International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science ISSN 2249-3115

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Aim and Scope International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science (IJEMS) is an international research journal, which publishes top-level work from all areas of Engineering Research and their application including Mechanical, Civil, Electrical, Chemical, Electronics, Mathematics and Geological etc. Researchers in all technology and engineering fields are encouraged to contribute articles based on recent research. Journal publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field of Engineering Research, and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. It aims to disseminate knowledge; provide a learned reference in the field; and establish channels of communication between academic and research experts, policy makers and executives in industry, commerce and investment institutions

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International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science

ISSN: 2249-3115 Vol. 8, No. 2, 2018 [Special Issue]

PROCEEDINGS OF RRC-2018

FIRST REVA RESEARCH CONCLAVE ON DIGITIZATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

1st& 2nd March 2018

Venue: REVA University Rukmini Knowledge Park Bangalore-64

www.reva.edu.in

PATRON

Dr. P. Shyama Raju Chancellor, REVA University, India Chairman, Reva Group of Educational Institutions, India.

Steering Committee

Dr. S.Y. Kulkarni, Vice Chancellor, REVA University, India Dr. M. Dhanamjaya, Registrar, REVA University, India. Dr. V. G. Talwar, Advisor, REVA University, India. Dr. N. Ramesh, Dean-Training & Placement, Planning, REVA University, India. Dr. Rajashekar C Biradar, Director School of ECE, REVA University, India. Dr. B. P. Divakar, Dean Research & Innovation Council, REVA University, India.

Organizing Chairs

Dr. Sunilkumar S Manvi, Principal RITM, Director School of C&IT, REVA University Dr. Mallikarjun M Kodabagi, Deputy Director, School of C&IT, REVA Univesity, India. Dr. Beena, Associate Dean, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, REVA University Dr. Rajashekar P Mandi, Director School of EEE, REVA University Dr. Y. Ramalinga Reddy, Associate Dean, School of Civil & Mechanical Engineering and Director School of Civil Engineering Dr. Shubha. A, Director School of Commerce and Management Studies, REVA University Dr. K. S. Narayanaswamy, Director School of ME, REVA University, India. Dr. Vimala Swamy, Director School of Arch., REVA University, India. Dr. S. Senthil, Director School of CSA, REVA University, India. Dr. Payel Dutta Chowdhury, Director School of Arts and Humanities, REVA University, Dr. Vasanth Kiran, Director School of Performing Arts, REVA University Dr. Vishwanath R Hulipalled, Deputy Director, Research & Innovation, School of C&IT, REVA Univesity

Publication Chairs

Dr. Gopal Krishna Shyam, Associate Professor, School of C&IT, REVA Univesity, India. Dr. Ashwinkumar U M, Associate Professor, School of C&IT, REVA Univesity, India. Prof. Chaithra M H, School of C&IT, REVA Univesity, India. Prof. Shilpa V, School of C&IT, REVA Univesity, India. Prof. Raghavendra Reddy, School of C&IT, REVA Univesity, India. Prof. Surendra Babu K N, School of C&IT, REVA Univesity, India.

Research Co-ordinators

Dr. Veeraraghavan, School of Bio-Chemistry, REVA Univesity, India. Dr. Sunil Kumar Tengali, School of CV, REVA Univesity, India. Prof. K Narayana Swamy, School of EEE, REVA Univesity, India. Dr. Devaraj S, School of ME, REVA Univesity, India. Dr. Murugesan R, School of Mathematics, REVA University, India. Dr. Geetha D, School of ECE, REVA Univesity, India. Dr. Madesh Kumar, School of Physics, REVA University, India. Dr. Vimala Swamy, School of Architecture, REVA University, India. Dr. Lakshmi B, School of Chemisrty, REVA Univesity, India Dr. Rajeev Ranjan, Associate Professor, School of CSA, REVA Univesity, India. Dr. Subramanyam M, School of Commerce, REVA University, India. Dr. Premalatha S, School of Arts & Humanities, REVA Univesity, India. Dr. Gopal Krishna Shyam, Associate Professor, School of C&IT, REVA Univesity, India. Dr. Veena V, School of Bio Technology, REVA Univesity, India. Dr. Chithambar Gupta V, School of Management Studies, REVA University, India. Dr Vishwanath R Hilipalled, Deputy Director, Research & Innovation, School of C&IT, REVA Univesity

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 1: Sl. No. Particulars Page No. 1. About REVA University i 2. REVA Research Conclave 2018 ii 3. Messages iv 4. Organizing Committee xiii 5. Panel Discussion - Digitization: Challenges and xv Opportunities for Economy and Society 6. Keynote Speakers Profile xvii 7. Invited articles 1 8. Abstracts Index 152

PART 2: 1. Abstracts of Hindi and Kannada 377

About REVA University

REVA Group of Educational Institutions was established in the year 2004 under the aegis of Rukmini Education Charitable Trust led to Dr. P Shyama Raju as founder chairman. REVA University is established under the Government of Karnataka Act 80 during the year 2012 and notified in the Karnataka Gazette dated 7th Feb 2013. REVA University is located at about 22 kms away from the Bangalore International Airport on the way to Bangalore city. The University has a sprawling lush green campus spread over 42 acres of land equippe with state-of-the-art infrastructure and conducive environment for higher learning.

Research at REVA University has been recognized as the primary activity to enhance teaching-learning process, and also to develop a unique identity as a University that commits itself to address societal issues through application of Science and Technology.

REVA strives to create an ambience for research culture among faculty members, research scholars and the student community and has set an ambitious vision of becoming one among the best of universities which cater to societal needs. It has initiated research in 18 disciplines under Engineering, Science & Technology, Commerce, Management Studies, Education and Arts &Humanities.

VISION:

“REVA University aspires to become an innovative university by developing excellent human resources with leadership qualities, ethical and moral values, research culture and innovative skills through higher education of global standards”

MISSION

 To create excellent infrastructure facilities and state-of-the-art laboratories and incubation centers;  To provide student-centric learning environment through innovative pedagogy and education reforms;  To encourage research and entrepreneurship through collaborations and extension activities;  To promote industry-institute partnerships and share knowledge for innovation and development;  To organize society development programs for knowledge enhancement in thrust areas; and  To enhance the leadership qualities among the youths and enrich personality traits and promote patriotism and moral values.

i OBJECTIVE:

 Creation, preservation and dissemination of knowledge and attainment of excellence in different disciplines  Smooth transition from teacher - centric focus to learner - centric processes and activities  Performing all the functions of interest to its major constituents like faculty, staff, students and the society to reach leadership position  Developing a sense of ethics in the University and Community, making it conscious of its obligations to the society and the nation  Accepting the challenges of globalization to offer high quality education and other services in a competitive manner

REVA Research Conclave 2018

It is a great platform wherein outstanding speakers from academia, entrepreneurs & achievers from industry interact and encourage the new generation towards research and entrepreneurship.

It also provides a great platform for budding researchers to get feedback about their quality of research from eminent researchers across the globe.

Objectives  To provide a platform for innovative minds from science, academia and industry to bring out possible avenues for enhancement of quality of life through digital technologies.  To Provide an Excellent Platform for upcoming start-ups to showcase their products to industry in the IT Capital of India – Bengaluru.  To provide a common platform for researchers, scientists, academicians and innovators to exchange ideas and get inputs from expert panellists.  To encourage young students to take up research as a prominent career option.

ii TOPICS:

iii MESSAGES

Message from Chancellor

I am extremely happy to note that REVA University in association with Education Promotion Society for India (EPSI) is organizing a Research Conclave in the month of March 2018. This flagship event will give an opportunity for researchers, academicians and industrialists to discuss the recent advances in their area of research and showcase their research outcomes before expert panelists and seek guidance/future direction.

It is my desire to see that the research culture initiated at our University will aim at improving quality technical education and respond to rapid economic and technological grouth, both at national and international level.

I wish the Research Conclave team all the very best and urge all the participants to brainstorm the various thrust areas of research. I also wish all of you a happy stay in our campus and look forward to your participation in various events in the campus.

Dr. P. Shyama Raju Chancellor, REVA University, Bengaluru, India.

Message from Vice-Chancellor

I am delighted to note that REVA University is organizing Research Conclave in association with Education Promotion Society for India (EPSI). Research conclave brings together people of varied experiences and provides an opportunity to everyone to share their thoughts. Mutual participation and high quality deliberations create inspiring learning environment resulting into innovative ideas. Today’s industry expects such inputs to bring home new innovations and inventions.

I hope that this conclave would certainly induce innovative ideas among the participants paving way for new inventions and technologies in various disciplines.

I congratulate the core team for initiating the conduction of such Research Conclave in our esteemed University.

I wish the Research Conclave a grand success.

Dr. S. Y. Kulkarni Vice-Chancellor, REVA University, Bangalore, India

Message from Registrar

I am extremely happy to note that REVA University is organizing the Research Conclave on March 2018. The multi-face lid research conducted in academic institutions, industry, R&D laboratories and elsewhere plays a critical role in raising our standard of living, creating jobs, improving health and providing national security.

Research in Indian Institutions is not given the same kind of importance than the western counterparts. I am sure that the Research Conclave of this type will inculcate the much needed research culture among students and teachers and trigger interactions among researchers to exchange the ideas of recent advances in various disciplines.

I congratulate all the committee members for taking initiative to conduct this Research Conclave to bring all researchers on to a common platform.

I wish the Research conclave a grand success.

Dr. M. Dhanamjaya Registrar, Reva University, Bengaluru, India

Message from Advisor

Research conclave brings together people of varied experiences and provides an opportunity to everyone to share their thoughts. Mutual participation and high quality deliberations create inspiring learning environment resulting into innovative ideas. Today’s industry expects such inputs to bring home new innovations and inventions.

The Research Conclave-2018 organized jointly by the REVA University and Education Promotion Society for India (EPSI) focused on “Automation: Threats and Opportunities for Economy and Workforce”. The Research conclave provides an open forum for scientists, researchers and engineers to discuss recent advancement in diverse discipline. It will be a wonderful opportunity for delegates to gain quality input useful for their future research in this knowledge based society.

I congratulate the organizers and wish the Research conclave a great success.

Dr. V. G. Talawar Advisor, REVA University Bangalore, India.

vii

Message from Dean

It is great pleasure and honor to extend to you a warm invitation on behalf of REVA University to attend the Research Conclave 2018. This Research conclave is jointly organized by REVA University and Education Promotion Society for India (EPSI) to be held on 1st and 2nd March 2018.

The theme of the Research conclave-2018 is “Automation: Threats and Opportunities for Economy and Workforce” which is open for young researchers, science promoters, students academicians and scientific community from diverse disciplines. In addition, young researchers will have an opportunity to present their ideas and research outcomes in the form of posters. REVA always encourages young researchers.

On the behalf of organizing committee, once again I would like to extend a warm invitation to all our colleagues to lush-green campus to join at this event and make it a grand success.

Welcome to the decennial celebration of Research conclave at REVA.

Dr. N. Ramesh Dean-Placement, Training & planning REVA University Bangalore, India

viii

Message from Dean R&I Cell

Research and Innovations in REVA University is regarded as one of the most important activities besides teaching and learning. The university with dedicated & qualified faculty, dynamic research scholars, moderate research facilities, well drafted research quality assurance guidelines, and supportive management provides an excellent ambience to pursue research. Research circles, mentored by senior faculty members are active in all the schools and are primarily responsible for cultivating interdisciplinary research cultures in students and faculty.

The first REVA Research Conclave is aimed at showcasing the research diversity in RU to the society and also bringing along great minds on a common platform for deliberating on the theme of panel discussion. Expert lectures by eminent researchers and meticulous review of scholars’ progress add new dimensions to the conclave.

I congratulate school of ECE, all the directors & research coordinators, volunteers, and other office bearers for their contributions to the conduction of the conclave. I wish the researchers all the best for their future research endeavors.

Dr. B. P. Divakar Dean Research &Innovation Council REVA University Bangalore, India.

Message from Director, School of ECE

The current research and innovation should target to resolve social, political and economic challenges by means of digital technology. The first REVA Research Conclave 2018 is aimed at creating catalyst like vibrations among all the scientists, research scholars, academicians, industry persons and students’ communities. As it rightly encompass the theme, “Digitalization: Challenges and opportunities for economy and society”, that earnestly fills the required gaps to upgrade economic and societal status so as to enhance quality of life. As per the recent statistics, the current 7.3 billion world population is estimated to be increased to 9.6 billion in 2050, whereas the technology advancements will be at least 1000 times from today. As we are growing giants in terms of technological advancements, we must be cautious enough to use it sensibly to save the earth for our next generations. I hope the researchers address such issues in this conclave.

This conclave includes panel discussions, keynote talks, PhD scholar colloquiums and further directions by panel of experts in various domains and exhibitions. I hope the Research Conclave benefits all the delegates from academicians, industry people and research scholars. I wish all the researchers and scientific community to have great deliberations in this Research Conclave!!

Dr. Rajashekhar C. Biradar Convener, REVA Research Conclave 2018 Director, Scool of ECE REVA University

x xi

Shri. Hubert Reilard, Chairman, Indo-German Chamber of Commerce South Western Region Council Past President of Indo-German Chamber of Commerce

xii ORGANIZING COMMITTEE.

MEMBERS: SCHOOL OF COMMERCE 1. Dr.M Subramanyam 2. Dr.Harani B 3. Dr.M Lokanadha Reddy 4. Dr.Harish Sn

MEMBERS: SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT 5. Dr. Chithambar Gupta V 6. Dr Santhosh B R 7. Dr S K Prasad 8. Dr Urmila Itam

MEMEBERS: SCHOOL OF PHYSICS, MATHEMATICS 9. Dr Munirathnam 10. Dr Madesh Kumar 11. Dr P Anjaneyulu 12. Dr Harishbabu 13. Dr Murugesan

MEMBERS: SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY 14. Dr. Sakthivel K 15. Prof. Shwetha 16. Dr. Ramkrishna Reddy

MEMBERS: SCHOOL OF MCA 17. Dr. Rajeev Ranjan 18. Prof. V. Thirunavukarasu 19. Prof. N. Sneha 20. Dr.Jayalameshwaraiah

MEMBERS: SCHOOL OF C & IT 22. Prof. Chaithra M. H 23. Prof. Shilpa V. 24. Prof. Raghavendra Reddy 25. Prof. Surendra Babu

MEMBERS: SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 26. Prof.Niranjan C H 27. Prof.Sachin Kumar 28. Dr Dasharath S M 29. Prof.Vishwanath K H

xiii MEMBERS: SCHOOL OF EEE 30. Prof. Raghavendra G 31. Prof. Raghu C.N. 32. Prof.Pavan 33. Prof. Bhushith

DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 34. Dr. V. Veena 35. Dr. Ramachandra R 36. Dr. Veeraraghavan

MEMBER: SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE 37. Prof. Shubhi Sonal

MEMBER: SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 38. Dr. Y. Ramalinga Reddy 39. Dr. Sunil Kumar Tengli 40. Prof. Sanjay Raj 41. Prof. Naresh Reddy

xiv PANEL DISCUSSION - Digitization: Challenges and Opportunities for Economy and Society

Dr. Jay ‘Bharatheesh’ Simha

CTO and Director, Analytics at ABIBA Systems Moderator & Panelist AI & Machine Learning Expert

Prof. R. S. Deshpande

Rajiv Gandhi National Fellow (ICSSR) Institute for Social and Economic Change Panelist: Economy & Social Science

Kishore Balaji

Director - Corporate Affairs, South Asia Head at Intel Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Panelist: Education

Dr. Upinder Dhar

Vice Chancellor of Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya Panelist: HR

xv Madhusudan Shekar

Principal Technical Evangelist at Amazon Internet Services Private Limited Panelist: Technical Evangelist

Suresh Ramu

Co-founder and CEO, CyteCare Hospitals Panelist: AI applications in Medicine

xvi

KEY NOTE SPEAKER’s REVA RESEARCH CONCLAVE-2018

Dr. J. M. Chandra Kishen

Professor ,Department of Civil Engineering. Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru. “Research Perspectives in Structural Health Monitoring”

Dr. Sajal K. Das

IEEE Fellow Daniel St. Clair Endowed Chair Department of Computer Science Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA “Smart Living: The Next Frontier”

Brinda Sastry

Technology and Urban Form: Design implications for India’s Smart Cities Mission

xvii

Dr. Voggu Srinivas Principal Scientist at CSIR-SERC, Taramani, Chennai, India.

Dr. Nagesh Kumar. D Chairman, Centre for Earth Sciences, IISc.

Dr. K. Srinivasa Raju Associate Professor in the Institute of Remote Sensing, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai.

Dr. A. Julius

Professor & Head, Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Dental College, Additional Director of Research, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research

xviii

Dr. Shivananda. K.N.

Research Scientist ITC R & D Bangalore

Dr. Senthil Duraisamy Founder – Managing Director PharmaGenica Healthcare Private Limited, Bangalore

Mr. K. C. Shiva Reddy Director Kuppalli Kuvempu Educational centre

Dr. P B Shivanna (Meerasabhihalli shivanna) Retired Kannada Professor Mysuru

xix

Joseph Varghese

Associate Professor Department of Mathematics and Statistics, CHRIST

Dr. Pranesha

HOD and Professor Department of Physics BMSCE,Bangalore

Dr. E. Bhoje Gowda

Senior Scientist Materials Science and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Industrial Estate P.O. Pappanamcode Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala-695019, India

Dr. P. Narayana Reddy

Group Director Sanskrithi Group of Institutions

Dr.V. Navaneetha Kumar

Professor and Director of Management Studies AdhiyamaanCollege of Engineering, Anna University

Dr. K. N. Viswanatham

Professor-OD&HR, at Centre for Organization Development, Hyderabad

Dr. Upinder Dhar

Vice Chancellor of Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya Panelist: HR

Dr. Divakar D S

Sc-D working with INMCC, Bangalore

xxi

Dr. T. N. Raju

Associate Professor Dr. AIT, Bengaluru Keynote speaker

xxii

PART 1 PROCEEDINGS

International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com INVITED ARTICLES

Research Perspectives in Structural Health Monitoring

J.M. Chandra Kishen ∗ Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 1 Introduction In recent years, the maintenance and repair of civil engineering infrastructures (especially bridges and highways) have become increasingly important, as these structures age and deteriorate. In many cases, it is more cost-effective to repair, rather than to replace, an entire bridge deck or pavement section. Furthermore, civil engineering structures such as long-span bridges, offshore structures, airport pavements and gravity dams are frequently subjected to variable-amplitude cyclic loadings in actual conditions. It is well known that fatigue is a process of progressive, permanent internal structural change, however, the mechanism of fatigue in concrete is not clearly understood. Since concrete is a quasi-brittle material with heterogeneous micro structure, the mechanism of fatigue may be quite different from those of metallic materials. It is very important to monitor and understand the fatigue crack growth for safety assessment of all aged, damaged, repaired and rehabilitated structures.

Currently, the non destructive evaluation and diagnostic techniques for concrete structures are in great use for maintenance purposes.1 The acoustic emission (AE) is the class of phenomena whereby transient elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of energy from a localized source or sources within a material. The AE technique has two important advantages in comparison with other non-destructive techniques (i) it can give valuable information on what is happening inside of the material and (ii) it has the capability of on-line monitoring during service of structures or facilities. Therefore, the AE technique has emerged as a powerful non-destructive tool to detect and evaluate damages in safety assessment of civil structures.2 With the AE technique, it is possible to capture the damage process, when and where it occurs. The AE testing is a powerful nondestructive testing tool to examine the behavior of materials deforming under stress. In other words, AE technique act like the stethoscope of a material scientist, which can be used to listen to events that lead to failure of a material using AE sensors.3

The AE technique has been successfully applied to concrete mechanics to study the properties of crack extension during the fracture process.4

The mechanical behavior of the structure is very important for the health monitoring. Generally a strain gage is used for the stress analysis on the surface of an object. Evaluation of the strain in a larger domain will necessiate the fixing of many strain gages, which is practically impossible. The

1 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com digital image correlation (DIC) technique can provide efficient solution to this problem. With the DIC technique, one can measure the displacement on the surface of the specimen, which can further be analysed to obtain strains and stresses on the surface. In digital image correlation, the surface images before and after the deformation are taken by a camera and the correlation coefficient is calculated, from which the displacement at any point of the image can be obtained.5 DIC is extensively used for studying a very large range of materials, in a different range of scales. Originally developed in the eighties, the DIC-based methods and their fields of application have been growing steadily due to the technological progress and affordability of digital imaging systems. Concrete is a heterogeneous material for which the fracture behavior is complicated and difficult to quantify, accurately. To obtain microscopic information on the failure processes in concrete, a robust full-field measurement method is required.6 Direct observation of the fracture process is difficult because of the small scale at which micro structural features interact with the failure process. When cracks first initiate, their openings may be less than a micron. In addition, the development of micro cracks occurs in a widely distributed manner so a large field of view must be examined. This requires the use of techniques with a much greater resolution than possible with the human eye. Moire interferometry, various forms of electronic speckle pattern interferometry and laser holographic interferometry have been used to measure deformation with extremely high (sub- micron) sensitivity using interference patterns produced with laser light. These methods, while sensitive, can be difficult to apply and require a vibration free-environment, which is often not easy to achieve around mechanical testing machines. A more robust method for studying fracture processes is Digital Image Correlation (DIC), which has been successfully applied to detect cracks in concrete and other materials. With DIC, full-field surface displacements can be measured with high accuracy for specimens with multiple cracks at incremented levels of fracture. This technique can be used to monitor the testing of a range of specimen sizes and conditions.7

Another recent development in the study of concrete properties is the use of nanotechnology. Nan- otechnology has developed rapidly and it already provides key tools for research and development in microelectronics and for fundamental research in physics and theoretical materials science. However, the introduction of nanotechnology application into the domain of construction materials has begun in recent years and nano-mechanical testing techniques, such as nanoindentation are increasingly important tools for the characterization of mechanical properties of materials.8 Micro-indentation method has become a useful method for assessment of micro mechanical properties of cementitious composites. Properties, such as micro hardness, elastic modulus, or creep can be routinely investigated on micro scale; many example of such application to cementitious composites with special focus on the comparison of micro mechanical properties of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and those of bulk matrix have been published.9 Cement based materials and natural rocks are among the most utilized materials, essential to the construction industry and built environment.

2 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Studies by microscopic techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and image analysis have revealed that cementitious materials are complex heterogeneous composite materials, with a random micro structure at different length scales, from the nano to the macro scale. Traditionally, however, cement paste and rock materials have been treated more or less as homogeneous materials with uniform mechanical properties since mechanical characterization of such materials has been possible only at a macro scale. It is not until recent years that progress and improved availability of advanced instruments and characterization techniques, such as depth-sensing micro/nanoindentation, has made it possible to study mechanical properties of various micro/nanoscale features in cement-based materials and natural rocks.10

In this paper, some of these non-destructive methods of monitoring structures would be discussed.

2 Acoustic Emission Technique The Acoustic Emission (AE) technique is a widely used tool for nondestructive evaluation of metallic and nonmetallic materials and engineering structures. AE in simple terms is defined as a transient elastic wave generated as an outcome of material deformation. This stress wave propagates through the solid due to the energy released during the deformation process. The amount of acoustic energy released depends primarily on the size and the speed of the local deformation process.3 This technique is designed to hear sounds caused by micro damage and plastic deformation in materials. Compared to other non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods, AE has unique features in two respects: (1) The energy (AE energy) is released from within the test object rather than being supplied by the NDE method; and (2) AE method is capable of detecting the dynamic processes associated with the re-arrangement of material constituents or structural degradation. The AE technique has been extensively applied for the condition assessment and damage detection for many materials and structures. Especially, a large amount of AE analysis have been conducted on cement concrete structural components and bridges.

AE is a class of phenomena whereby transient elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of energy from a localized source or sources within a material.11 Since AE is very sensitive to the initiation and growth of cracks in materials and structures, it has been widely used for characterizing materials in the laboratory.12 This technique can be used to listen to events that lead to failure of a material using sensors that act like the material scientist’s stethoscope.3 In comparison with other non-destructive techniques, acoustic emission technique has two important advantages: firstly, the AE technique can give valuable information on what is happening inside of the material, and secondly it has the capability of on-line monitoring during service of structures or facilities. Therefore, the AE technique has emerged as a powerful non-destructive tool to detect or evaluate damages in safety assessment of civil structures.2 The acoustic emission technique offers the possibility of capturing the damage process: when and where it occurs.13 The process of

3 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com localization of cracks and movement of the fracture process zone using AE were studied by Shah and his group.14 Byadopting the moment tensor analysis, Ohtsu et al.15 have studied the role played by different mechanisms of failure in concrete. Experimental investigations on plain and reinforced concrete structures using AE have been carried out by Carpinteri and his co-workers.16, 17 They have compared AE frequency-magnitude statistics in solids subjected to damage process with defect size distributions for disordered materials and found the critical parameters defining instability conditions. They have analyzed the damage process in concrete using statistical and theoretical models of fracture mechanics thereby finding the critical defect size distribution on all scales through fractal laws.

2.1 Instruments Used for AE Testing The process of AE monitoring involves many instruments, each having a unique role to play and is essential to ensure proper monitoring. They include, sensors, couplants, pre-amplifiers and data acquisition system as shown in Figure 1. A brief description of each component is discussed in this section.

1. AE sensors: These are the key instruments which detect mechanical transient waves generated from a defect in a structure and convert them into electrical AE signals. Usually, piezoelectric resonant sensors are used for AE testing.The differential sensors are used in environments where very low level AE signals need to be processed. However, they can also be used in high noise environments.

2. Couplants : Sensors are fixed to the surface of the material to be tested using couplants. These couplants mainly help in easy and complete conduction of acoustic waves generated from the source. Commonly used couplants are oil, glue, high vacuum grease etc.

3. Pre-amplifiers: The main purpose of a pre-amplifier is to provide gain to boost signals to a less vulnerable level and effectively filter and reject noise from areas outside the sensor operating range.

4. Data acquisition system: Modern AE systems use computers and appropriate software thereby providing a menu driven input and control system. All the signals received from the sensor end are acquired and stored in the acquisition system. The new generation systems also enable extensive post-processing possibilities.

2.2 AE Signal Parameters A typical AE signal (or wave) is shown in Figure 2, in which different parameters are defined below:

1. Threshold: It is the user defined value of amplitude in decibels (dB), generally decided and fixed based on the amount of background noise, such that AE-signal having amplitude above

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this would be considered for further analysis.

2. Amplitude: It is the maximum amplitude of the AE wave and is measured in decibels (dBAE). 3. Rise-time: It is the time between the first threshold crossing and maximum peak amplitude.

Figure 1 : Details of AE data acquisition system

Figure 2: Parameters of a typical AE signal

4. AE Energy: It is the area under the amplitude-time curve above the threshold value (shaded portion shown in Figure 2). 5. AE Counts: Number of times an AE burst crosses the threshold.

6. AE Duration: It is the time between the first and last threshold crossing.

7. AE Event: It is a local material change giving rise to acoustic emission.

8. AE Hit : It is the detection of a stress wave by a single sensor.

2.3 Experiments Performed on Concrete Beams and AE Data The experiments performed on concrete beams of different sizes and analyzed using the acoustic emission data are reported in the paper titled ”‘Fracture Behavior of Concrete-Concrete Interface

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using Acoustic Emission Technique”’ published in the journal of Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 77, pp. 908 - 924, 2010. Authors are Santosh G. Shah and J. M. Chandra Kishen

3 Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Digital image correlation (DIC) is an optical and non-contact measurement technique and is adopted to analyze the displacements on the surface of an object of interest. In digital image correlation, the surface images before and after the deformation are taken by a digital camera from which the displacement at any point of the image is computed. DIC is extensively used to study a very large range of materials, in widely different range of scales. Originally developed in the eighties18, 19 the DIC-based methods and their fields of application have been growing steadily due to the technological progress and affordability of digital imaging systems.

DIC is based on the following principles: the image of the body is described by a discrete function representing the grey level of each pixel. The grey level is a value between 0 and 255 of its grey levels with the lowest value representing black, highest value white, and values in between representing different shades of gray. The correlation calculations are carried out for a set of pixels, called a pattern. The displacement field is assumed to be homogeneous inside a pattern. The initial image representing the body before distortion is a discrete function f (x, y) and is transformed into another discrete function f ∗(x∗, y∗) after distortion or displacement. The theoretical relation between the two discrete functions can be written as:20

f ∗(x∗, y∗) − f (x + u(x, y), y + v(x, y)) = 0, (1) where, u(x, y) and v(x, y) represent the displacement field for a pattern as shown in Figure 3.

Image correlation now becomes a job of comparing subsets of numbers between the two digital images.

A typical cross correlation coefficient which measures how well subsets match is given by

where f (x, y) is the gray level value at coordinate (x, y) for initial image and f ∗(x∗, y∗) is the gray level value at point (x∗, y∗) of the deformed image. The coordinates (x, y) and (x∗, y∗) are related by the deformation which has occurred between acquisition of the two images. If the motion of the object relative

to the camera is parallel to the image plane, then they are related by;

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where u and v are the displacements for the subset centers in the x and y directions, respectively. The terms ∆x and ∆y are the distances from the subset center to point (x, y). By performing image correlation

Figure 3: Initial and deformed patterns

Table 1: Compressive strength of Concretes at different age

3.1 Experiments Performed on Concrete Beams and DIC The experiments performed on concrete beams of different sizes and analyzed using the DIC technique are reported in the paper titled ”‘Fracture Properties of Concrete-Concrete Interfaces

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Using Digital Image Correlation”, International Journal of Experimental Mechanics (Springer), Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 303-313, 2011. Authors are Santosh G. Shah and J. M. Chandra Kishen

4 Material Characterization Using Image Analysis

In this section, the characterization of three different concretes designated as Concrete-1, Concrete-2 and Concrete-3 whose compressive strengths at different ages are shown in Table 1 is done using image analysis.

4.1 Scanning electron microscope analysis Back scattered electron (BSE) microscopy images are taken using SEM to study the microstructure of the Concrete at different stages of curing for each type of mix in order to assess the changes in hydration products over a period of 90 days. All test samples are kept hydrated until the test day and SEM images are acquired at 7, 14, 21, 28, 60 and 90 days. At higher magnification, these images reveal that as the hydration progresses with time, the microtructure of Concrete becomes denser due to the formation of hydration products. Figure 4 shows the SEM images of Concrete-1 at different ages of curing.

Figure 4(a) which is taken at seven days shows the presence of capillary pores. At later stages when hydration progresses these pores get filled with hydration products such as CH and CSH. The extent of hydration at 14 and 21 days are shown in Figures 4(b) and 4(c). In the absence of pozzolanic material, the hydration is rapid in the early period due to the presence of high calcium content. The SEM image of Concrete-1 shown in Figure 4(d) at 28 days depicts the covered hydration product formed to a major extent and a composite mass of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH).22

Figure 5 shows the 28 days SEM image of Concrete-2 along with EDS. It may be noted that the energy dispersive spectrum shows the minerals found in the focussed area. X-radiation is produced when the specimen is bombarded with high energy electrons. The position of peaks are the characteristic of an element. The counts per second provides the concentration of the element in the focussed area.23

Figure 5 at 28 days curing shows the hydration product with distinct fly ash presence which means that the hydration is not complete, conforming to the literature.24, 25 The presence of Ca, Si, Al, O and Fe with little traces of Na and Mg is also shown in Figure 5. This EDS is taken on a fly ash particle as shown in the inset box, which supports the presence of less calcium and more silica and aluminium, confirming that the fly ash used is of class F. The hydration is slow in the mixes with class F fly ash due to the presence of pozzolanic material. Figure 6(a) of Concrete-1 shows completely hydrated Concrete whereas Figure 6(b) of Concrete-2 shows that the hydration is not

8 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com complete even at 60 days. Some amount of pozzolanic reaction has taken place in Concrete-3 at 60 days as seen in Figure 6(c) because of the presence of silica fume. In Concrete-2 and Concrete-3 it is noticed that due to the presence of finer particles of fly ash and silica fume, the micro structure becomes denser as the curing period increases.

In Concrete-1, complete hydration is seen from SEM images, whereas in Concrete-2 containing class F fly ash, the CH hexagonal structure is seen in Figure 6(b) which indicates that the hydration is not complete even after 60 days. After 28 days, the fly ash particles are etched and surrounded by the hydration products and the pozzolanic reaction proceeds significantly after 60 days25 resulting in the covered hydration products. The pozzolanic action in class F fly ash is given by the following 25 chemical equations. 2S + 3CH = C3S2H3 A + CSH2 + 3CH + 7H = C4ASH12

A + 4CH + 9H = C4AH13

The compounds formed are the same as seen in conventional concrete made using ordinary portland cement (OPC). Figure 7 shows the SEM images of Concrete-1, Concrete-2 and Concrete-3 at 90 days. From the SEM images, it is seen that the hydration is complete in Concrete-1 and Concrete-3 at 90 days whereas in Concrete-2 hexagonal CH is present even at 90 days confirming the fact that the hydration continues for years with class F fly ash.25 EDS is taken at different spots on all samples of the three mixes. A typical EDS taken on the same image at different spots are shown in Figures 8 and 9. For the same image, EDS at different spots show different minerology. Ca/Si ratio which is significant in CSH formation ranging between

1.2 and 2.1 for normal concrete can be qualitatively obtained from EDS. EDS on Concrete-1 at various stages of curing show that the Ca/Si ratio widely varies from 0.8 to 8.0. But generally the OPC has a mean Ca/Si of about 1.75.26 This ratio obtained by EDS depends on where the beam is concentrated. The maximum ratio indicates that the beam is focussed on a spot where the calcium is in abundance. Figure 8(a) indicates the presence of Ca, Si, Al and Mg representing the focus is on unreacted fly ash. Figure 8(b) shows the presence of more amount of calcium and carbon indicating the calcium carbonate. The Fe peak in Figure 9 represents the unhydrated spot in Concrete-2. The presence of these minerals is also confirmed by the XRD images which are presented later. Hence it is clear that EDS is useful in the understanding of formation of hydration products by the interpretation of minerals present.

Figures 10 and 11 represent the EDS images taken on Concrete-3 at 28 days and 60 days respectively. In Figure 10, a bright spot is seen as shown in the inset box which represents an unhydrated region. This is due to the less water to powder ratio in Concrete-3. Unhydrated spots are bright due to the presence of iron whose atomic number is more than the other minerals observed, resulting in higher electron backscatter coefficient.27

Figure 11 shows the EDS taken on hydration product formed within a pore. The mineralogy

9 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com from EDS indicates the presence of calcium silicate hydrate, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate apart from minor traces of other minerals. The two EDS images show that at 28 days, Concrete-3 has unhydrated part showing the incomplete hydration and at 60 days the presence of CH, CSH and CC showing that hydration has taken place to some extent. Hence from these EDS, it is observed that the hydration is not complete in Concrete-3.

The EDS on Concrete-2 and Concrete-3 are analyzed to obtain the Ca/Si ratio which is found to be in the range of 0.8 to 1.5. It is reported by Richardson26 that for concretes with supplementing materials like fly ash, silica fume, metakaoline, ground granulated blast furnace slag, the Ca/Si is less than 1. SEM observations also reveal that there is no ettringite present at 28 days in all the three mixes.

4.2 Porosity Measurement Using Image Analysis Figure 12 shows the SEM images of Concrete-1 at 7 and 28 days of curing. In Figure 12(a), capillary pores of size less than 10µ are clearly evident through the dark portions indicating the empty space at 7 days. Figure 12(b) shows a typical pore with the hydration product within it at 7 days. It is seen that the pore is almost empty indicating that very less amount of hydration products are formed at 7 days. Figures 12(c) and 12(d) indicate the pore structure after 28 days of curing. It is seen that the pore is now filled with hydration products to a great extent over the period. The EDS taken on these hydration products are analyzed and is found to contain calcium, iron, oxygen, aluminium and more of silica. This indicates the presence of CSH, CH, aluminium and iron compounds. As the hydration progresses, the capillary pores get filled with hydration products which results in the reduction of porosity.28 Figure 13 shows the SEM images of Concrete- 2 at 28 days and it is seen that the pores get filled by hydration products. The pozzolanic material present in Concrete-2 and Concrete-3 reacts with CH and forms CSH29 which fills up the pores over the period of time resulting in the improved impermeability and durability of Concrete. The size of various pores in Figure 13 are measured as 187.19µ, 210.10µ and 307.21µ indicating that these are not capillary pores (≤10µ) and these pores are filled with hydration products over the period of curing which results in the increase in the compressive strength as seen in Table 1.

The quantitative analysis of the pore structure is of major importance in order to establish relationship between mix parameters, microstructure and final concrete properties. Image analysis is one of the methods to determine porosity and pore size distribution of cement based materials.30, 31 The reduction in porosity is quantitatively measured by using image analysis technnique and is found to be suitable for observing and measuring large capillary pores and voids. The objective of the quantitative image analysis is to obtain the area fractions of the porosity. To characterize Concrete based on porosity, the SEM images at 100x magnification are acquired at 7, 14 and 28 days. The image analysis procedure using binary segmentation as explained in literature30, 31 is followed. All images are stored in digital form as images of 8 bit with 256 gray levels. Zhao and

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Darwin32 describe a statistical method to determine the number of images required to achieve given confidence levels. Using the same method with a 95% degree of confidence, it is determined that the 12-image sets are sufficient for plain pastes and mortar that provide a value of pore fraction which is within 15% and 34% respectively of the true value. To increase the confidence level, 35 images of each mix are taken at 7, 14 and 28 days and analyzed. A flow chart as used by Werner and Lange31 to calculate pore area fractions is provided in Figure 14. The image analysis software ImageJ33 is used in this study to carry out all the operations mentioned in the flow chart. Firstly, the SEM images obtained are smoothened and saturated. Thereafter, the noise is reduced by the median filter and the images are converted to binary ones. The binary image represents white color matrix portion and black color pore fractions. The area of black color portion can be obtained by using this software.33 Figure 15 shows the typical original digital SEM image and the processed images as per the steps explained in the flow chart. The final image represents the binary image and the area of voids in pixels is calculated by using the software ImageJ. The void areas are summed up and the resultant summed pore area over the total area is represented in percentage. The typical binary image and percentage area of pore fractions of three different mixes are shown in Figure 16. The pore area fraction is measured for all the images and the average area fraction at different stages of curing for three mixes are presented in Table 2. The image analysis shows the quantitative reduction in pore area over the period of time across all the mixes and the qualitative reduction is confirmed by SEM images as dicussed in earlier section. At seven days, the pore area measured from Concrete-1, Concrete-2 and Concrete-3 indicate the reduction in the pore area due to the presence of fine materials like fly ash and silica fume. As established from the SEM micrographs, the pores are filled at later stages of hydration at 28 days resulting in the further reduction of pore area. This reduction is one of the reasons for the increase in compressive strength of the mixes. It is also observed from the results that the pore area fraction is almost the same for Concrete-1 and Concrete-2 at 28 days. This is because Concrete-2 with fly ash hydrates slower and the pore area reduction is expected after 28 days to 2 years as reported in many literature.24, 25 But in Concrete-1 without pozzolanic material, the hydration stops or hardly takes place after 28 days.

5 Closing Remarks In this paper, different techniques that are useful in monitoring the health of a structure are presented. It is to be noted that a combination of these techniques would be required for effectively arriving at the residual strength of existing damaged structures.

6 Acknowledgements The author acknowledges the contributions made in this research work by his students Dr. Hamalatha and Dr. Santhosh Shah.

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References [1] Masayasa Ohtsu and Hiroshi Watanabe. Quantitative damage estimation of concrete by acoustic emission. Construction and Building Materials, 15:217–224, 2001. [2] D.J. Yoon and Philip Park. Assessment of crack activity by acoustic emission in concrete structures. In 12th A- PCNDT 2006 Asia-Pacific Conference on NDT. Auckland, New Zealand., 5th-10th November 2006. Archana Nair. Acoustic emission monitoring and quantitative evaluation of damage in reinforced concrete members and bridges. Master’s thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, December 2006. [3] Bing Chen and Juanyu Liu. Experimental study on AE characteristics of three-point-bending concrete beam. Cement and Concrete Research, 34:391–397, 2004. [4] Kenji Machida and Hideaki Yamada. Automatic stress analyzing system by digital speckle photography using 2-D hybrid method. Key Engineering Materials, 35(270-273):800–807, 2004. [5] S. Choi and S. P. Shah. Measurement of deformations on concrete subjected to compression using image correlation. Experimental Mechanics, 37(3):307–313, 1997. [6] J. S. Lawler and S. P. Shah. Fracture processes of quasi-brittle materials studied with digital image correlation. In Recent Advances in Experimental Mechanics, pages 335–344. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 2002. [7] Mohammed Sonebi. Utilization of micro-indentation technique to determine the micromechanical properties of ITZ in cementitious materials. In Proceedings of ACI Session on Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. Denver, USA, November 2006. [8] P. Trtik, C. M. Reeves, and P. J. Bartos. Use of focused ion beam (FIB) for advanced interpretation of microindentation test results applied to cementitious composites. Materials and Structures, 33:189–193, 2000. [9] W. Zhu, J. J. Hughes, N. Bicanic, and C. J. Pearce. