DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic Engineering of Anthurium for Bacterial Disease

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetic Engineering of Anthurium for Bacterial Disease GENETIC ENGINEERING OF ANTHURIUM FOR BACTERIAL DISEASE RESISTANCE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HORTICULTURE MAY 1993 BY Fure-Chyi Chen Dissertation Committee: Adelheid R, KuehnIe, Chairperson Anne M. Alvarez Richard W. Hartmann Tadashi Higaki Richard M. Manshardt Samuel S. M, Sun We certify that we have read this dissertation and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture. DISSERTATION COMMITTEE Chairperson Q £ O ci^ %- i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks go to my advisor Dr. Adelheid (Heidi) Kuehnie for financial support, continuous guidance, helpful criticisms and stimulating discussions during my study. I am very grateful to my dissertation committee members, Drs. Anne Alvarez, Tadashi Higaki, Richard Hartmann, Adelheid Kuehnie, Richard Manshardt and Samuel Sun, for critical comments, suggestions and advice. Thanks go to Dr. J. Jaynes (Biochem. Dept., Louisiana State Univ.) for providing antibacterial constructs, bacteria strains, antibacterial proteins and antibodies; to Drs. A. Roth and F. Dahlquist (Inst. Mol. Biol., Oregon State Univ.) for providing T4 lysozyme vector pHSeS. I would also like to thank Dr. Tessie Amore, Vicky Chao, Gillian Nan, Nellie Sugii, and Suwenza Lius for their helpful assistance. Dr. Anne Alvarez for providing lab space, David Norman for help with my bacteria challenge work, and Glenn Mochizuki for help with bactericidal assay. Thanks to Drs. Samuel Sun and Ming-Li Wang for their instructions and instruments. Dr. Marilyn Dunlap of the Uni. of Hawaii EM facility for her help with scanning electron microscopy. Drs. A. Marezsky and C. Nagai for kindly providing their particle gun for experiment. I thank my father (who passed away early 1992) and mother for their encouragement and support. I thank my brothers, brothers-in-law, and friends for financial help. Finally, I am very grateful to my wife Su-Fu for her understanding, encouragement, caring, and for taking care of our son Wei-An and daughter Grace. I l l ABSTRACT To aid transformation of anthurium, tissue culture and regeneration was achieved through either somatic embryogenesis or shoot regeneration using in vitro grown etiolated internodes, laminae, and root segments. Two gene transfer methods were used to transform anthurium tissues. Using bombardment of DNA-coated microprojectiles into anthurium calli and etiolated internodes, transient expression of S-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) was observed in these tissues. No transformed plants were recovered using this method. Antibacterial genes, including an insect attacin gene (Att), phage P22 gene P13, phage T4 lysozyme gene e, and a gene encoding an analog of insect cecropin B (Shiva-1) were driven by either double CaMV35S or potato wound inducible promoter, in the plant expression vector pBI121. Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 carrying either pCa2Att, pCa2P13, pCa2T4, pWlAtt or pWlShiva was used for cocultivation with internode or lamina explants of UH965 and UH1060. Following culture on selection media containing kanamycin and carbenicillin or cefotaxime, shoots regenerated from various calli pieces. Kanamycin-resistant plantlets were recovered from UH965 and UH1060 etiolated internode explants cocultivated with Agrobacterium with or without tobacco cell line 'Su' as nurse culture. GUS activity as determined by histochemical staining was absent in the kanamycin-resistant plants evaluated. Western blot analysis of total proteins from lamina calli formed de novo from kanamycin-resistant UH965 plants showed the presence of attacin protein. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify DNA fragments from the introduced genes. In six UH965 plants, A tt and nptii i v genes were amplified in the expected sizes of 546 and 1054 bp, respectively. In UH1060 plants, P13 and nptH genes were amplified. A GUS gene fragment was amplified in one of the UH965 plants. No amplification of the above-mentioned genes was observed in DNA samples of untransformed control plants. Southern hybridizations using amplified sequences from A tt, P I3 and NPTH all showed positive hybridization. Kanamycin-resistant UH965 plants with Ca2Att, Ca2P13 or Ca2T4 were challenged with the blight pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae strain D150 in the petiole end. The result of two challenge experiments indicated that most transgenic UH965 plants were partially resistant and a few were resistant to the blight bacteria. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................ iii Abstract ............................................................................................ iv List of Tables .................................................................................... xii List of Figures ................................................................................... xiv 1. Introduction ............................................................................... 