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Dokorarbeit 06.04.2010 Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist an der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at). The approved original version of this thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/englweb/). DISSERTATION Die Farbe im Bauen – einige kultur- und architekturhistorische Anmerkungen ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin/eines Doktors der technischen Wissenschaften unter der Leitung von Ao. Univ. Prof. Dr. phil. Sabine Plakolm E251/3 Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Bauforschung und Denkmalpflege eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien Fakultät für Architektur und Raumplanung von Dipl.- Ing. Ivana Godjevac, MSc Matr. Nr.: 0025057 Kaiserstraße 86/2/14-15, A-1070 Wien Wien, am 24.03.2010 Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Kultur- und Architekturgeschichte der Farbe im und am Bau, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Farbverwendung in der Architektur des 20. Jahrhunderts. Im Fokus dieser Ausarbeitung steht die Fragestellung, wie im Verlauf der Menschheitsentwicklung und später der Architekturgeschichte in historisch überlieferten Zeiten bis unmittelbar in die Gegenwart hinein die farbliche Gestaltung von Gebäuden und Häusern ästhetisch wie psychisch und physisch auf den Menschen einwirkt. Bislang ist die Farbgestaltung von architektonischen Gebilden noch nicht intensiv erforscht worden; diese Studie soll einen Beitrag zur Schließung dieser Forschungslücke liefern. Farbeffekte entstehen oft aus dem Kontrast zwischen dem Monochromen und dem Polychromen; dies wird u. a. an Beispielen aus dem 20. Jahrhundert exemplifiziert, wobei auch immer der Zusammenhang zwischen Farbgebung, Formgestaltung und Design betont wird. Ebenso wird im historischen Teil beschrieben, wie diese unterschiedlichen Gegensätze miteinander interagieren. Es ist Ziel dieser Arbeit, die Wirkungsweise dieser Interaktion detailliert zu analysieren. Als Ergebnis der Studie ist zu konstatieren, dass dann Farbkontraste am ehesten positive Auswirkungen auf die Psyche des Menschen ausüben, wenn zwar unterschiedlich verfahren wird, aber die Farbkontraste nicht als ästhetischer Selbstzweck betrachtet und damit übertrieben werden. Zu starke Gegensätze verunsichern eher und verkehren die positiven Effekte der Farbgestaltung auf die menschliche Psyche in ihr Gegenteil. Letzteres wirft die Frage auf, ob es Mindeststandards bei der Farbverwendung in der Architektur geben sollte; auf diese Fragestellung wird im Schlussteil dieses Werks gesondert eingegangen. Im Anhang ist zudem meine empirische Studie über die Wirkungen von Farben in Innenräumen auf die menschliche Psyche nachzulesen, wobei zu diesem Zweck Resultate der Wahrnehmungspsychologie summarisch referiert werden. Abstract The current project is a study about the role of colour and painting in architecture and its influence on human species. This involves the usage of colour concerning the interior design and outside concerning the cladding of buildings, but the focus is on the “outside aspects”. For this reason, this project deals with the cultural and architectural history of colour and painting, especially considering the usage of colour in the architecture of the 20th century. The main interest of the study is about the question, how in the history of the human species and later in the architectural history up to now the colour design of buildings and houses affects aesthetical, psychological and physical impressions on the human mind. Unfortunately, the colour design of architectural entities is hardly explored yet; this project intends to close this “exploration gap”. Colour effects are often originated by the contrast between the monochrome and the polychrome; this is shown f. e. at exemplars of colour design in the architecture of the 20th century. In this context, the relations between colour design and styling are accented. In the historical part, the several contrasts and how they interact with each other are described. The aim of this project is to analyse the effects of these contrasts between several colours and the dialectics of polychrome/monochrome. For this reason, the subjective, the autonomous and the analytical way of colour design in architecture are mentioned and investigated. A result of this study is, that colour contrasts have the most positive impacts on the psyche of the people, if there are contrasts, but are not seen as an end in itself in the eyes of the architects and the artists; in the latter case, they have a tendency toward exaggerations. Too strong contrasts make the recipients insecure; the positive effects cant over into the opposite. This implies the question, whether there must be minimum standards for the colour design in architecture. This question will be answered in the last part of this study. In the appendix of this study, you can find my study concerning the effects of colours in interior rooms on the human psyche; for this, the main results of the perception psychology are reported sweepingly. Danksagung Mein besonderer Dank gilt …… …… Frau Prof. Dr. phil. Sabine Plakolm, für die wissenschaftliche Betreuung und für Ihre unschätzbare fachliche Unterstützung bei der Durchführung der Arbeit. …… Frau Prof. Dr. techn. Dipl.-Ing. Caroline Jäger - Klein für die tatkräftige Unterstützung als Zweitgutachterin. …… Herrn Privatdozent Dr. phil. Sven Schneider, der mich bei der empirischen Studie, bei der Auswertung und deren Beschreibung begleitete. …… Meinen Eltern, DI. Prof. Jadranka Godjevac & Dkfm. Vladimir Godjevac, die mir diesen Weg des Studiums ermöglichten und die mir liebevolle, geistige und seelische Unterstützung gaben. …… Meinem Lebenspartner, Dr. Kiriakos Daniilidis, meiner Schwester, Sanja Godjevac, die mir allzeit mit ihrem positiven Glauben an mich hilfreich zur Seite standen. …… Meinem Familien- und Freundeskreis, die auf ihre Art und Weise sehr zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit beigetragen haben. Danke Meiner lieben Familie gewidmet. Inhaltsverzeichnis Kurzfassung ....................................................................................................................2 Abstract ....................................................................................................................3 Danksagung ....................................................................................................................4 Einleitung ....................................................................................................................7 1 Farbe und Mensch ...................................................................................14 1.1 Farbphysik .................................................................................................14 1.2 Die Grundlagen der visuellen Wahrnehmung der Farbe.............................20 1.3 Theorien des Farbsehens...........................................................................24 1.4 Die Entwicklung des Farbsehens beim Menschen......................................28 2 Farbe und Kultur ......................................................................................35 2.1 Gewinnung und Anwendung von Naturfarbstoffen .....................................41 2.2 Der Einsatz von Farbe auf dem Körper ......................................................53 2.3 Farben im Kontext......................................................................................63 2.3.1 Farben verbinden Völker und Kulturen.......................................................63 2.3.2 Farben und ihr symbolische und ihre religiöse Bedeutung .........................66 3 Farbe, Kultur und Architektur .................................................................78 3.1 Analogien und Disparitäten von Farbe in Kultur und Architektur.................78 3.2 Geschichtlicher Überblick über die Farbverwendung in der Architektur bis ins 20. Jahrhundert.....................................................................................86 3.3 Farbige Gestaltung in der Architektur des 20. Jahrhunderts.......................98 4 Farbgebung durch Architekten und Künstler ......................................106 4.1 Subjektiver Ansatz....................................................................................108 4.2 Analytischer Ansatz..................................................................................139 4.3 Autonomer Ansatz....................................................................................164 5 Schlussbemerkung................................................................................173 Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................................................178 Abbildungsverzeichnis....................................................................................................198 Anhang ................................................................................................................203 Fragebogen zum Thema „Farben in der Wohnung“....................................................203 Empirische Studie ......................................................................................................212 Lebenslauf ................................................................................................................236 Einleitung 7 Einleitung „Farbe ist ein ebenso kräftiges Mittel wie der Grundriss und der Schnitt.“ 1 Dieses Le Corbusier-Zitat beschreibt eine wichtige Erkenntnis, die jedoch in der Architekturgeschichte
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