L-5 NEWS A PUBLICATION OF THE L-5 SOCIETY VOL. 3 NUMBER 1 JANUARY 1978 Carolyn Henson, Editor

Membership Services: Bryna Block Marc Boone In this issue:

William Weigle 1 OTA to Study SPS, Space Colonies? Carolyn Henson reports on a Administrative Services Congressional resolution calling for a study of O’Neill’s approach to Board of Directors: building solar power satellites. Isaac Asimov Barry Goldwater, Sr. 2 House, Senate Plan Hearings Robert A. Heinlein Gordon R. Woodcock News from the Opposition Proxmire and Carter science advisor Barbara Marx Hubbard Frank Press sound off on space colonies. Konrad K. Dannenberg Hon. Edward R. Finch, Jr. 3 Deep Seabed Mining: A Model for Extraterrestrial Resource James E. Oberg Mining? Keith Henson examines legislation in the mill on seabed Leonard David mining. J. Peter Vajk Jack D. Salmon 4 Marc Boone tells us how to get Phillip Parker Because That’s Where the Money Is David M. Fradin Congress to loosen up the purse strings. Romualdas Sviedrys Keith Henson 5 News from NASA, ESA Carolyn Henson Space Factory Study William Weigle ESA/NASA Summit Meeting Mark Hopkins ESA to Provide Space Telescope Components Norie Huddle Shuttle Orbiter Tests Completed Magoroh Maruyama Harlan Smith Carol Motts 8 Astronaut Corps - Or Space Soldiers? It looks like the shuttle pilots corps will consist of military test pilots - and disgruntled airline pilots aren’t happy about it. Robin Snelson reports.

10 Penthouse Slams OTRAG Ifyou thought Lutz Kayser had problems last month, you should see him now! Carolyn Henson reports.

11 Earthport Update Mark Frazier’s dream is getting off the ground. Publication office: The L-5 Society, 1060 E. Elm, Tucson, Arizona 85719. 12 Brown Foundation Funds SPS Work Rice University gets a Published monthly. Subscription: $3.00 $100,000 grant. per year, included in dues ($20.00 per year, students $10.00 per year). subscription price to non-members 13 Bibliography Update available on request. Second class postage paid at Tucson, Arizona and 16 Conferences additional offices. Copyright ©1977 by the L-5 Society. No part of this 17 Inside the L-5 Society periodical may be reproduced without written consent of the L-5 Society. The opinions expressed by the authors do 19 Letters not necessarily reflect the policy of the L-5 Society. Membership Services: L-5 Society, 1620 N. Park Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719. Telephone: 602/622- 6351

Change of address notices, undeliverable copies, orders for subscriptions, and other mail items are to be sent to: L-5 Society Membership Services 1620 N. Park Cover: the NASA/ESA space telescope. See related story page 5. (Photo Tucson, AZ 85719 courtesy Dr. Bachall, Princeton, University). OTA to Study SPS, Space Colonies?

by Carolyn Henson

Veteran Washington space lobbyist the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee’s What is OTA? It is a research arm of the Barbara Marx Hubbard is one person who Science, Technology, and Space Sub- U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. isn’t fazed by Carter’s lack of interest in committee (chaired by Adlai Stevenson [D- Following are some details on OTA, lifted space. If one branch of the government IL]). The Office of Technology Assess- straight from the Congressional Directory seems unresponsive, her tactic is to turn to ment, which provides the House and (available from the U.S. Government another: the U.S. House of Representatives Senate at their request with in-depth Printing Office, Washington, DC. Ad- and Senate. analyses of technical and scientific issues dresses below which don’t include the city With the assistance of several local L-5 was represented by Dennis Miller, Bill are in Washington, DC.) chapters, in particular the Washington Mills, and Gretchen Kilsrud. group, Hubbard organized a seminar on The upshot of Hubbard’s seminar is solar power satellites and space colonies House Concurrent Resolution 451, intro- for Congresspeople and their staffs. Held duced by Olin Teague. (House Concurrent October 28 and 29 in the Rayburn Resolution 447. introduced at the same OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY Building, it featured Princeton professor time by Lindy Boggs [D-LA], Dave ASSESSMENT Gerard K. O’Neill and Apollo-era NASA Stockman, and Barbara Mikulski, is Created by Public Law 92-484 administrator Thomas O. Paine, as well as identical to Teague’s.) It calls for the Office Senate Annex, 119 D Street NE. 20510. a constellation of other space researchers. of Technology Assessment (OTA) to Phone, (202) 224-8711 Their message? If we choose to do so, we “determine the feasibility, potential Director. -- Emilio Q. Daddario. 1414 34th Street can establish cities in space producing consequences, advantages, and disad- 20007. satellite facilities which will provide vantages of developing as a national goal Deputy Director. -- Daniel V. De Simone, 2743 abundant solar power to Earth by the early for the year 2000 the first manned North Wakefield Street, Arlington, Va. 90’s. structures in Space for the conversion of 22207. Who heard that message? Represent- solar energy and other extra-terrestrial Assistant Director. -- Ellis Mottur, 6500 Tall Tree Terrace, Rockville, Md. 20852. atives Dave Stockman (R-MI) and Barbara resources to the peaceable and practical use Mikulski (D-MD) attended, as well as of human beings everywhere.” TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT BOARD House of Representatives staffers Rebecca If passed, the resolution will initiate the Chairman. -- Edward M. Kennedy, Senator from Tidman for Dante Fascell (D-FL), Steve first study of space colonies and solar Massachusetts. Kolterman for Richard Schulze (R-PA), power satellites ever conducted by OTA. If Vice Chairman. -- Marjorie S. Holt, Representa- tive from Maryland. Daren McRumel and Mary Beth Paladino you would like a copy of the resolution, or Appointed by the Senate: for Richard Nolan (D-MN), Jean Marie to make comments, or request more Ernest F. Hollings, Senator from South McCarthy for Stan Lundine (D-NY), Ellen information, write to Mikulski, Boggs, Carolina. Burton for Joel Pritchard (R-WA), Bonnie Stockman, or Teague, U.S. House of Hubert H. Humphrey, Senator from Minne- sota. J. Poore for Harold Johnson (D-CA), Representatives, Washington, D.C. 20515. Clifford P. Case, Senator from New Jersey. Morry B. Markowitz for Hamilton Fish Jr. Richard S. Schweiker, Senator from Pennsyl- (R-NY), Jane D. Woodlin and Gary R. vania. Bachula for Bob Traxler (D-MI), Robert Ted Stevens, Senator from Alaska. Wiekowski for Don Edwards (D-CA), Appointed by the House: Olin E. Teague, Representative from Texas. Martin Wattenberg and Andrea Pamfilis Morris K. Udall, Representative from for Pat Schroeder (D-CO), Jan Tavislan for Arizona. Jim Johnson (R-CO), Guy Cavalo for George E. Brown, Jr., Representative from Elliot Levitas (D-GA), Hal C. de Celly for California. Janice Whitten (D-MI), and Robin Weiss Clarence E. Miller, Representative from Ohio. for Thomas Downey (D-NY). Tim Lynch Larry Winn, Jr., Representative from Kansas. for George Brown (D-CA), Paul Parshley Ex-Officio. -- Emilio Q. Daddario. and Bill Anderson represented the House Executive Assistant to the Director. -- Barbara B. Interior and Insular Affairs Committee Baron, 3514 Livingston Street 20015. Personal Assistant to the Deputy Director. (chaired by Morris Udall [D-AZ]), Darrell -- Marion H. Fitzhugh, 705 Crittenden R. Branscome. Ezra D. Heitowitt, and Street NE. 20017. James W. Spensley represented the House Operations Officer. -- Robert F. Daly, 7613 Science and Technology Committee Note: Barbara Marx Hubbard is author of Chancellor Way, Springfield, Va. 22152. (chaired by Olin Teague [D-TX]). The The Hunger of Eve, an autobiography Administrative Officer. -- Thomas P. McGurn, 6701 Bradley Boulevard, Bethesda, Md. which includes fascinating tidbits from U.S. Senate was represented by Jacqueline 20023 Merson for Jacob Javits (R-NY), Costas her activities as a Washington lobbyist. Personnel Officer. -- Evelyn H. Davis, 8263 Toll Avrokotos for John Heinz (R-PA), and She is a Director and one of the major House Road, Annandale. Va. 22203; phone John G. Stewart and Allan Hoffman for financial supporters of the L-5 Society. (202) 224-8713.

1 Public Affairs Officer. -- Charles W. Wixom, 6726 Houndmaster Road, Springfield, Va. 22152; phone (202) 224-8996. House, Senate Plan Hearings Public Participation Officer. -- Thomas G. Jennings, 115 Second Street NE. 20003. Publications Officer. -- John C. Holmes, 4225 O’Neill, Hubbard to Testify San Carlos Drive, Fairfax, Va. 22030 Librarian -- Judith C. Russell, 513 Indepen- dence Avenue SE. 20003. The House Science and Technology The morning session will cover appli- Energy Assessment Program Manager. -- Lionel Committee Space Science and Appli- cations: space industries, solar power, etc. S. Johns, 6811 Selkirk Drive, Bethesda, Md. cations Subcommittee will hold hearings The afternoon will be devoted to space 20034. Food Assessment Program Manager. -- J. B. titled “Future Space Programs” this sciences: planetary probes, astronomical Cordaro, 1336 Buttermilk Lane. Reston. winter. They are tentatively scheduled for facilities, etc. Va. 22090. (Address: House Annex 2; Jan. 24, 25 and 26. Princeton physics The speakers at the symposium have not Second and D Streets SW. 20515; phone professor Gerard K. O’Neill and space yet been determined (at the time of the (202) 225-9021.) Health Assessment Program Manager. -- Carl activist Barbara Marx Hubbard, among writing of this article). For more infor- Taylor, 10401 Montrose Avenue, Bethesda, others, will testify. For more information, mation, contact committee staffer Allan Md. 20014. call committee staff member Darrel R. Hoffman, 202/224-5115 or write to the Materials Assessment Program Manager. Branscome, 202/225-6371 or write to: Subcommittee on Science, Technology -- Albert E. Paladino, 1260 21st Street 20036. Subcommittee on Space Science and and Space, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC (Address: House Annex 2, Second and D Streets SW. 20515; phone (202) 2259035.) Applications, U.S. House of Represent- 20510. Oceans Assessment Program Manager. -- Robert atives, Washington, DC 20515. The public is encouraged to attend both Niblock, 1733 North Danville Street, The Senate Commerce, Science and the House and Senate space hearings. They Arlington, Va. 22201. Transportation Committee, Science, will provide both information on what the Research and Development Policies and Priori- Technology and Space Subcommittee researchers think we should do for our ties Assessment Program Manager. -- Ellis Mottur, 6500 Tall Tree Terrace, Rockville, plans a hearing, “Long Term Space future space activities, and what Congress Md. 20852. Policy” Feb. 7. It will be held in the form of thinks should be done with the researchers’ Technology and World Trade Assessment a round table discussion by top researchers. aspirations. Program Manager. -- Karl J. Brunings, 3 Harcourt Road, Scarsdale, N.Y. 10583. Transportation Assessment Program Manager -- [Vacant.] Automobile Assessment Project Director. News from the Opposition -- Robert Maxwell, 11211 Wedge Drive, Reston, Va. 22090. In a recent speech given before the The following letter was sent in by Exploratory Assessment Program Manager. James Greer of Milwalkee, WI. -- [Vacant.] Council of Scientific Society Presidents Dr. Assistant to the Director for Methodology. Frank Press, who also holds the position of -- Joseph P. Coates, 3738 Kanawha Street Director of the Office of Science and 22203. Technology Policy in addition to Advisor Assistant to the Director for New and to the President, announced that he and his Emerging Technologies. -- Gretchen staff are working to “enunciate a national Kolsrud, 3317 Mantua Drive, Fairfax, Va. Dear Mr. Greer: 22030. space policy.” While Dr. Press did not Assistant to the Director for Special Projects. specify when such a policy would be Thank you so much for your letter -- William F. Mills, 10124 Spring Lake formally presented for consideration by responding to my reaction to the 60 Minute Drive, Fairfax, Va. 20530. appropriate legislative committees, he did L-5 by 95 space fantastic. Technology Assessment Board Stuff. -- William Davis, 13115 Larkhall Circle, Oxon Hill, mention that the Earth applications You make an excellent point about the Md. 20022; Mary J. Manning, 6517 32d project would be given top priority. need for further study with the possibility Street 20015; Benton Massell, 613 F Street When asked if advanced projects, such as of using solar power stations to provide NE. 20015. space settlements, would be included in the electrical power from space at a more Advisory Council plan, Press responded, “You’re talking economical rate than would occur from Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner (chairman), president, about a $100 billion program . . . you won’t earth based power systems. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Dr. see it in this century.” That makes sense. Potential benefits are Edward Wenk, Jr. (vice chairman), director Despite such statements on the near- clear and I certainly favor that kind of of the program in the social management of term impracticality of space settlements study. technology, University of Washington; What I do not favor is developing a Fred Bucy, president, Texas Instruments, from the Administration and top NASA Inc.; Dean Ronald R. Davenport, School of officials, the concept is enjoying increased program that, in my view, would cost Law, Duquesne University; Hazel grassroots support and mass media hundreds of billions and perhaps trillions Henderson, codirector, Princeton Center attention. In October, a non-profit of dollars to place a relatively few people -- for Alternative Futures, Inc.; J. M. Leathers, organization called the Committee for the 10, 15 or 20 thousand -- in a space capsule. executive vice president, Dow Chemical would the capital cost be Co.; Dr. John T. McAlister, Jr., director, Future sponsored a two-day seminar on Not only Center for Technology Assessment and space settlements for members of Congress appalling, the annual operating cost Resource Policy, Stanford University; Dr. and their staffs. The program’s message would be outrageous. Eugene P. Odum, director, Institute of was that settlements of “ordinary” people This is something that might be done 10 Ecology, University of Georgia; Dr. could be living in space within 20 years or 20 thousand years from now. But for the Frederick C. Robbins, dean, Case Western Reserve University; Elmer B. Staats, and beaming solar electricity to Earth -- if next 30 or 40 years your proposal for solar Comptroller General of the United States; Congress encouraged such a project to power stations makes far more sense. Gilbert Gude, director, Congressional begin now. Sincerely, Research Service, Library of Congress; Reprinted from FASST Tracks, Barry Barrington (executive secretary), 6207 William Proxmire, 1785 Mass. Ave. NW, Wagner Lane, Bethesda, Md. 20016; phone U.S. Senate (202) 224-0262. Washington, DC 20036

