto Region Conservation system” (City of Mississauga 2006: 7). These new changes can include Authority (TRCA): the Etobicoke and Mimico Creeks Watersheds Little Etobicoke Creek is located in what was once an original the establishment of pools and riffles, natural vegetation buffers along Technical Update Report (2010) and The Aquatic Ecosystem (2006). pioneer settlement-turned-village called Dixie. According to Heritage the tops of banks and bio-engineering bank stabilization. It was through Mississauga (2009), Dixie’s proximity to the commercially successful these methods that a riparian vegetation was re-established along the Working drawings of the rehabilitation designs were provided Cooksville prevented it from becoming a commercial centre itself. The banks of Little Etobicoke Creek, and the eroded U-channel stream was by the landscape architecture firm Marshall Macklin Monaghan. extensive residential zone surrounding Little Etobicoke Creek today turned into a “B” and “C” type channel. A recent site visit on October Background information on channel designs was found in the article can be traced to its agricultural heritage. As a prosperous agricultural 19th, 2011, confirmed that the changes serve to reduce water velocity, Performance of Natural Channel Designs in Southwestern Ontario community, Dixie was easily transformed into a residential suburb as the improve water quality, create fish and mammal habitats, improve air (Ness and Joy 2002). population grew and expanded. quality and create an aesthetically pleasing natural area.
Inevitably, as the city expanded vegetated areas were overtaken According to the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority METHODOLOGY Figure 3: Urban Vegetation Zone (right) juxta- by transportation infrastructure, utility lines and urban housing. Today, (TRCA), Little Etobicoke Creek is in a transitional riparian zone, posed by Riparian Forest Edge (left). To begin, research on the landscape resources of Little Etobicoke of Little Etobicoke Creek’s 2400 hectares, 76.5 percent are urbanized containing a combination of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (2006: Creek was conducted using TRCA reports, meteorological records, and 23.5 percent are natural (TRCA 2006: 15). As vegetation decreased, 23). This riparian zone is expanding owing to the engineering efforts rehabilitation working drawings and aerial photography. Subsequently, the water table lowered and many small creeks dried up, leaving the previously described, and the formula that “any untended area will the floodplain and are planted with trees that can sustain seasonal a landscape resources map (Appendix B) was developed and used as task of collecting stormwater to the few remaining subwatersheds, eventually develop back into a natural area through the process of flooding. The presence of Norway and Sugar Maple (Acer platanoides the basis for a design charrette aimed at developing options for an including Little Etobicoke Creek (Inglis 2011). Of a total 82.7 hectares succession” (City of Mississauga 2006: 8). While Little Etobicoke Creek and saccharum), and Blue Spruce (Picea pungens) indicates moist, interpretive kiosk. The reference Design with Microclimate by Robert of historic wetland in Little Etobicoke Creek, only 3.3 hectares remain; has a higher level of woody riparian vegetation than Etobicoke Creek’s well-drained soil, while Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) hints at D. Brown (2010) was consulted during the development of the kiosk a loss of 96% (TRCA 2006: 43). Initially, engineering practices aimed at other subwatersheds, its 22 per cent is “still well below the targeted 75 humidity. options. The merits of each option were weighed to determine the best managing increased stormwater included straightened channels, riprap per cent cover targets” of subwatershed banks (Environment Canada course of action. revetment and banks stabilized by concrete, rock-filled wire baskets 1998 in TRCA 2006: 105). Flanking the creek starting at Burnhamthorpe Road and and armourstone. While these designs were efficient at redirecting continuing for some distance is a riparian forest edge (Area 2). Glossy stormwater into the lake, they were also expensive to maintain and had VEGETATION Buckthorn (Frangula alnus) and Red Osier Dogwood (Cornus stolon- the ultimate effect of speeding up water during heavy rainstorms (City of ifera), indicative of a forest edge and moist soil, were noted along the Mississauga 2006: 7). Those parts of the creek that were not protected Aerial photography, combined with information gathered Applewood Trail beside the creek. White willow (Salix alba) dominates by armourstone, including the section of Little Etobicoke Creek featured from a site visit to Little Etobicoke creek, confirmed that there are the canopy and confirms the disturbance that took place during the in this report, were excessively eroded, not only resulting in a public approximately four distinctive areas of vegetation. These areas are reconstruction of Little Etobicoke Creek. Riparian sedges and grasses safety concern, but significant loss of wildlife habitat. In addition, the indicated on the Landscape Units drawing (Appendix B). The first type of were found along the shoreline. Lastly, White Ash (Fraxinus americana) eroded banks invited vandalism and threatened the surrounding private area, a manicured urban zone with sparse tree cover, is most abundant. saplings cover the floor and are likely to overtake the willows in time property (Inglis 2011). Although these sections to the northeast of the creek are separated (Interview with Bob Levesque, 2011). Figure 2: Dixie Farmerttes Picking Strawberries Source: Heritage Mississauga from the main waterway by the Applewood Trail, they are well within 3 4 A mixed hardwood riparian forest borders the south-western MICROCLIMATE PRECIPITATION TEMPERATURE edge of the creek near Burnhamthorpe Road and both sides of the creek near Bloor Street. This forest is denser and more mature. All of the trees Aerial photography and statistics from the National Climate Rainfall reached a maximum of 121.4mm in October of Daily average temperatures range from -6.3OC in January in this area (see Arborist Report, Appendix A), indicate moist to wet, Data and Information Archive (Environment Canada 2011) from 1954. Generally, rainfall averages 60-80mm per month from April to to 20.8OC in July. However, an extreme minimum of -31.3OC was well-drained soil. Humidity is also indicated by the presence of Eastern Toronto’s Lester B. Pearson International Airport (approximately 6 November. However, since Little Etobicoke Creek is a floodplain that experienced in January of 1981, and an extreme maximum of 38.3OC White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis) and White Pine (Pinus strobus). km away from the site) were used to discern information about the receives stormwater drainage from surrounding residential areas and was experienced in August of 1948 (Environment Canada 2011). microclimate of Little Etobicoke Creek. roadways, the maximum precipitation levels should be considered. A Lastly, a narrow border of White Ash (Fraxinus americana) was weather warning issued on October 19th, 2011, warning of flooding HUMIDITY identified along the edge of a small stream draining into Little Etobicoke SOLAR RADIATION in low lying areas like the banks of Little Etobicoke Creek and the Creek (Area 4). White Ash is tolerant of the wet soil along the creek, but possibility of flash flooding in highly urbanized areas (Wong 2011), The humidex, equivalent to dry heat in degrees Celcius, is may become afflicted by the emerald ash borer. The sunniest area of this section of Little Etobicoke Creek is the supports this recommendation. highest in summer. An average of 16 days in July have a humidex rating urban zone (Area 1), which has sparse tree cover. Many of the trees above 30, which, according to the Meteorological Service of Canada that have been planted, like Norway and Sugar Maple, Blue Spruce and Average snow depth ranges from 3cm in December to 7cm in (Environment Canada), causes “some discomfort”. A humidex rating White Pine, flourish in full sun. The forest edge (Area 2) area’s partially January. However, extreme daily snowfall can reach up to 39.9cm, as in above 40, causing “great discomfort”, is less common. However, a record shaded microclimate is reflected in a variety of trees, like Glossy February of 1965, and an overall depth of 67cm, as in January of 1999. high humidex of 50.3 was reached in July of 1995. At 54, according to Buckthorn, which prefers shade, and Red Osier Dogwood, which prefers the MSC, heat stroke is inevitable (2010). black walnut The trees listed to the left sun. The mixed hardwood forest (Area 3) has a dense canopy that FROST * eastern red cedar are native to Mississauga, creates a shaded microclimate underneath. This is evinced by the ferns yellow birch according to the that cover the forest floor. The White Ash forest is similarly shaded. In bitternut hickory foundation Mississauga’s winter both of these areas will allow more sun to pass through the bare Frost pockets, caused by dominant winter winds and a dense butternut Natural Areas (2006: 15). branches of their deciduous trees, although the evergreens in Area 3 barrier of vegetation, are created to the southwest of the creek in areas black maple will continue to block solar radiation. not protected by residential housing. The exact location of these pockets sassafras Although it is possible that is located on the Landscape Units drawing (Appendix B). sycamore all of these trees exist at WIND white birch the site, only those trees beech marked with an asterisk Wind is predominantly from the northwest from March through musclewood (*) were found during a October, from the southwest from November to January, and from the hop-hornbeam tree inventory of Little north in February. Wind speed ranges from an average of 11.2km/h in black ash Etobicoke Creek. A full August and increases to 17.8km/h in January. However, historical winds * white pine arborist report can be have momentarily reached a high of 97km/h, as in March of 1959 * sugar maple found in Appendix A. (Environment Canada 2011). The most windy part of Etobicoke Creek * black willow is the urban vegetation zone because it is more open. However, this Table 1: Native Trees of Mississauga area is protected from the strongest winter winds by the forest to the Source: City of Mississauga 2006: 13 Figure 4: Flooding of a pathway beside Little southwest of the creek. In addition, many of the trees planted in this Etobicoke Creek, under Bloor Street area are tolerant of wind, like Norway Maple and Blue Spruce. 5 6 SOILS of sand and gravel deposited by the glacial retreat of the Ontario lobe WILDLIFE VERTEBRATES NATIVE TO MISSISSAUGA of Laurentide Ice Sheet (TRCA 2011). The esker is located in the City of REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS BIRDS MAMMALS FISH Variability of soil properties and land surfaces across Brampton, rising north of Mayfield Road and running southbound As mentioned above, the erosion of the between Hurontario Street and Kennedy Road to Queen Street. environments significanlty impacts the land management for urban streambed of Little Etobicoke Creek made it mudpuppy great blue heron smallmouth bass Virginia opossum uses, as well as water conservation. A changing landscape from pervious virtually impossible for aquatic wildlife to inhabit red-spotted newt wood duck rock bass common shrew Surficial geology, largely consisting of till deposited by glacial to impervious surfaces results in increased runoff flows causing eriosion it. Redside Dace is an example of a rare native blue spotted salamander osprey longnose dace star-nosed mole retreats, are located between the Iroquois Plain and Lake Ontario; this and water degradation. The soils in the Etobicoke Creek watershed cover fish that was last found in the creek in 1948, but redback salamander red-shouldered hawk creek chub little brown bat lower region is highlighted in green on the figure and is known as the a range from clayey to sandy soils, yet many are in highly urbanized is now thought to be extirpated (TRCA 2006: 53). Jefferson salamander peregrine falcon redside dace eastern cottontail “Old” South Slope (TRCA 2006: 11). Between the Niagara Escarpment areas dominated by impermeable surfaces which contribute to reduced In addition, approximately 45 potential barriers, eastern American toad snowy owl hog sucker porcupine and Lake Ontario, the surface soils of the Iroquois plain range from clays infiltration and baseflow discharges (TRCA 2006: 8). both human-made and natural, exist along the gray tree frog downy woodpecker rainbow darters coyote to sand and gravel desposits that are highly permeable and likely to length of Little Etobicoke Creek (TRCA 2006: 28- striped chorus frog Acadian flycatcher common shiner red fox contribute to stream baseflows of creeks running through the area The physiography of the Etobicoke Creek watershed in the 29). Natural, short-term barriers like log jams, spring peeper purple martin fathead minnow mink (TRCA 2006: 8). Region of Peel and City of Toronto is shown in Figure 5. A feature part of beaver dams and low water levels, as well as more leopard frog warbling vireo blacknose dace white-tailed deer Etobicoke’s geology is the Brampton Esker, a long curvy ridge composed long-term human barriers, like pollution, weirs and bullfrog indigo bunting brook trout striped skunk road crossings provide habitat and food for many midland painted turtle western meadowlark raccoon animals. Conversely, permanent structures like the Blanding’s turtle northern oriole beaver CN rail crossing, human-made dams and concrete wood turtle American goldfinch eastern chipmunk footings, restrict passage for migratory species, garter snake great horned owl red squirrel “preventing access to spawning, nursery or feeding northern ribbon snake habitats, and temperature refuges” (TRCA 2006: smooth green snake 28). However, barriers can also have the positive northern brown snake effect of preventing the spread of undesirable
species upstream. Table 2: Native Vertebrates of Missisauga Source: City of Mississauga 2006: 14 The re-establishment of a riparian vegetation zone along the banks of Little Etobicoke Creek is essential for wildlife habitation and movement through vegetated corridors. The most recent aquatic sampling of the creek revealed six species: white sucker, common shiner, fathead minnow, blacknose dace, longnose dace and creek chub (TRCA 2006: 53). While this is less than the diversity that must have existed prior to settlement, it is slowly increasing with the help of rootwads, brush mattresses and other animal-friendly sediment collectors.
