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Experimental Poisoning by Baccharis Megapotamica Var. Weirii in Buffalo

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Experimental Poisoning by Baccharis Megapotamica Var. Weirii in Buffalo Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 01, 2021 Experimental poisoning by Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii in buffalo Oliveira-Filho, José C.; Carmo, Priscila M.S.; Iversen, Anita; Nielsen, Kristian Fog; Barros, Claudio S. L. Published in: Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira Publication date: 2012 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Oliveira-Filho, J. C., Carmo, P. M. S., Iversen, A., Nielsen, K. F., & Barros, C. S. L. (2012). Experimental poisoning by Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii in buffalo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 32(5), 383-390. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 32(5):383‐390, maio 2012 Experimental poisoning by Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii in buffalo1 José C. Oliveira‐Filho2, Priscila M.S. Carmo2, Anita Iversen3, Kristian F. Nielsen3 and Claudio S.L. Barros4* ABSTRACT.‐ Oliveira‐Filho J.C., Carmo P.M.S., Iversen A., Nielsen K.F. & Barros C.S.L. 2012. Ex­ perimental poisoning by Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii in buffalo. Pesquisa Vete­ rinária Brasileira 32(5):383­390. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105‐900, Brazil. e‐mail: [email protected] Five male 6‐8 month‐old Murrah buffalo calves were orally dosed with the fresh aerial parts of Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii at doses of 1, 3, 4, 5 and 10g/kg body weight (bw) (~1‐10mg macrocyclic trichothecenes/kg/bw). The B. megapotamica used for the experiment was harvested on a farm where a recent spontaneous outbreak of poisoning caused by such plant had occurred. Clinical signs appeared 4‐20 hours and 4 buffaloes died 18‐49 hours after the ingestion of the plant. Clinical signs were apathy, anorexia, and watery diarrhea, fever, colic, drooling, muscle tremors, restlessness, laborious breathing !"#$%&'("!)$!*+",-$!"#$#./,#%!*(+"0$1/.$'+2*$3+"2(2*."*$4%+22$5("#("42$6.%.$%.2*%(3*.#$ to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract consisted of varying degrees of edema and reddening of */.$'&3+2!$+7$*/.$7+%.2*+'!3/0$8(2*+9!*/+)+4(3!)$5("#("42$3+"2(2*.#$+7$:!%,("4$#.4%..2$+7$ necrosis of the epithelial lining of the forestomach and of lymphocytes within lymphoid organs and aggregates. Fibrin thrombi were consistently found in sub‐mucosal vessels of the forestomach and in the lumen of hepatic sinusoids. It is suggested that dehydration, septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation participate in the pathogenesis of the intoxication and play a role as a cause of death. A subsample of B. megapotamica var. weirii was frozen‐dried and ground and analyzed using UHPLC (Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography) with high resolution Time of Flight mass spectrometry and tan‐ dem mass spectrometry, it was shown that the plant material contained at least 51 diffe‐ rent macrocyclic trichothecenes at a total level of 1.1‐1.2mg/g. About 15‐20% of the total trichothecenes contents was found to be monosaccharide conjugates, with two thirds of these being glucose conjugates and one third constituted by six aldopentose conjugates (probably xylose), which has never been reported in the literature. INDEX TERMS: Poisonous plants, Baccharis megapotamica, buffalo, experimental plant poisoning, necrosis in forestomach, lymphoid tissue necrosis, macrocyclic trichothecenes, chemical analysis. 1 Received on December 12, 2011. RESUMO.­ [Intoxicação experimental por Baccharis me­ Accepted for publication on December 29, 2011. gapotamica var. weirii em búfalos.] As partes aéreas ver‐ Part of the Doctoral Thesis of the senior author. Part of this study was des de Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii foram adminis‐ carried out in the Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Rural, of the Federal tradas oralmente a cinco búfalos da raça Murrah de 6‐8 University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba. During a 12‐month fello‐ 62/(9$4%!"*.#$*+$*/.$5(%2*$!&*/+%$;,$*/.$<%+4%!'$+"$=3!#.'(3$3+))!;+%!