2 L-5 News, January 1978 Deep Sea Mining: A Model for Extraterrestrial Resource Mining?

by H. K. Henson Many of us closely concerned with space Relevant legal events are the bogged Such a provision, according to Mr. C. industries and habitats are beginning to down law of the sea conference and U.S. Thomas Houseman of the Chase Man- see private enterprise as our best hope for legislation, the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral hattan Bank, is an important prerequisite rapid developments. (Rapid in this context Resources Act (HR3350), now wending its to obtain project financing. He stated in means before the end of the century!) A way through Congress. U.S. based L-5 testimony before the Subcommittee on great many obstacles lie in the path of such members interested in a private investment Oceanography that -- an enterprise. Beyond the obvious techni- approach may want to follow this legis- in order for financial institutions cal ones are such factors as the sheer cost of lation as its precedent would make passage to consider participating in such an extra-terrestrial resources (ETR) of similar laws for ETR development a venture, it will have to stand up project. Whether lunar materials or much easier. under a critical evaluation of risk asteroids are used, the guesses center The following is quoted from House factors . . . A firm concession with around 75 ± 25 billion. Another factor is Report 95-588, part 1: (page 14) security of tenure to a specific the possibility of vigorous objections of the mine site would appear to me to USSR to capitalism escaping the planet. PURPOSES be an absolute requirement for Still another, which will retard acceptance The purposes of the Deep Seabed Hard the project financing of an of such entities as the staging company Mineral Resources Act are fourfold. First, underseas mining venture -- proposed by C. Basler, is the lack of a legal it is intended to encourage and regulate the without it, a lender could assume framework for a private ETR development development of hard mineral resources neither the reserve nor produc- company. Legal opinion is divided as to from the deep ocean floor. However, it is tion risks. whether or not such a company could mine clearly intended that the legislation only It is extremely important to understand the moon, and if so, what should be the be an interim measure pending the here that H.R. 3350 does not in any way disposition of the products or profits adoption of a superseding international provide property rights to the seabed to created. A large part of the legal difficulty agreement that will be applicable to such ocean miners. The provisions are entirely lies in the vagueness of the “common heri- activity and to which the United States consistent with international law. tage of mankind” (was womankind left becomes a party. Secondly, the legislation For licensees and permittees, H.R. 3350 out?) wording of the 1967 Outer Space is designed to insure that the development merely provides assurance that other U.S. Treaty. is carried out in a manner that will protect citizens or citizens of reciprocating nations This kind of treaty language, as opposed the quality of the environment. will only operate within the mine site in to the old “devil take the hindmost” A third purpose is to encourage the which they are authorized to operate. As custom, is peculiar to the later half of the successful negotiation of a comprehensive noted by’ Mr. Houseman, this is an 20th Century. It is probably more a result Law of the Sea Treaty that will legally important provision to prospective min- of the larger powers agreeing not to establish the meaning of the phrase ing companies and their investors. In squabble over something worthless than to “common heritage of mankind.” In an addition, the security of tenure provision altruism toward the developing countries. effort to show the good faith of the United included in H.R. 3350 will facilitate Antarctica, the deep seabed beyond the States and its desire to work toward the environmental assessment and monitoring continental shelves, and outer space are legal establishment of the concept of the of mining operations. subject to such agreements. However, common heritage of mankind, assuming, advancing technology changes our opin- of course, that a definition is established ion of “worthless.” Political and legal that is acceptable to the United States, the An aspect peculiar to deep seabed strains then develop as people, be they act proposes to establish a special fund, the mining is the design and construction of socialist or capitalist, start thinking of how proceeds of which are intended to be shared special equipment for mining and pro- to exploit “new” resources to make their with the international community under cessing. These design and process speci- lives easier. the terms of an acceptable Law of the Sea fications will be predicated upon specific Deep seabed mining, after 15 years and Treaty binding on the United States. mine site attributes including topography $100 to $150 million of research, is at this Finally, the act is designed to permit the of the ocean floor, depth, ocean currents. point of commercial development. Several continued development of the necessary weather conditions, and the size and companies, including Kennecott and Deep technology for the expeditious develop- composition of the nodules. There can be Sea Ventures, are prepared to spend some ment of hard mineral resources from the significant variance in this set of attributes $300 million each to get into the business seabed. depending on the location of the mine site. of scooping up nodules containing It is during the exploration phase of a deep manganese, nickel, copper and cobalt from (page 20 & 21) seabed mining project that data are under 3 miles of ocean. III. THE NEED FOR SECURITY OF TENURE collected to determine mine site character-

3 istics. According to a study conducted by the Department of the Interior, the exploration phase is expected to cost Because That’s Where between $75 and $150 million. Considering the degree of dependence of a deep seabed mining investment on a the Money Is particular mine site, and the need from an environmental monitoring and assessment standpoint to have a defined area in which mining can occur, the committee recog- nizes the need for the establishment of a by Marc Boone legal framework providing security of Why are so many L-5 people interested The audience can be divided into three tenure to particular areas of the seabed for in lobbying the U.S. government? One groups: the representative you wish to mining operations. reason is that is where the money is - our influence, the media, and the public. If you (pg 24 & 25) tax money. Also, even if the money needed work as a group, different members can for the large scale space projects so dear to specialize on different parts of the STATUS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW our hearts can be raised privately, the audience. The challenge is to make sure I. EXISTING INTERNATIONAL LAW government could still stymie the effort that the information you present and the people you’re trying to reach are keyed to Questions have been raised about just by passing a law. Moreover, the each other. Stress business statistics when whether the bill, which establishes a opposition to the use and habitation of talking to chambers of commerce; labor licensing and regulatory scheme for the space, as exemplified by John Holt, has al- statistics to union groups; economic development of the hard mineral resources ready been using all available political avenues to suppress the issues before they impact of SPS on third world nations to of the deep seabed beyond the jurisdiction can be properly studied. We have a right as church groups; and ecological benefits to of any nation by U.S. citizens, would conservation groups. violate the generally recognized principles citizens to have a portion of the govern- When dealing with the press, remember of international law. The committee is ment budget spent on our interests; to do their impact on public opinion. At all convinced that the bill does not violate so we must make our views known. Essential skills for lobbyists are common costs, do not alienate them. Remain customary international law and, in fact, is sense and the ability to empathize with courteous, friendly and uncritical even legal and proper under it. This conclusion people who might not immediately agree when your local newspaper editor is is based on several premises. with your point of view (such as Senator pouring salt into the knife wounds all over The first and most important of these is Proxmire). These skills are needed in all your back. Even when reporters and editors the doctrine of res nullius, which means aspects of lobbying, from writing a simple appear to be unfair, remember, they can that resources are the property of no one, letter to mounting a complex campaign. always get much worse! are subject to appropriation by anyone, Knowledge is strength. You need With the public and press it is usually and that ownership exists only after the knowledge on both the cause you are pretty easy to know what their attitudes resources are reduced to possession. promoting and the audience you are trying are. With Congresspeople, it is often much Nodules, like fish, and oil and gas beyond to reach. The more you know about each, harder. If you don’t know how your the jurisdiction or control of any nation, the better reception you will get. Having representative leans, just write a short, clearly fall under this doctrine. Thus ocean plenty of facts at the tip of your tongue is clear, courteous letter stating what you mining is a freedom of the high seas which the best way to earn other people’s respect would like supported or voted on. Often, presently exists with or without domestic and avoid being pigeonholed as just when there is no other input to a legislation. . . another space nut. representative on an issue, one letter may But be careful to be interesting as well as change a vote. Writing a letter takes as In its deliberations, the committee has completely accurate. Use pictures and much time as a cup of coffee and costs far not ignored the concept of the “common charts. Slide in jokes where relevant. If you less. Of course, the better the letter, the heritage of mankind.” The United States are dull, the audience will be bored at best more impact it has. At the least, all mail supported the concept in the United and at worst suspect you of dishonesty. If gets counted; but a well written letter gets Nations when it voted affirmatively in you can’t help being dull, encourage some- read. 1970 for United Nations General Assembly one who has a talent for keeping audiences Where can you get the information you Resolution 2749 (xxv) which espoused the awake to do the talking. You’ll still have need in order to be an effective lobbyist? doctrine that the ocean resources beyond more than enough to keep you busy For an understanding of the concerns of the jurisdiction of any nation belong to all researching the issues for your friend who’s environmentalists, Space Colonies, edited mankind. However, it has consistently doing the talking. by the CoEvolution Quarterly’s Stewart been the policy of the United States that the concept would be legally defined and the present time, nor sufficiently defined to as against another nation or its citizens. clarified under the terms of a future justify the conclusion that the taking of Until an international agreement is comprehensive Law of the Sea Treaty. No nodules under international law is not ratified or custom changes the existing such clarification has taken place thus far. permissible at the present time. Therefore, international doctrine or res nullius as it It is recognized that the developing this bill merely enacts a system for applies to deep seabed mining, such countries contend that the concept pro- allocation of access among U.S. citizens activity is permissible and a proper hibits the United States, or any other and provides the procedures that must be exercise of a freedom of the high seas under nation with the technological ability to do followed by such U.S. citizens in the customary international law. so, to develop these resources or reduce development of the nodules. It in no way Copies of HR 95-588 are available from them to possession. However, the com- asserts any territorial or sovereignty claim Congressman Murphy (D-NY), Suite 2187 mittee is convinced that the Resolution to the existing resources nor does it assert Rayburn, Washington, D.C. 20515. 2749 is neither binding on any nation at an exclusive right to remove the resources