Regarding mammals, geese and ducks are the most prominent living in the stream (Interview with Bob Levesque, October 19, 2011). While beavers caused damaged to the newly rehabilitated stream shortly after construction, wire mesh placed around the base of trees quickly discouraged them and they moved to another watershed. According to engineer Bob Levesque, this transition was easy for the beavers, owing to the vegetated corridor along the creek (Interview, October 19, 2011). Figure 5: Physiography Map Source: TRCA 2006 7 8 EXTERNAL INFLUENCES The Pearson International Airport is the largest land user in HYDROLOGY Natural channel design of Little Etobicoke Creek is based on the Etobicoke Creek watershed and is considered to be a leader in the Rosgen Type “B” and “C” channel classification with a design The Region of Peel, located in the Greater Toronto Area, serves land stewardship. The airport is the first to operate a co-generation The mouth of Etobicoke Creek features channels surrounding an bankfull capacity of 6.7 m3/s. The natural channel design of the creek the areas of three municipalities: Brampton, Caledon, and Mississauga. plant that provides both electricity and heat, and is also well known island with low-lying areas well sought after by summer and year-round is approximately 1.2 km in length and was constructed in 1996 after a Amongst other creeks, Etobicoke Creek runs through the City of Toronto for its progressive stormwater management system (TRCA 2011). A cottagers (TRCA 2011). This developed land is prone to flooding. The catastrophic failure of an initial attempt in naturalization of the creek and the Toronto Area in meandering paths that eventually discharge comprehensive stormwater management system is required for all majority of Etobicoke Creek infact is subject to flooding largely due to its (Ness and Joy 2002: 303). Both attempts were to address bank failure into Lake Ontario. The headwaters of the creek are located in the Town new development, however this was not always the case. A significant highly urbanised watershed. The degree of surface runoff and erosion during high-magnitude flood events (2-year storm) while maintaining of Caledon flowing northeast through the City of Brampton and west of portion of land in the Etobicoke and Mimico Creeks watersheds were depends on the variability of soil conditions, hydrology, and topographic natural characteristics (Levesque 2011). Since construction of these Toronto’s Lester B. Pearson International Airport and industrial areas. developed before implementation of these standards, and as a result, features of the watershed. designs, significant erosion and bank failure has been noted at many of The Etobicoke Creek watershed comprises of three major land uses: there are deficiencies in the management of stormwater leading to the the outter channel bends with partial or complete failure of the rootwad 63.1% urban, 15.0% natural, and 21.9% rural (TRCA 2010: 9-10). In risks of floods, contaminated watercourses, habitat fragmentation, and Natural channel design has been in place at Little Etobicoke revements for some locations. The application of bioengineering comparison, the Mimico Creek watershed, which lies adjacent to the significant streambank erosion (TRCA 2010: 10). Creek between four and seven years prior to the internal review of treatments are noted in Appendix B and C. The longitudinal profile Etobicoke Creek watershed, is 88% urban and 12% natural therefore its morphological characteristics (Ness and Joy 2002: 293). Due to the of the overall channel slope has remained relatively unchanged yet contributing a substantial percentage of external urban influences on its increasing number of runoff and erosion problems in southern Ontario, significant bed erosion tends to occur along the outside bends during neighbouring watersheds. These two watersheds support industrial, Little Etobicoke Creek is an example of creeks in transition of adopting intense storm events. Upon visiting the site, it was noted that the creek commercial, institutional, and residential uses. current standards of stormwater management. During the review water level rises substantially during the rainy seasons and is capable of period, minor changes were observed in the channel morphology; a overflowing towards the berms near the residential homes. condition considered to change overtime as the channel matures. The installation of bioengineering treatments, such as rootwad revetment at The error in the selection of morphological parameters and outside bends and rock vortex weirs to maintain channel alignment, has intense flash events have exacerbated the use of bioengineering not fully alleviated the increased surface runoff and erosion problems methods (Ness and Joy 2002). Continuous monitoring of the site is that continue to disrupt the bed materials under bankfull conditions highly recommended along with organizing volunteer groups to collect (Ness and Joy 2002: 300). Misinterpretation in the natural design, in monthly data on the creek. This could be arranged with the Region of particular