1 References..................................................................................... 4 2. Literature Review ...................................................................... 6 2.1 Anthurium .......................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Bacterial blight and its current control ........... 7 2.1.2 Breeding for disease resistance ....................... - 8 2.2 Genetic engineering for disease resistance ................. 10 2.2.1 Insect immune proteins ..................................... 12 2.2.2 Defense proteins from other animals .............. 16 2.2.3 Lysozymes ........................................................... 18 2.3 Genetic transformation .................................................... 21 2.3.1 Agrobacterium-me6\aX.B6 transformation ....... 22 2.3.2 Particle gun .......................................................... 29 2.3.3 Electroporation, PEG- and liposome-mediated transformation of protoplasts .............................. 31 2.3.4 Microinjection ...................................................... 33 2.3.5 Macroinjection ..................................................... 34 2.3.6 Pollen tube pathway ........................................... 34 2.3.7 Agroinfection and virus vectors ....................... 35 2.3.8 Other methods of gene transfer ...................... 36 v i 2.4 Tissue culture of anthurium and other aroids ............. 37 2.4.1 Callus culture ..................................................... 37 2.4.2 Axillary bud multiplication ............................... 39 2.4.3 Seed culture ......................................................... 39 2.4.4 Spadix culture ..................................................... 40 2.4.5 Liquid culture ...................................................... 40 2.5 References .............................................................. 41 3. Tissue Culture and Regeneration of Anthurium .................... 64 3.1 Introduction............. .............................................................. 64 3.2 Materials and methods .................................................... 65 3.2.1 Plant materials....................................................... 65 3.2.2 Media .................................................................. -70 3.2.3 Culture of internodes and laminae ................. 70 3.2.4 Effect of calcium concentration on somatic embryogenesis .................................................... 73 3.2.5 Effect of cytokinins on organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis ...................................... 74 3.2.6 Effect of 2iP and 2,4-D on the response of UH965 lamina culture ........................................ 74 3.2.7 Establishment of etiolated shoots from lamina culture .................................................................. 75 3.2.8 Root culture ........................................................ 75 3.3 Results ................................................................................ 76 3.3.1 Callus formation and somatic embryogenesis 76 3.3.2 Effect of calcium concentration on somatic embryogenesis ..................................................... 86 v i i 3.3.3 Cytokinins can induce shoots and somatic embryos on lamina cultures ................................................ 86 3.3.4 Response of UH965 lamina cultures to 2iP and 2.4-D 89 3.3.5 Formation of multiple etiolated shoots from lamina....................................................................... 92 3.3.6 Root culture ........................................................ 99 3.4 Discussion ......................................................................... 99 3.5 References ................................................................... 103 4. Asr/'o^acfe/'/t/m-mediated Transformation of >4/7f/7y/'/t//77 .... 106 4.1 Introduction ................................................................... 106 4.2 Materials and methods ..................................................... 1-08 4.2.1 Plant materials and media..................................... 108 4.2.2 Plasmids and bacteria .......................................... 108 4.2.3 Bactericidal assay of antibacterial proteins .... 110 4.2.4 Effect of kanamycin on formation of callus on lamina and internode explants.............................. 114 4.2.5 Cocultivation of explants and regeneration
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study of Morphophysiological Descriptors of Cultivated Anthurium