4 L-5 News, January 1978 Brand, is required reading. Some sources of information on Congress-folk are the Congressional Quarterly Almanac (CQ) News from which is compiled from Congressional Quarterly Weekly Reports. The CQ Almanac is a thorough review of the past year’s activities in the U.S. Congress. It includes the yearly NASA budget fight, NASA, ESA which usually runs two to six pages in length, and includes voting records and important speeches. For a few dollars you can copy the entire Congressional history of the NASA budget. The CQ Almanac is available in most libraries. Another source of information often available in libraries is the Ralph Nader Congress Project. These are fairly unbiased studies that run Space Factory Study about 20 pages apiece on each member of Congress. They include information on by Carolyn Henson their background, lifestyle, support, beliefs and voting record (including the Moon mines, space factories, Pittsburg Then a ‘best case” analysis will be made Senate space shuttle votes). in the sky -- are these in our future? Stan of how these futures can be accomplished The important thing in any lobbying Sadin at NASA Headquarters, saying he using only system elements of Earth effort is to generate the widest and most wants a “cold, calculating analysis,” is origin. Next the assumption is made that intelligent support possible, and to make sponsoring a four part study which may only lunar derived oxygen is available as a sure your government is politely notified answer that question. result of the moon mine operation, and its of it. If someone writes a good letter to each The Lunar and Planetary Sciences impact on all three alternate futures is of their Congresspeople, and one to the Division of Johnson Space Center, in studied. Then Crum’s team will assume President for good measure, fine. If a dozen conjunction with Houston’s Lunar that mass drivers using spent shuttle tanks or more people in the same district write Science Institute and Universities Space for reaction mass and/or metallic oxygen intelligently to them, great. If it’s a letter Research Association will study the rockets using fuel of entirely lunar origin and/or a press release from some promi- mining of lunar ores and their conversion are available. Earle Crum hopes to thereby nent community organization and they get to primary metals. Dr. Richard J. Williams define what level of space activities and the local newspaper to publish an arti- at Johnson Space Center will manage the what transportation systems are necessary culate letter to the editor, that’s fantastic. If study. in order to justify “space factories.” you can get this orchestrated to all happen Once you’ve got ingots of metal in space, The four parts of the study have been put at the same time a crucial vote is coming what are they good for? George F. von up for bid; proposals were received by Dec. up, you’ve probably won. If not this year, Tiesenhausen at Marshall Space Flight 23. Sometime in late January or early then maybe next. Center is managing the portion of the February the winning proposals will be With a little work, tact and patience study which considers how to turn raw announced. we’ll get to L-5 yet! metals into wave guides, electrical con- Those of us who hope to get jobs in those ductors, silicon cells, beams, etc. Para- space factories someday will be watching meters such as throughput and investment this four part study, a study which could needed will be considered. make or break our plans for the future. How do you move people, supplies and products around in space and on and off ESA/NASA Summit the lunar surface? Fred Teren at Lewis In early October, Administrator Dr. Research Center will identify advanced Robert A. Frosch, concluded a week-long, propulsion systems which may be avail- highly successful first visit to Europe as able. Gerard O’Neill’s mass driver using Administrator. At a meeting with the pelletized shuttle tanks for reaction mass, Director General of the European Space and a metallic oxygen rocket using lunar Agency in Paris, the annual Spacelab refined fuel will be considered, as well as program review was concluded. The $600 more conventional rockets using fuel million European Spacelab development shipped from Earth. program was found to be proceeding well The fourth part of the study will tie and on schedule for a 1979 delivery to together the whole “space factory” NASA of the first Spacelab units, to be package. Study manager Earle Crum flown in 1980. of Johnson Space Center will establish After visiting ESA headquarters in Paris, three alternate futures. One assumes a Frosch went to Holland, where he signed a Royal Observer of Space Shuttle -- His Royal large scale solar power satellite (SPS) cooperative agreement for the Infrared Highness, Prince Charles of Great Britain with construction program. The second as- Astronomy Satellite project with Dutch David Scott (former director of the Dryden Space sumes less activity in space: a public service space officials. IRAS will conduct the first Flight Center) to his left and Lee Sherer, director of the Kennedy Space Center at far left. The platform, large communications satellites, astronomical survey of the entire sky at occasion was the fifth free flight of the Space etc. but no SPS. The third alternate future those infrared wavelengths undetectable Shuttle orbiter at the Dryden center, Oct. assumes an exceedingly small presence in by Earth-based telescopes because of the 26, 1977. space. obscuring effects of the atmosphere.

5 Scheduled for launch in 1981, the Earth- orbiting observatory will employ a large ESA to Provide infrared telescope furnished by the United States, a spacecraft built by the Nether- lands, and a ground operations facility Components supplied by the United Kingdom. All three Space Telescope nations are participating in providing the scientific instrumentation of the satellite and in the observation program. Frosch then visited Germany, where he signed a cooperative agreement on the The European Space Agency has signed of the atmosphere. Once placed in orbit, it Jupiter Orbiter Probe with German space an agreement with NASA for participation will be operated remotely from the ground officials. This planetary exploration in the space agency’s 1983 space telescope but will be designed to allow for main- mission, scheduled for flight in early 1982, mission. A memorandum of under- tenance and the change of instruments by a will be the first planetary spacecraft to be standing was signed on Oct. 7 in Paris by space-suited astronaut. It will be retriev- carried aboard the Space Shuttle. Dr. Robert A. Frosch. NASA Admini- able by the Space Shuttle for return to The probe is designed to conduct the strator, and Roy Gibson, Director of ESA. Earth for extensive overhaul and sub- most detailed scientific investigation of Scheduled to be carried into Earth orbit sequent re-launch. These features should Jupiter and its environment and moons, by NASA’s Space Shuttle, the space allow the space telescope to serve as an in- including the first direct measurements of observatory will be used to study the space astronomical observatory for more the atmosphere of the planet. The mission universe with the highest possible than a decade. is composed of an orbiter that will circle resolution. The space telescope is expected to help the planet for at least 20 months and a Under the agreement, ESA will provide scientists to solve some of the mysteries probe that will plunge deep into Jupiter’s a major scientific instrument and a space- relating to the structure, origin, evolution atmosphere. Under the agreement, Ger- craft subsystem, participate in the in- and energy processes of the universe -- many will provide a retro propulsion orbit operation and maintenance of the processes that defy solutions through use module designed for injection of the telescope, and arrange for participation of of observatories below the obscuring veil of orbiter probe spacecraft into orbit around ESA-sponsored European astronomers in Earth’s atmosphere. The space telescope Jupiter. It also will provide not only the observation programs. should allow astronomers to observe some selected scientific instruments for inte- The scientific instrument to be provided 350 times the volume of space than can be gration into the scientific payload, but the by ESA is called the “faint object camera” seen now with the largest ground-based services of selected scientific investigators. to be used for high resolution imagery in telescope. The several new cooperative agreements the ultraviolet, visual and near infrared NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center will result in total European expenditures portions of the spectrum; the spacecraft will have overall management responsi- of some $180 million in the three space system to be contributed is the solar array, bility for the space telescope. NASA’s science programs over the next few years. to provide all power for the observatory. Goddard Space Flight Center will be Senior NASA officials accompanying The 2.4-meter diameter space telescope responsible for managing the development Frosch on all or some of his visits were: Dr. will be capable of accommodating up to of the scientific instruments and for the Walter Williams, NASA’s chief engineer; five different instruments at its focal plane. operational aspects of the observatory. The Arnold W. Frutkin, assistant administrator It will weigh about 9,070 kilograms and European effort will be managed by the for international affairs; Walter P. Mur- will orbit the Earth at an altitude of about European Space Technology Center at phy, NASA’s European representative 500 kilometers above the obscuring effects Noordwijk in the Netherlands. Douglas R. Lord, NASA director of the Spacelab program; and Richard J. H. Barnes, director for international plan- ning and programs, office of international affairs.

Historic International Agreement Reached -- At between the two agencies in the NASA Space Eye of the Gods: the space telescope. planned to the Paris headquarters of the European Space Telescope Program. Seated at Dr. Frosch’s right go into operation in 1983. will be able to observe Agency, NASA Administrator Dr. Robert A. is H. Kantenecker, of ESA, at his left Gibson. 350 times the volume of space visible to even the Frosch and ESA Administrator General Roy Observers standing behind the three men are not best of ground-based instruments. Some Gibson signed a memorandum of under- identified. scientists believe it will be able to observe the standing stating the terms for cooperation birth of the Universe.

6 L-5 News, January 1978 Shuttle Orbiter Tests Completed

The world watched the beginning of a dream come true as the U.S. Space Shuttle moved from theory to reality in a series of trials during the past several months. Hundreds of NASA and contractor people formed a team that made the daring and complex venture seem almost common- place as test after successful test was carried out.

Astronauts Fred W. Haise and C. Cordon Fullerton made a bouncy but successful landing of the Space Shuttle orbiter on its fifth and final free-fall flight test in late October on a hard surface runway at Edwards Air Force Base. In their straight-in approach, which Historic Moment in Space Shuttle Testing -- the 747 and orbiter just before separation took took only two minutes, Haise and Fuller- The fifth and final free-fall test of the Space place, with one of six chase planes in view. ton aimed for a touchdown about a third of Shuttle orbiter took place Oct. 27 at the Dryden Below is the Mohave Desert. the way down the runway and planned to Space Flight Center. This photograph shows bring the craft to a stop at the 3,000-m mark. That would be similar to landings of a Shuttle returning from orbit to the I’m very happy with the way it’s In four additional tests that took place in runway of the Kennedy Space Center. The progressed.” November at the Dryden center, the mated pilots overshot their landing point by This was the first landing on a hard- aircraft underwent ferry-configuration more than 300 m, but managed to steady surface runway and the second time the flights. Then it was back to the barn, at the craft and stop it well before the end of orbiter flew without its tailcone. The Dryden until March, when the paired craft the runway. tailcone provided smooth airflow and will fly to Huntsville, Ala. Marshall Space The Enterprise bounced back into the reduced drag of the 747-orbiter combin- Flight Center personnel, under the air after first hitting the runway and ation during its climb to separation direction of project manager Robert dipped a wing noticeably. It bounced at altitude. But orbiter astronauts reported Lindstrom, will then subject the orbiter to least two more times before settling down the level as acceptable without its aid a six-month-long series of ground vibra- on the runway and rolling to a stop. although the 747 tail surfaces were tion tests with rocket boosters and external During a postflight press conference subjected to buffeting. tank attached. held at the Dryden Space Flight Center, Inside the 747, pilot Fulton said the In all interim between the final tests and Haise attributed the rough landing to buffeting was not as much as anticipated. delivery to Alabama, members of the higher-than-expected speeds during the The damper located in the nose section of Dryden team will continue to work on the final seconds, saying he had to “force” the the jumbo jet was turned on to alleviate the orbiter, rewiring its electronics and com- Enterprise down onto the runway. lateral vibration caused by buffeting pleting other chores to ready the space- Chief of the Shuttle approach and around the 747 tail. The damper can best craft for the next set of grueling trials, landing tests Donald K. Slayton said at the be described as a 450-m, spring-loaded doing their utmost to prepare the Enter- same conference: “We have accomplished weight, and it did improve the ride up prise for additional successes as testing at all the objectives we set out to accomplish. front. Marshall continues.