in the determination of bankfull discharges, and the selection Peel staff, who can train volunteers associated with Friends of Little of the morphological parameters have led to short-term instability and Etobicoke Creek and other environmental organizations. likely long-term instability if the issue is not completely resolved. Bio-engineering details of the practices described above can be The stream classification system developed by Rosgen was used found in Appendix C. extensively in Ontario designs up until 2002 (Ness and Joy 2002: 295- 96). The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources had strongly advocated the Rosgen system in the early 1990s (Ness and Joy 2002: 296). Since then the classification system has been under scrutiny and its empirical approach is increasingly being questioned by the scientific community Table 3: Land Use Chart and consultants. Source: TRCA 2006: 8 9 10 DESIGN OPTIONS OPTION 2
OPTION 1 Option 2 of the interpretive kiosk explores the possibility of portability. The kiosk would ideally be sited behind the floodline. Option 1 is an octagonal structure, 2.7m at its Inspired by artist and architect Jay Shafer, the creator and resident widest interior dimension (Appendix D). It is bordered by of the smallest houses in the world, the kiosk is loosely based on a seating bench and placed on a square concrete slab that his 96-square-foot home. Built with recycled materials (including compensates for the slope in the landscape. This option reclaimed wood), the structure of the kiosk supports a mini green roof will be placed at the junction of two pathways that lead to that is vegetated with plantings native to the Peel Region. The kiosk a residential neighbourhood, adjacent to a children’s is travel size, having wheels at the back end of the building which playground (starred on the Keyplan of Appendix D). The facilitates a trailer hitch for transportation. The interior space will be aim of this location is to attract passersby and to avoid very limited housing informational boards and a podium filled with seasonal flooding as much as possible, while still creek trail maps in the center; the purpose being to mainly serve as maintaining proximity to the park. To protect further a check point for trail users and scheduled guided tours. Compact against flood damage, the kiosk will be built of planters will be placed adjacent to both sides of the building to hide marine-grade exterior wood. the wheels, providing a sense of permanence to the site.
Both deciduous and coniferous trees surrounding the kiosk, as well as the roof overhang, will provide shade in summer, while existing coniferous trees in the area will protect from winter winds.
Figure 7: Option 2 Perspective
Figure 6: Option 1 Perspective
Figure 8: Option 2 Section
11 12 RECOMMENDATION and CONCLUSION REFERENCES
Little Etobicoke Creek is a dynamic site that combines aquatic REPORT and terrestrial ecosystems, urban and wildlife zones, and natural stream characteristics with bio-engineering practices. An interpretive kiosk Brown, Robert D. Design with Microclimate: The Secret to Comfortable Outdoor Space. Washington: Island Press. 2010. would serve to educate the surrounding public about issues surrounding stormwater management, creek rehabilitation and vegetation Environment Canada. National Climate Data and Information Archive: Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000. 14 Sept. 2011. Web. 22 Oct. 2011. naturalization. The kiosk will implement programming for visitors of all
Wong, Jeff, Flood Duty Officer. High Water Safety Bulletin. Mississauga: Credit Valley Conservation. 19 Oct. 2011.
13 18 REFERENCES REFERENCES
FIGURES ILLUSTRATIONS continued
Figure 1: Modified from Google Maps. Section B and C: Illustration by Kathleen Corey.
Figure 2: Heritage Mississauga. Dixie Farmerettes picking Strawberries. Online source accessed November 4, 2011. < http://www.heritagemissis- Plan D: Illustration by Kathleen Corey. sauga.com/photo/Dixie>. Section D: The Stormwater Manager’s Resource Center. Stream Restoration: Bank Protection Practices. Online source accessed November 1, 2011. Figures 3 and 4: Photographs by Sarah Taslimi.
Figure 5: Toronto Region Conservation Authority. The Aquatic Ecosystem. Toronto. 2006.
Figure 6: Illustration by Sarah Taslimi.
Figures 7 and 8: Illustrations by Kathleen Corey.
Figure 9: Richard_Apple. Online source accessed November 5, 2011. < http://www.panoramio.com/photo/55070992>.
TABLES
Tables 1 and 2: Mississauga’s Natural Areas: What Everyone Should Know About Our Protected Areas. Mississauga: City of Mississauga, 2006. On- line source accessed November 4, 2001. < https://dl-web.dropbox.com/get/Little%20Etobicoke%20Creek/References/MississaugaNaturalAreas. pdf?w=714e6234>.
Table 3: Toronto Region Conservation Authority. The Aquatic Ecosystem. Toronto. 2006.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Appendix C
Section A: The Stormwater Manager’s Resource Center. Stream Restoration Grade Control Practices. Online source accessed November 1, 2011.
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