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Minería Sustentable En Zonas Áridas. Aportes Temáticos Del Proyecto CAMINAR

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Minería Sustentable En Zonas Áridas. Aportes Temáticos Del Proyecto CAMINAR Minería Sustentable en Zonas Áridas Compendio de: Aportes temáticos del Proyecto CAMINAR Publicado en el 2009 por el Programa Hidrológico Internacional (PHI) de la Oficina Regional de Ciencia para América Latina y el Caribe de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO). Documento Técnico del PHI-LAC, Nº 15 ISBN 978-92-9089-133-8 © UNESCO 2009 Las denominaciones que se emplean en esta publicación y la presentación de los datos que en ella figura no suponen por parte de la UNESCO la adopción de postura alguna en lo que se refiere al estatuto jurídico de los países, territorios, ciudades o zonas, o de sus autoridades, no en cuanto a sus fronteras o límites. Las ideas y opiniones expresadas en esta publicación son las de los autores y no representan, necesariamente, el punto de vista de la UNESCO. Se autoriza la reproducción, a condición de que la fuente se mencione en forma apropiada, y se envíe copia a la dirección abajo citada. Este documento debe citarse como: UNESCO, 2009. Minería sustentable en zonas áridas. Aportes temáticos del Proyecto CAMINAR. CAZALAC. Documentos Técnicos del PHI-LAC, N°15. Dentro del límite de la disponibilidad, copias gratuitas de esta publicación pueden ser solicitadas a: Programa Hidrológico Internacional para Centro del Agua para Zonas Áridas y América Latina y el Caribe (PHI-LAC) Semiáridas para América Latina y el Oficina Regional de Ciencia para América Caribe (CAZALAC) Latina y el Caribe Benavente 980 UNESCO La Serena, Chile Dr. Luis P. Piera 1992, 2º piso Tel.: 56 51 204 493 11200 Montevideo, Uruguay Fax: 56 51 204 493 Tel.: + 598 2 413 2075 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: + 598 2 413 2094 http://www.cazalac.org E-mail: [email protected] http://www.unesco.org.uy/phi Disclaimer: "El Proyecto CAMINAR es financiado por la Comisión Europea, Contrato Nº INCO_CT2006-032539. La información en este documento es entregada desde su fuente original y ninguna garantía es dada para algún propósito específico. El usuario, por lo tanto, usa la información a su propio riesgo y responsabilidad. Este documento no representa la política o los puntos de vista oficiales de la Comisión, Parlamento o Consejo Europeo.” 03 PRESENTACION El proyecto CAMINAR de la Comisión Europea de impactos ambientales, en particular de ha integrado el trabajo de científicos e aquellos vinculados a la actividad minera. ingenieros de tres países europeos, España, Continúa con el importante tema de los cierres Portugal y el Reino Unido, y de tres de minas y su planificación, así como con un sudamericanos, Bolivia, Chile y Perú, en artículo relativo a la evaluación del riesgo de materias relativas a la sustentabilidad ambiental drenaje ácido y contaminación por metales de la minería en cuencas hidrográficas de zonas pesados. Finalmente, se incluye un léxico sobre áridas. Ello ha implicado la realización de temas de geología económica y minería, que estudios científicos, tecnológicos, económicos y comprende sus connotaciones ambientales. Los sociales y su incorporación a modelos físico- artículos relativos a evaluación de impacto matemáticos y de gestión, que faciliten su ambiental y a cierres mineros, así como el léxico aplicación efectiva en la toma de decisiones. de geología económica contaron con la edición de Paloma Cubas y Roberto Oyarzún y están El equipo de trabajo en Chile está integrado en d i s p o n i b l e s e n e l s i t i o w e b torno a CAZALAC, Centro del Agua para Zonas http://www.aulados.net. Una versión abreviada Áridas de Latinoamérica y el Caribe, en materias editada por Silvia Riquelme del artículo sobre como hidroquímica, contaminación de aguas y agua y minería en Chile será incluida en la Guía sedimentos, usos del agua por la agricultura y la Minera de Chile 2009-2010. Finalmente, el minería, y participación ambiental ciudadana. artículo relativo a drenaje ácido fue expuesto en En él participan también investigadores del el Seminario GEOMIN 2009 y aparece en sus CEAZA, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas actas en su versión en inglés. Áridas y del Departamento Ingeniería de Minas de la Universidad de La Serena, así como un Un objetivo principal de la presente publicación grupo de memoristas de la carrera Ingeniería es facilitar la comprensión de las materias Civil Ambiental de la misma universidad. Un científico-técnicas vinculadas a los impactos segundo equipo de trabajo está constituido por ambientales, especialmente en los temas profesionales de la empresa Water relativos al agua, la geología y mineralogía, y el Management, cuya tarea se centra en el efecto de las operaciones minerometalúrgicas desarrollo de modelos de gestión de los recursos en la dispersión de los metales. Ello, con el fin hídricos. de facilitar las decisiones en materia ambiental minera de los especialistas de otras áreas, así La presente publicación reúne un grupo de como la participación comunitaria