7 Astronaut Corps - Or Space Soldiers?

by Robin Snelson Bill Good is a big supporter of the space This time NASA is hiring two kinds of without a pilot, if necessary, by ground program, so he doesn’t like to have to make astronauts to work through 1985 -- pilots control. trouble for NASA. It’s just that he wants to and mission specialists. Women and And if trips to earth orbit become as save the space agency from rekindling minority candidates were encouraged to routine as NASA says they will -- on the public disaffection and international apply. order of 50 to 60 cargo-ferrying round trips suspicion. He is considering filing an Since August, 128 finalists for mission per year by the mid-80’s -- do all the space injunction under the Civil Rights Act to specialist positions were interviewed at shuttle pilots really need experimental stop NASA from hiring a new cadre of Johnson Space Center in Houston. aircraft proficiency? Does a civilian trans- astronauts. All in the best interest of Candidates for the scientist astronaut jobs port system which is seeking commercial NASA’s image, you understand. (NASA are a diverse group--research scientists, customers in both domestic and foreign has rescheduled the new astronaut selec- professors, students, doctors, astronomers, industry really need specialized jet jockeys tion announcement for sometime in government employees, some military on military payroll to drive its “space January because Dr. Frosch is too busy people. That group of 128 includes 21 trucks”? with budgetary matters to finalize the women, six blacks, three Hispanics, two Wouldn’t some commercial pilots be decisions of the JSC selection board.) orientals and one American Indian. able to do the job? Braniff pilot and New York University There were 1,261 applicants for the pilot Bill Good thinks it’s a clear case of business student Bill Good is glad NASA is positions. According to Duane Ross in the discrimination against pilots from the hiring astronauts again because he’d like astronaut recruiting office at Johnson, private sector. More importantly, because to be one himself. He says he first decided almost half the pilot applicants didn’t no women and few minorities have he wanted to be an astronaut in the early meet basic qualifications like 1,000 hours graduated from military test pilot schools, 1960’s when he was a sophomore in Vienna of first pilot jet time and advanced science the very nature of that criteria excludes because, “I noticed the Europeans were or math degrees. certain groups from consideration. most impressed by two things about But 127 of those pilot applicants came to Bill Good is white, male and an ex- America--the Kennedy presidency and the NASA recommended by branches of the Marine pilot who flew close support for space program.” armed forces. Among 80 finalists inter- ground troops on his Vietnam tour. At age Good believes the space program still viewed for the pilot jobs, only four are not 31, he has logged over 9,000 hours of flying has the potential to transcend nationalism active duty military men from that time and his computer expertise would be and spark international cooperative prescreened group. Two of the four a valuable skill for a pilot astronaut, since efforts. civilian finalists work for the Federal the space shuttle flies with the aid of But if NASA ends up with an astronaut Aviation Administration, the other two complex computers. corps dominated by active duty military work for NASA. All have completed or are But there is no law which guarantees men again, and that’s the way it’s shaping currently enrolled in test pilot school. The equal employment opportunity for private up right now, Good thinks the prospects pilot finalists consist of 77 white males and sector people in a federal program. for international cooperation are on shaky three black males. None are airline pilots. Houston lawyer and aerospace specialist ground. Bill Good wants to know why no pilots Arthur Dula says, “If there is anything He also wonders how the American from the private sector made the first cut. about which NASA has almost unlimited public will react to another group of Obviously he has a vested interest in discretion, it is the selection of pilot astronauts who work for the Department NASA’s answer, but his question is an astronauts for the shuttle.” He doesn’trule of Defense. interesting one. out a challenge to NASA’s decision, but he In the early days of manned space flight The official NASA reply is that jet test points out that suing a big federal agency is NASA insisted on astronauts who had test pilot experience is a preferred qualification a terribly expensive and drawn out pilot experience in high performance jet for astronauts who will fly the space operation. aircraft. The only people who get that kind shuttle. “The courts are very reluctant to review of experience are those who come up But Good and others question the this kind of case. In an area where the through the military system ‘and get into wisdom of that particular requirement. Is agency is assumed to have special exper- test pilot school. That’s why the first test pilot experience a reasonable criteria tise, the court will usually leave this kind astronauts were all white males on active for operation of the space shuttle, the of highly technical judgement to the military duty. vehicle NASA has been calling the “space agency.” Later the National Academy of Sciences truck” the space craft that is supposed to However, if any of NASA’s selection lobbied for scientist astronauts and usher in the commercial era of the space criteria are arbitrary and not really related screened candidates for NASA. The agency age? to what the job requires, and if those subsequently hired several scientists to fly For one thing, the shuttle ‘will be criteria have the effect of discriminating on into space. Coincidentally, they too were outfitted with automatic systems so the basis of race, sex, creed, etc., the court all white males. sophisticated that it can actually be landed might decide to generate a lot of paper-

8 L-5 News, January 1978 Airline Pilots demand shuttle jobs: Braniff pilot Bill Good and American Airlines pilot Angela Masson hope someday to be flying a route into space. Continental is also getting into the act, at least at the fantasy level, as this airbrush retouch of a shuttle picture demonstrates. work for NASA by ordering the agency to interested in taking NASA to task for the both is an important one: Is it in the best justify those criteria. test pilot requirement. interest of the civilian space program to If anybody succeeds in halting NASA’s Angela Masson is an American Airlines have an astronaut corps dominated by selection process at this late hour, it will pilot with 3,500 hours flying time, two pilots on active duty for the military? Is the likely be under the Civil Rights Act or masters degrees and a Ph.D. Her doctoral test pilot school requirement a valid specific equal opportunity regulations dissertation was a study on the exclusion of selection criteria? within the space agency. And since Bill women from pilot duty in the military, and A former scientist astronaut, now Good hasn’t been the victim of discrim- the resultant barriers for women in the resigned from NASA, is blunt about the ination on the basis of sex, race, creed or airline industry and, ultimately, as astronaut selection board’s military color, his latest tactic is to find other pilot astronauts. preferences. “The problem is how deeply astronaut applicants who can argue that At the time of this writing it remains to entrenched the old-boy network is within point. be seen if Good and Masson can marshal1 NASA. It’s like a private fraternity of NASA won’t release the names of the financial resources necessary to seek a military pilot astronauts--and they want to applicants who were turneddown, but Bill restraining order against NASA’s astro- keep it that way.” Good has found at least one who is naut selection. But the question raised by

9 Penthouse Slams Earthport Update by Mark Frazier OTRAG Fears of secret military use of space launch facilities are on the rise. Mark Frazier’s planned international space port open to all who wish to use its facilities or Being forbidden by treaty to develop to monitor other user’s activities may be by Carolyn Henson missiles, the West German government a step toward easing these tensions. Another voice has joined the chorus does have a motive to use OTRAG as a denouncing the private West German front. But is OTRAG even capable of rocket company OTRAG. In a press developing cruise missiles? “It would After several quiet months, the Earth- conference held Dec. 15th, Penthouse make more sense for the Germans to use a port project has encouraging news to magazine announced that their March jet aircraft company” asserts one DOD report. Our financial situation has issue will feature Tad Szulc’s expose of observer. Cruise missiles fly long distances improved greatly. Thanks to the generosity U.S./German collusion to use OTRAG at low elevations, so it is necessary for them of a New York philanthropist, we are now and its Zaire facilities as a blind for cruise to use airbreathing engines. U.S. cruise moving ahead in a variety of areas. missile development. missile research is baselining turbofan jet 1. Interest by equatorial countries. To Szulc asserts that the German govern- engines attached to an airframe. OTRAG, date, officials of five equatorial govern- ment, apparently in order to circumvent on the other hand, is developing direct ments have expressed a desire to have an the 1954 Treaty of Brussels, which forbids ascent rocket engines. Earthport or Earthport tracking facilities the development of missiles on German The blaze of publicity which OTRAG considered for their countries. Formal soil, has secretly funded OTRAG’s ac- has sought and succeeded only too well in letters of interest have been received from tivities in Zaire at $50 million per year. He receiving is another contraindication of the Pacific island of Nauru, a wealthy adds that the U.S. has agreed to supply secret weapons research. Why do they pass equatorial nation, and the government of guidance systems for the German cruise out pictures and press releases and adver- Rwanda in Africa. Similar letters are missiles, tise the existence of their African base if expected soon from Kenya, Surinam, and Szulc is hardly the first to come to the they rely on secret weapons funding for perhaps Colombia, as a result of meetings attack. For several months the Soviet press their livelihood? with their United Nations representatives. has been raising hell over OTRAG, and One NASA observer admits that the 2. New participants. The Earthport cruise missiles are high on their agenda of enormous size of their test range is project welcomes a number of new fears. Even though 32 years have passed suspicious. “Why on Earth do they need members. In the past few weeks, Robert since the end of World War II, the Soviet 100,000 square kilometers?” A block of Heinlein and Buckminster Fuller have press remains hypersensitive to German land 100 km square could hide a great deal. agreed to join the advisory board. Other activities. A veteran U.S.S.R. space OTRAG asserts they need the area. To new advisors include Barbara Marx program observer Jim Oberg notes, “The rephrase an old truism, whatever goes up Hubbard, of the Committee for the Future; Russians have been beating on the same but does not achieve orbit must come Marcel Barrere, president of the Inter- drum for 30 years. Sometimes it’s a new down, and they are not anxious for one of national Astronautical Federation; and Ed tune -- OTRAG’s one -- but it’s still the their stray boosters to flatten a village. Finch, chairman of the aerospace law same drum.” One way OTRAG’s protestations of committee of the American Bar Associ- It is easy to dismiss the Soviet flap as just innocence could be checked out is by ation. While we are delighted with the new another episode of anti-Nazi hysteria. But inspecting Landsat photos of the area. A advisors, we regret the loss of Arthur C. why would Penthouse, which has never check between the U.S. Federal Aviation Clarke, whose retirement has prompted been particularly concerned over the Administration’s records of known air- him to disengage from a wide range of “Teutonic menace”, join OTRAG’s strips in the Manomo, North of Shaba area space activities. In an otherwise most chorus of critics? Is there more to the story and the Landsat observations would detect enjoyable meeting last October in Wash- than recycled Pravda clippings? any secret airstrips. It is believed that ington, Clarke told Earthport study A top U.S. NATO Alliance official states ground transportation in the area is director Mark Frazier that he would give that “there is just no rational reason” for sufficiently poor that an airstrip would be Earthport materials to his longtime friend the U.S. to develop cruise missiles through an essential adjunct of a secret weapons the prime minister of Sri Lanka, who is an a West German blind. Although ongoing facility. (Landsat photos can be bought by advocate of free trade zones in the SALT negotiations include a protocol both U.S. and foreign citizens from EROS equatorial nation. restricting the deployment of cruise Data Center, Dept. of the Interior, Sioux 3. Leasing projections. Professor Alvin missiles, development and testing is Falls, South Dakota.) Rabushka, a senior fellow of the Hoover another matter. He points out that “We are In the meantime, rumor has it that Institution at Stanford and a specialist in quite capable of testing in our own OTRAG’s innovative booster research has freeports, has prepared an estimate of territory. Why we would have to go to Zaire ground to a halt due to lack of funds. It rental income at a 200-square-mile free is beyond me.” The official U.S. diplo- would be ironic if OTRAG’s publicity trade zone/space launch center. Assuming matic stance is a flat denial of the efforts, apparently designed to attract new that only half of the area would be Penthouse and Pravda stories: “There is investors and public sympathy, have ultimately leased, annual revenues would absolutely no substance to these al- succeeded only in making them the villain amount to $373 million, at rates no higher legations.” of both the Soviet and U.S. media. for land than in existing free trade zones.

