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Studies on Traditional Phytotherapy of Koch Community in the South Salmara-Mankachar District of Assam, India

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Studies on Traditional Phytotherapy of Koch Community in the South Salmara-Mankachar District of Assam, India Plant Archives Vol. 19 No. 1, 2019 pp. 83-91 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 STUDIES ON TRADITIONAL PHYTOTHERAPY OF KOCH COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTH SALMARA-MANKACHAR DISTRICT OF ASSAM, INDIA Hemen Chandra Majumdar1*, Niranjan Roy2 and Devpratim Koch3 1Department of Botany, B. Borooah College, Guwahati (Assam), India. 2Department of Botany, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong (Meghalaya), India. 3Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura (Assam), India. Abstract Present paper deals with the use of indigenous plants for phytotherapy practiced by the Koch community of South Salmara- Mankachar district, Assam. Field survey was carried out in all the villages of the district inhabited by Koch community. This paper provides information about 70 folklore medicinal plant species belonging to 65 angiospermic genera of 41 families. Further analysis of data revealed that leaves were used in the majority of cases for herbal medicine preparation (35 species), followed by roots (7 species), fruits (6 species), seeds (5 species) bark and stems (4 species) each, rhizome and flower (3 species) each, whole plant and cloves (1 species) each respectively. All the plant parts tested positive for the presence of alkaloids. Key words : Phytotherapy, Koch community, South Salmara-Mankachar district, Alkaloids. Introduction geographical boundaries, there are several groups of In spite of enormous progress in modern medical Koches viz., Wanang, Harigaiya, Satpari, Chapra or system, about 80% of the world population still depends Dasgaiya, Tintikiya, Banai and Sankar Koch. This on traditional systems of medicine for primary health care, community also prevails in the state of Meghalaya, which is yet again true in the Indian scenario (Anonymous, Manipur, Tripura, North Bengal Bangkura in West Bengal, 2002). North-Eastern region comprising primitive societies Purnia in Bihar and in Chittagong and Noahkali of like Abor, Garo, Dafla, Khasi, Kuki, Mishi, Rabha, Koch, Bangladesh (Jaganathan, 2002). This Koch community Naga, Apatani etc. are rich in traditional knowledge and of the district has its own culture, traditions, language, have been practicing traditional healing system since time belief and practice of using forest products as food and immemorial (Biswas and Chopra, 1982; Jamir, 1989, 1990; other daily requirements. Naturally, they have plenty of Jamir and Rao, 1990; Pandey and Issar, 1991; Mahanti, knowledge about medicinal plants and their utilization. 1994; Sinha, 1996; Lalramnghinglova, 1996; Kharkongor An attempt has been made to document the age old and Joseph, 1997; Kumar, 2002; Sharma, 2004; Das and traditional healing practices of the community for Tag, 2006; Shankar and Rawat, 2008, 2012; Shankar et treatment of various diseases and findings of survey and al., 2009; Shankar and Devalla, 2012; Majumdar and analysis are discussed in this study. Shyam, 2013; Majumdar et al., 2017). Materials and Methods Koch community of South Salmara-Mankachar Description of the study area district of Assam, recognized as other backward classes South Salmara-Mankachar district is an administrative (OBC) of the state. The term Koch is derived from the district in the state of Assam. The district headquarter is word “kochimuchi” meaning shrinkage due to shame. located at Hatsingimari town. The total land area of South On the basis of cultural and dialectal variations and Salmara-Mankachar district is 568 sq. km. The coordinates of the district are 25.680 N latitude and 89.980 *Author for correspondence : E-mail: [email protected] 84 Hemen Chandra Majumdar et al. Map of Assam Map of South Salmara Mankachar district. E longitude. The population of the district according to following Jain and Rao (1977). Identification of herbaria 2011 census is 5,55,114. The study was carried out in was done in the Department of Botany, B. Borooah nine villages namely Adarsha-Manjurigaon, Baghapara, College, Guwahati and voucher specimens were deposited Gopalpur, Tongnapara, Pakrapara, Makrikola, Tanggaon, in the department. Birupara and Batapara inhabited by Koch community. Biochemical analysis Ethnobotanical data collection Plant samples were dried and powdered. It was The study was done during August, 2016 to July, 2018 moistened with distilled water and then mixed with in South Salmara-Mankachar district of Assam. In the ammonia. Thereafter, petroleum ether was added to the study, aged people, who have been practicing medicine, mixture and shaken. The extract was concentrated and called as kabiraj, hojai, pankur hawni or jaba hawni of shaken with equal amount of dil. H2SO4. The mixture Koch community were interviewed throughout the was separated into two layers with a separating funnel. district. The data gathered were verified by repeated The collected acidic solution was made alkaline by adding quarries among local herbalists in order to authenticate sodium carbonate (Na2CO 2). The precipitate was the information (Cochran and Cornfield, 