An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane, Bexley, Kent, DA5 2BD

August 2019

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane, Bexley, Kent, DA5 2BD

On behalf of : Attoe Building Design 4a Marchal Parade, Main Road, Sidcup, DA14 6QF

Prepared by: Clare Lodge DipArch, Principal Field Officer Bexley Archaeological Group

Approved: David Lawrance, President of Bexley Archaeological Group

Registered Address: 24 Valliers Wood Road, Sidcup, Kent, DA15 8BG

Registered Charity No: 1086379

Date: 2 September 2019

Report No: 105TKL

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Contents

Non-Technical Summary

1. Introduction and Scope of Study

2. Geology and Topography

3. Overview of the Historic Landscape

4. Archaeological and Historical Background

4.1 Pre-Farming Societies 4.2 Roman 4.3 Anglo-Saxon 4.4 Medieval and Post Medieval 4.5 19 th century onwards

5. Site Conditions: The Proposed Development and the Impact of Archaeological Assets

6. Known Heritage Assets

7. Archaeological Intervention

8. Historic Land Character

9. Summary of Evaluation

10. Statement of Indemnity

11. Acknowledgements

12. Sources Consulted

13. Appendices

Figure 1 - Site Location Figure 2 – “Study Site” Figure 3 – Maps 1769 and 1799 Figure 4 – Maps 1895 and 1896 Figure 5 – Maps 1907 and 1938 Figure 6 – Maps 1961 and 1971 Figure 7 – Maps 1975 and 1983-9 Figure 8 – Aerial photographs 1940 and 1940 Figure 9 – Aerial photographs 2007 and 2018 Figure 10 – Listed Buildings Figure 11 – Archaeological finds near to “Study Site (page 1)” Figure 12 – Archaeological finds near to “Study Site” (page 2) Figure 13 – Baldwyns Park Estate – Auction Advertisement 1874 Figure 14 - Bexley’s `Areas of High Archaeological Potential Review Project – Proposed Area 16 Figure 15 – What is a Desk-Based Assessment?

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Non-Technical Summary

Bexley Archaeological Group was commissioned by Attoe Building Design to write an Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane, Bexley, Kent, DA5 2BD in relation to a planning application that will be submitted to London Borough of Bexley in the foreseeable future.

There are no known heritage assets within the “Study Site”.

The site is considered to have a moderate potential for the Prehistoric, Anglo-Saxon and Medieval periods and low potential for the Roman. Past impacts may have occurred. The proposed development could potentially have a destructive impact on any surviving below ground archaeological deposits across the site.

Those in the near vicinity are unlikely to be damaged or removed from context by the proposed development.

It is therefore recommended that a “Watching Brief” be carried out on the “Study Site” if any proposed development is to be granted.

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

1. Introduction and Scope of Study

1.1 The subject of this assessment, also known as the “Study Site”, is land registered to 105 Tiln Kiln Lane, Bexley, Kent, DA5 2BD

1.2 Bexley Archaeological Groups aims are to research the historical and archaeological impact within the “Study Site” and its surrounding vicinity and to produce a detailed desk-based assessment that will be submitted as part of a planning application by Attoe Building Design.

1.3 This archaeological desk-based assessment has been researched by Clare Lodge of Bexley Archaeological Group on behalf of Attoe Building Design.

1.4 A field inspection was undertaken on 24 August 2019. Photographs taken of the front of the house, and rear garden.

1.5 The “Study Site” presently comprises of a large detached 5 bedroom residential building arranged over ground and first floors, surrounded by a hard-standing ground surface at the front with a medium size tree and hedge and to the rear, a grassed terrace with shrubs and small trees and two disused garden structures.

1.6 The “Study Site” lies at NGR TQ 50683 72455 in an “urban village”, eastwards out of Bexley Village and just on the Bexley and Dartford border and within the London Borough of Bexley. The property is situated on the south side of Tile Kiln Lane and the west corner of Staple Close. It is bounded on the south side by smaller residential dwellings and on the west “Oak Cottage” a locally listed building. On the opposite site of Tile Kiln Lane, is The Parish Church of St Barnabas Joydens Wood and Vicarage. Part of their land is overgrown with vegetation and was once a cemetery for Bexley Hospital.