10 L-5 News, January 1978 Preliminary Earthport Design

(To accomodate a wide range of future as well as present launch providers, an Earthport would have protected sites for heavy lift launch vehicles, and dry and wet recovery areas).

11 Earthport would therefore generate sub- free trade zones in the United States, has stantial sums for payment to the host also found support for the concept by country, and for administration of the site. foreign business executives. Other organ- Brown An estimated $100 to $125 million per year izations whose officials have expressed a would also be set aside for a World Space strong interest in the Earthport project in Foundation Center, to subsidize use by developing recent weeks include the World Trade countries of Earthport - based commercial Centers Association, and World Peace launch providers. Copies of Rabushka’s Through Law. Funds SPS Work Leasing Income at an International Space 8. New Materials. A color, 15 page Freeport are available from the Sabre brochure has replaced the initial pamphlet Foundation. describing the advantages of an inter- Rice University in Houston, Texas, has 4. International base. After a meeting of national space freeport. In coming weeks, received a $100,000 grant from the Brown seven key Earthport study participants in by arrangement with the Minneapolis- Foundation to study solar power satellites Santa Barbara on December I, a decision based Foundation Institute, the Earthport (SPS). Rice physics professor John W. was made to incorporate a non-profit project will produce a new document on Freeman, Jr., who is the study director, “Earthport Authority” in Austria. The the benefits of an Earthport to industry. A says “What we want is to make certain move reflects a desire to give the project a fund raising prospectus will also be made there are no shortstoppers. We want to wider international base, and is a prelude available before February 1, the date of the make sure there are no problems so to a world-wide conference on Earthport to next meeting of Earthport study group impassable the whole concept has to be be held in Vienna within the next 16 leaders in Santa Barbara. thrown out.” months. Please call Mark Frazier at 805/965-7947, Freeman reports that the work will 5. Freeport Design Committee. Begin- or write the Sabre Foundation, 221 West cover: ning in January, the Freeport Design Carrillo Street, Santa Barbara, California, Energy conversion techniques on the Committee will begin preparation of a 93101, if you desire further information. satellite. report on approaches for creating a Effects of cosmic rays on the satellites prosperous international launch center. and the crews working on them. Historical research on free trade zones will Effects of the satellite on the Earth’s be conducted by Earthport director Mark magnetosphere and ionosphere. EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF Microwave antenna and receiving Frazier, in conjunction with his graduate A SPACE SETTLEMENT studies in international relations at the station rectenna designs. University of California, Santa Barbara. At the Institute of Biomedical Effects of lightning on the rectenna. Professor Alvin Rabushka, chairman of Problems, USSR Public Health Ministry, Alterations in Earth’s heat balance due Doctor of Medical Sciences Ye. Ya. the Freeport Design Committee, will write to the added energy input from SPS. Shepelev has completed a l½-month the sections of the report dealing with experiment of human existence in a Economic impact of SPS, including contractual resolution of disputes and closed ecological system -- a miniature what the effect will be if the program is provision of services. Technical aspects model of a future space settlement. not undertaken. will be dealt with by Dr. Michel Bader of The hermetically closed space contains National and international social, the Ames Research Center in Palo Alto, a greenhouse with allotments to grow political, legal and implementation who is one of several high-ranking NASA wheat, cabbage, peas, beets, and carrots. aspects of SPS. officials exploring the international Before the experiment, the plants were Environmental impact. launch center concept. grown on a schedule to the stage when Freeman adds that if Rice can locate an 6. Publicity. Astronautics and Aero- they could be harvested each week of the additional $100,000 by February, the nautics, a leading aerospace magazine, has experimental period. They provided food Brown Foundation will provide another accepted an article on Earthport and and oxygen and consumed the carbon $100,000. The Brown Foundation is private launch providers for a forthcoming dioxide and minerals regenerated by funded by Brown and Root, an industrial issue. Former astronaut Dr. Philip microorganisms in fermenters from construction firm. Chapman, of Arthur D. Little, is co- human waste. The assortment of plants was such authoring a longer and more technical that, with one man in the system, a full treatment of the Earthport concept with balance was achieved without any Mark Frazier. The article will be adapted additional physico-chemical equipment from a paper delivered by Frazier in for air purification. However, when after October to the American Astronautical one month of operation a second man Society’s conference in San Francisco on was brought into the system it became space industrialization. The winner of necessary to connect the “Siren” Playboy’s 1976 nonfiction writing award, (“Lilac”) -- an additional biological Jim Davidson, has been asked by the system -- a chlorella-growing installation. magazine to submit a proposal for an Dr. Shepelev describes the article on Earthport. experimental model as simplified, since it 7. Corporate interest. Earthport advisor does not include fauna representatives; he James Hagler, of the International Busi- plans to eliminate this restriction in ness Council, has agreed to arrange a future experiments. The water cycle was self-sufficient, mailing about the project to the organi- although it required a severe restriction -- zation, which consists of long-range the complete exclusion of detergents and planners for 50 multinational corpor- soap, demonstrating the sensitivity of the ations. The mailing will explain the biosphere to certain man-made potential benefits to business of an inter- pollutants. national free trade zone. Hagler, who has Reprinted from Pravda, March 18, been instrumental in the creation of two 1977, p. 6. Study director John W. Freeman, Jr.

12 L-5 News, January 1978 I’m writing in regards to the review of my book Time Out For Tomorrow that Bibliography Update appeared in your September issue of L-5 News as reviewed by Conrad Schneiker. I found his review to be honest and forth- right and very interesting. I particularly agree that we covered many of the topics by Conrad Schneiker too lightly. Of course, this was intentional. The book has been used to a great extent in schools as a primer for future living and “The Potential of Satellite Solar Power” “Space Age Review” the study of value systems. However, for a P.E. Glaser 378 Cambridge Ave. technical group as the L-5 certainly tends Proceedings of the IEEE, August, 1977 Palo Alto, Calif. 94306 to be, the book is a little bit light in the Yet another article by the father of Satellite This new magazine plans publication 12 technical area. We are trying to correct that Solar Power. This invited paper deals with times a year (possibly bimonthly for a short problem in the next book, Time Out For the major facets of SSPS implementation, while). The 2nd issue is 12 pages long. The Tomorrow - Volume 2, which will focus including the microwave system, power cost is $1/issue or $10/12 issues. It contains extensively on man’s future in space. It is generation, economics, environmental many short but interesting news items also an optimistic sketch of what tomor- impacts, legal status, space transportation related to space, illustrated with black and row will bring, but dealing much more requirements, orbital assembly, main- white photographs. The articles in the with what we will be able to do once we get tenance & manufacturing. second issue concern California’s space outside the atmosphere of Earth. day, the shuttles first free flight &excerpts Norm Avery “System Impact Of The Dual-Expander from a speech by Nichelle Nichols (better Penrose, CO Engine” known to Star Trek fans as Communi- cations Officer Uhura). A mind-boggling, yet realistic view of Robert Salkeld the future is presented in Time Out For Astronautics & Aeronautics, November, Tomorrow by Norman Avery. The quality 1977 “Space Colonies: One Step Closer” paperback has just been released by This letter points out that dual-expander Science News, August 13, 1977 T.H.A.R. Institute of Raynesford, engines, applied to horizontal-takeoff Major point made: if shipping of the first Montana. SST0 (Single Stage To Orbit) vehicles habitat material started in 1985, then by The concepts of future living outlined in “increases payload-to-dry-weight ratio by “1991 the first colony-manufactured, Time Out For Tomorrow are not the result 131%.” It continues “such a potential solar-power satellite could be finished and of crystal ball gazing, nor are they plucked surely merits serious attention.” Indeed. producing enough electricity for a city the from the air by an over-active imagination. This achievement is due to a modest size of Los Angeles.” Rather they are based on what has weight savings (due to use of the dual- happened in the past, what is happening expander engine), giving increased liftoff “Living in Space” today and the logical extension of this velocity, allowing lower platform area Gerard K. O’Neill technology into the future. The text is (since lift increases as the square of AIAA Student Journal, Summer 1977 supported by 70 photos, many in color. velocity), allowing the entire vehicle to Gives O’Neill’s vision of how people will The author is an articulate, humorous shrink. live and work in space in the near future. It lecturer on future living. He serves as a could serve as a brief summary of his book space consultant to both government and “The High Frontier.” industry, besides addressing over 400 audiences each year. Avery’s background also includes work as a university audio-visual instructor, a radio news director, and a public relations director and consultant in the space field. He is an active member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, World Future Society, L-5 Society (space colony development project), and the Society of Motion Pictures and Television Engineers. He is listed in Who’s Who in the West, and Who’s Who in American Aviation. Col. James B. Irwin, the eighth astro- naut to walk on the moon, says of Avery’s book, “The future belongs to those who prepare for it. I believe that Norman Avery’s Time Out For Tomorrow will give you a look at the future -- the promises and the challenges.” Time Out For Tomorrow is available in book stores for $6.95, or from THAR, Box 505, Belt, Montana 59412.

13 “PROJECT DAEDALUS REPORT” (Provisional title)

Ready in April will be the “Project Daedalus Report” which will contain 24 papers which contributed to this four- year Study for a Starship Probe to Barnard’s Star. This unique report, which runs to 160 pages, is the most ambitious and detailed Study yet undertaken for an Interstellar Starship. As funds allow only a limited quantity to be printed, applicants requiring copies are urged to place Advance Orders to avoid the risk of later disappointment. Provision for reserving copies appears below. The cost of the Report is $8.00 post free. Please complete the slip and return with your remittance. A copy of the Report will then be sent to you immediately on publication.

Order for “PROJECT DAEDALUS REPORT”.

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ADDRESS

I am a member/subscriber of the British Interplanetary Society • British Interplanetary Society 12 Bessborough Garden; I am not a member. • LONDON SW1V 2JJ U.K.

