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Emerging Trend of Bio-Plastics and Its Impact on Society

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Emerging Trend of Bio-Plastics and Its Impact on Society Biotechnology Journal International 24(4): 1-10, 2020; Article no.BJI.57885 ISSN: 2456-7051 (Past name: British Biotechnology Journal, Past ISSN: 2231–2927, NLM ID: 101616695) Emerging Trend of Bio-plastics and Its Impact on Society Shreya Shah1, Fatema Matkawala1,2, Sarika Garg3, Sadhana Nighojkar4, Anand Nighojkar2 and Anil Kumar1* 1School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore-452001, India. 2Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences, Khandwa Road, Indore-452001, India. 3Science Planet Inc., 401-371 Rue Lucien-Milette, Longueuil, QC, J3Y 9H1, Canada. 4Mata Gujri College of Professional Studies, AB Road, Indore-452001, India. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author SS designed the study, performed literature searches and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors FM and SG performed literature searches and improved the first draft of the manuscript. Authors AN and SN also contributed in literature search and improved the manuscript. Author AK designed and supervised the study, gave instructions to all the co-authors, contributed in adding recent references and finalized the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/BJI/2020/v24i430107 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Khouloud M. Barakat, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Egypt. Reviewers: (1) R. A. Ilyas, Universiti Putra, Malaysia. (2) Ingridy Dayane dos Santos Silva, Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/57885 Received 27 March 2020 Mini-review Article Accepted 04 June 2020 Published 18 June 2020 ABSTRACT Bio-plastics are either bio-based polymers or capable of degradation into simple compounds. The rising development in the production and use of bio-plastics has globally revolutionized the dependency on traditional plastics. The conventional plastics prepared from petroleum, coal and natural gas have been extensively used by humans since antiquity as a prime component of almost all the materials used in day to day life. Since, these plastics are non-biodegradable; they cause serious impact on the environment. Recent years have witnessed the introduction of a wide variety of bio-plastics derived from natural polymers such as starch, cellulose, chitin etc. These bio-plastics are now being utilised in packaging materials, electronics, medical devices; holding immense potential for utility in future. This mini-review confers about types of bio-plastics, their utility in different sectors and their future prospective. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Shah et al.; BJI, 24(4): 1-10, 2020; Article no.BJI.57885 Keywords: Bio-plastics; biodegradable plastics; starch; cellulose; protein; lipid; green polyethylene; polyhydroxyalkanoates; polylactic acid. 1. INTRODUCTION atmosphere after 30 years. It is equivalent to emissions by nearly 600 coal plants of 500 Conventional plastics such as polypropylene megawatts capacity [7]. (PP), polyethylene (PE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) prepared from Currently, bio-plastics represent only one percent non-renewable petroleum oil; not only take of the 335 million tons of plastic produced several decades for decomposition, but are also annually. According to reports, the global bio- responsible for production of toxins during plastics production capacity is set to increase up degradation [1]. With the growing human to nearly 2.6 mega tons by 2023 [8]. Several population, there is heavy accumulation of solid multinational companies have already begun non-decomposable stuffs on the earth, of which, using bio-plastics. There are reports that superfluous accumulation of plastics has become sneakers and bricks are being manufactured/ a major concern globally [2]. planned using corn stuff and sugar-cane by Reebok and Lego, respectively. Similarly, bio- Considering ill-effects of traditional plastics, it is plastic bottles are also being used by renowned being realized to search their effective soft drink companies. The need of the hour is to substitutes (bio-plastics) which possess similar switch towards eco-friendly manufacturing and physico-chemical properties compared to petro- utilization of plastics for a greener and healthier based plastics. Bio-plastics are made from bio- future. Assessing the need of bio-plastics, work based materials like polysaccharides, lipids and is in progress in our laboratory on isolation of also proteins capable of degradation in the polyhydroxyalkanoates producing bacteria. In the environment [3]. Alternatively, bio-plastics can be present review, an attempt has been made to derived from natural biopolymers which are describe the research work being carried out for synthesized and catabolised by various different types of bio-plastics, their microorganisms [4]. However, one of the major utility/applications in various sectors and challenges faced by these polymers is to hold the economics involved. Besides, a comparative strength and other properties as of petroleum account of traditional plastics and bio-plastics based plastics in addition to have the capability and the present status of commercial production to degrade in a shorter time and non-toxic to of various types of bio-plastics have been humans. discussed. 