1.7 The entire site area is 808.64m^2 . The proposed development area is 207m ^2.

1.8 The site is located to one of the London Borough of Bexley’s `Areas of High Archaeological Potential Review Project – Proposed Area 16 – Faesten Dic and Cavey’s Spring` . (Figure 14 )

1.9 “Study Site” is not situated in any Conservation Area.

1.10 In accordance with government policy, this assessment draws together the available archaeological, historical, topographic and land-use information in order to clarify the archaeological potential of the study area.

1.11 This desk-based assessment comprises of an examination of evidence in the London Borough of Bexley Historic Environment Record, Central Library Bexleyheath Local Studies, Bexley Archaeological Group Archives and various online sources including Heritage Gateway, National Monuments Record (Historic England) databases, Pastscape and that recorded by the Archaeological Database Service (ADS).

1.12 The National Heritage List which lists, locates and describes Listed Buildings was also consulted. Relevant historical and archaeological publications were identified from the library from the author’s personal collection.

1.13 Cartographic Research OS maps were obtained from online source (National Library Scotland), Bexley Archaeological Group Archives and personal archive of the author of this report.

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

1.14 Aerial View Research Initial aerial views were obtained from electronic sources (Google Earth and Bing maps). RAF aerial photographs available at the time of research are grainy due to the undergrowth. Britain From Above was researched, but images of the study area in question were not available.

Further searches were made to identify and inspect any other pertinent and reliable internet source material, map information and historical reference works.

Unfortunately, due to the shortness of the research, no enquiries were able to be made at the National Monuments Record Office to identify informative aerial images from their collection.

1.15 Both the archival records for London Borough of Bexley and Dartford Council contain a vast amount of historical and archaeological records, and although there is a mention of historical evidence found in the Boroughs, the author shall only be concentrating on a radius of 500m from the study site.

1.16 This evaluation is prepared in accordance with the National Planning Policy Framework, 2019 and the Chartered Institute for Archaeologist’s “Standard and Guideline for Historic Environment desk-based assessment” (Figure 15 )

2. Geology and Topography

2.1 The study area of this evaluation lies on undulating landscape, and located on the eastern part of Bexley with the geology of Blackheath Beds (sands and pebbles), Woolwich Beds (clay, sand and loam) overlaying Thanet Sands. Underlying the whole is the chalk of the North Downs.

The immediate landscape and the study site itself gradually rises to the south and east and lower ground to the north and west. It is located about 43m above sea level.

The rear garden has a small paved patio and a “lawned terrace” area with grass and shrubs. Around 1990, the Client raised this area by.

2.2 No site-specific geotechnical data is currently available for the site.

3. Overview of the Historic Landscape

Originally a lane accessible from Dartford Road (A2018), Tile Kiln Lane runs east to west for just under one mile leading onto the junction of Birchwood Road and Leyton Cross Road.

The area was rural, with ancient woodlands, fields and boundaries with the odd development scattered.

About 3 miles from the study site lies the historic towns of Crayford (north) and Dartford (east), both of which have had Saxon and Roman occupation. Bexley Village lies west of the study site and was established during 14 th century.

These woodlands included Joyden’s Wood to the south, Cavey Springs to the west and Stankey Wood to the north.

Joyden’s Wood contains a Saxon linear earthwork and a site of a medieval settlement. There is a considerable amount of 14 th century –Medieval deneholes in the vicinity.

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Study site was once part of the Baldwyns Estate until the development of the residential estate in the 1920s/1930s

4. Archaeological and Historical Background

4.1 Introduction

The following comprises of a review of archaeological and historical records within 800m radius of the “Study Site” demonstrating the development site and surrounding area from prehistory until the present day.

4.1.1 Pre-Farming Societies Palaeolithic: 450,000 12,000BC Mesolithic: 12,000 – 4,000BC

In 1985, Peter J Tester wrote a summary of the prehistory in the Bexley Area and Barry John Bishop wrote a detailed account of the prehistoric activity in the Cray Valley following an excavation in Old Bexley in 1998.

N 1981, D. A. Roe wrote in his book “The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Periods In Britain” that the Cray Valley can be regarded as a hospitable location for settlement, and was home to some of the most important Lower and Middle Palaeolithic sequences in the country.

