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The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen
Breakthrough and Concealment: The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Howard Chen All rights reserved ABSTRACT Breakthrough and Concealment: The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen This dissertation analyzes the three main protagonists of Lucan’s Bellum Civile through their attempts to utilize, resist, or match a pattern of action which I call the “formula.” Most evident in Caesar, the formula is a cycle of alternating states of energy that allows him to gain a decisive edge over his opponents by granting him the ability of perpetual regeneration. However, a similar dynamic is also found in rivers, which thus prove to be formidable adversaries of Caesar in their own right. Although neither Pompey nor Cato is able to draw on the Caesarian formula successfully, Lucan eventually associates them with the river-derived variant, thus granting them a measure of resistance (if only in the non-physical realm). By tracing the development of the formula throughout the epic, the dissertation provides a deeper understanding of the importance of natural forces in Lucan’s poem as well as the presence of an underlying drive that unites its fractured world. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ vi Introduction ...................................................................................................................... -
First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate
First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate • An alliance of the three most powerful men in Rome, Marcus Licinus Crassus, Gaius Julius Caesar, and Gneaus Pompey Magnus. Rome was in chaos and the 3 seized control of the Republic. • The three would dominate Roman politics for personal gains throughout the territories of the Republic. Julius Caesar • In Rome, Julius Caesar was elected as the tribune of the Plebs, military tribune, and governor of many provinces throughout the Republic. • Believed Crassus helped Julius Caesar win the election to become the Propraetor or governor of Hispania in 63 B.C.E. • Julius returned to Rome after his term as governor. Caesar had a business or political agreement with Pompey and Crassus in 60 B.C.E. Caesar was the consul while Pompey and Crassus were in the senate. • Created the First Triumvirate • After his term, Julius was in deeply in debt politically and financially to Crassus and desperately needed to raise money. Marcus Crassus • Crassus was the richest man in all the Roman Republic. He was sharp and clever in Roman politics. He would be a senator and even become consul a few times. • He was a mentor to Julius Caesar in his early career. • Gained much fame during the Spartacus rebellion but much of it was stolen by Pompey. • He was a longtime rival to Pompey Magnus and this would be his eventually downfall. He would ally with Caesar and Pompey, but strived for military victory over Pompey. He went to Parthia where he was defeated at Carrhae. -
Ancient Battles Guido Beltramini
Ancient Battles Guido Beltramini In 1575 Palladio published an illustrated Italian edition of Julius Caesar’s Commentaries. Five years later, his death halted the publication of Polybius’ Histories, which included forty-three engravings showing armies deployed at various battles: from Cannae to Zamas, Mantinea and Cynoscephalae. At the height of his career, Palladio invested time, energy and money into two publishing ventures far removed from architecture. In fact the two publications were part of a world of military matters which had attracted Palladio’s interest since his youth, when it formed an integral part of his education undertaken by Giangiorgio Trissino. As John Hale has shown, sixteenth-century Venice was one of the most active centres in Europe for military publications dealing with matters such as fortifications, tactics, artillery, fencing and even medicine. The distinguishing element in the Venetian production of such books was the widespread belief in the importance of the example of the Classical Greek and Roman writers, shared by men of letters and professional soldiers. This was combined with particular care shown towards the reader. The books were supplemented with tables of contents, indices, marginal notes and even accompanied by the publication of compendia illustrating the texts, such as the series entitled Gioie (‘Gems’) which Gabriele Giolito published from 1557 to 1570 (Hale 1980, pp. 257-268). Fig 1: Valerio Chiericati, manuscript of Della Many of the leading players in this milieu were linked to Trissino, albeit Milizia. Venice, Museo Correr, MS 883 in different ways: cultivated soldiers like Giovan Jacopo Leonardi, the Vicentine Valerio Chiericati (fig. -
