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The Technical and Interpretative Challenges in the Marimba Works of Peter Klatzow: a Performer’S Analysis

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The Technical and Interpretative Challenges in the Marimba Works of Peter Klatzow: a Performer’S Analysis THE TECHNICAL AND INTERPRETATIVE CHALLENGES IN THE MARIMBA WORKS OF PETER KLATZOW: A PERFORMER’S ANALYSIS By Cherilee Adams Dissertation presented for the degree of Master of Music in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Professor Hans Roosenschoon (Department of Music) December 2015 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ~DECLARATION~ By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Cherilee Adams December 2015 Copyright © 2015 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ~ABSTRACT~ Peter Klatzow (1945-) is one of the few renowned South African composers to have gained international recognition for his works. This is primarily due to his marimba pieces that are constantly prescribed for international competitions and that have formed a part of the standard repertoire for advanced and ambitious marimbists. One of the principal motivations for why these works are regularly sought-after by panel and performer alike is due to the technical demands and challenges that they possess. These technical issues are predominantly based on the performer‟s physical restrictions, their lack of tactile proximity with the instrument, and the marimba‟s resonant limitations. Not only are Klatzow‟s works technically very demanding, but also quite often challenging to interpret. These interpretational issues, however, generally result from the use of ambiguous notation. This study therefore aims to enlighten marimbists with a thorough analysis of, and possible solutions to, the technical and interpretational challenges that frequently manifest themselves in Klatzow‟s marimba works. The study can also be used by composers as a guide and reference to the possibilities and limitations of the marimba. This study is of an empirical nature, applying musical analysis within the field of performance practice. The procedures of analysis include the processes of identification, classification, practical experimentation, comparison and evaluation of each technical challenge. This was done through the practical examination of Klatzow‟s most well-known and performed works, including: Figures in a Landscape (1984), Concerto for Marimba (1985), Dances of Earth and Fire (1987), Inyanga (1996), Song for Stephanie (1999), Six Concert Etudes for Marimba (2010), Variations on the Theme of Paganini (2010), Lightscapes (2012), and his Concerto for Two Marimbas (2013). ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Together with the performance analysis, this study also includes a brief biography of Klatzow, an examination and discussion of the notational discrepancies identified in Lightscapes, and technical exercises that were remodelled and created in light of the issues identified in Klatzow‟s works. iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ~OPSOMMING~ Peter Klatzow (1945-), beroemde Suid-Afrikaanse komponis, is een van min wat internasionale erkenning vir sy werk ontvang het. Dit is hoofsaaklik danksy die feit dat sy marimbastukke voortdurend vir internasionale kompetisies voorgeskryf word en deel vorm van die standaardrepertoire vir gevorderde en ambisieuse marimba- spelers. Een van die vernaamste redes waarom hierdie werke gereeld in aanvraag deur panele en kunstenaars is, is die tegniese eise en uitdagings wat dit stel. Hierdie kwessies is oorwegend gegrond op die kunstenaar se fisiese beperkings, die gebrek aan taktiele nabyheid aan die instrument, en die marimba se resonansiebeperkings. Klatzow se werke is nie net tegnies baie veeleisend nie, maar dikwels ook moeilik om te interpreteer. Hierdie interpretasiekwessies spruit egter in die algemeen uit die gebruik van dubbelsinnige notasie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om insig aan marimba-spelers te bied deur ʼn deeglike ontleding van, en moontlike oplossings vir, die tegniese en interpretasie-uitdagings te bied wat gereeld in Klatzow se marimbawerke na vore kom. Dit kan ook deur komponiste gebruik word as ʼn gids en verwysing na die moontlikhede en beperkings van die marimba. Die diskoers van hierdie studie is van ʼn empiriese aard, waarin musiekontleding op die gebied van uitvoerpraktyk toegepas is. Die ontledingsprosedures het die prosesse van identifikasie, klassifikasie, praktiese eksperimentering, vergelyking en evaluering van elke tegniese uitdaging ingesluit. Dit is gedoen deur ʼn praktiese ondersoek van Klatzow se bekendste en mees uitgevoerde werke, wat insluit: Figures in a Landscape (1984), Concerto for Marimba (1985), Dances of Earth and Fire (1987), Inyanga (1996), Song for Stephanie (1999), Six Concert Etudes for Marimba (2010), Variations on the Theme of