Evidence of pre-farming societies has been found in the local vicinity. These include: Palaeolithic handaxes, Mesolithic implements (tranchet axe, cores, several blades and flakes, scrapers, a graver and microliths. (see section 6.2.1)

The potential for finds of all prehistoric periods can be identified as low.

4.1.2 The Roman Period (AD 43-110)

On the Antonine Itinerary Map - Iter II ( Iter meaning journey, road or way ), a place called Noviomagvs is mentioned and is proposed to be the Roman Road from London to Kent which is now known as Watling Street/Old Road and Dover Road and initially ran through the town of which is now Crayford. Evidence of Roman occupation has been discovered in the last 200 years in, Bexley, Crayford, Dartford and North Cray. These include Roman foundations, building material, a lead coffin, roman pottery and other roman romans. The Roman pottery sherds were found in 1951 by J.E.L Caiger. This led to an excavation of the site and a Romano-British settlement was discovered in the South-East corner of Joyden’s Wood. During these excavations other artefacts were found such as coins, iron objects, bone, querns, tiles and charcoals.

The potential for finds dating for the Roman period can be identified as low.

4.1.3 Anglo-Saxons (AD 410- 1066)

In the 814AD charter, Bexley was mentioned as a large parish . Bexley It has been written in ancient deeds as Bekesle and derives its name from the words Becc , or Beke , which signify a stream, and ley , a pasture.

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

The “Study Site” is located about 3 miles from Crayford, a place that is recorded in the Anglo Saxon Chronicles in 457 as “Crecganford ” and is the site of a battle which took place in 456 or 457AD.

The study area lies 800m north of Joyden’s Wood, an area of ancient woodland. A substantial Anglo- Saxon linear earthwork known as Faesten Dic (Dyke) that has a series of zig-zagged ditch and banks runs intermittently Ne-SW through the wood and possibly at one time continued towards Crayford.

It is believed that the Faesten Dic was constructed between the 5 th or 6 th centuries and it has been suggested that it was built as a defence after the battle in AD456/7 and is recorded in the AD814 Saxon Boundary Survey.

There is one Scheduled Monument in the local vicinity.

Faesten Dic, a medieval frontier work in Joyden’s Wood. List Entry Number: 1012979 Date first listed: 14 January 1955. Updated 31 October 1995

The likelihood of Anglo-Saxon finds occurring at the study site can be categorised as low.

4.1.4 The Medieval period (AD1066 – 1485) (Post Medieval: AD1486 – 1799)

In the Domesday-book of 1086 it is written Bix. St Mary’s church in Bexley Village which was built during Saxon times is probably on the site of the church mentioned in Bix.

The historic town of Dartford, situated 3 miles east of the study site is also mentioned in the Domesday Book at Tarentfort .

During the Middle Ages, although still rural, with fields and boundaries, the landscape began to show pockets of development.

Tile Kiln Lane was probably an ancient track, running from Bexley Village to Wilmington.

Baldwins Estate

The Estate that is now Baldwyns Park was once owned by is derived Sir John Baude c1200. By the year 1509, the Abbots of Lesnes Abbey had possession of the Estate. There is an account dated c1513 of expenditure possibly for building or repair work is mentioned in a book of Lesnes Abbey by A W Clapham in 1915.

Over the centuries, the Estate which included a manor house and acres of land has been owned by various landlords.

Medieval Manor – (Joyden’s Wood)

A square earthwork was the site of a medieval settlement known as `Ocholt` was situated near where Summerhouse Drive and Joyden’s Wood Road cross. It was destroyed when the estate was developed. Owned by Lesnes Abbey it was occupied between 1250 and 1320AD.

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Deneholes

Deneholes dating around medieval to the 14 th century have been recorded in the area. These were chalkmines, that consisted of a narrow shaft being cut through the overlying strata until the chalk layer which reached. Chalk was used for agriculture, building material and burnt to produce lime. Cavey Spring a small copse of about 4-5 acres contained at least 35 deneholes and Stankey Wood which is now built over and known as Baldwyn’s Park contained at least 48 known deneholes. [NB these numbers were taken from an account dated 1992 and the author has learnt since that more have been discovered].

A historical and investigation of the deneholes was carried out in the 1880s with further detailed studies having being carried out in the since the 1930s.