    HORTSCIENCE 47(9):1234–1240. 2012. 1970s, many more accessions were intro- duced from The Netherlands (Dilbar, 1992). There are no standardized morphophysio- A Study of Morphophysiological logical descriptors for anthurium available in the literature to characterize accessions of Descriptors of Cultivated Anthurium A. andraeanum Hort. or differentiate between them. Furthermore, the introduced acces- andraeanum Hort. sions have not been systematically evaluated for horticultural performance and adaptabil- Winston Elibox and Pathmanathan Umaharan1 ity under local conditions. This information Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, The University is critical for selecting parents for subse- of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, College Road, St. Augustine, Republic quent studies and for embarking on a breed- ing program. of Trinidad and Tobago The objective of the study was to deter- Additional index words. coefficient of variation, correlation, descriptors, frequency distribu- mine useful morphophysiological descriptors tion, index of differentiation, showiness, principal component analysis for horticultural characterization of cultivated anthurium accessions as well as to identify a Abstract. Sixteen morphophysiological parameters of horticultural importance were promising ideotype for breeding purposes. investigated in 82 anthurium accessions grown in the Caribbean. The spathe colors included red, pink, white, green, orange, purple, coral, and brown and obake types with Materials and Methods red, pink, and white spathe colors accounting for 63.4% of the accessions. There was wider variation in spadix color combinations than spathe color. There was wide variation Location. The experiment was conducted for the cut flower and leaf parameters evaluated with productivity and peduncle length in a commercial farm, Kairi Blooms Ltd., having the smallest and largest range, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Origin and Rapid Diversification of the Genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), Integrating Molecular Phylogenetics, Morphology and Fossils
    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 8-3-2011 Understanding the origin and rapid diversification of the genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), integrating molecular phylogenetics, morphology and fossils Monica Maria Carlsen University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Carlsen, Monica Maria, "Understanding the origin and rapid diversification of the genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), integrating molecular phylogenetics, morphology and fossils" (2011). Dissertations. 414. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/414 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mónica M. Carlsen M.S., Biology, University of Missouri - St. Louis, 2003 B.S., Biology, Universidad Central de Venezuela – Caracas, 1998 A Thesis Submitted to The Graduate School at the University of Missouri – St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Biology with emphasis in Ecology, Evolution and Systematics June 2011 Advisory Committee Peter Stevens, Ph.D. (Advisor) Thomas B. Croat, Ph.D. (Co-advisor) Elizabeth Kellogg, Ph.D. Peter M. Richardson, Ph.D. Simon J. Mayo, Ph.D Copyright, Mónica M. Carlsen, 2011 Understanding the origin and rapid diversification of the genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), integrating molecular phylogenetics, morphology and fossils Mónica M. Carlsen M.S., Biology, University of Missouri - St. Louis, 2003 B.S., Biology, Universidad Central de Venezuela – Caracas, 1998 Advisory Committee Peter Stevens, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthurium Andraeanum) As a Cut Flower in Bangladesh
    Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 1, 103-107, 2013 VARIETAL STUDY OF ANTHURIUM (ANTHURIUM ANDRAEANUM) AS A CUT FLOWER IN BANGLADESH M.S. ISLAM, H. MEHRAJ, M.Z.K. RONI, S. SHAHRIN AND A.F.M. JAMAL UDDIN* Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh ABSTRACT Five varieties viz., Caesar, Aymara, Ivory, Jewel, and Triticaca were in use for the study in Randomized Complete Block Design with five replications. Significant differences among cultivars were noted for all attributes evaluated. Variety ‘Triticaca’ had maximum stalk length and diameter, spathe length and breadth, spadix length, vase life and flowers per plant. Through present analysis it is noticed that, variety ‘Titicaca’ are exceedingly preferred because of its attractive flowers, excellent flower size, yield potentiality and long shelf life. Key words: Anthurium, Cut flower, Vase life INTRODUCTION Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum) is a slow-growing perennial flowering plant that requires shady, humid conditions as found in tropical forests. The genus anthurium is evergreen and belongs to the family Araceae as the plant possesses an underground rhizome with adventitious roots, characteristic of the family. Anthurium characteristically produces numerous inflorescences subtended by brightly colored spathes, which are carried on long, slender peduncles. Spathes are characteristically heart-shaped, flat, puckered and shiny and flowers have a wide range of spathe colors viz., white, pink, salmon-pink, red, light-red, dark-red, brown, green, lavender, cream or multi-colored. The colorful spathe is long-lasting. However, the ‘true’ flowers are found on the spadix and have large numbers of pistils, each surrounded by four stamens.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of the Antiyeast Compound and Probiotic Properties
    Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 http://www.ejbiotechnology.info DOI: 10.2225/vol13-issue5-fulltext-2 Optimization in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Anthurium andraeanum using GFP as a reporter Qing Zhao1 · Ji Jing2 · Gang Wang2 · Jie Hua Wang2 · Yuan Yuan Feng2 2 2 Han Wen Xing · Chun Feng Guan 1 School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China 2 School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China Corresponding author: [email protected] - [email protected] Received September 16, 2009 / Accepted May 5, 2010 Published online: September 15, 2010 © 2010 by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile Abstract Although Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocols for many economically important plant species have been well established, protocol for a number of flowering plants including Anthurium andraeanum remains challenging. In this study, we report success in generating transgenic Anthurium andraeanum cv Arizona using Agrobacterium GV3101 strain harboring a binary vector carrying gfp as a reporter gene. The possibility of facilitating the screening process for transgenic plants expressing functional proteins using gfp marker was explored. In order to realize high transformation efficiency, different explant sources including undifferentiated callus pieces and petioles were compared for their regeneration efficiency and susceptibility to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. We also optimized the concentration of AS added to co-cultivation media. Genomic PCR revealed that 11 of the 22 resistant plantlets regenerated on selective medium were successfully transformed. Green fluorescence was observed using a fluorescence microscope in 7 of the 11 PCR-positive plants, indicating GFP was expressed stably in the transformed Anthurium andraeanum.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Anthurium Sect. Andiphillum (Araceae) from Cultivation
    PALMARBOR Croat and Hodel: New Anthurium (Araceae) 2020-8: 1–16 A New Species of Anthurium sect. Andiphillum (Araceae) from Cultivation THOMAS B. CROAT AND DONALD R. HODEL Key Words: Anthurium, Araceae, sect. Andiphillum, new species, Mexico. Introduction The genus Anthurium was last revised for Central America nearly 40 years ago (Croat 1983; 1986) and will soon be revised again for Flora of Mesoamerica (Croat in prep.). The new revision will contain 370 species of Anthurium, up from around 220 species known in 1986. The most recently discovered species has resulted from a fortuitous situation. The junior author had an Anthurium growing in his garden near Los Angeles, California and suspected it might be new to science (Figs. 1–2). He sent photos and material of the plant to the senior author who also suspected it was new to science. The senior author investigated the material and keyed it out in both the Lucid Anthurium Key (an as yet unpublished, on-line electronic key) and the newly composed key to Anthurium for Flora of Mesoamerica (Croat in prep.), which confirmed the authors’ suspicions. This new species, though ostensibly of unknown origin, is little known in cultivation, existing only in a few private, exotic plant collections in Southern California. The species regularly sets fruit, a good sign that it is probably not a hybrid. It certainly must have originated from Mexico or possibly Guatemala, the only two countries where the sect. Andiphillum occurs (except rarely in Honduras). The more or less D-shaped to U-shaped petioles and the very large fruits (berries) readily distinguish this section (Carlsen and Croat 2019; Croat and Hormell 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Cut Flowers, Cut Foliages, Cut Ornamentals, and Floral Arrangements for Their Corporate, Commercial, and Residential Clients
    2017 National Collegiate Landscape Competition Flower and Foliage ID List Brigham Young University—Provo, Utah Reminders for students about scientific names: 1) Genus names are always capitalized. 2) The specific epithet (species name) always starts with a lower-case letter. 3) Cultivar names are always capitalized and enclosed within single quotes. 4) Common names begin with lower-case letters; however, proper nouns are capitalized: i.e. lily of the Nile; Peruvian lily; star of Bethlehem; bells of Ireland 5) The cultivar name is considered a proper name because it is a specific selection of the species or hybrid; it often becomes part of the common name and continues to be capitalized: i.e. Philodendron bipinnatifidum ‘Hope’ = Hope philodendron 6) Technically, there is no space between the hybrid sign “x” and the specific epithet; a space has been used in this list for the sake of clarity: i.e. Chrysanthemum xgrandiflorum = Chrysanthemum x grandiflorum 7) Because numerous species are used and sometimes the exact species is not always known, “spp.” is written following the genus name in lower case letters (as shown on the list). 8) In the case of many hybrids and/or cultivars, the words “Hybrids” or “Hybrid Cultivars,” etc. (as shown) is listed following the genus name. 9) Information in parentheses, synonym scientific names, plant patent numbers, and plant groupings, etc. do not need to be memorized. 10) Although there will be an entire bunch of the same plant material in each vase or bucket, the common name should be listed for one stem: i.e. peony, not peonies; galax leaf, not galax leaves 11) Although genus and species names are generally italicized while cultivar names are not, you will not be required to italicize scientific names.
