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Decision Making Factors Leading to the Substitute Method Over In-Kind Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2017 Choices of Contention: Decision Making Factors Leading to the Substitute Method Over In-Kind Repairs and Their ffecE tiveness at Lyndhurst Estate Kirsten Anne Freeman Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation Freeman, Kirsten Anne, "Choices of Contention: Decision Making Factors Leading to the Substitute Method Over In-Kind Repairs and Their Effectiveness at Lyndhurst Estate" (2017). All Theses. 2624. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2624 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHOICES OF CONTENTION: DECISION MAKING FACTORS LEADING TO THE SUBSTITUTE METHOD OVER IN-KIND REPAIRS AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS AT LYNDHURST ESTATE A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University and College of Charleston In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Historic Preservation by Kirsten Anne Freeman May 2017 Accepted by: Dr. Carter Hudgins, Committee Chair Dr. Stephanie Crette Frances H. Ford 1 ABSTRACT Lyndhurst Mansion, located in Tarrytown, New York is a masterpiece of American Gothic Revival architecture designed by Alexander Jackson Davis beginning in 1838. Since its acquisition by the National Trust in 1961, the property has carried out a number of repairs to the mansion and other buildings on the estate in which a substitute material was chosen over an in-kind material. Financial constraints appear to be the driving force behind these decisions. Other factors, durability of materials and preservation philosophy, also played a role. An aim of this thesis is to determine the role these factors played in choosing methods and materials used in these repairs. Another aim is to assess the success of the substitute method compared to in-kind repair. Research conducted in Lyndhurst’s archives as well as interviews with current and past employees provided narrative data regarding the decision making process, while assessment of five case studies provided insight into the effectiveness of the decisions. Findings concluded that cost often outweighed the other considerations when choosing a repair method and materials. Substitute materials at Lyndhurst proved overall to be inferior to those of an in-kind replacement. The findings serve as an example of the financial challenges facing many historic sites. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to the entire staff of Lyndhurst for making me feel at home and appreciated during my internship. I am very grateful for a wonderful experience living and working on a beautiful site with remarkable buildings to admire and learn from. Thank you to Krystyn Hastings-Silver for your support, advice and for helping me reach this topic. A very special thank you to Thomas Richmond for bending over backwards to accommodate my access and information needs for this thesis, your knowledge and expertise helped me tremendously. Also, thank you to Eric Clingen and David Overholt for providing further information on repairs, the content for this thesis would have been insufficient without your willingness to help. Thank you to my thesis committee, Carter Hudgins and readers Frances H. Ford and Stephanie Crette for helping me reach the full potential for this thesis. Thank you to Amalia Leifeste, for taking the time to meet and work through life-cycle cost scenarios with me multiple times even though you were not part of my committee. Thank you to the MSHP class of 2017 for making the last two years memorable. A special thanks to Jen Baehr, Cassie Cline and Caroline Darnell for making me laugh and keeping me sane throughout this process. Lastly, thank you to my family and friends for your encouragement. To my mom and dad, thank you reading and providing feedback on parts of my thesis and for always supporting me in what I do. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... v CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 16 III. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 40 IV. ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 49 Part One: Background, Assessment and Analysis of Repair Projects ............................................................................. 49 Part Two: Financial Analysis ................................................................. 104 Part Three: Material Durability Analysis .............................................. 113 Part Four: Preservation Philosophy Analysis ....................................... 133 V. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 147 VI. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................ 153 APPENDICES…………… ................................................................................................... 160 A: Project Repair Assessment Forms ............................................................. 161 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 West elevation of Knoll, 1838 ........................................................................ 3 1.2 West elevation of Lyndhurst, 1864-1865 ...................................................... 4 1.3 Restoration workshop participants, 1970s .................................................. 12 4.1 East Elevation of Mansion............................................................................ 49 4.2 Condition of joints, 1965 .............................................................................. 52 4.3 Original mortar ............................................................................................. 54 4.4 Portland cement .......................................................................................... 54 4.5 Detail of portland cement and resulting material loss and cracking ........... 56 4.6 Portland cement with surrounding patching of material loss and biological growth .................................................................................................... 57 4.7 Front of porte-cochère ................................................................................ 59 4.8 Side of porte-cochère .................................................................................. 59 4.9 State of porte-cochère marble, 1984 .......................................................... 61 4.10 Eric Clingen removing stone from porte-cochère, 1984 ............................. 63 4.11 Wooden mold for casting concrete, 1984 ................................................... 64 4.12 Removed Stone ............................................................................................ 65 4.13 Installation of concrete ................................................................................ 65 4.14 Table of marble sample testing, Getty grant exterior investigation ........... 66 4.15 West side of south porte-cochère column .................................................. 69 v 4.16 North side of south porte-cochère column ................................................. 69 4.17 Detail of cast concrete and surrounding marble ......................................... 71 4.18 Detail of marble texture............................................................................... 72 4.19 Detail of concrete texture ............................................................................ 72 4.20 RILEM permeability testing of marble ......................................................... 73 4.21 RILEM permeability testing of concrete ...................................................... 73 4.22 Location of mansion roof finials on south elevation ................................... 74 4.23 Colorplate of southern elevation of Knoll, 1838 ......................................... 75 4.24 Colorplate of west elevation of Lyndhurst, 1865 ........................................ 75 4.25 Original mansion roof finial ......................................................................... 77 4.26 Wooden roof finial ....................................................................................... 82 4.27 Polyurethane finial ....................................................................................... 82 4.28 South elevation of swimming pool building ................................................ 84 4.29 Rendering of swimming pool building interior by Crow, Lewis & Wickenhoefer ......................................................................................... 85 4.30 Gould and Shepard family, interior of swimming
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