11Ffi ELOGIA of the AUGUSTAN FORUM
THEELOGIA OF THE AUGUSTAN FORUM 11ffi ELOGIA OF THE AUGUSTAN FORUM By BRAD JOHNSON, BA A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University © Copyright by Brad Johnson, August 2001 MASTER OF ARTS (2001) McMaster University (Classics) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: The Elogia of the Augustan Forum AUTHOR: Brad Johnson, B.A. (McMaster University), B.A. Honours (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Claude Eilers NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 122 II ABSTRACT The Augustan Forum contained the statues offamous leaders from Rome's past. Beneath each statue an inscription was appended. Many of these inscriptions, known also as elogia, have survived. They record the name, magistracies held, and a brief account of the achievements of the individual. The reasons why these inscriptions were included in the Forum is the focus of this thesis. This thesis argues, through a detailed analysis of the elogia, that Augustus employed the inscriptions to propagate an image of himself as the most distinguished, and successful, leader in the history of Rome. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Claude Eilers, for not only suggesting this topic, but also for his patience, constructive criticism, sense of humour, and infinite knowledge of all things Roman. Many thanks to the members of my committee, Dr. Evan Haley and Dr. Peter Kingston, who made time in their busy schedules to be part of this process. To my parents, lowe a debt that is beyond payment. Their support, love, and encouragement throughout the years is beyond description. -
LUCAN's CHARACTERIZATION of CAESAR THROUGH SPEECH By
LUCAN’S CHARACTERIZATION OF CAESAR THROUGH SPEECH by ELIZABETH TALBOT NEELY (Under the Direction of Thomas Biggs) ABSTRACT This thesis examines Caesar’s three extended battle exhortations in Lucan’s Bellum Civile (1.299-351, 5.319-364, 7.250-329) and the speeches that accompany them in an effort to discover patterns in the character’s speech. Lucan did not seem to develop a specific Caesarian style of speech, but he does make an effort to show the changing relationship between the General and his soldiers in the three scenes analyzed. The troops, initially under the spell of madness that pervades the poem, rebel. Caesar, through speech, is able to bring them into line. Caesar caters to the soldiers’ interests and egos and crafts his speeches in order to keep his army working together. INDEX WORDS: Lucan, Caesar, Bellum Civile, Pharsalia, Cohortatio, Battle Exhortation, Latin Literature LUCAN’S CHARACTERIZATION OF CAESAR THROUGH SPEECH by ELIZABETH TALBOT NEELY B.A., The College of Wooster, 2007 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2016 © 2016 Elizabeth Talbot Neely All Rights Reserved LUCAN’S CHARACTERIZATION OF CAESAR THROUGH SPEECH by ELIZABETH TALBOT NEELY Major Professor: Thomas Biggs Committee: Christine Albright John Nicholson Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2016 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 -
Roman Architecture with Professor Diana EE Kleiner Lecture 9
HSAR 252 - Roman Architecture with Professor Diana E. E. Kleiner Lecture 9 – From Brick to Marble: Augustus Assembles Rome 1. Title page with course logo. 2. Portrait of Julius Caesar, from Egypt, now Berlin. Reproduced from Cleopatra and Rome by Diana E.E. Kleiner (2005), fig. 8.5. Portrait of Pompey the Great, Copenhagen. Reproduced from Cleopatra and Rome by Diana E.E. Kleiner (2005), fig. 8.3. 3. Text. 4. Text. 5. Rome, aerial view of ancient core of city. Credit: Google Earth. 6. Forum of Julius Caesar, Rome, plan. Credit: Yale University. 7. Forum of Julius Caesar, Rome, general view [online image]. Wikimedia Commons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caesarforumrom.jpg (Accessed February 10, 2009). Coin with Forum of Julius Caesar and Temple of Venus Genetrix. Reproduced from Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Rome I by Ernest Nash (1961), fig. 26. 8. Forum of Julius Caesar, Rome, fragments of Temple of Venus Genetrix. Image Credit: Diana E. E. Kleiner. 9. Forum of Julius Caesar, Rome, restored view with Temple of Venus Genetrix. Reproduced from Ancient Rome, Monuments Past and Present by Romolo A. Staccioli (2000), p. 21. 10. Portrait of Augustus, Athens [online image]. Wikimedia Commons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acaugustus.jpg (Accessed February 10, 2009). Portrait of Mark Antony, Kingston Lacey. Reproduced from Cleopatra and Rome by Diana E. E. Kleiner (2005), fig. 2.3. 11. Text. 12. Text. 13. Carrara, quarries. Reproduced from National Geographic July 1982, p. 49. Carrara, transporting marble down the mountain. Reproduced from National Geographic July 1982, p. 56. 14. -
The Architecture of Roman Temples
P1: JzL 052181068XAgg.xml CB751B/Stamper 0 521 81068 X August 28, 2004 17:30 The Architecture of Roman Temples - The Republic to the Middle Empire John W. Stamper University of Notre Dame iii P1: JzL 052181068XAgg.xml CB751B/Stamper 0 521 81068 X August 28, 2004 17:30 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C John W. Stamper 2005 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2005 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typefaces Bembo 11/14 pt., Weiss, Trajan, and Janson System LATEX 2ε [tb] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Stamper, John W. The architecture of Roman temples : the republic to the middle empire / John W. Stamper. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-81068-x 1. Temples, Roman – Italy – Rome. 2. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (Rome, Italy) 3. Architecture, Roman – Italy – Rome – Influence. 4. Rome (Italy) -
The Romanization of Attic Ritual Space in the Age of Augustus
The Romanization of Attic Ritual Space in the Age of Augustus Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Benavides, Makayla Lorraine Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 14:30:47 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/633170 THE ROMANIZATION OF ATTIC RITUAL SPACE IN THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS by Makayla Benavides ____________________________ Copyright © Makayla Benavides 2019 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES AND CLASSICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2019 1 7 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Master's Committee, we certify that we have read the thesis prepared by Makayla Benavides titled The Romanizationof Attic Ritual Space in the Age ofAugustus and recommend that it be accepted as fulfillingthe dissertation requirement for the Master's Degree. Date: .r- / - :.?CJ/ 5f David Soren Date: S - I - 2..o I � Mary E Voyatzis David Gilman Romano Date: ----- [Committee Member Name} Final approval and acceptance of this thesis is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the thesis to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this thesis prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfillingthe Master's requirement. -
THE MARS ULTOR COINS of C. 19-16 BC
UNIWERSYTET ZIELONOGÓRSKI IN GREMIUM 9/2015 Studia nad Historią, Kulturą i Polityką s . 7-30 Victoria Győri King’s College, London THE MARS ULTOR COINS OF C. 19-16 BC In 42 BC Augustus vowed to build a temple of Mars if he were victorious in aveng- ing the assassination of his adoptive father Julius Caesar1 . While ultio on Brutus and Cassius was a well-grounded theme in Roman society at large and was the principal slogan of Augustus and the Caesarians before and after the Battle of Philippi, the vow remained unfulfilled until 20 BC2 . In 20 BC, Augustus renewed his vow to Mars Ultor when Roman standards lost to the Parthians in 53, 40, and 36 BC were recovered by diplomatic negotiations . The temple of Mars Ultor then took on a new role; it hon- oured Rome’s ultio exacted from the Parthians . Parthia had been depicted as a prime foe ever since Crassus’ defeat at Carrhae in 53 BC . Before his death in 44 BC, Caesar planned a Parthian campaign3 . In 40 BC L . Decidius Saxa was defeated when Parthian forces invaded Roman Syria . In 36 BC Antony’s Parthian campaign was in the end unsuccessful4 . Indeed, the Forum Temple of Mars Ultor was not dedicated until 2 BC when Augustus received the title of Pater Patriae and when Gaius departed to the East to turn the diplomatic settlement of 20 BC into a military victory . Nevertheless, Augustus made his Parthian success of 20 BC the centre of a grand “propagandistic” programme, the principal theme of his new forum, and the reason for renewing his vow to build a temple to Mars Ultor . -
