King Richard III: Updated Edition Edited by Janis Lull Frontmatter More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73556-8 - King Richard III: Updated Edition Edited by Janis Lull Frontmatter More information

THE NEW CAMBRIDGE SHAKESPEARE

general editor Brian Gibbons

associate general editor A. R. Braunmuller, University of California, Los Angeles

From the publication of the ﬁrst volumes in 1984 the General Editor of the New Cambridge Shakespeare was Philip Brockbank and the Associate General Editors were Brian Gibbons and Robin Hood. From 1990 to 1994 the General Editor was Brian Gibbons and the Associate General Editors were A. R. Braunmuller and Robin Hood.

KING RICHARD III

King Richard III is one of Shakespeare’s most popular and frequently performed plays. Janis Lull’s introduction to this new edition, based on the First Folio, emphasises the play’s tragic themes – individual identity, determinism and choice – and stresses the importance of women’s roles in the play. It also underscores the special relationship between Richard III and Macbeth, demonstrating that the later tragedy re-examines issues raised in the earlier one. A thorough performance history of stage and ﬁlm versions of Richard III shows how the text has been cut, rewritten and reshaped by directors and actors to enhance the role of Richard at the expense of other parts, especially those of the women. This updated edition contains a new introductory section covering recent criticism and performances – including the RSC cycles of the history plays – of this perennially popular play. The notes deﬁne the play’s language in terms easily accessible to contemporary readers.

THE NEW CAMBRIDGE SHAKESPEARE

All’s Well That Ends Well, edited by Russell Fraser Antony and Cleopatra, edited by David Bevington As You Like It, edited by Michael Hattaway The Comedy of Errors,editedbyT.S.Dorsch Coriolanus, edited by Lee Bliss Cymbeline, edited by Martin Butler Hamlet, edited by Philip Edwards Julius Caesar, edited by Marvin Spevack King Edward III, edited by Giorgio Melchiori TheFirstPartofKingHenryIV, edited by Herbert Weil and Judith Weil The Second Part of King Henry IV, edited by Giorgio Melchiori King Henry V, edited by Andrew Gurr TheFirstPartofKingHenryVI, edited by Michael Hattaway The Second Part of King Henry VI, edited by Michael Hattaway The Third Part of King Henry VI, edited by Michael Hattaway King Henry VIII, edited by John Margeson King John,editedbyL.A.Beaurline The Tragedy of King Lear, edited by Jay L. Halio King Richard II, edited by Andrew Gurr King Richard III, edited by Janis Lull Love’s Labour’s Lost, edited by William C. Carroll Macbeth, edited by A. R. Braunmuller Measure for Measure, edited by Brian Gibbons The Merchant of Venice,editedbyM.M.Mahood The Merry Wives of Windsor, edited by David Crane A Midsummer Night’s Dream, edited by R. A. Foakes Much Ado About Nothing,editedbyF.H.Mares Othello, edited by Norman Sanders Pericles, edited by Doreen DelVecchio and Antony Hammond The Poems,editedbyJohnRoe Romeo and Juliet, edited by G. Blakemore Evans The Sonnets, edited by G. Blakemore Evans The Taming of the Shrew, edited by Ann Thompson The Tempest, edited by David Lindley Timon of Athens,editedbyKarlKlein Titus Andronicus, edited by Alan Hughes Troilus and Cressida, edited by Anthony B. Dawson Twelfth Night, edited by Elizabeth Story Donno The Two Gentlemen of Verona, edited by Kurt Schlueter The Two Noble Kinsmen, edited by Robert Kean Turner and Patricia Tatspaugh The Winter’s Tale, edited by Susan Snyder and Deborah T. Curren-Aquino

the early quartos The First Quarto of Hamlet, edited by Kathleen O. Irace The First Quarto of King Henry V, edited by Andrew Gurr The First Quarto of King Lear, edited by Jay L. Halio The First Quarto of King Richard III, edited by Peter Davison The First Quarto of Othello, edited by Scott McMillin The First Quarto of Romeo and Juliet, edited by Lukas Erne The Taming of a Shrew: The 1594 Quarto, edited by Stephen Roy Miller

KING RICHARD III Updated edition

Edited by JANIS LULL University of Alaska Fairbanks

University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom

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First published 1999 Updated edition 2009 876th printing 2015

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Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Shakespeare, William, 1564–1616. King Richard III / edited by Janis Lull. – Updated ed. p. cm. – (The new Cambridge Shakespeare) Includes bibliographical references. isbn 978-0-521-51474-3 1. Shakespeare, William, 1564–1616. King Richard III. 2. Richard III, King of England, 1452–1485 –Drama. 3. Great Britain – History – Richard III, 1483–1485 –Drama. I. Lull, Janis. II. Title. III. Series. pr2821.a2l85 2009 822.33 –dc22 2009004914

isbn 978-0-521-51474-3 Hardback isbn 978-0-521-73556-8 Paperback

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To David

CONTENTS

List of illustrations page viii Acknowledgements x List of abbreviations and conventions xi Introduction 1 History and meaning in Richard III 1 Richard III and Macbeth 16 Plot and language in Richard III 19 Richard III in performance 24 The audience in Richard III 40 Recent stage, ﬁlm and critical interpretations 41 Note on the text 52 List of characters 56 THE PLAY 61 Textual analysis 219 Appendix 1:Theq-only ‘clock’ passage 230 Appendix 2: The Plantagenet family tree 232 Reading list 234

vii

ILLUSTRATIONS

1 David Garrick in an engraving by William Hogarth (Folger Shakespeare Library) page 13 2 The Ghosts vanish. King Richard starts out of his Dream: an engraving of the dream scene (5.3) by Henry Fuseli (Folger Shakespeare Library) 15 3 The Two Murderers of the Duke of Clarence: a painting by Henry Fuseli (c. 1780–2) (Folger Shakespeare Library) 21 4 The Rival Richards or Sheakspear in Danger: a cartoon by William Heath (1818) (Folger Shakespeare Library) 27 5 Edwin Booth as Richard III, Boston, 1872, by Henry Linton after a work by John Hennessy (Folger Shakespeare Library) 29 6 Genevieve` Ward as Margaret of Anjou, c. 1896 (Folger Shakespeare Library) 30 7 Laurence Olivier as Richard III and Claire Bloom as Lady Anne in the film directed by Olivier (1955) (Metro Goldwyn Mayer/United Artists) 31 8 Frederick Warde as Richard III in the oldest surviving American feature film (1912) (American Film Institute) 33 9 Antony Sher as the ‘bottled spider’ in the Royal Shakespeare Company’s 1984 production of Richard III. Photograph: Joe Cocks Studio (Shakespeare Centre Library, Stratford-upon-Avon) 35 10 Simon Russell Beale as Richard III waits with Prince Edward (Kate Duchene)ˆ and Buckingham (Stephen Boxer) for the young Duke of York (Royal Shakespeare Company, 1992) (Shakespeare Centre Library) 37 11 David Troughton as Richard III plays jester to the court of Edward IV in the 1995 Royal Shakespeare Company production (Shakespeare Centre Library) 38 12 Ian McKellen as Richard III and Kristin Scott Thomas as Lady Anne in Richard Loncraine’s film adaptation set in the 1930s(1995) (Metro Goldwyn Mayer/United Artists) 40

viii

[ix] List of illustrations

13 Kenneth Branagh, Michael Jenn and Danny Webb in Richard III directed by Michael Grandage (Crucible Theatre, Shefﬁeld, 2002). Photograph: Ivan Kyncl. 42 14 Amber Allison and Henry Holden in the Nicu’s Spoon’s production of Richard III (Spoon Theater, New York, 2007). Photograph: Stephanie Barton-Farcas. 45

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to colleagues who have discussed King Richard III with me over the years, and to Georgianna Ziegler and the excellent staff of the Folger Shakespeare Library. The emphasis of this edition differs from earlier ones, but it also builds on the scholarship of the editors who came before me, especially Antony Hammond. My general editor, A. R. Braunmuller, has supported and gently corrected me every step of the way, and I could never have done it without him. I am also indebted to Paul Chipchase and Sarah Stanton for their careful attention to my work and tactful suggestions for making it better. Linda Shenk not only inspired me during our many conversations about King Richard III, but also contributed indispensably to this edition with her heroic work on the collations. I thank the University of Alaska Fairbanks for the chance to be Linda’s teacher, as well as for sabbatical leave support. The University of Oregon graciously allowed me faculty access to their libraries. Thomas Clayton ﬁrst taught me about scholarly editing and generously took time to comment on the early stages of this work. Linda Anderson, as always, acted as a friend and colleague throughout the project, catching me up on errors and stupidities large and small. Those that remain are nobody’s fault but my own. I am grateful to Peggy Shumaker, Allison Hawthorne Deming, and Stephanie Pearmain, as well as to the University of Arizona English Department and the University of Arizona Library for help in preparing the updated edition. Thanks again to Linda Anderson for reading everything twice.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

1. Shakespeare’s plays Shakespeare’s plays, when cited in this edition, are abbreviated in a style modiﬁed slightly from that used in the Harvard Concordance to Shakespeare. Other editions of Shakespeare are abbreviated under the editor’s surname (Rowe, Eccles) unless they are the work of more than one editor. In such cases, an abbreviated series title is used (Cam.). When more than one edition by the same editor is cited, later editions are discriminated with a raised ﬁgure (Collier2). All quotations from Shakespeare, except those from Richard III, use the lineation of The Riverside Shakespeare, under the general editorship of G. Blakemore Evans.

Ado Much Ado About Nothing Ant. Antony and Cleopatra AWW All’s Well That Ends Well AYLI As You Like It Cor. Coriolanus Cym. Cymbeline Err. The Comedy of Errors Ham. Hamlet 1H4 The First Part of King Henry the Fourth 2H4 The Second Part of King Henry the Fourth H5 King Henry the Fifth 1H6 The First Part of King Henry the Sixth 2H6 The Second Part of King Henry the Sixth 3H6 The Third Part of King Henry the Sixth H8 King Henry the Eighth JC Julius Caesar John King John LLL Love’s Labour’s Lost Lear King Lear Mac. Macbeth MM Measure for Measure MND A Midsummer Night’s Dream MV The Merchant of Venice Oth. Othello Per. Pericles R2 King Richard the Second R3 King Richard the Third Rom. Romeo and Juliet Shr. The Taming of the Shrew STM Sir Thomas More Temp. The Tempest

King Richard III [xii]

TGV The Two Gentlemen of Verona Tim. Timon of Athens Tit. Titus Andronicus TN Twelfth Night TNK The Two Noble Kinsmen Tro. Troilus and Cressida Wiv. The Merry Wives of Windsor WT The Winter’s Tale

2. Other works cited and general references Abbott E. A. Abbott, A Shakespearian Grammar, 3rd edn, 1870 (references are to numbered paragraphs) Adelman Janet Adelman, Suffocating Mothers: Fantasies of Maternal Origin in Shakespeare’s Plays, ‘Hamlet’ to ‘The Tempest’, 1992 Alexander Peter Alexander, Shakespeare’s ‘Henry VI’ and ‘Richard III’, 1929 Arber E. Arber, A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London 1554–1640, 5 vols., 1875–94 Barton and Hall John Barton and Peter Hall, The Wars of the Roses, 1970 Bentley G.E.Bentley,The Jacobean and Caroline Stage, 7 vols., 1941–68 Boswell-Stone W. G. Boswell-Stone, Shakespeare’s Holinshed: The Chronicle and the Historical Plays Compared, 1896 Braunmuller A. R. Braunmuller (ed.), Macbeth, 1997 (New Cambridge Shakespeare) Brewer E. C. Brewer, The Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1981 Bullough Geoffrey Bullough, Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare, 8 vols., 1957–75 Cam. Works, ed. William Aldis Wright, 9 vols., 1891–3 (Cambridge Shakespeare) Campbell Lily B. Campbell, Shakespeare’s ‘Histories’: Mirrors of Elizabethan Policy, 1947 Capell Mr William Shakespeare his Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies, ed. Edward Capell, 10 vols., 1767–8 Chambers E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4 vols., 1923 Churchill George Bosworth Churchill, Richard the Third up to Shakespeare, 1900 Cibber Colley Cibber, The Tragical History of King Richard III, c. 1700; reprinted 1969 Clemen Wolfgang Clemen, A Commentary on Shakespeare’s ‘Richard III’, ﬁrst published in German, 1957; trans. Jean Bonheim, 1968 Colley Scott Colley, Richard’s Himself Again: A Stage History of ‘Richard III’, 1992 Collier Works, ed. John P. Collier, 8 vols., 1842–4 Collier2 Works, ed. John P. Collier, 1853 Crowland The Crowland Chronicle Continuations, 1459–1486, ed. Nicholas Pronay and John Cox, 1986 Davison The First Quarto of King Richard III, ed. Peter Davison, 1996 (New Cambridge Shakespeare)

[xiii] Abbreviations and conventions

Dent R. W. Dent, Shakespeare’s Proverbial Language: An Index, 1981 (references are to numbered proverbs) Dyce The Works of William Shakespeare, ed. Alexander Dyce, 6 vols., 1857 Dyce2 The Works of William Shakespeare, ed. Alexander Dyce, 9 vols., 1864–7 Eccles The Tragedy of Richard the Third, ed. Mark Eccles, 1964 (Signet Shakespeare) ELR English Literary Renaissance f Mr William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories and Tragedies, 1623 (First Folio) f2 Mr William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories and Tragedies, 1632 (Second Folio) f3 Mr William Shakespear’s Comedies, Histories and Tragedies, 1663–4 (Third Folio) f4 Mr William Shakespear’s Comedies, Histories and Tragedies, 1685 (Fourth Folio) Greg W. W. Greg, The Editorial Problem in Shakespeare, 3rd edn, 1954 Griggs facsimile William Griggs’s facsimile of q Richard III, 1885 Gurr Andrew Gurr, The Shakespearean Stage 1574–1642, 3rd edn, 1992 Hall Edward Hall, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre and York, 1548, reprinted 1809, reprinted 1965 (cited here) Hammond Antony Hammond (ed.), King Richard III, 1981 (Arden Shake- speare) Hankey Julie Hankey (ed), Richard III, 1981 (Plays in Performance) Hanmer The Works of Shakespear, ed. Thomas Hanmer, 6 vols., 1743–4 Hassel R. Chris Hassel, Jr, Songs of Death: Performance, Interpretation, and the Text of ‘Richard III’, 1987 Holinshed Raphael Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, second edn, 1587, reprinted in 6 vols., 1808, reprinted 1965 (cited here) Honigmann E. A. J. Honigmann (ed), King Richard the Third, 1968 (New Pen- guin Shakespeare) Honigmann, Stability E. A. J. Honigmann, The Stability of Shakespeare’s Text, 1965 Honigmann, ‘Text’ E. A. J. Honigmann, ‘The text of Richard III’, Theatre Research 7 (1965), 48–55 Ioppolo Grace Ioppolo, Revising Shakespeare, 1991 Irace Kathleen O. Irace, ‘Origins and agents of q1 Hamlet’,inThomas Clayton (ed.), The ‘Hamlet’ First Published (q1, 1603), 1992, pp. 90–122 Johnson The Plays of William Shakespeare, ed. Samuel Johnson, 8 vols., 1765 Jones Emrys Jones, The Origins of Shakespeare, 1977 Kelly Henry Ansgar Kelly, Divine Providence in the England of Shake- speare’s Histories, 1971

King Richard III [xiv]

The London Stage Emmett L. Avery, Charles Beecher Hogan, et al. (eds), The London Stage: A Calendar of Plays, Entertainments and Afterpieces, 1660– 1800, 11 vols., 1960–5 McKellen Ian McKellen and Richard Loncraine, William Shakespeare’s ‘Richard III’, 1996 (screenplay) Maguire Laurie E. Maguire, Shakespearean Suspect Texts: The ‘Bad’ Quartos and Their Contexts, 1996 Malone The Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare, ed. Edmond Malone, 10 vols., 1790 Mancini Dominic Mancini, The Usurpation of Richard III, ed. C. A. J. Armstrong, 2nd edn, 1969 Marlowe The Complete Works of Christopher Marlowe, ed. Fredson Bowers, 2nd edn, 2 vols., 1981 More Sir Thomas More, The History of King Richard the Third,ed. Richard S. Sylvester (The Complete Works of St Thomas More, vol. 2), 1963 NQ Notes and Queries OED Oxford English Dictionary Ornstein Robert Ornstein, A Kingdom for a Stage: The Achievement of Shakespeare’s History Plays, 1972 Oxford William Shakespeare: The Complete Works, ed. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor, 1986 Patrick David Lyall Patrick, The Textual History of ‘Richard III’, 1936 Pope The Works of Shakespeare, ed. Alexander Pope, 6 vols., 1723–5 (vol. 4) q [William Shakespeare], The Tragedy of King Richard the third, 1597 (ﬁrst quarto) q2 [William Shakespeare], The Tragedy of King Richard the third, 1598 (second quarto) q3 [William Shakespeare], The Tragedy of King Richard the third, 1602 (third quarto) q4 [William Shakespeare], The Tragedy of King Richard the third, 1605 (fourth quarto) q5 [William Shakespeare], The Tragedy of King Richard the third, 1612 (ﬁfth quarto) q6 [William Shakespeare], The Tragedy of King Richard the third, 1622 (sixth quarto) q7 [William Shakespeare], The Tragedy of King Richard the third, 1629 (seventh quarto) q8 [William Shakespeare], The Tragedy of King Richard the third, 1634 (eighth quarto) RES Review of English Studies Ribner Irving Ribner, The English History Play in the Age of Shakespeare, 1957 Richmond Hugh M. Richmond, King Richard III, 1989 (Shakespeare in Performance) Riverside The Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans, 1974

[xv] Abbreviations and conventions

Robinson, P. M. W. Collate: Interactive Collation of Large Textual Traditions, Version 2, 1995. Computer Program distributed by Oxford University Computing Service, Oxford Rossiter A. P. Rossiter, English Drama from Early Times to the Elizabethans, 1950 Rous John Rous, Joannis Rossi Antiquarii Warwicensis Historia Regum Angliae, ed. T. Hearne, 1745 Rowe The Works of Mr William Shakespear, ed. Nicholas Rowe, 6 vols., 1709 Rowe2 The Works of Mr William Shakespear, ed. Nicholas Rowe, 2nd edn, 6 vols., c. 1709 Rowe3 The Works of Mr William Shakespear, ed. Nicholas Rowe, 3rd edn, 8 vols., 1714 SB Shakespeare Bulletin sd stage direction Seneca Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Senecca’s Tragedies with an English Translation, trans. F. J. Miller, 2 vols., 1917 sh speech heading Sher Antony Sher, The Year of the King, 1987 Smidt Kristian Smidt, Iniurious Impostors and ‘Richard III’, 1963 Smidt, Memorial Kristian Smidt, Memorial Transmission and Quarto Copy in ‘Richard III’: A Reassessment, 1970 Spivack Bernard Spivack, Shakespeare and the Allegory of Evil, 1958 SQ Shakespeare Quarterly Steevens The Plays of William Shakespeare, ed. George Steevens and Isaac Reed, 4th edn, 15 vols., 1793 subst. substantively Taylor and Warren Gary Taylor and Michael Warren (eds), The Division of the Kingdoms: Shakespeare’s Two Versions of King Lear, 1983; reprinted 1986 Thayer C. G. Thayer, Shakespearean Politics: Government and Misgovern- ment in the Great Histories, 1983 Theobald The Works of Shakespeare, ed. Lewis Theobald, 7 vols., 1733 Thompson A. Hamilton Thompson (ed.), The Tragedy of King Richard the Third, 1907 (Arden Shakespeare) Thomson W. H. Thomson, Shakespeare’s Characters: A Historical Dictionary, 1951 Tilley M. P. Tilley, A Dictionary of the Proverbs in England in the Six- teenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 1950 (references are to numbered proverbs) Tillyard E. M. W. Tillyard, Shakespeare’s History Plays, 1944;reprinted 1962 tln Through line numbering (from Charlton Hinman, The Norton Fascimile of Shakespeare, 1968) TLS Times Literary Supplement

King Richard III [xvi]

True Tragedie The True Tragedie of Richard the Third, 1594; reprinted as The True Tragedy of Richard the Third, ed. W. W. Greg, 1929 (Malone Society) Urkowitz Steven Urkowitz, ‘Reconsidering the relationship of quarto and Folio texts of Richard III’, ELR 16 (1986), 442–66 Variorum Horace Howard Furness (ed.), The Tragedy of Richard the Third, 1908 (New Variorum Shakespeare, vol. 17) Walker Alice Walker, Textual Problems of the First Folio, 1953 Walton J. K. Walton, The Copy of the Folio Text of ‘Richard III’, 1955 Weimann Robert Weimann, Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition in the Theater, 1978 Wells and Taylor Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor, William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion, 1987 Wilson J. Dover Wilson (ed.), Richard III, 1952 (New Shakespeare)

Unless otherwise speciﬁed, biblical quotations are given in the Geneva version (1560).