“Space Law” George S. Robinson “The Dual-Expander Rocket Engine -- total cost . . . would be many times less than Technology Review, October/November, Key To Economical Space Transpor- the several hundred billion dollars of 1977 tation” projected capital expansion of coal and This article is a “broad brush review of Rudi Beichel nuclear power plants.” space law.” It presents a myriad of Astronautics & Aeronautics, November, unresolved problems in this field. “The 1977 The dual-expander engine allows parallel progress so far has been sketchy -- with a lot Skylab: Our First Space Station of wishful thinking.” It is interesting to burn of two propellent combinations Edited by Leland F. Belew. U.S. note many of the legal issues revolve (using 2 combustion chambers) during the Government Printing Office. 1977. NASA around philosophic questions, e.g. initial flight phase, followed by a sequen- SP-400; Stock # 033-000-00670-5. $7.00. 164 “should space societies be considered tial burn at high altitude. Due to tradeoffs pp. Hardbound. independent communities or colonies of in tankage weight, etc., this engine yields As is becoming tradition with the NASA earthkind?” The author answers by major performance increases. “The cost SP series, this book is lavishly illustrated proposing a “Magna Carta” for space per unit weight into orbit for the space with many color photographs. It is also an communities. This is one field that cries shuttle is $470/kg ($213/lb) and . . . the cor- excellent popular history of the successful out for involvement by L-5ers. responding cost for a new vehicle design utilizing [these] new propulsion system mission. It describes the design history of concepts is $12/kg ($5/lb). “This engine, Skylab; its problems, and successes; and “GSSPS - Taking A New Approach To its operation, construction, and advan- the scientific results from nearly six The Space Solar Power State” tages are discussed. The author concludes months in orbit. Leopold J. Cantafio, Vladimir A. “this article has concerned that word Chobotov, Malcolm G. Wolfe ECONOMICAL. Although only a modest Space Settlements: a Design Study Astronautics & Aeronautics, November, step beyond the state of the art, the (NASA SP-413), recently was published by 1977 technical advances described in this and NASA’s scientific and technical In trying to improve on “brute force” my previous A/A articles present the only information office. It describes in vivid SSPS design, the authors present a known means of obtaining an economical terms and illustrations the construction gravitationally stabilized SSPS (GSSPS) space transportation system.” Doubters, and operation of permanent settlements in design. It consists of 24 pairs of 385m x note well -- the author directed the space where as many as 10,000 people at 2km solar panels attached to a 72km-long, development of the V-2 power plant at some future time may work, raise families 2m-diameter circular waveguide. While Peenemunde. and live out their lives. The 185-page having a few problems of its own, it volume is based on a study sponsored by overcomes a host of problems with “Space Applications For Terrestrial the American Society of Engineering “conventional” SSPS designs. Advantages: Resources” Education and NASA, held at the Ames reduction of stabilization propellant Brian O’Leary center and Stanford University, in which needed, lower radio frequency interference, AAIA Student Journal, Summer 1977 31 engineers, scientists and students increased reliability and reduced system “Testimony . . . before the Science and participated. The book is priced at $5.00, weight. The authors claim “the GSSPS Space Subcommittee . . . [of the] United on sale by the Superintendent of will greatly advance the field toward an States Senate.” Builds a case for the space Documents, U.S. Government Printing economically viable system by the turn of manufacturing approach to SPS, using Office, Washington, D.C. 20301 (stock the century.” asteroids towed into Earth orbit. “The number 033-000-00669-l).

14 L-5 News, January 1978 William Sims Bainbridge, The Spaceflight advanced engineers. The liquid fueled V-2 courses on space industrialization indicate Revolution, Wiley, 1976 was a far less effective weapon than solid that the Space Movement has already by Vidvuds Beldavs fueled rockets, jet planes, or other weapons entered the Second Space Revolution. This that Germany could have developed. time the movement appears far broader Bainbridge has written a highly According to Bainbridge a similar and more deeply rooted than the one that informative book that traces the pattern occurred in the U.S. and Russia took man to the Moon. Bainbridge says development of spaceflight as the result of after the war with spaceflight advocates “there is a minor movement afoot to build a social movement. It is his thesis that selling their respective governments on floating cities in Earth orbit, an interesting spaceflight followed a pattern explained massive space programs. With the success if somewhat frivolous idea.” This by Thomas Kuhn in the Structure of of the moonflight and the development of comment does not reflect a grasp of the Scientific Revolutions. In effect, Von Space Shuttle “the Spaceflight Movement realities and potential involved in space Braun, Oberth, Tsiolkovski, Goddard and in America has ceased to be a movement industrialization. Finally, we are within other pioneers in the spaceflight and has become institutionalized as a part sight of the point where space can bring movement acted on irrational, perhaps of the standard government-industrial significant returns to private investors. We mystical impulses during the structure. The Spaceflight Movement has are on the threshold not only of a scientific revolutionary stage of development of matured, and in succeeding, has lost its and technological revolution but rather spaceflight. The post Apollo effort is no power for revolutionary growth.” something far broader including Stine’s longer revolutionary science and Bainbridge examines the Committee for “Third Industrial Revolution,” and technology but rather follows the pattern the Future as an example of how the Leary’s “Migration,” Hubbard’s “New of normal science with incremental Spaceflight Movement has continued but World,” and a restructured world order. advances. With NASA spaceflight has finds that the Committee for the Future become institutionalized and the bulk of became less and less interested in space per ABSTRACT research, development and publications se and more and more interested in “pop “Spaceflight, Colonization, and deal with narrowly defined technical futurology” and world planning. Independence: A Synthesis”. problems. Bainbridge feels that groups like the Michael A. G. Michaud Initially the Space Movement was Committee for the Future and SF fans do Journal of the British Interplanetary heavily influenced by science fiction. As not relate to the technical realities of Society, March, 1977 (Part One), June, 1977 real developments occurred in space the spaceflight as is currently being carried out (Part Two), September, 1977 (Part Three). influence of science fiction declined and by the U.S. and other governments. In the typical SF fan became alienated and effect we are in for a long period of normal An overview of the human colonization disenchanted from real events in the science which may be followed by a Second of our solar system and other star/planet development of space technology. During Spacecraft Revolution. Bainbridge says, systems. Part One, “Expanding the the early stages many amateur societies “My overall contention is that the next Human Biosphere,” describes the limits sprang up in Germany, England, USSR 20 to 50 years will be marked by a gradual which the Earth may impose on the and the U.S. advocating spaceflight and upward coasting of space-technology human future; the escape from these limits rocket technology. Within the U.S. the capabilities-a period of normal offered by spaceflight and extraterrestrial American Interplanetary Society soon technological change. Somewhere soon colonization; some approaches to the became transformed into the American after the turn of the century there is a real colonization of our solar system (including Rocket Society and later the American possibility of a Second Spaceflight space colonies); the eventual need to Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Revolution.” migrate beyond the solar system; the search reflecting the voice of government and A very interesting idea presented by for colonization sites near other stars; the business involved in aircraft, rocketry and Bainbridge is that there are cultural problems of interstellar flight; and some space. redoubts which allow for the preservation generalizations about interstellar probes. In Germany the Spaceflight Movement of ideas which the broader society may find Part Two, “Manned Interstellar Flight and effectively exploited the Nazi war machine useful at a later time. According to the Colonization of Other Systems,” to advance the development of spaceflight Bainbridge: discusses the problems of piloted through weapons development. “Culture preserved in a redoubt may interstellar flight; design considerations Apparently at no time was Von Braun later emerge into the larger society. for interstellar colonizing missions; the seriously interested in weapons Spaceflight itself may be the best example establishment, growth, and problems of development but rather made every of an idea protected and developed to some interstellar colonies ; further waves of possible effort to gather resources and extent within science fiction and later expansion; and a new status for Homo scientists to advance the cause of brought to practical realization and full sapiens in the universe. Part Three, “The spaceflight. The usual topic of acceptance in the larger society. SF may Consequences of Colonization,” discusses conversation at Peenemunde was how to contain other ideas that might not survive the characteristics of the early colonial get into space and not how to strike targets outside the redoubt at the present time, but generations; the influence of in England more effectively. Bainbridge may emerge strong and compelling at extraterrestrial environments; the presents evidence that technical some future time when the conventional psychology of the new frontier; social and incompetence, irrationality and political consciousness has changed.” biological changes within the colonies; the gamesmanship among the Nazi leadership Bainbridge has done an excellent job of need for adaptive variety; a probable trend led to the tremendous investment in the V- covering the historical development of the in the colonies toward separatism; 2 at a time of great crisis to the German movement. The book is weakest in its political-military interactions; the nation. More than 200,000 people were treatment of the future prospects of space colonies’ relations with and impact on the involved in the V-2 program in the 1944-45 flight, exploration and industrialization. Earth; some long-term implications of period. The program cost an estimated 2.5 He sees no sign of significant economic, human expansion into the universe; billion dollars and at one time or another military or scientific activity that would contact with other intelligences; and a absorbed the efforts of one third of accelerate the movement into space. The possible role for Galactic Humanity if we Germany’s physical scientists and considerable literature, conferences and are the galaxy’s only intelligent species.

15 The following papers are included in Space Manufacturing Facilities, II, the collection of the pro- ceedings of the May 1977 Princeton Conference on Space Manufacturing Facilities. Reviews by Conrad Schneiker.

“Technical Innovation and Social anthropologists in advanced hardware the next 15 to 20 years will go to the energy Exploration in Economic Growth and technologies. Suggestions are offered for industry. About half (or 10 percent of the Energy Development”, L.P. Gerlach the selective employment of new trends in total) will be needed by electric utilities.” Three approaches to technoeconomic anthropology which could cope with 1 and operations are discussed: BIG, SMALL (is 2.” “Environmental Impact of Space beautiful) and HIGH (frontier) as means Manufacturing”, Richard R. Vondrak for economical growth. “Our research “Economic Management Systems: Concerns “The natural environment of enables us to explore social factors which Growth Prospects For The United States the earth, the moon, and cislunar space. . ” influence resistance to, or innovation and Over The Next 50 Years,” W.F. As one example, there is a discussion of acceptance of these approaches.” Thompson, K.D. Wilson how lunar atmospheric interference and This paper reviews a large socio- incomplete discharging of lunar mass “Space Industrialization Studies-An economic study of the prospects for driver payloads affects aiming accuracy of Overview”, C. Priest, R. Bradford economic growth in the United States over the lunar mass driver. If one adds “from NASA’s point of the next 50 years. Significant use of space view”, the title sums it up. Compared to solar power systems have been left out of “Microwave Energy Transmission”, other proposals for space manufacturing the picture until around 2025 and are William Brown operations, the given time scale of discussed very briefly. Apparently lack of In addition to discussing many facets of activities seems stretched out and slow. funding isn’t the reason as “Most forecasts microwave energy transmission systems, conclude that about 20 percent of total the author presents a plan for a series of “Controlled-Environment Agriculture capital funds generated in the nation over progressively larger tests of such systems. and Food Production Systems for Space Just published -- Manufacturing Facilities”, J.M. Phillips, The second volume on Space Manufacturing M.R. Fontes “In this paper, the terrestrial experience SPACE MANUFACTURING FACILITIES, II with CEA (controlled-environment (Space Colonies) agriculture) systems is reviewed, and probable adaptations of this technology to The Proceedings of the May 1977 Princeton/AIAA Conference the problem of designing a food on Space Manufacturing Facilities production system for O’Neill’s model I This new hard cover book, space settlement are discussed.” an essential companion volume to Space Manufacturing I, “Physiological Parameters in Space presents the most up-to-date Settlement Design”, John Billingham and comprehensive infor- Reviews physiological design mation available today on the exciting prospects for space- requirements for the O’Neill/NASA-Ames based Industry. type colony designs. Discusses the need for Space Manufacturing II, the a sensitivity analysis of costs for departing Proceedings of the May 1977 from these (conservative) requirements. Princeton/AlAA Conference on Space Manufacturing and Space Colonization, “Ecopsychiatric Aspects of a First contains the 34 presentations of that Human Space Colony”, Jay T. Shurley, Conference in the following Kirmsch Natani, Randal Sengel categories: “This paper considers the potential Transport: Rocketry and psychosocial problems facing the first Trajectories Transport: Mass Drivers technology satellite crew. These include Material Resources anxiety, depression, hysteria, ineffectual Industrial Operations in performance, substance abuse., etc.” ‘The Space and Large Space Structures authors conclude that a full-scale Order your copy now; only a simulation prior to launch and limited edition has been printed. Human Factors Products deployment is the best method to test Send check or money order to: American Institute of Aeronautics Systems hypotheses and to discover new and and Astronautics Social System Interactions emergent behavior patterns.” 1290 Ave. of the Americas NY, NY 10019 Also included are four Please send me __ copies of thoroughly and clearly written Space Manufacturing Facilities reviews by Gerard K. O’Neill, “Anthropological Considerations”, A. (Space Colonies) II ...... $17.50 Harkins Jerry Grey, Stephen Cheston, Also send me __ copies of the first and James R. Arnold, that “Among the difficulties in joining hardcover book: summarize the voluminous anthropological traditions to the creation Space Manufacturing Facilities contents. (Space Colonies) I ...... $19.50 of space communities are: 1) the lack of a This volume has been Name UNIVERSAL ETHNOTHEORY rushed to press by the AIAA Address to update you on the two amenable to CULTURAL DESIGN and years of effort since the POLICY FORMATION; and 2) an City/State/Zip previous Conference. apparent disinterest among many California residents please add 6% sales tax.