Kilns/Ovens In 1934 during the excavation of sewers for a new development in Coldblow (now Hill Crescent - TQ50097313), contractors discovered evidence of a kiln/oven probably dating to post-medieval. In 1971, a post-medieval kiln was discovered by L.C.Bale (TQ 5047872533) when an area behind part of Tile Kiln Lane was being cleared for a new development (now Woodland Park, west off Summerhouse Drive). The site was beside the lane in a field. There were no remains and was used for firing red roof tiles. There has been the manufacture of clay roof tiles hence from 16 th century. The kiln would have been owned by Lesnes Abbey and tiles made here until 1700.

The likelihood of Medieval finds occurring at the study site can be categorised as low.

4.5 19 th century onwards (Modern: AD 1800 – present_ The village of Bexley was gradually built up by 1800. Baldwyns Estate was sold off in the auction Friday 26 May 1876 and bought by London County Council. A short term lease to Sir Hiram Maxim (inventor of the automatic gun), who had previously leased the estate rented until 1924 when the land was broken up into plots. Baldwyns Park Road (initially called Pot Kiln Lane) was built c1927. Bexley Hospital was built on part of this Estate in 1898. A small cemetery for the hospital is opposite the site. This area is now very overgrown with no headstones or grave markings. The Estate also contained another large house called Maypole which was built in 1778. Unfortunately this was demolished in 1982 and now a housing estate. The area of Tile Kiln Lane and Summerhouse Drive were developed in the 1920s/30s. Though to the south of the “Study Site” it was still rural with a small coppice and fields . A long regular building, possibly relating to the nursery was just on the edge of this area.

4.6 Cartographic and Aerial Photography Summary

4.6.1 Cartographic and historical evidence shows that the “Study Site” was uninhabited until the late 1920s/early 1930s. The 1975 map shows the development of Staple Close and the “loss” of part of the study sites rear garden.

4.6.2 Google Earth – historical imagery – produced several clear records in 1940 and 1960. Later photographs of 2007, 2018 and 2019 of the site have been recorded.

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

5. Site Conditions: The Proposed Development and the Impacts on Archaeological Assets

Tile Kiln Lane is a residential road, originally accessible off the old road to Dartford.

The land was once part of the Baldwyns Estate and after the auction of the estate in 1876. It was bought by London County Council. In 1924, the Shooting Estate was broken up and plots of land sold. No. 105 Tile Kiln Lane called “Oak Cottage”, was one of the lodges of the estate and built c1840.

The house on the “Study Site” was most probably built in the late 1920s/early 1930s.

South east of the site, residential dwellings down Summerhill Drive were constructed in the 1930s.

In the 1960s, just south of the “Study Site” it was still rural with woods and fields. In the 1970s/80s, part of the rear garden of the “Study Site” was bought as part of the new development and during 1975-1983 Staple Close was built. No. 11 Staple Close is now located on this plot of land.

The owners have lived at the site for about 40 years. They added an extension to the rear of the building about 10-15 years ago.

The rear garden has a terrace and was raised 2ft to its existing height in the 1990s by the Client.

5.1 Planning History

In May 2008, an application was submitted for the “Demolition of existing dwelling and erection of a 4 bedroom detached dwelling incorporating dormer window to provide room in roofspace”. The application was withdrawn in July 2008, application reference: 08/06807/FUL

In November 2008, an application was submitted for the “Demolition of existing dwelling and erection of a 4 bedroom detached dwelling incorporating dormer window to provide room in roofspace”. The application was withdrawn in November 2008, application reference: 08/14398/FUL

In May 2009, an application was submitted for the “Demolition of existing dwelling and erection of a 4 bedroom detached dwelling incorporating dormer extension to rear to provide a room in roofspace”. This application was granted with conditions in June 2009, application reference: 09/00698/FUL

5.2 Proposed Development

The proposed development comprises of the demolition of the existing dwelling following by the construction of 3 new dwellings.

6. Known Heritage Assets

As the “Study Site” lies on the boundary of the London Borough of Bexley and Dartford Borough, research has been carried out on both Boroughs to ascertain the Listed Buildings.

There are currently 140 Listed Buildings in the London Borough of Bexley and 217 in the Dartford Borough.

“Study Site” is not situated in any Conservation Area. However, No. 107 Tile Kiln Lane Bexley “Oak Cottage” is a locally listed building (index no 333) which was built c1840.

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

6.1 Listed Buildings in the local vicinity

There are 3 listings in close proximity to the “Study Site”. One directly opposite the site, north of Tile Kiln Lane and the other two within 400m. ( Figure 10 )

6.1.1 Coal Duty Boundary Marker (in the fence to the back of the garden of number 73 Baldwyn’s Park) and adjacent iron bollards. Designation Type: Listing Grade: II List UID: 1188545

6.1.2 Old Mansion Villa at Bexley Mental Hospital Designation Type: Listing Grade: II List UID: 1086054

6.1.3 Coal Duty Boundary Marker (on the south side of 1 Dartford Road) Designation Type: Listing Grade: II List UID: 1188345

6.2 Archaeological Finds

6.2.1 Archaeological finds in the vicinity near to the “Study Site” include:

Four Acheulian handaxes just off Tile Kiln Lane in 1962 (Monument No. 411226) Mesolithic tranchet axe and 51 other flints in 16 Baldwyn’s Park (Monument No. 966295) Mesolithic implements including a tranchet axe, cores, several blades and flakes, scrapers, a graver and microliths in Joyden’s Wood (Monument No. 411307) Post Medieval Kiln (Monument No. 966328)

6.2.2 Other archaeological finds include, roman building material in Bexley and North Cray, roman pottery in Bexley and Crayford, 12 th -13 th century pottery in Bexley Village and a number of roman cremation burials, inhumations Crayford.

6.2.3 Archaeological finds in Bexley taken from Heritage Gateway and Pastscape website, August 2019

7. Archaeological Intervention

7.1 There have been no archaeological interventions within, or in the immediate vicinity of, the “Study Site”. The following archaeological reports are in close proximity to the “Study Site”.

7.1.1 In 1998, Bexley Archaeological Group were involved with a project entitled “Joyden’s Wood: The next 20 years. They were commissioned by the Woodlands Trust to evaluate the archaeological remains in Joyden’s Wood.

Reports by Bexley Archaeological are as follows:

Interim Report on the Archaeological Environment of Joyden’s Wood, May 1998 An Evaluation of the Archaeological Remains in Joyden’s Wood, June 1998 An Evaluation of the Earthworks in Joydens Wood, 1999

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

7.1.2 Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit, 1999 Joyden’s Wood Archaeological desk-based survey and Management Plan completed for the site

7.1.3 Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit, 2000 Land at Bexley Hospital – Report “Evaluation carried out in advance of proposed development at the hospital site”

7.1.4 Archaeological Investigations Ltd, July 2000 Bexley Hospital, Old Bexley Lane “A rchaeological field evaluation works”

7.2 None of the Listed Entries are located in the “Study Site”. There are no HER entries contained within the “Study Site”.

8. Historic Landscape Character

8.1 Through the study of the surrounding landscape, cartographic material and sometimes aerial photographs, the historic character of the immediate landscape can be assessed .

The rural landscape has changed since the early 1769 map.

In the mid-nineteenth although the village of Bexley was growing, the surrounding area to the “Study Site”was still rural. After Baldywyns Estate was sold off, the area began to develop. Firstly with Bexley Hospital (1898), Baldwyns Park (1927), Tile Kiln Lane and other roads ( 1920s/30s and 1970s/80s). However, even though there are residential dwellings, there are still pockets of woods and the vast existence of Joyden’s Wood gives it a rural effect.

8.2 Analysis of the historic landscape character sometimes enables us to assess the chances of survival of archaeology below ground. However, as the “Study Site” has only had one residential dwelling that was built in the late 1920s/early 1930s the chances of archaeology found on the site is minimal.

9. Summary of Evaluation

Cartographic, aerial photography and archaeological research evidence shows that although the prospect of discovering archaeology on the “Study Site” is minimal, its location suggests there is still archaeological potential due to its close proximity to the Faesten Dic, the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic tools and other archaeological sites and finds in the near vicinity

The historical landscape of Bexley has had various but continuous human occupation. As the “Study Site” has only been inhabited since the late 1920s/early 1930s, any archaeology may have been disturbed by the development of housing in the area and the potential for archaeology that has survived is considered to be low-moderate.

If permission was to be granted, the area of archaeological interest will be the rear garden during the foundations trenches for the new residential developments.

As the raised lawn was built in the 1990s, any archaeology within this is not of archaeological interest.

However, as this area is proposed to be levelled back to the pre-1990s and foundation trenches excavated into the original level, then this would be of archaeological interest.

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

12. Statement of Indemnity

All statements and opinions contained within this report arising from the searches undertaken are offered in good faith and compiled according to professional standards. No responsibility can be accepted by the author for any errors of fact or opinion resulting from data supplied by any third party, or for loss or other consequence arising from decisions or actions made upon the basis of facts or opinions expressed in this report, howsoever such facts and opinions may have been derived.

13. Acknowledgements

With thanks to Central Library Archives Bexleyheath and Bexley Archaeological Group.

14. Sources Consulted

General

Google Earth Greater London Historic Environment Record Central Library – Local Studies and Archives Bexleyheath Bexley Archaeological Group Archives Dartford Archives

Internet

Archaeological Data Service. http://ads.ahds.ac.uk. Accessed August 2019 Bing Maps - https://www.bing.com/maps. Accessed August 2019 Britain from Above - https://britainfromabove.org.uk/. Accessed August 2019 British Geological Survey https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/viewer.html British History Online – https://www.british-history.ac.uk Dartford Town Archive - https://www.dartfordarchive.org.uk/ Domesday Book - http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/ Kent Archaeological Society -https://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/Research/Pub/ArchCant/Intro.htm Historic England - https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results.aspx Maypole History - https://maypolehistory.site123.me/baldwyns-manor Old Maps Online - https://www.old-maps.co.uk/#/ National Library of Scotland - https://maps.nls.uk/os/6inch-england-and-wales/

Bibliography

Several historical publications have been written on Joydens Wood and Bexley Archaeological Group carried out a study of the archaeological environment in the late 1990s.

Ashton N, Lewis S, Stringer C. 2011. The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain: Elsevier, Oxford. pages 78-84

Tester, P.J. 1985, The Archaeology of the Bexley Area From Prehistoric Times to the Anglo-Saxon Period, Bexley Libraries and Museums Department, Bexley

Carr, W. 1965. The Spot that is called Crayford : The Urban District Council of Crayford, Kent.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA). 2014. Standard and Guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment: CIFA, Reading Hasted, E, 'The Hundred of Bromley and Beckenham: Introduction and map', in The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 1 (Canterbury, 1797), p. 527. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol1/p527 [accessed 24 August 2017].

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Clapham, A.W. 1915 Lesnes Abbey

Dale. L.C. 1974 A Post Medieval Tile Kiln at Bexley: Archaeologia Cantiana Vol. 89. Kent

Edward Hasted, 'Parishes: Bexley', in The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 2 (Canterbury, 1797), pp. 162-183.

Hammerston, I.1998. A Wood on our Doorstep Joyden’s Wood : The Book Guild Ltd. Leicester

Hogg. A.H.A. 1934 Earthworks in Joydens Wood, Bexley, Kent

Le Gear, R. 1992. The Bexley Deneholes: Bexley Libraries & Museums. London Borough of Bexley.

Spurgeon, D. 1993. Discover Bexley and Sidcup. A comprehensive guide to Bexley, Bexleyheath, Welling, Sidcup, Footscray & North Cray : Greenwich Guide Books, London. Pages 13 and 31

Stabler Heritage. March 2014. Areas of High Archaeological Potential Review Project: London Borough of Bexley

Spurrell, FCJ. 1881. Archaeological Journal no 38.

TesterP.J and J.E.L Caiger. 1954 . Excavations of the site of a Romano-British Settlement in Joyden’s Wood, near Bexley. Archaeologia Cantiana Vol. 68 pages 167-183

15. Appendices

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Figure 1 - Site Location

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Figure 2 – “Study Site”

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Map 1769, by Andrews, Drury and Herbert.

The round red circle indicates possibly where the “Study Site” is located.