responsable, documentos que sintetizan los problemas y la cual no es posible sin un entendimiento de los soluciones relativas a las materias tratadas por temas básicos. el primer grupo, así como algunos puntos de vista considerados en su enfoque. Incluye un primer artículo sobre agua y minería en Chile, y sigue con un documento relativo a la evaluación Guido Soto Ricardo Oyarzún Coordinador de Proyecto CAMINAR Investigador Proyecto CAMINAR Director Ejecutivo CAZALAC ULS-Depto. Minas y CEAZA www.cazalac.org/caminar 04 INDICE Minería y Recursos Hídricos en Chile, Jorge Oyarzún M., 05 Ricardo Oyarzún L. Mining and Water Resources in Chile, Jorge Oyarzún M., 16 Ricardo Oyarzún L. Anexo 29 Evaluación de Impactos Ambientales, Jorge Oyarzún M. 33 Planes de Cierre Mineros-Curso Resumido, Jorge Oyarzún M. 81 El Potencial de Neutralización de Acidez de los Silicatos: Un Factor Subvalorado en la Evaluación de Drenaje Ácido de 136 Yacimientos Metálico Sulfurados, Jorge Oyarzún M., Hugo Maturana C., Ricardo Oyarzún L. Acidity Neutralization Potential of Silicate Minerals: A Neglected Factor in Acid Drainage Assessment of Sulphide Metallic Deposits, 144 Jorge Oyarzún M., Hugo Maturana C., Ricardo Oyarzún L. Léxico de Geología Económica, Jorge Oyarzún M. 159 www.cazalac.org/caminar 05 Minería y Recursos Hídricos en Chile Jorge Oyarzún 1 , Ricardo Oyarzún 1,2 1Depto. Ingeniería de Minas, Universidad de La Serena, Benavente 980, La Serena, Chile. 2 Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA). Emails. Jorge Oyarzún: [email protected] Ricardo Oyarzún: [email protected] Resumen mayor entendimiento con otros usuarios locales. Esto, junto con la continua exploración de Una convergencia de factores geológicos cuerpos de aguas subterráneas profundas, condujo a la formación a gran escala de formados durante épocas pasadas, cuyas depósitos de cobre-molibdeno en las regiones mayores precipitaciones alcanzaron al Desierto áridas a semiáridas de la mitad norte de Chile, de Atacama. que entregan cerca de un tercio del cobre de mina del mundo. Durante la última década, la producción de cobre de Chile se dobló, llegando Esta contribución considera los siguientes a alcanzar 5,5 Mt (millones de toneladas) en aspectos: (1) la disponibilidad de agua en el 2008. El hecho de que su precio subiera de norte de Chile, donde se sitúa la mayor parte de 1,3US$/lb en 2004 a más de 3,5 en 2006, antes los recursos y operaciones mineras del país, (2) de la presente crisis económica. Esto impulsó las interrelaciones entre las demandas de agua varios proyectos de expansión y nuevas de la industria minera y las necesidades de agua explotaciones mineras, y generó presiones en la para riego de la agricultura, (3) los competencia entre minería y agricultura por requerimientos hídricos básicos de las contar con los escasos y frágiles recursos comunidades indígenas del norte de Chile, (4) hídricos disponibles. Los derechos de agua son los potenciales conflictos ambientales o libremente negociables en Chile, y su económicos resultantes de la concesión en transferencia masiva a la industria minera puede exceso de derechos de agua y su efecto en la tener consecuencias importantes a corto y largo carencia del recurso, (5) las alteraciones plazo. Además, la minería genera otros impactos climáticas de carácter global y continental que en la calidad de los escasos recursos hídricos, pueden afectar el frágil equilibrio hidrológico de tanto por efecto de las operaciones mineras y esta parte del territorio chileno, y (6) las metalúrgicas como por la acumulación de diferentes opciones que pueden adoptar las relaves y otros depósitos de desechos mineros empresas mineras para enfrentar sus en la superficie de las cuencas de drenaje, en necesidades presentes y sus demandas de particular en las proximidades de los ríos expansión. principales. Por otra parte, los recursos hídricos del norte de Chile son muy dependientes de fenómenos climáticos complejos y de difícil Palabras Clave predicción, como las precipitaciones de “Invierno Altiplánico” (al norte de 26º S) y el Zonas áridas, gestión del agua, minería del Ciclo ENSO (entre 26º y 32º S). Ambos pueden cobre, impactos ambientales y cambio climático. ser afectados por procesos independientes del control nacional, como la deforestación de la cuenca amazónica y los efectos climáticos del Calentamiento Global. En el intertanto, la industria minera ha ensayado soluciones tecnológicas (reciclaje del agua usada en sus operaciones, uso directo del agua de mar o del agua de mar desalinizada), así como mejores prácticas de manejo ambiental y del agua, y un www.cazalac.org/caminar 06 Introducción Geología y Recursos Minerales en Chile La minería del cobre es la principal actividad Chile continental presenta una especial económica de Chile, con ventas que alcanzaron geografía, al constituir una estrecha faja N-S de US$ 32.332 millones el año 2006, 4.500 km de largo, extendida entre las latitudes representando un 55% de las exportaciones 17º 45` S y 56º S y flanqueada por la Cordillera totales del País y un 37% del cobre total “de de Los Andes y el Océano Pacífico.
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