Paganini (2010), Lightscapes (2012) en sy Concerto for Two Marimbas (2013). iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Benewens die uitvoerontleding sluit hierdie studie ook ʼn kort biografie en agtergrond van Klatzow in, ʼn ondersoek na en bespreking van die notasie-teenstrydighede wat in Lightscapes geïdentifiseer is, en tegniese oefeninge wat verwerk en geskep is op grond van die kwessies wat in Klatzow se werke geïdentifiseer is. v Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ~ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS~ My sincerest appreciation and deepest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Professor Hans Roosenschoon for his continuous guidance and support. I would also like to extend my thanks to Peter Klatzow for his quick and involved responses to this study as well as for granting me all permissions to use various extracts of his works. To my percussion lecturer, Suzette Brits, thank you for all your advice and constant encouragement, and to my friends and family thank you for all of your support. Finally I would like to give thanks to my Heavenly Father. Without His strength none of this would have been possible! vi Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ~TABLE OF CONTENTS~ PAGE CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1 1.2 Literature Review 2 1.3 Research Design and Methodology 3 1.4 Chapter Outline 4 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND 2.1 The Art: It‟s Interpreter. It‟s Voice 6 2.2 Peter Klatzow: Biography 9 2.2.1 General Stylistic Trends 11 2.2.2 Associations with the Marimba 13 CHAPTER 3: MARIMBA WORKS: SYNOPSIS OF TECHNICAL ISSUES 3.1 ROLLS 16 3.1.1 Independent Rolls 17 3.1.2 Independent Rolls with a Large Stretch 20 3.2 CUMBERSOME STRETCHES 23 3.3 CONSECUTIVE CHORDAL/DOUBLE STOP PASSAGES 29 3.3.1 Consecutive Double Stops 30 3.3.2 Consecutive Chords 32 3.3.3 Consecutive Octaves 33 3.3.4 Approaching Octaves 38 3.4 STICKING 40 3.4.1 Clarity of Articulation 41 3.4.2 Close Hand Positioning 44 3.4.3 Cross Sticking 49 3.5 ARTICULATION 51 3.6 PHRASING 55 3.6.1 Ornaments 56 3.6.2 Tuplets 63 3.6.3 Independent Voicing 66 3.6.4 Extensive Intervallic Leaps 69 vii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za CHAPTER 4: NOTATIONAL DESCREPANCIES IN LIGHTSCAPES 4.1 INTRODUCTION 72 4.2 DISCUSSION ON NOTATIONAL DISCREPANCIES 4.2.1 Star Reflections and Refractions 73 4.2.2 Transition 1 75 4.2.3 Sunlight on Stone Images 75 4.2.4 Transition 2 76 4.2.5 Nightlights, Distant City 77 4.3 TABLE OF SUMMARY 79 CHAPTER 5: TECHNICAL EXERCISES 80 CONCLUSION 88 BIBLIOGRAPHY 90 viii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ~LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES~ PAGE 1. Klatzow: second movement of Dances of Earth and Fire, 18 bars 35-48 2. Klatzow: second movement of Dances of Earth and Fire, 19 bars 35-48 with sticking options 3. Klatzow: Inyanga, bars 32-33 20 4. Klatzow: first movement of Dances of Earth and Fire, bar 76 24 5. Klatzow: Concerto for Two Marimbas, Marimba 2, bar 49 27 6. Klatzow: Inyanga, bars 66-67 28 7. Klatzow: Inyanga, bar 68 31 8. Klatzow: Inyanga, reduction of bar 68 32 9. Klatzow: Variations on the Theme of Paganini, bars 277-279 32 10. Klatzow: Variations on the Theme of Paganini, Marimba 1, 34 bars 117-121 11. Klatzow: second movement of Dances of Earth and Fire, bar 94 34 with anacrusis 12. Klatzow: Inyanga, bars 54-55 35 13. Klatzow: first movement of Dances of Earth and Fire, bar 41 35 14. Klatzow: Lightscapes, bar 202 36 15. Klatzow: Variations on the Theme of Paganini, Marimba 1, 36 bars 185-187 16. Klatzow: Variations on the Theme of Paganini, Marimba 1, 36 bars 153-156 17. Klatzow: Inyanga, bars 54-55 38 18. Klatzow: Lightscapes, bars 200-201 38 19. Klatzow: Variations on the Theme of Paganini, Marimba 1, bar 9 42 20. Klatzow: Variations on the Theme of Paganini, Marimba 1, bar 9 42 with sticking option 1 21. Klatzow: Variations on the Theme of Paganini, Marimba 1, bar 9 42 with sticking option 2 22. Klatzow: Variations on the Theme of Paganini, Marimba 1, bar 9 42 with sticking option 3 ix Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za 23. Klatzow: Variations on the Theme of Paganini, Marimba 1, bar 9 43 with sticking option 4 24. Klatzow: Inyanga, bar 17 with sticking option 1 43 25. Klatzow: Inyanga, bar 17 with sticking option 2 44 26. Klatzow: second movement of Dances of Earth and Fire, bar 4 44 27. Klatzow: Lightscapes, bars 268-269 47 28. Klatzow: Figures in a Landscape, bars 67-68 50 29. Klatzow: Inyanga, bar 22 57 30. Klatzow: Figures in a Landscape, bar 30b 58 31. Klatzow: Figures in a Landscape, bar 30b with sticking options 60 approaching the grace note 32. Klatzow: Figures in a Landscape, bar 30b with sticking option 1 60 33. Klatzow: Figures in a Landscape, bar 30b with sticking option 2 61 34. Klatzow: Figures in a Landscape, bar 30b with sticking option 3 61 35.
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