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Dissertation DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Die völkerrechtliche Klassifizierung von bewaffneten Konflikten und deren Auswirkung auf die Planung und Durchführung militärischer Operationen“ Verfasser Mag. iur. Karl EDLINGER angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften (Dr. iur.) Wien, 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 783 101 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Rechtswissenschaften Betreuer: Prof. MMag. Dr. August REINISCH, LL.M. Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis .................................................................................. iii 1 Einleitung ................................................................................................. 1 2 Einführung in das humanitäre Völkerrecht ........................................... 7 3 Rechtsquellen des humanitären Völkerrechts ................................... 10 3.1 Die Genfer Abkommen und deren Zusatzprotokolle ............................................ 14 3.1.1 Anwendungsbereich der Genfer Abkommen und der Zusatzprotokolle ........... 18 3.1.1.1 Erklärte Kriege .............................................................................................. 21 3.1.1.2 Internationale bewaffnete Konflikte .............................................................. 23 3.1.1.3 Militärische Besetzung .................................................................................. 31 3.1.1.4 Bewaffnete Konflikte, die keinen internationalen Charakter haben.............. 39 3.1.1.5 Klassische Bürgerkriege ................................................................................ 46 3.1.1.6 Nationale Befreiungskriege ........................................................................... 53 3.2 Sonstige humanitätsrechtliche Abkommen und ihre Anwendungsbereiche ......... 59 3.2.1 Die Haager Abkommen von 1899 und 1907 ..................................................... 60 3.2.2 Abkommen zum Schutz von Kulturgut ............................................................. 64 3.2.3 Abkommen über Beschränkungen von Kriegsmitteln ...................................... 70 3.3 Die Dichotomie bewaffneter Konflikte ................................................................ 76 3.4 Humanitäres Völkergewohnheitsrecht .................................................................. 80 3.4.1 Ziel, Methode und Organisation der IKRK-Studie ........................................... 83 3.4.2 Ergebnisse der IKRK-Studie ............................................................................. 85 3.4.3 Bewertung und Kritik der IKRK Studie ............................................................ 88 3.5 Menschenrechte und humanitäres Völkerrecht ..................................................... 92 3.5.1 Alternativer oder kumulativer Ansatz ............................................................... 93 3.5.2 Die exterritoriale Geltung von Menschenrechten ............................................. 98 3.5.3 Die US-Position vor und nach dem 11. September 2001 ................................ 103 4 Gesetze und Gebräuche in bewaffneten Konflikten ......................... 106 4.1 Gesetze und Gebräuche in internationalen bewaffneten Konflikten .................. 107 4.1.1 Rechtsstatus von Personen in internationalen bewaffneten Konflikten .......... 108 4.1.1.1 Kombattantenstatus ..................................................................................... 108 4.1.1.2 Kriegsgefangenenstatus ............................................................................... 115 4.1.1.3 Sanitäts- und Seelsorgepersonal .................................................................. 117 4.1.1.4 Zivilpersonen und Zivilbevölkerung ........................................................... 119 4.1.2 Kampfführungsrecht in internationalen bewaffneten Konflikten ................... 122 4.1.2.1 Mittel der Kampfführung............................................................................. 122 4.1.2.2 Heimtücke und Missbrauch von Schutzzeichen .......................................... 123 4.1.2.3 Geschützte Personen und Objekte ............................................................... 125 4.1.2.4 Gegner hors de combat und Befehl, kein Pardon zu geben......................... 127 4.1.2.5 Militärische Ziele und Vorsichtsmaßnahmen bei Angriffen ....................... 129 4.2 Gesetze und Gebräuche im besetzten Gebiet ...................................................... 132 4.2.1 Rechte und Pflichten der Besatzungsmacht .................................................... 133 ii Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.2.2 Widerstand im besetzten Gebiet ...................................................................... 138 4.3 Gesetze und Gebräuche in nicht-internationalen bewaffneten Konflikten ......... 142 4.3.1 Rechtsstatus von Personen in nicht-internationalen bewaffneten Konflikten . 143 4.3.2 Kampfführungsrecht in nicht internationalen bewaffneten Konflikten .......... 149 5 Sonderformen der bewaffneten Konflikte ......................................... 153 5.1 Humanitäres Völkerrecht und Einsätze der Vereinten Nationen ........................ 154 5.1.1 Bindung der Vereinten Nationen an das humanitäre Völkerrecht .................. 156 5.1.2 Einsätze, die von den Vereinten Nationen autorisiert sind ............................. 160 5.1.3 Von den Vereinten Nationen geführte Einsätze .............................................. 162 5.1.3.1 Peacekeeping ............................................................................................... 165 5.1.3.2 Peace Enforcement ...................................................................................... 170 5.1.3.3 Die Verwaltung von Krisengebieten durch die Vereinten Nationen ........... 173 5.2 Humanitäres Völkerrecht und Kampf gegen den Terrorismus ........................... 175 5.2.1 Terrorismus und ius ad bellum ........................................................................ 178 5.2.2 Humanitätsrechtliche Klassifizierung des „Global War On Terrorism“ ....... 180 5.2.2.1 Klassifizierung der terroristischen Anschläge vom 11. Sept. 2001 ............. 182 5.2.2.2 Klassifizierung der Operation Enduring Freedom ...................................... 184 5.2.2.3 Klassifizierung des Zweiten Libanonkriegs ................................................ 187 5.2.2.4 Rechtsstatus der Individuen im „Global War On Terrorism“ .................... 189 5.2.2.5 Problematik der gezielten Tötungen ............................................................ 192 5.3 Humanitäres Völkerrecht und Kampf gegen organisierte Kriminalität .............. 196 6 Planung und Durchführung militärischer Operationen ................... 200 6.1 Führungsebenen und Streitkräfteeinsatz ............................................................. 201 6.2 Militärisches Führungsverfahren ........................................................................ 203 6.2.1 Orientierung und Lagebild .............................................................................. 204 6.2.2 Analyse der Absicht der übergeordneten Führung und des Auftrags ............. 206 6.2.3 Entscheidungsfindung und Planung der Durchführung .................................. 208 6.2.4 Befehlsgebung ................................................................................................. 209 6.2.4.1 Einsatzrichtlinien (Rules of Engagement) ................................................... 211 6.2.4.2 Taschenkarte (Soldier Card) ........................................................................ 214 6.2.4.3 Targeting-Prozess ........................................................................................ 216 6.2.5 Durchführung, Kontrolle und Neubeurteilung der Lage ................................. 217 7 Der Luftangriff bei Kunduz ................................................................. 220 7.1 Prüfung der Konfliktsituation in der Provinz Kunduz ........................................ 222 7.2 Auswirkung der Konfliktsituation auf militärische Operationen........................ 227 8 Zusammenfassung .............................................................................. 231 9 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................ 235 10 Anhang ................................................................................................. 263 10.1 Abstract ........................................................................................................... 263 10.2 Lebenslauf ....................................................................................................... 267 Abkürzungsverzeichnis AAP Allied Administrative Publication AB Ausschussbericht AJP Allied Joint Publication ANC African National Congress AUMF Authorisation to Use Military Force AuslEG Auslandseinsatzgesetz AVR Archiv des Völkerrechts BGBl. Bundesgesetzblatt BR Bundesrat CDDH Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts CIA Central Intelligence Agency COA Courses of Action CONOPS Concept of Operation DB Decision Brief DoD Department of Defence EMRK Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention EOKA Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (griechisch-zypriotische Widerstandsbewegung) EuGRZ Europäische Grundrechtezeitung FM Field Manual FMLN Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (Nationale Befreiungsfront in El Salvador) Fn. Fußnote FRAGO Fragmentary Order GA General Assembly GP Gesetzgebungsperiode GTEP Georgia Train and Equip Program GWOT Global War On Terror (Terrorism)
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