‐ meses de idade nas doses de 1, 3, 4, 5 e 10g/kg de peso tion (PROCAD‐NF) from CAPES. And the costs of the present publication corporal (pc) (~1‐10mg de tricotecenos macrocíclicos/kg/ were covered by the same source. pc). A planta usada no experimento foi colhida numa fazen‐ 2 Post‐Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Major in Veterinary da onde um surto recente de intoxicação espontânea por Pathology, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105‐900, Brasil. essa planta havia ocorrido. Nos búfalos deste experimento, 3 Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Institute for Systems Biology, Te‐ os sinais clínicos apareceram 4‐20 horas e 4 búfalos morre‐ chnical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK‐2800 Kgs. ram 18‐49 horas após a ingestão da planta. Os sinais clíni‐ Lyngby, Denmark. cos consistiram de apatia, anorexia, diarreia aquosa, febre, 4 Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Cen‐ tro de Ciências da Saúde, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS 97105‐900. Pesquisador cólica, salivação, tremores musculares, inquietação, respi‐ 1A do CNPq. *Corresponding author: [email protected] ração laboriosa, atonia ruminal e desidratação. Os achados 383 384 José C. Oliveira‐Filho et al. macroscópicos mais consistentes estavam restritos ao tra‐ B. coridifolia and the two varieties of B. megapotamica cau‐ to gastrointestinal (GI) e consistiram de graus variados de se a severe acute poisoning in livestock characterized by edema e avermelhamento da mucosa dos pré‐estômagos. degeneration and necrosis of the epithelial lining of gas‐ Os achados histopatológicos consistiam de vários graus de trointestinal tract and necrosis of lymphocytes in lymph necrose do epitélio de revestimento dos pré‐estômagos e nodes, spleen, tonsils, and several lymphoid aggregates de linfócitos em agregados e órgãos linfoides. Trombos de (Tokarnia & Döbereiner 1975, Tokarnia et al. 1992, Barros 5(;%("!$7+%!'$3+"2(2*."*.'."*.$."3+"*%!#+2$"+2$:!2+2$#!$ 1998, Varaschin et. al. 1998, Varaschin & Alessi 2003). B. submucosa dos pré‐estômagos e na luz dos sinusoides he‐ megapotamica (Kupchan et al. 1977) B. coridifolia, (Busam páticos. É sugerido que desidratação, septicemia e coagu‐ & Habermehl 1982, Habermehl et al.1985) and B. artemi­ lação intravascular disseminada participem da patogênese sioides (Rizzo et al. 1997) contain a series of potent cyto‐ da intoxicação e sejam fatores responsáveis pela morte toxic agents belonging to the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic dos animais afetados pela intoxicação. Uma subamostra de trichothecene complex previously believed to be produced B. megapotamica var. weirii foi congelada a seco, moída e only by fungi (Jarvis et al. 1996). In the case of B. megapo­ !"!)(2!#!$&2!"#+$>8<?@$A@%+'!*+4%!5(!$?BC&(#!$#.$>)*%!$ tamica, the macrocyclic trichothecenes accumulate in the Alta Performance) com espectrometria de tempo‐de‐vôo plant as baccharinoids ( B1, B2, B3, B4 etc.), roridins inclu‐ de alta resolução e espectrometria de massa em tandem. ding their glycosides, and miotoxins (Jarvis et al. 1996). To Foi demonstrado que o material de planta analisado con‐ date, no macrocyclic trichothecenes have been detected in tinha pelo menos 51 tricotecenos macrocíclicos diferentes B. halimifolia, B. pteronioides, or B. glomerulifolia. num nível total de 1,1‐1,2mg/g. Cerca de 15‐20% do con‐ Spontaneous poisoning by B. coridifolia occurs fre‐ teúdo total de tricotecenos eram conjugados de monossa‐ quently in cattle (Rissi et al. 2005) occasionally in sheep carídeos, sendo dois terços desses, conjugados de glicose e (Rozza et al. 2006) and rarely in horses (Alda et al. 2009) um terço constituídos por seis conjugados de aldopentose Isolated reports of spontaneous outbreaks involving B. me­ (provavelmente xilose), o que nunca tinha sido antes rela‐ gapotamica var. weirii have been reported in cattle (Drie‐ tado na literatura. meier et al. 2000) sheep (Pedroso et al. 2010) and buffaloes TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO: Plantas tóxicas, Baccharis megapota­ (Oliveira‐Filho et al. 2011). There are also some anecdotal mica, búfalo, intoxicação experimental por planta, necrose dos accounts of spontaneous toxicosis by B. megapotamica var. pré‐estômagos, necrose do tecido linfoide, tricotecenos macrocí‐ weirii in cattle. Typically, the toxicosis in livestock occurs clicos, análise química. when naïve animals raised in areas free of Baccharis spp. are transferred to pastures infested by the plant. The sus‐ INTRODUCTION ceptibility increases considerably if the animals are subjec‐ The Baccharis genus (Asteraceae: tribe Asteraceae) inclu‐ ted to such stress factors as fatigue, hunger, or thirst (Bar‐ des nearly 500 species. All are found in the New World with ros 1998). Interestingly, cattle that are raised in pastures the exception of B. halimifolia, which was introduced into where Baccharis spp. exist will graze it very rarely if ever, Australia from the United States (Jarvis et al. 1991). This although in the case of B. megapotamica var. weirii there are species is suspected of poisoning cattle in both countries anecdotal accounts that particularly hungry cattle familiar (Everist 1981) and proved toxic when administered expe‐ with the plant, may, on occasion, ingest it and get poisoned. rimentally to chicks (Duncan et al. 1957). B. glomerulifolia, A recent outbreak of B. megapotamica var. weirii poiso‐ another North American species, was experimentally toxic ning in buffalo diagnosed at our laboratory (Oliveira‐Filho to mice and chicks (Duncan et al. 1957), and B. pteronioi­ et al.
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