16 L-5 News, January 1978 Huntsville Conference to Feature Space Capitalist

Friday afternoon, Jan. 27, Christian O. bids for the systems being developed. Until panies?) and legal problems and solutions. Basler will present a paper at the Hunts- it has accumulated enough capital, Basler will give a second paper Saturday ville Explorer Anniversary Conference through a series of public offerings and afternoon entitled “The Economics of a entitled “Introduction to the Staging appreciation of its portfolio investments, Staging Company.” It will include a year Company Approach to Space Industrial- to proceed with full-scale space industrial- by year analysis of the interaction of ization.” A staging company is a closed- ization, the investment company would possible R & D profiles, total costs, end management investment company spend only the income from its portfolio potential earnings, and other economic that converts to an operating company on research and development. factors, focused on return on investment after its research and development have After reviewing the basic concept of a for initial purchasers of stock in the brought space industrialization to the staging company as first presented at the staging company and joint venture point of full commitment. As an invest- Industrialization of Space conference in investors. A step-by-step description of ment company it would accumulate San Francisco, Basler will present several how stock in a staging company can be capital and invest in the securities of aspects of staging company structure and sold in a series of public offerings and how companies likely to profit from space operation not discussed in the original other forms of financing can be utilized industrialization and would spend the paper, including integration of tax shelter will also be given. income from its investment portfolio on joint venture investment during the R & For more information on the conference, research and development, to be contracted D/investment co. phase, contractual contact Prof. Donald E. Tarter, Dept. of out, for the most part, to these same relationships between the staging com- Sociology, University of Alabama in companies. The object of the research and pany and contractors (aerospace com- Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35807. development would ultimately be firm 1978 Goddard Memorial Symposium March 8, 9, 10 Washington Hilton Hotel, Washington, DC

Sponsored by the American Astronautical Society, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Forum for the Advancement of Students in Science and Technology, National Space Institute, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, (Washington section) and the L-5 Society.

The theme of the 1978 Goddard to those whose heads begin to reel from by Feb. 26. Please use the registration form Memorial Symposium is “Space shuttle information overload. Wednesday, March below (another registration form with and Spacelab utilization: what is the near- 8 at 7:30 p.m. a tour of the Naval Obser- more details on the conference will be term and long-term potential benefit?” vatory is offered. Thursday at 7:30 p.m. mailed shortly via third class bulk mail to Topics covered will include student there will be a “Washington After Dark” U.S. L-5 members, but if it fails to arrive in experiments, solar power satellites, space tour ($11.00); and Friday noon conference time you can use the form below). Hotel factories, space medicine, the search for attendees have the choice of the reservations should be made directly with extraterrestrial life, space law, science AAS/DGLR Luncheon ($12.00) or the 21st the Washington Hilton Hotel by Feb. 14. fiction, moon and L-5 bases, the Japanese, Annual Goddard Memorial Banquet Look in your local phone book for the toll- Indian, USSR, Chinese, and Canadian ($40.00). Conference survivors who can free Hilton number if you live in the U.S.; space programs as well as the nitty gritty drag themselves out of bed and get ready by otherwise write to them at 1917 Conn. Ave. details on the U.S. space shuttle and 10:00 a.m. Saturday may take a tour of the & Columbia Rd. NW, Washington, DC European Space Agency Spacelab. National Air and Space Museum. 20009. Social activities are offered to give relief If you wish to attend, you must register

Registration Form: Please mail to: 1978 Goddard Memorial Symposium American Astronautical Society Goddard Memorial Symposium Enclosed is (check one): c/oMartin Marietta Aerospace Baltimore Division • $25.00 non-member 103 Chesapeake Park Plaza Baltimore, MD 21220 • $20.00 member (if you are an L-5 regular member, please check this item) • $5.00 student Please make check payable to the American Astronautical Society.

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City State Zip 17 Inside the L-5 Society flyers, broadsides and posters, combined with regular objective reports to all local L-5 is alive and well at Virginia The concept of space settlement has news media, to promote its own activities Polytechnic Institute and State University firmly taken root on the campus of and the greater cause. - better known as Virginia Tech - where America’s second oldest institution of “It’s definitely a people’s cause,” states interest in the prospect of space settlement higher learning, and the historic com- Clint Wolf, the chapter’s executive is steadily expanding. munity surrounding it. director. “That’s why we’re trying to put Initiative toward a chapter of L-5 Beginning in September (at registration together a program that will reach a lot of Society began in the spring, becoming a itself) with an appeal to “make space settle- people, with responsible information.” reality this October. Membership stands ment an assumption of the whole univer- In addition to Bryant and Wolf, the now at about 47, the goal being “as many sity,” a chapter of the L-5 Society has chapter’s directors are Kathy Hickey, Tim as possible” in the words of economics already become conspicuous at the College Hall, Leslie Siegmund, Karen Pitts, Jeff major Kimber Smith who was elected to of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Strang, Libby Patten, Jeff Parker and Glen the chapter’s presidency in November. Virginia. Gross. “We want to help increase public Over 100 students and faculty members Seven of the chapter’s members parti- consciousness of space settlements,” Smith from 17 different schools and departments cipated in the special Congressional explains. “We want to make a contri- became involved in chapter activities in seminar in October. bution to the educational effort. L-5 needs 1977, and many more were reached by a Communications with the chapter to reach a lot of people, and a lot of people series of preliminary educational and should be addressed to: need to reach L-5. Popular participation is media efforts aimed at the general public -- Clint Wolf the only way to go, and it starts with our including a major news-feature in the Executive Director local chapters. Richmond Times-Dispatch, reporting on Williamsburg L-5 “Virginia Tech is a 20,000 member “a major worldwide movement.” P.O. Box 718 community,” Smith adds, “and every one “Everything we’ve done so far,” says Bill Williamsburg, Virginia 23185 of them is a potential member of our Bryant, an organizer of the chapter, “is just chapter, as we see it.” a prelude to the work we plan to do in ‘78. L-5 vice president at Tech is David A great citizens movement is forming, Jones, a 5th year architecture student. obviously, and we do intend to be very Secretary is Cindy Hartman (public actively supportive of it. We feel that the administration), and Lemar Roberts time has come for doing -- for taking this (biology and psychology) is treasurer. thing to the people.” The above sticker represents one of my Faculty advisor to the chapter is political The chapter’s schedule through May current personal efforts to spread aware- scientist Jack Salmon (also a member of includes: ness of the space option. Shunning a timid the L-5 Society’s board of directors). -- Four general meetings, plus a “float- or ambiguous message, I’ve combined a While serving as a forum for discussion ing” six-week discussion (focusing on number of specific concepts in the hope of and a center for the distribution of technology, philosophy, education, social grabbing the attention of the average dis- materials, Tech is taking a look at several science, business and international re- interested person. Judging by the reaction chapter project possibilities. One member lations). so far I think I am succeeding. The un- (Dave Jones) is busily fashioning a model -- Anticipated special programs fea- usual combination of ideas generate a lot (inside and out) of a large habitat. At last turing Gerry O’Neill of Princeton and of comment and discussion. Many people report, Jones was making mountains. Barbara Marx Hubbard of Washington, to are clearly dislodged from their familiar November’s meeting focused on the be broadly co-sponsored. mundane orientation to issues concerning evolution of habitat architectural design. -- Involvement with Sun Day. energy, resources and the environment. “We believe in cooperation,” Smith -- Sponsorship of a Citizens Petition for Since my purpose was to reach as many notes, “so we hope to be working with the the Future (to be shared soon with all L-5 people as possible I had ordered a large College of William and Mary L-5 on some chapters), starting on the campuses. print run to keep the price of the sticker joint projects. The people in Williamsburg -- Preparation of a tabloid newspaper, within a reasonable range (I hope! to break have some interesting ideas about public videotape programs and a comprehensive even on my expenses). It is printed in three education and political lobbying, both of study guide (designed for extensive class- colors (blue, green and black over white) which are much needed nowadays.” room use). on glossy stock 3½" x 16½" and varnished. I If you have any ideas or suggestions -- Sponsorship of a special fine arts am making the stickers available to anyone about projects we could consider this competition and showing (“Visions of interested, especially to organizations with academic year, please send them to us. Humanity’s Tomorrow”). established distribution arrangements. Virginia Tech L-5 Society -- Presentations to other groups, both Here are the prices: c/o Kimber Smith on campus and in the community (ranging 1 - $1.00 (1st class envelope; 4016 W. Pritchard, VPI & SU from Richmond to Norfolk). sticker folded once) Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 The chapter is making a liberal use of l-9 - 1.00 ea. +75¢(lst class box) 10 - 9.00 (1st class box) Space Colonies Topic of Columbia Colloquium 50 - 29.00/30.00 (3rd/lst class box) 100 - 52.00/54.00 (3rd/lst class box) Jan. 23 Colombia University’s Teacher’s colloquium. Although at the time of the -Larger quantities are available at College in New York City is sponsoring a writing of this article the time and room reduced unit costs. L-5 chapters please note colloquium at which L-5 Director had not been determined, this information resale possibilities! (Or: Send one order Romualdas Sviedrys will speak on the can be obtained from Dorothy Thorne, and distribute the stickers to members at a topic of psychology of space colonies 212/678-3247. lower price.) Send orders to Jon Alexander, research. The public is invited to the Box 216, Point Pleasant, PA 18950.