2. FEW REPORTS CITING DREAD- 3. TYPES OF BIO-PLASTICS FUL EFFECTS OF PETRO-BASED In 1850, a British chemist created plastic using PLASTICS cellulose derived by wood pulp which was termed as bio-plastic. In the later years, plastics As reported in Green Biz, Plastics will account for produced from soybean oil were tested as an more than a third of the global growth of oil alternative to fossil based plastics [9]. Since then, demand by 2030 and nearly half by 2050 even much interest is being exhibited for more than trucks, aviation and shipping manufacturing of plastics from plant derived combined [5]. materials owing to rising environmental concerns Most of the marine debris deposited so far on the pollution caused by plastics. The comprises of non-biodegradable plastics which European Bio-plastics Organization has further breakdown into smaller pieces. Long term classified plastics into different families as durability, low cost, and malleability has outlined in Fig. 1. Bio-plastics can be defined as encouraged the use of plastics for more and a family of materials with varying properties more consumers and industrial products [6]. chiefly derived from bio-based materials and must get degraded fully into CO2, H2O and other It has been predicted that if plastic production inorganic substances [10]. Demand for pro- and use grows at the current rate, then by 2030, nature materials is increasing day by day and an the greenhouse gas emissions will reach to an annual growth rate of 10 to 20% is being alarming level up to the extent of total emissions expected [11]. Bio-plastics derived from by nearly 300 coal based power plants. With biodegradable polymers are broadly either plant traditional non-degradable plastics, there may be based polymers viz. protein, cellulose, starch and 9 emission of nearly 3 x 10 tons of CO2 in the chitin, or microbes derived polyesters like 2 Shah et al.; BJI, 24(4): 1-10, 2020; Article no.BJI.57885 polyhydroxyalkanoates. However, some of the plastics and their importance in sustainable plastics like PET, PA, PTT can be made from packaging. petroleum (fossil-based) as well as renewable resources such as biomass [12]. 3.2 Cellulose-based Plastics 3.1 Starch-based Bio-plastics Cellulose is known to be one of the most In recent times, thermoplastic starch has become abundantly available natural polymers and is one of the most widely used bio-plastic covering obtained from wood pulp or cotton linters by nearly 50 percent of the bio-plastics market [13]. delignification. For preparing cellulose bio- Starch is one of the abundant polysaccharide plastics, cellulose esters like cellulose acetate, present on earth synthesized by plants as an nitrocellulose and their derivatives, and celluloid energy storage material. Corn is the main cash are mostly used [17,18]. Some of the cellulosic crop enriched in starch and grown globally [14]. derivatives like hydroxypropyl cellulose, Pure starch has ability to absorb humidity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose andcarboxymethyl promoting its use for producing drug capsules in cellulose are used to form films or edible the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, coatings [19]. flexibilisers and plasticisers such as sorbitol and glycerol can be easily added to starch to create a 3.3 Chitosan-based Plastics diverse range of products having varying characteristics [9]. Chitin is a polysaccharide having N-acetyl glucosaminyl moieties linked through β-1, 4 In the present trend, blending of starch is done linkages. It occurs mainly in skeletons of with other bio-polymers like polylactic acid, invertebrates like arthropods and has also been polycaprolactone or polybutyleneadipate-co- reported in the cell wall of various fungi including terephthalate to prepare bio-plastics [15]. The yeast. At commercial level, it is extracted from plasticware are being manufactured on the prawns and crab wastes using chemical commercial scale out of these starchy blends methods. Chitosan obtained from deacetylation and the same have been found to be of chitin can form films without addition of any degradable.
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