    [Show full text]
  • New Taxa of Anthurium (Araceae) from the Bajo Calima Region (Valle, Choco´), Colombia and Ecuador
    New Taxa of Anthurium (Araceae) from the Bajo Calima Region (Valle, Choco´), Colombia and Ecuador Thomas B. Croat Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299. [email protected] Dorothy C. Bay Department of Biology, Missouri Southern State University, 3950 E Newman Road, Reynolds Hall 303, Joplin, Missouri 64801-1595. [email protected] Emily D. Yates Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299. Current address: HCR, Box 450, Las Vegas, NV 89124. [email protected] ABSTRACT . Twenty-six new taxa (25 species and 1 Key words: Anthurium, Araceae, Bajo Calima, variety) of Anthurium (Araceae) from Bajo Calima, Colombia. Colombia, are described as new: Anthurium albertiae Croat & Bay, A. arenasense Croat & Bay, A. This manuscript describes 25 new species and 1 barreranum Croat & Bay, A. bayae Croat, A. calimense new variety of Anthurium (Araceae) from the Bajo Croat & Bay, A. coleorrhiza Croat & Bay, A. cordobense Calima Region of Colombia, an area known to be Croat & Bay, A. cylindratum Croat & Bay, A. fragrans a center of diversity for Araceae. The Bajo Calima Croat & Bay, A. hinoideum Croat & Bay, A. region, covering roughly 80,000 ha., is a part of the holquinianum Croat & Bay, A. isidroense Croat & Choco´ phytogeographic region (Gentry, 1982; Prance, Bay, A. joaquinense Croat & Bay, A. langendoenii 1982) located between the latitudinal coordinates of Croat & Bay, A. lautum Croat & Bay, A. lygrum R. E. 03u509N and 04u109N, and the longitudinal coordi- Schultes ex Croat & Bay, A. malagaense Croat & Bay, nates of 76u549W and 77u489W, and is classified as A.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Foliage Plant Development: Breeding Techniques for Anthurium and Spathiphyllum1 R
    ENH1102 Tropical Foliage Plant Development: Breeding Techniques for Anthurium and Spathiphyllum1 R. J. Henny, J. Chen, and T. A. Mellich2 Anthurium and Spathiphyllum are popular tropical orna- 1999). These easy-care, attractive plants, commonly called mental plants. They have lush leaves and exotic flowers and peace lily, originate from the tropical rainforests of Central are prized for interior decoration in both residential and America. The plants have dark, evergreen foliage. Spathi- public settings. phyllum cultivars are popular interiorscape plants in part because sizes available on the market range from very small Anthurium and Spathiphyllum are among the many plants varieties, such as ‘Petite’, to the larger forms of ‘Mauna Loa’ in the Araceae family that are commercially cultivated and ‘Sensation’. From an ornamental viewpoint, the spathes as tropical ornamentals. Members of this plant family, and spadices (technically both are part of an inflorescence) including Anthurium and Spathiphyllum, are commonly are called flowers and consist of a white, sail-shaped spathe referred to as aroids. The Araceae family includes at least 10 surrounding a spadix (Chen et al. 2003). important ornamental tropical foliage plant genera. Anthurium, also called flamingo lily, exhibit large, showy- red, orange, pink or white flowers arising from plants with glossy, arrow-shaped evergreen leaves. Anthuriums are often cropped for cut flowers, and large-sized Anthurium plants that yield long stems are favored for the floral market. New interspecific hybrids—such as Anthurium X ‘Lady Jane’ and Anthurium X ‘Southern Blush’—are popular for the tropical flowering-foliage market because of their overall smaller size. Anthurium X ‘Red Hot’ (Henny 1999; Henny et al.