18 L-5 News, January 1978 Please note that we have formed an L-5 chapter at the University of Maryland. The headquarters for now will be located at my house, which is a short walk from campus. Notes from the Editor The forms required by the university have been registered and filed. The name of the chapter is “Maryland Alliance for Space Colonization.” We have an executive L-5’s stable of anonymous authors put author is out of his or her depth and committee of five now set up, including in a virtuoso performance last issue with flounders in errors and misconceptions the two undergraduates, one graduate student German Space Capitalists Under Attack whole way through. Know your topic. in biochemistry, one graduate student who and NASA Virtues Under Carter. Those of Details, facts, and, when appropriate, also works for the state government and you of the literary critic persuasion may quotes are the lifeblood of an article. Tell was Student Government Association enjoy sleuthing through back issues in us who, what, where, when, why and how. president for the University of Maryland search of articles with similar styles which Without them it’s simply an opinion Baltimore Campus when he was an include bylines. That’s all the clues we can piece. (We enjoy your opinions. But they undergraduate, and myself. (Back in 1973, give you - we promised not to tell! belong in the Letters to the Editor section, I set up the Harvard Committee for a Space We appreciate it when you send in items. and shouldn’t run over 400 or 500 words. Economy, when I was a grad student there, Newspaper clippings, conference pro- The probability of having your opinion and we had Mark Hopkins and Siegler as ceedings, press releases, hot tips and even printed is inversely proportional to its members; however, when I quit as General rumors are the raw material from which length. Come up with a pithy one liner and Secretary, and turned it over to them, L-5 News stories evolve. we’ll love you forever!) If you can supply because of thesis and job demands, it didn’t Are you an undiscovered Great Author? photographs or illustrations, excellent. last much longer.) Would you like to be discovered? Consider We realize they can be expensive to make; For further information, please contact T.A. Heppenheimer. He first appeared in let us know what they cost, and if we use Paul J. Werbos, 8411 48th Ave., Berwyn, print in the L-5 News, and as a result of this them, we’ll send you a check. MD 20740. exposure was able to catch the eye of a Be relevant! We don’t care if reading the publisher. His first book, Colonies In Book of Oskwash will enlighten the souls Any Society members near Midland, Texas Space, was snapped up by several book of of L-5ers; the connection is too tenuous. who would like to start a local chapter the month clubs and is coming out in Interviews are great only if they are with should contact: paperback shortly. So, even though the L-5 well-known personalities or major space Brad Wright News pays rotten (writers usually donate researchers, and only if they are discussing 3515 Gulf their articles), if you’re really good, things relevant to the human habitation of Midland, Texas 79703 publication in the L-5 News could be that space. You may think Joe Blow in Phone: 915-694-0867 big break you’ve been waiting for. Arkansas has fascinating thoughts about What do we look for in an article? It space colonies, but we can’t justify An Omaha, Nebraska L-5 Chapter has should be accurate; packed with details, spending $400 on typesetting and printing been formed. Interested people can facts and, if appropriate, quotes; accurate; so that Society members can hear about contact Jay S. Moynihan, 3328 California relevant to the goals of the L-5 Society; them. St. Apt. 5, Omaha, NB 68131. accurate; entertaining; and accurate. Be entertaining-or, if that’s not your We’re serious about that “be accurate” style, at least be undull. The lead sentence Canadians interested in an L-5 Chapter business. We check facts, everything from is the most important. Examples of good which will translate the L-5 News into what state Senator Mosstop represents to leads from the last L-5 News are “Nobody French for further distribution are en- the surface gravity of the Moon. At the first seems to trust poor Lutz Kayser,” “There is couraged to contact Andre Fontaine - factual error we hit, the manuscript hits apparently no substance to the rumor that Gagnon, Ph.D., coordinator, Quebec the wastebasket. We have discovered that Christian O. Basler is the emissary of an Chapter, 1185 Ave. Brown #3, Quebec, QC an article rarely has just one error; it’s advanced and beneficient spacefaring G1S 3A1. either completely accurate, or else the species. . ,” “Keep slugging and pushing.” If you can’t come up with a real “grabber” for the lead, the next best thing is Beat Those Proposal - Writing Blues something plain, but to the point. A report has been released that may be of successes and failures. This study is one of Examples (again from the last L-5 News) interest to L-5 Society members who the first steps in measuring the effects of are, “One of the best, and certainly least prepare proposals for government contract proposal writing, and making it a less expensive, generally available sources of support. The report is The Evaluator obscure art. information for the lobbyist is . . . ” “Our Preference Survey by Bob Dycus. The The 114 page report is endorsed by the topic, near Earth resources, is something report presents the results of an attitude American Association of Small Research new.” Whatever you do, get to the heart of and evaluative judgement study of 33 Companies. It contains the evaluator’s the subject quickly. To paraphrase the experienced government proposal scorings on 139 questionnaire items, and Southern preacher’s dictum, “If you can’t evaluators. presents recommendations for improving hit oil in the first paragraph, quit boring.” The unique feature of this report is that proposals. Although Department of Resist the temptation to indulge in it presents empirical data on the reaction of Defense evaluators are used in the study complex figures of speech, flowery adjec- proposal evaluators to submitted about seventy percent of the tives and involved jokes. For the L-5 News, proposals. How to effectively write questionnaire items measure the human less is more. Remember the professional proposals is a highly subjective area with response to proposal material, and may writer who complained, “Gee, if I’d considerable differences of opinion among also be applicable to non-DOD proposal known I had more time, I would have writers. Most writers rely on intuition evaluators. written less.” Happy writing! which is developed on the basis of past -Carolyn Henson

19 L-5’s Achilles Heel? cannot sell the SSPS, how do we justify the billions of dollars necessary to build space The Satellite Solar Power System can colonies? Congress and private industry provide “clean” energy to any point on are notorious for their short-sighted earth, end the energy crisis, raise the outlook and willingness to follow the path “Recruit Lao Tzu” standard of living for all people on this of least resistance. I believe that we can recruit Lao Tzu for planet, and pave the way for colonies in Is anyone out there looking into other the cause. In your November issue, a quote space. It will cost only a fraction of what economically-justifiable (i.e., profitable) ascribed to him was placed among some the U.S. utilities would have to spend space projects besides the SSPS which can others critical of space colonization. The between now and the year 2000, and is generate the billions of dollars needed to quote was: “As for those who would take based on technology we now have or get space colonization “off the ground”? I the whole world to tinker with as they see expect to have in the ’80s. do not want to see the whole concept of fit, I observe that they never succeed.” He ERDA is currently working on the deep space settlements go down the tube because has correctly observed that the world is too drilling technology that will allow us to we hitched our wagon to the wrong horse. complicated to deal with. Any attempts to tap the enormous heat reserves a few miles Any comments from the members of the L- tinker with it are more likely to cause harm below our feet. Deep well geothermal 5 Society? than good. Such an insight leads to the plants which extract heat from water Robert G. Lovell, Jr. conclusion that a simpler place for man’s pumped into these deep wells can provide Shawnee, Kansas experimentation is required. This place is “clean” energy anywhere on earth, end the space. Any social or ecological error made energy crisis, raise the standard of living, Stogies in Space on one space habitat is correctable at finite cost a fraction of what would have been cost. Such errors made on the one and only spent on more conventional plants, and earth can be fatal. So, as I see it, space will be based on technology we now have I do not think that the matter of smoking colonization should be warmly embraced or expect to have in the 1980s. This system in space colonies is very simple. by all extreme environmentalists. will not pave the way for colonies, For one thing, the increasing size of non- I believe that you should move Lao Tzu however, because it will not require many smoking areas in airplanes, restaurants, from the column of those who say no to the billions of dollars “up front” for lunar and the like indicates one trend. Secondly, column of those who say yes. Since he is mass drivers, “construction shacks”. and so far as I know none of the astronauts were dead, he can’t protest anyway. the like. Sinceeach plant will beessentially smokers and we therefore have no notion George Fredericks modular and will not require massive as to what the physiological effects may be Colorado Springs, CO investment for transportation, mining, etc. on a person undergoing daily changes it could offer a more attractive investment from O-G to 1-G. Thirdly, it is obvious “Star Kings” opportunity for Washington or Wall Street that those in the construction areas of O-G I came across the following clipping in than the SSPS. will not be able to smoke. Fourthly, I can my papers from the period I was living in If something like deep well geothermal not imagine that any tobacco firm will pay Hawaii. It was in the Honolulu Advertiser, or OTEC (which uses the temperature $160 per kilogram freight charge nor do I part of a regular column done by a differences in the oceans) becomes think that many colonies will have enough hereditary Prince from one of the most available as a possible solution to the agricultural space that they will devote prominent old Hawaiian families, then world’s problems, and can be shown to cost some to the raising of tobacco. doing time in Folsom on a bum check rap. the same as or less than the SSPS. how are Kirk H. Stone The chant came from the old religion of we going to sell theconcept of powersats to Research Professor the old Polynesian stock on the Islands, Congress or private industry? And if we University of Georgia from the priestly chants of the Order of the God Lono: We have looked upon the shining depths of Earth in the dark night. We have set our feet upon her breast, and she has embraced us as her own. Yet we are strangers to this Earth, and alien to this sun, For our home lies athwart the barriers of time, And in the long flood of night, And far beyond the calling stars And our lords are the star-kings. Our jugged Prince told his readers they could make of it whatever they would, but he himself was willing to take the next bus to Alpha Centauri, if they were willing to take a check. It may interest some readers; after all, it might be nice if Lono’s pals had a bus stop next time. Incidently, the Prince is out now. Bus to Alpha Centauri: Pictured here is the Orion nuclear pulse jet interstellar ark, a 400,000 ton David Murphy vehicle which uses 300,000 small fusion bombs for propulsion. Attaining 1/30 the speed of light, Carbondale, Il. it can make the trip to Alpha Centauri in 130 years. (Photo courtesy Hughes Research Laboratories.)

20 Comment on Goldwater L-5 Graphics Social Models Needed

Barry Goldwater clearly represents an For your information, I received the The aspect of the human colonization extreme political viewpoint. I believe that November 77 issue of L-5 News today. of Space that really intrigues me is the his election, at least without that of a Your graphic organization is getting much unprecedented psychosocial environment “counterbalancing” democrat, could hurt better. (On the subject of space colonies it in which we will be living. Historically, the L-5 Society’s cause. is important to have a professional look to settlers of new realms have encountered the graphic layout in order to make a problems and effected solutions unknown Paul Patton in their old environment. Clearly -- and favorable impression on intelligent Green Bay, WI especially -- human Space colonies will people.) Thanks for putting the mailing not be simple cultural transplants from label on the back cover this time. (I pre- Earth. Convey my best wishes to Senator ferred envelope mailing.) As John Sotos observed in his letter Goldwater. On the issue of space indus- -Jon Alexandr (August, 77), “Space habitation cannot trialization I find myself, a “liberal Point Pleasant, PA afford to be trial and error.” The internal democrat,” in total agreement. If the (psychological, spiritual) and external subject can unify the two of us, it certainly Corrosion Questions (Physical, social) tools for manifesting can unify the world! Darth Proxmire, take clear, sharp and exceedingly satisfying note! I wish to raise the question of the human interactions -- suitable for the conditions of Space living -- exist today. Gary D. Miloglav corrosion of space colony structural Yet, to my knowledge, no teams of materials. Corrosion on the external side Piedmont, CA people employing these techniques in which is in contact with vacuum may be daily living, with the goal of adapting Maybe Barry Goldwater should think of negligible, though radiation damage, them to the Space environment, currently running for U.S. President on the L-5 erosion by micro-meteorites and evapor- exist. Let’s get busy now establishing ticket with Dr. O’Neill as his VP. ation of heated surfaces may take place. these social models, so when the Roy S. Furst However, on the internal side, the technology materializes out there we’ll Baldwin, NY structural walls will be in contact with air have living teams worthy of occupying and/or soil at levels of humidity, acidity them! These exemplary communities, Hasn’t that been tried before? -- MB and oxidizing potentials similar to those fundamental to human life in Space, under terrestrial conditions. The rate of would be another benefit to the Earth corrosion of metals under these conditions from this great venture. Lobbying Notes is not necessarily negligible. In turn, Ron Lichtwardt corrosion will lead to weakening of the Honolulu, HI The article in the October issue of the wall materials, which may become serious L-5 News entitled “So You Want to “Too Much Idealism” in view of the strain exerted on the habitat Lobby” was extremely informative. How- On the question of the military uses of structure. Corrosion damage may thus ever, the article did not list two very outer space I would like to say that too result in lifetimes for these habitats which important People which a person could much idealism has been shown by the may be more limited than we intuitively write. They are: comments in the Newsletter. Space tend to assume. In this case amortization of 1) President Carter, of course. activities should be kept peaceful, but not the habitats will have to be taken into and at all costs. Not at the cost of liberty and account in the economic evaluation of 2) Acting Director James T. McIntyre, Jr. individual freedom. As George Orwell space colonization. In any event, the wrote in Executive Office of the President “Looking Back on the Spanish corrosion problem will have to be taken War“, “For the truth is very simple. To Office of Management and Budget into account in the design of structural survive you often have to fight, and to Washington, D.C. 20503 materials. fight you have to dirty yourself. War is Respectfully, Michael Mautner. Ph.D. evil, and is often the lesser evil.” G. M. Wannamaker The Rockefeller University Lawrence Boyle FPO NY New York, N.Y. Chicago, IL

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21 EARTH-MOON LIBRATION POINTS

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