1799

Figure 3 – Maps 1769 and 1799

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

1895 map

1896 map

Figure 4 – Maps 1895 and 1896

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

1907

1938

Figure 5 – Maps 1907 and 1938

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

1961

1971

Figure 6 – Maps 1961 and 1971

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

1975

1983-89

Figure 7 – Maps 1975 and 1983-9

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Aerial Photographs

1940

1960

Figure 8 –Aerial photographs 1940 and 1940

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

2007 – before extension

2018

Figure 9 – Aerial photographs 2007 and 2018

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Some of the Listed Buildings shown in London Borough of Bexley and Dartford

Figure 10 – Listed Buildings

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Historic Environment Records

Figure 11 – Archaeological finds near to “Study Site (page 1)”

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Historic Environment Records

Figure 12 – Archaeological finds near to “Study Site” (page 2)

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Baldwyns Park Estate – Auction Advertisement 1874

Extract from the Dartford Express dated 25th July 1874

"In Chancery: MINET v. TUBBS-Kent-The beautiful Freehold Residential Estate, distinguished as Baldwyns, extending over about 841 acres in the parishes of Dartford, Wilmington and Bexley, a short distance only from the ancient and interesting market town of Dartford, about a mile away from Bexley and Crayford and only 14 by road from London, in a neighbourhood proverbially healthy and picturesque, and with excellent railway facilities by the North Kent Line, by which the City and West End are reached in little more than half an hour. It comprises a capital Mansion, with suitable attached and detached offices of every description, desirable for the occupation of a family of distinction, approached by a carriage drive, with ornamental entrance lodges, beautiful pleasure grounds, gardens, and orchards, surrounded by a richly timbered park, ornamental woods , plantations, and adjacent meadow land, through which are delightful walks of considerable extent and immediately adjoining is the farm known as Stonehill, farm buildings, and numerous enclosures of productive land, also several cottages for labourers. The woodland, which includes the well known Ruxley-Heath, Rowhill and Joydens Woods, is well adapted for the rearing of preservation game, and affords excellent shooting, and several packs of hounds hunt the district. The property presents unusual attractions as the site of the ancient city of Caswallon, and from the interesting remains of encampments and excavations made by our Celtic ancestors found thereon; while in addition to its present residential advantages, it possesses extensive frontages of Dartford Heath and the high road, immediately available for building purposes, and by a judicious widening of the intersecting road leading from Bexley to Wilmington, a further very extensive building element would be developed, and many sites for the erection of residences which, from the beauty of the situation, the close proximity to Bexley and Dartford, and the facility of railway access, must sooner or later be required.

Figure 13 – Baldwyns Park Estate – Auction Advertisement 1874

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Section taken from Bexley’s `Areas of High Archaeological Potential Review Project – Proposed Area 16 – Faesten Dic and Cavey’s Spring

Figure 14 - Bexley’s `Areas of High Archaeological Potential Review Project – Proposed Area 16 – Faesten Dic and Cavey’s Spring

An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of 105 Tile Kiln Lane

Figure 15 – What is a Desk-Based Assessment?

Definition

Desk-based assessment is a programme of study of the historic environment within a specified area or site on land, the inter-tidal zone or underwater that addresses agreed research and/or conservation objectives. It consists of an analysis of existing written, graphic, photographic and electronic information in order to identify the likely heritage assets, their interests and significance and the character of the study area, including appropriate consideration of the settings of heritage assets and, in England, the nature, extent and quality of the known or potential archaeological, historic, architectural and artistic interest. Significance is to be judged in a local, regional, national or international context as appropriate.

Purpose and context

The purpose of a desk-based assessment is to gain an understanding of the historic environment resource in order to formulate as required :

1. an assessment of the potential for heritage assets to survive within the area of study

2. an assessment of the significance of the known or predicted heritage assets considering, in England, their archaeological, historic, architectural and artistic interests

3. strategies for further evaluation whether or not intrusive, where the nature, extent or significance of the resource is not sufficiently well defined

4. an assessment of the impact of proposed development or other land use changes on the significance of the heritage assets and their settings

5. strategies to conserve the significance of heritage assets, and their settings Standard and guidance - DBA Last updated 15-Dec-2014 Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 5

6. design strategies to ensure new development makes a positive contribution to the character and local distinctiveness of the historic environment and local place-shaping

7. proposals for further archaeological investigation within a programme of research, whether undertaken in response to a threat or not.

Such assessment may be undertaken

• in response to proposed development, other land-use change or natural decay or erosion which threatens the historic environment

• within a programme of research not generated by a specific threat to the historic environment

• in connection with the preparation of management plans to conserve the historic environment