    [Show full text]
  • HITAHR . College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources
    630 US ISSN 0197-9310 July 1984 HITAHR . College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources . University ofHawaii Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Higaki, Tadashi, A study of some morphological and anatomical aspects of Anthurium andreanum Lind. Bibliography: p. 1. Anthuriums-Morphology. 2. Anthuriums-Anatomy. 3. Botany--Morphology. 4. Botany-Anatomy. I. Ras­ mussen, H. P. III. Carpenter, W. J. III. Title. QK495.A685H54 1984 584'.64 84-12892 THE AUTHORS T. Higaki is a horticulturist, Department of Horticulture, and county administrator, Ha­ waii County, College of Tropical Agricul­ ture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii. H. P. Rasmussen is a professor and depart­ ment chairman, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Washington State University. w. J. Carpenter is a professor and depart­ ment chairman, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, University of Florida. CONTENTS Figures Page 1. Typical Anthurium andreanum Abstract. ........................ .. 1 plant 3 Introduction. ..................... .. 1 2. Anatomy and morphology of Materials and Methods 2 anthurium inflorescence. ........ .. 4 Results and Discussion 2 3. Stamens of anthurium 6 Summary 11 4. Gynoecium of anthurium. ....... .. 7 Literature Cited 12 5. Spathe of anthurium .. \......... .. 8 6. Terminal bud of anthurium 10 A STUDY OF SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL ASPECTS OF Anthurium andreanum Lind. T. Higaki, H. P. Rasmussen, and W. J. Carpenter ABSTRACT Anthurium andreanum Lind. is a perennial,. herbaceous monocotyledon in the family Araceae with cordate leaves and flowers. The commercial "flower" is an inflorescence consisting of conspicuous bract (spathe) and protruding rachis (spadix), on which minute perfect flowers are borne helically. The flowers are protogynous; the stigma is receptive before the pollen is shed.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthocyanins and Other Flavonoids in Anthurium
    ANTHOCYANINS AND OTHER FLAVONOIDS IN ANTHURIUM ANDRAEANUM LINDEN EX ANDRE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HORTICULTURE AUGUST 1980 By Ruth Yasue Iwata Dissertation Committee: Haruyuki Kamemoto, Chairman Chung-Shih Tang Minoru Aragaki Richard W. Hartmann Roy K. Nishimoto ii We certify that we have read this dissertation and that in our opinion it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture. DISSERTATION COMMITTEE Chairman 'A su Dedicated to my husband, Earl, and children, Tricia, Randal, and Daniel. iv ABSTRACT The major anthocyanin pigments of Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex Andre were identified by thin layer chromatography, spectroscopy and gas liquid chromatography as cyanidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside and pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside. A noncyanic flavonoid was isolated by two-dimensional paper chromatography of a methanolic extract of the spathes. Using chromatography and ultraviolet spectroscopic shifts with selected re­ agents, the compound was characterized as acacetin 7-glycoside. No flavonol, aurone or chalcone was detected. Quantitative and qualitative measurements were taken of the anthocyanins and the flavone in anthurium clones of the breeding program at the University of Hawaii. The major color classifications were related to specific anthocyanins and their concentrations. Quantitative and qualitative measurements of the anthocyanins and the flavone were taken of the parent plants and progenies of three crosses. Segregations by color of the offspring of these crosses were analyzed and a scheme of inheritance was proposed. The scheme consists of a system of monogenic control of each anthocyanin, an incomplete dominance form of intra-allelic interaction involving dosage effects on the concentration of each pigment, and recessive epistasis.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Subsection of Anthurium Section Calomystrium (Araceae) and Five New Species from Colombia and Ecuador