1951; Jain, 1989; extracted in ethanol. Later, the presence of alkaloids in Martin, 1995). A specially designed questionnaire was the plant parts was tested by Mayer’s reagent, prepared for the survey of the local health practices Dragendorff’s reagent and Wegner’s reagent prevailing in the study area, which included most relevant (Buzarbarua, 2000). questions to obtain data for fulfillment of the objectives of the present work. Information about ethnomedicinal Results and Discussion uses, vernacular name of the plants, plant parts used, Traditional medicine is very popular and useful among formulation and preparation of recipes, dose regimen, the people of Koch community of South Salmara- duration and mode of administration were sought from Mankachar district of Assam since ancient times. The the local healers. Every informant was visited two to traditional medicines have a very strong hold on the local three times in order to confirm the reliability of the population. So far no proper attempt has been made to ethnobotanical information. Information provided by explore the possibilities to get the knowledge from the informants that lack consistency were rejected and they local herbalists belonging to Koch community of South were not included in the sample. Specimens of the Salmara-Mankachar district of Assam. During the reported medicinal plants were collected from the study investigation about 70 folklore medicinal plant species site. Collection and preparation of herbaria were done belonging to 65 Angiospermic genera of 41 families were Table 1 :List of plants showing botanical name and family, vernacular name, name of disease, plant parts used, mode of administration and test for alkaloids (+ve means presence of alkaloids). S. Botanical name Vernacular Name of disease Plant Parts Mode of administration Test for no. and Family name used alkaloid Traditional Phytotherapy Traditional of Koch Community in South Salmara-Mankachar District of Assam, India. 1. Achyranthes aspera L. Kachipha pan Labour pain & Roots The plant is pulled out of the soil in one breadth taking the name of the + ve (Amaranthaceae) parturition pregnant women. The roots that come out are tied to the sikha (hair) of the women with a thread. It should be removed immediately after delivery. 2. Aegle marmelos (L.) Nono thai pan Hypersexual Leaves Single leaf is taken regularly in empty stomach. + ve Correa. (Rutaceae) disorder 3. Ageratum conyzoides L. Guwal pan Cuts Leaves The leaves are crushed in the palm along with saliva and applied onto + ve (Asteraceae) the affected area. 4. Allium sativum L. Rosun Eczema Cloves Small bit of black grease from kitchen wall is mixed with 3 cloves of + ve (Amaryllidaceae) Allium sativum along with a pinch of salt and applied on the affected area. 5. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Dhekikanchan Nocturnal Leaves Leaf juice is taken orally for 1 week. + ve (Xanthorrhoeaceae) emission 6. Alstonia scholaris (L.) Satiyal pan Cat bite or Dog Bark Juice of the bark is taken orally. + ve R. Br. (Apocynaceae) bite 7. Andrographis paniculata Panekneem Diabetes Leaves Leaf paste is made into small balls and taken regularly. + ve (Burnm. f) Ness. (Acanthaceae) 8. Asparagus officinalis L. Sotmul Body weakness Roots Root extract is mixed with a glass of water and regularly taken for a weak. + ve (Asparagaceae) 9. Averrhoa carambola L. Kamrenga Headache Fruits Fruit is crushed and the paste is applied on the forehead. + ve (Oxalidaceae) 10. Azadirachta indica A. Neem teeta Cuts and Leaves Leaves dried in shade is powdered and applied on the affected area. + ve Juss. (Meliaceae) wounds 11. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Bramhi Increasing Leaves Leaf juice is taken orally on regular basis. + ve Wettst (Plantaginaceae) memory power 12. Bauhinia variegate L. Kanchan pan Epistaxis Bark Bark juice is taken twice daily until cure. + ve (Fabaceae) 13. Bryophyllum pinnatum Khodai-mosto Kidney stone Leaves ½ of the leaf is chewed and taken orally on regular basis. + ve (Lam.) Oken. (Crassulaceae) 14. Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Paykong Pan Jaundice Leaves Leaf infusion in taken orally. + ve (Fabaceae) Table 1 continued... 85 86 Table 1 continued... 15. Calotropis procera Ankon Toe pain Leaves One leaf is placed on a heated earthen pot and the toe is placed on it for + ve (Aiton.) Dryand. a while. (Apocynaceae) 16. Capsicum annuum L. Akashi jhaluk Scabies Fruits Fruit paste is applied regularly on the affected part. + ve (Solanaceae) 17. Carica papaya L. Madhumut-ha Cat bite Latex Latex is applied on the affected area. + ve (Caricaceae) 18. Catharanthus roseus (L) Cheramara a) Low memory Roots 3 drops of root extract is mixed with 10 drops of honey and taken regularly + ve G. Don, (Apocynaceae) every morning in empty stomach. b) Diabetes Leaves 3-4 leaves are chewed in the morning in empty stomach along with a glass of water. 19. Cheilocostus speciosus Kewa pan Urinary pain Rhizome Juice extracted from the rhizome is mixed with little sugar and taken + ve Hemen Hemen Chandra Majumdar (J.Koenig.) C.D.Specht. orally. (Costaceae) 20. Cissus quadrangularis L. Haathjora pan Bone fracture Stems Paste prepared from the swollen stem is applied on the broken part and + ve (Vitaceae) it is repeated for 7 days.
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