As Lideranças Religiosas No Processo De Independência De Timor-Leste

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As Lideranças Religiosas No Processo De Independência De Timor-Leste UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS As Lideranças Religiosas no Processo de Independência de Timor-Leste Maria José Rodrigues Garrido Tese orientada pelo/a Prof./ª Doutor/a António Matos Ferreira, elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em História e Cultura das Religiões (2016) Resumo Esta dissertação tem como objectivo apresentar o papel da Igreja Católica no processo de independência de Timor-Leste. O período de estudo centra-se entre a invasão indonésia, a 7 de Dezembro de 1975, e o referendo em 1999. O nosso propósito centra-se em compreender porque tiveram os religiosos um papel tão relevante na denúncia do que se passava em Timor chegando até a colaborar vigorosamente com a resistência na defesa do direito à autodeterminação do povo timorense. Em todo o processo, este estudo assinala ainda como foi utilizada a rede que a estrutura da Igreja Católica dispõe no mundo, a favor da questão timorense. A investigação realizada descobre também como o empenhamento da Igreja levou a uma identificação religiosa, que será usada como forma de resistência por um povo que estava longe de ter o catolicismo como a sua religião maioritaria, à data da invasão. A maciça catolização que se seguiu será explicada não apenas pela obrigatoriedade de escolha de uma religião mas também porque a Igreja passou a ser referência, protecção e um dos pilares da resistência. Palavras-Chave: Igreja Católica/ Timor-Leste/ Resistência/ Padres/ Religiosos (as) i Summary This dissertation presents the role of the Catholic Church in the process of East Timor Independence, concentrating on the period between the Indonesian invasion in 1975 and the independence referendum in 1999. The study focuses on understanding why the Church played such an important role, including the use of its extensive network throughout the world, in the denunciation of what was happening in Timor and in the resistance that ultimately achieved the right of self-determination for the Timorese people. This dissertation also explains how the commitment of the Church to independence led to a strong religious identification among the people of East Timor to Catholicism, which had relatively few adherents in Timor at the time of the 1975 Indonesian invasion. The massive conversion to Catholicism was not only the result of an obligation imposed by the Indonesians to choose a religion but also, more importantly, it was a political act and provided protection because the Church had become so identified with, and a critical part of, the resistance to Indonesia’s domination. Key words: Catholic Church/ East Timor/ Resistance/Priests/Nuns ii Índice de Anexos 1.Anexos Documentos Anexo 1/Anexo 1A - Carta do padre Leão da Costa- 1977 Anexo 2/Anexo 2A – Reflexão sobre a Fé (cópia em português) – Setembro de 1981 Anexo 3/Anexo 3A - Discurso do Clero em Timor-Leste ao Pró-Núncio Apostólico de Jacarta – 10/05/1983 Anexo 4/Anexo 4A – Brochura FRETILIN Conquers The Right to Dialogue - 1983 Anexo 5/Anexo 5A – Carta de Monsenhor M. C. Lopes para o Presidente americano Ronald Reagan Anexo 6/Anexo 6A – Carta codificada do padre jesuíta João Felgueiras- 15/10/1985 Anexo 7/ Anexo 7A - Documento de Monsenhor M. C. Lopes – 02/01/1985 Anexo 8/ Anexo 8A – Acto de Consagração à Virgem de David Alex- 20/04/1988 Anexo 9/Anexo 9A - Carta de D. Carlos Ximenes Belo para o secretário-geral da ONU – 06/02/1989 Anexo 10/Anexo 10A – Carta de D. Carlos Ximenes Belo para D. Manuel Martins – 06/02/1989 Anexo 11/Anexo 11A – Comentário de D. Carlos à sua carta para o secretário-geral da ONU- 12/03/1989 Anexo 12/Anexo 12A – Carta do padre Domingos Soares para João Paulo II – 21/04/1989 Anexo 13/Anexo 13A/Anexo 13B- Carta embaixador Fernando Reino para secretário-geral ONU – 09/06/1989 Anexo 14/Anexo 14A – Documento de apoio do Clero de Díli a D. Carlos – Julho/1989 Anexo 15/Anexo 15A – Carta de Xanana Gusmão para João Paulo II – 5/10/1989 Anexo 16/Anexo 16A – Projecto de carta de D. Manuel Martins para bispos e presidentes da Comissão Justiça e Paz – 1990 Anexo 17/ Anexo 17 A – Projecto de carta de D. Manuel Martins para embaixadores- 1990 Anexo 18/Anexo 18 A- Carta de Konis Santana para João Paulo II – 23/12/1993 2.Anexos Entrevistas Anexo 19 – Entrevista a Luís Costa iii Anexo 20 – Entrevistas a Luísa Teotónio Pereira e a Jean Pierre Catry Anexo 21 – Entrevista a Professor António Barbedo de Magalhães Anexo 22 – Entrevista a padre José Lopes Baptista Anexo 23 - Entrevista a D. Manuel Martins Anexo 24 - Entrevista D. Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo Anexo 25 – Entrevista padre Francisco Tavares Anexo 26 – Entrevista a Benjamim de Araújo e Corte-Real Anexo 27 – Entrevista a João Dias Anexo 28 - Entrevista a padre Francisco Barreto Anexo 29 – Entrevista a padre José António da Costa Anexo 30 – Entrevista a D. Basílio do Nascimento Anexo 31 - Entrevista a Eduardo Costa Anexo 32 – Entrevista a padre Jovito Rêgo de Jesus Anexo 33 – Entrevista a Carlos Saky Anexo 34 – Entrevista a irmã Rosa Sarmento Anexo 35 – Entrevista a padre Leão da Costa Anexo 36 – Entrevista a irmã Esmeralda Piedade Araújo Anexo 37 - Entrevista a padre João de Deus Pires Anexo 38 – Entrevista a padre Eligio Locatelli Anexo 39 – Entrevista a padre João Felgueiras Anexo 40 – Entrevista a Aleixo Ximenes Anexo 41 – Entrevista a padre Júlio Crispim Ximenes Belo Anexo 42 – Entrevista a Eduardo Belo Soares Anexo 43 – Entrevista a padre José Alves Martins Anexo 44 – Entevista a Rui Marques iv Siglas e Abreviaturas ABRI/TNI- Forças Armadas indonésias ACFOA- Australian Council for Overseas Aid ACR- Australian Catholic Relief AITI- Integração de Timor na Indonésia APEC- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APODETI- Associação Popular Democrática Timorense APPTL - A Paz é Possível em Timor-Leste ASDI- Acção Social Democrata Independente ASDT- Associação Social-Democrata Timorense CAEPDT- Comissão de Análise e Esclarecimento do Processo de Descolonização de Timor CAFOD- Catholic Fud for Overseas Development CAVR- Comissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliação de Timor-Leste CDF- Comissão Directiva da FRETILIN CDPM- Comissão para os Direitos do Povo Maubere CIDAC- Centro de Intervenção para o Desenvolvimento Amílcar Cabral/ Centro de Informação e Documentação Amílcar Cabral CIIR- Catholic Institute for International Relations CNRM- Conselho Nacional de Resistência Maubere CNRT- Conselho Nacional da Resistência Timorense CRRN- Conselho Revolucionário de Resistência Nacional CRS- Catholic Relief Services da Conferência Católica Americana CVI- Cruz Vermelha Internacional FALINTIL- Forças Armadas De Libertação Nacional de Timor-Leste v FORSAREPETIL- Forum de Académicos Timorenses para a Realização do Referendo e o Desenvolvimento de Timor-Leste. FRETILIN- Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente GMRT- Grupo de Macau Rai Timor HANSIP- Força de Defesa Civil (timorenses armados pelos indonésios) INTEL -Força de Intervenção dos Serviços de Informação INTERFET- Força Internacional para Timor-Leste KODAM- Comando Militar Regional KODIM- Comando Militar Distrital KORAMIL- Comando Militar Subdistrital KOPASSUS- forças especiais KOREM- Comando Sub-regional LESVALT-Liga dos Estudantes Válidos de Timor-Leste (afecta à UDT) MAC- Movimento Anticomunista MAWI- Conferência Episcopal Indonésia MASRI- Conferência dos Superiores Religiosos Indonésios ONU- Organização das Nações Unidas OPMT- Organização Popular da Mulher Timorense OJETIL- Organização da Juventude dos Estudantes de Timor-Leste OJECTIL/OJCTL- Organização da Juventude Católica de Timor -Leste OSIS- Organização Estudantil Inter-Escolas (Organisasi Siswa Intra-Sekolah) PCP- Partido Comunista Português PJTL- Paz e Justiça Para Timor-Leste PMFL- Partido Marxista-Leninista FRETILIN RENETIL- Resistência Nacional dos Estudantes de Timor-Leste CSIS- Serviço de Informações Estratégicas da Indonésia vi RAKYAT TERATITH RATITH- Força de Civis Treinados TAPOL-Organização Não Governamental Indonésia de Defesa dos Direitos Humanos União UDT- UniãoDemocrática Timorense UGM- Universidade de Gadjah Mada UNETIM-União Nacional dos Estudantes Timorenses (pró- FRETILIN) UNAMET- Missão das Nações Unidas em Timor-Leste UNTAET- Administração de Transição das Nações Unidas para Timor-Leste vii Índice Resumo .............................................................................................................. i Resumo em inglês ..................................................................................... ii Índice de Anexos ........................................................................................ iii Siglas e Abreviaturas .................................................................................. v Introdução ............................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1 -Timor-Leste Invadido e Ocupado ......................................... 8 Capítulo 2 - O Catolicismo como Base Identitária da Resistência ....36 Capítulo 3 - Dinâmica Interna e Externa da Resistência Católica ...82 Conclusão .............................................................................................142 Fontes e Bibliografia ............................................................................148 Mapa de Timor-Leste ..............................................................................I Cronologia .............................................................................................III Introdução Se um louco guia um carro e se lança contra um passeio, como pastor não posso somente sepultar os mortos e consolar os familiares das vítimas: numa situação
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