    T. B. CROAT,]. WHITEHILL, E. D. YATES, 2007 23 A New Subsection of Anthurium Section Calomystrium (Araceae) and Five New Species from Colombia and Ecuador Thomas B. Croat Missouri Botanical Garden P. O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299 [email protected] Jane Whitehill 309 E. 108th St., Apt. 5G New York, NY 10029 [email protected] Emily D. Yates Millennium Seed Bank Project, Co·coordinator Institute for Plant Biology and Conservation Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe, IL 60022 [email protected] ABSTRACT Calomystrium, owing to their rupicolous habitat. Subsection Rupicola, a new subsection of Anthurium section Calomystrium is proposed, encompassing nine rupicolous KEYWORDS species. Descriptions and a key are pro­ Araceae, Anthurium, section Calomy­ vided for these species including: A. strium, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, new antrophyoides Killip, from Ecuador and species, taxonomy, new subsection, sub­ Colombia, A. chocoense Croat and A. section Rupicola. antioquiense Engler from Colombia, as well as A. amnicola Dressler, and A. INTRODUCTION sytsmae Croat from Panama. Five species, A. palacioanum Croat and A. weiffii In his revision of Anthurium for Panama Croat from Ecuador, and A. chocoense (Croat, 1986), the senior author recognized Croat, A. callejasii Croat, and A. vander­ an unusual group of rare species occurring knaapii Croat, from Colombia, are de­ only on rocks in rapidly moving streams. scribed as new. Members of this group These species were first believed to belong were previously thought to belong in to section Porphyrochitonium despite the section Porphyrochitonium because of lack of foliar glandular punctations typical their generally lanceolate leaf blades, of Porphyrochitonium.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthurium (Araceae)
    Bleiweiss, Nogales Trujillo et. al., 2019 First Observations of Butterfly (Pedaliodes: Satyrinae: ... First Observations of Butterfly (Pedaliodes: Satyrinae: Nymphalidae) Visits to a Wild Anthurium (Araceae) Robert Bleiweiss1,2 [email protected] Angélica Sofía Nogales Trujillo2 [email protected] Thomas B. Croat3 [email protected] César Garzón Santomaro2 [email protected] 1Department of Integrative Biology and the Zoological Museum University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706 2Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO) Avenida de Los Shyris (Parque La Carolina) y Pasaje Rumipamba (Boulevard de las Flores) N. 341 Quito, Ecuador 3Missouri Botanical Garden P.O. Box 299 St. Louis, MO 63166–0299 USA ABSTRACT recently discovered at 2700 m in upper Aroids are visited by a diverse assortment montane cloud forests on the eastern slope of animals, including many arthropods and of the Andes in northern Ecuador, some birds. It is therefore surprising that advanced understanding of butterfly-aroid reports of butterflies visiting aroids are associations in several important respects. limited to plants grown in Botanical Over approximately five weeks, two species Gardens or in cultivation. Thus, the role of of Pedaliodes (Satyrinae, Nymphalidae) butterflies in the biology of wild aroids repeatedly visited both female-phase and remains unclear. Observations at Anthurium male-phase inflorescences under a variety bustamanteae (Croat et al. 2020), a species of weather conditions. The butterflies were Aroideana VOL 42 NOS 2&3, 2019 139 Bleiweiss, Nogales Trujillo et. al., 2019 First Observations of Butterfly (Pedaliodes: Satyrinae: ... observed to pick up pollen and feed at fluid time period. Thus, it is not surprising that secretions with their proboscises while they aroid visitors or pollinators include groups perched along male-phase spadices.
    [Show full text]