Anatomizing Civil War
0/-*/&4637&: *ODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI6OHMVFJU XFIBWFTFUVQBTVSWFZ POMZUFORVFTUJPOT UP MFBSONPSFBCPVUIPXPQFOBDDFTTFCPPLTBSFEJTDPWFSFEBOEVTFE 8FSFBMMZWBMVFZPVSQBSUJDJQBUJPOQMFBTFUBLFQBSU $-*$,)&3& "OFMFDUSPOJDWFSTJPOPGUIJTCPPLJTGSFFMZBWBJMBCMF UIBOLTUP UIFTVQQPSUPGMJCSBSJFTXPSLJOHXJUI,OPXMFEHF6OMBUDIFE ,6JTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFJOJUJBUJWFEFTJHOFEUPNBLFIJHIRVBMJUZ CPPLT0QFO"DDFTTGPSUIFQVCMJDHPPE Anatomizing Civil War Anatomizing Civil War Studies in Lucan’s Epic Technique • Martin T. Dinter The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Copyright © Martin T. Dinter 2012 All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid- free paper 2015 2014 2013 2012 4 3 2 1 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Dinter, Martin T. Anatomizing Civil War : studies in Lucan’s epic technique / Martin Dinter. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 472- 11850- 2 (hardback) — ISBN 978- 0- 472- 02871- 9 (e- book) 1. Lucan, 39– 65. Pharsalia. 2. Lucan, 39– 65— Technique. 3. Epic poetry, Latin— History and criticism. 4. Rome— History— Civil War, 49– 45 B.C.— Literature and the war. I. Title. PA6480.D56 2012 873'.01— dc23 2012042614 parentibus optimis Acknowledgments • With great pleasure I thank the following institutions for their kind and gener- ous support in the course of my research: DAAD, Cusanuswerk— bischöfliche Studienförderung e.V., University of Heidelberg-C ambridge Programme, AHRC, St. John’s College Benefactor Scholarships, The Cambridge European Trust, The Jebb Fund, The Kurt Hahn Trust, The Fondation Hardt. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
Chapter 3 Who Built the Pantheon? Agrippa, Apollodorus, Hadrian And
Despite so much that is known about Roman buildings, Chapter 3 there is relatively little to say about the individuals involved in the ferment of their creation. We can reconstruct Who Built the Pantheon? confidently the original appearance of many a monument, but not much about their designers. This is not for want of Agrippa, Apollodorus, information; it is just not quite of the right kind. All around the Mediterranean survive ample ruins, including some Hadrian and Trajan strikingly well-preserved buildings, of which the Pantheon is the prime example. This physical evidence is illuminated by literary sources, inscriptions and brickstamps, and on Mark Wilson Jones occasion by maps and drawings inscribed in stone. Notwithstanding some long-running disputes, we can often be sure of the identity and date of individual monuments in major cities. We also possess quite a populous roster of architects’ names, thanks to numbers of their tombstones, along with the occasional textual mention of a few of the men at the top of their profession. Some buildings bear discreet architects’ inscriptions, yet these are nothing like as numerous and prominent as those of their patrons; it is they who take the credit. In short, it is normally impossible to join up specific surviving buildings with specific architects about whom we know any more than the name. In this the Roman period fares worse than the Greek, when architects were frequently tied to particular projects by specifications, contracts and accounts recorded on stone, while the names of famous protagonists can be found in the treatises of Roman writers, most notably Vitruvius and Pliny.1 By such means we know of no fewer than three individuals who had responsibility for the design of the Parthenon in one role or other, Ictinus, Kallikrates and Karpion, while a fourth, Phidias, the creator of Athena Parthenos, may also have had some architectural input.