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States of Matter Project Pdf States of matter project pdf Continue Do not be confused with phase (matter). Different forms that differ in terms of the four general states of matter. From top left are solid, liquid, plasma and gas represented by the ice sculpture, a drop of water, electric arc arcs from the Tesla coil and the air around the clouds. In physics, the state of matter is one of the different forms in which matter may exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. It is known that there are many intermediate states, such as liquid crystal, and some countries exist only in extreme conditions, such as Bose-Einstein condensates, neutron-degenerate and plasma quark-glucon, which occur only in situations of extreme cold, extreme density and extremely high energy. For a complete list of all exotic states of matter, see the list of states of matter. In the past, the distinction was made on the basis of qualitative differences in properties. Solid matter maintains a fixed volume and shape, with composite particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close to each other and fixed in place. The fabric in a state of liquid supports a fixed volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to its container. Its particles are still close to each other, but they move freely. The matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit in the container. Its particles are neither close to each other nor fixed in place. Matter in the state of plasma has variable volume and shape, and contains neutral atoms, as well as a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move freely. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for the state of matter, but a system can contain several non-mixing phases of the same state of matter. The four main states Solid A crystalline solid: atomic image of strontium titanate. Brighter atoms are strontium, and darker atoms are titanium. In the solid part of the particles (ions, atoms or molecules) are tightly packed together. The forces between the particles are so strong that the particles cannot move freely, but they can only vibrate. As a result, the solid has a stable, certain shape and a certain volume. Solids can change shape only with external force, as with broken or cut. In crystalline solid particles (atoms, molecules or ions) are packaged in a regularly arranged, repetitive pattern. There are different crystalline structures, and the same substance can have more than one structure (or solid phase). For example, iron has a cubic structure centered on the body at temperatures below 912 °C and centered on a facial structure between 912 and 1,394 °C. ICE has fifteen known crystalline structures, or fifteen solid phases, that exist at different temperatures and [1] Glasses and other non-crystal, non-crystall, solids without a long-range order are not a thermal equilibrium on the ground; described below as a non-classical state of the matter. Solids can be transformed into liquids by melting, and liquids can be transformed into solids by freezing. Solids can also change directly into gases through the sublimation process, and gases can also change directly into solids through deposits. Liquid structure of the classical monoatomic fluid. The atoms have very close neighbors in contact, but there will still be no long-range. Main article: The liquid is an almost incompressable liquid that corresponds to the shape of the container, but retains (almost) a constant volume, regardless of the pressure. The volume is determined if the temperature and pressure are constant. When the solid material is heated above the melting point, it becomes liquid, given that the pressure is higher than the triple point of the substance. Intermolecular (or interatomic or inter-atomic) forces are still important, but molecules have enough energy to move relative to each other and the structure is mobile. This means that the shape of the liquid is not determined, but is determined by the container. The volume is usually greater than that of the solid concerned, the most famous exception being water, H2O. The highest temperature at which a liquid may exist is its critical temperature. [2] Gas The spaces between gas molecules are very large. Gas molecules have very weak or no connections. Molecules in gas can move freely and quickly. Main article: Gas A gas is a thickenable liquid. Not only will a gas match the shape of your container, but it will also expand to fill the container. In gas, molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for ideal gas), and the typical distance between adjacent molecules is much greater than the molecular size. The gas is not a certain type or volume, but occupies the entire container in which it is closed. A liquid can be converted into gas by constant heating to the boiling point or by reducing the pressure at a constant temperature. At temperatures below the critical temperature, the gas is also called steam and can only be liquefied by compression without cooling. Steam may exist in equilibrium with liquid (or solid), in which case the gas pressure is equal to the vapour pressure of the liquid (or solid). Supercritical liquid (SCF) is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and critical pressure respectively. In this state, the difference between liquid and gas disappears. Supercritical liquid has the physical properties of gas, but its high density gives properties of solvent in some cases, which leads to useful applications. For example, ultra-critical dioxide is used to extract caffeine in the production of Coffee. [3] Plasma in plasma, electrons are plucked from their nuclei, forming an electron sea. This enables him to conduct electricity. Main article: Plasma (physics) As a gas, plasma is not a certain shape or volume. Unlike gases, plasmas are electrically conductive, produce magnetic fields and electric currents and react strongly to electromagnetic forces. Positively charged nuclei float in a sea of free-moving disaggressive electrons, similar to the way such charges exist in conductive metals, where this electron sea allows plasma-capable matter to conduct electricity. Gas is usually converted into plasma in one of two ways, for example by a huge difference in voltage between two points, or by its exposure to extremely high temperatures. Heating matter leads to high temperatures to leave the atoms, which leads to the presence of free electrons. This creates the so-called partially ionized plasma. At very high temperatures, such as those present in the stars, it is assumed that essentially all electrons are free and that very high-energy plasma is essentially bare cores floating in a sea of electrons. This forms the so-called fully ionized plasma. The plasma state is often misunderstood, and although it is not freely present under normal conditions on Earth, it is often generated by flashes, electric sparks, fluorescent lights, neon lights or plasma TVs. The sun's corona, some types of flame and stars are examples of illuminated matter in the plasma state. Transitions phase Main article: Phase transitions This diagram illustrates the transitions between the four main states of matter. The state of matter is also characterized by phase transitions. The phase transition indicates a change in structure and can be recognized by abrupt changes in properties. The different state of matter can be defined as any set of countries that differ from any other set of states by transitioning to a phase. It can be said that the water has several separate solid states. [4] The appearance of overproductivity is associated with the transition phase, so there are superconducting states. Also, pheromone states are demarked by phase transitions and have distinctive properties. When the change of condition occurs in stages, intermediate steps are called mesophases. Such phases have been used by the introduction of liquid crystal technology. [5] [6] The condition or phase of a set of matter may change depending on pressure and temperature, moving to other phases as these conditions change to promote their existence; for example, solid transitions to liquid with an increase in temperature. Almost absolute zero, the substance exists as a solid. When heat is added to this substance, it melts in the at the melting point, boil in gas at the boiling point and, if heated high enough enter a plasma state in which electrons are so energized that they leave their parent atoms. Forms of matter that are not composed of molecules and are organized by different forces can also be considered different states of matter. Excess (such as Fermionic condensate) and quark-gluon plasma are examples. In a chemical equation, the state of the chemical substance can be shown as (t) for solid, (l) for liquid and (g) for gas. The aqueous solution is indicated (aq). Matter in the plasma state is rarely used (if at all) in chemical equations, so there is no standard symbol to indicate it. In the rare equations that plasma is used, it is symbolized as (p). Non-classical states Glass The main article: Glass Scheme presentation of any mesh glass shape (left) and stacked crystal lattice (right) of identical chemical composition. Glass is a noncrystallal or amorphous solid material that indicates a glass transition when heated to a liquid state. Glasses can be made from completely different classes of materials: inorganic mesh (such as window glass made of silicate plus additives), metal alloys, ion melts, aqueous solutions, molecular liquids and polymers. Thermodynamically, one cup is in a metastable state in terms of its crystalline conformity.
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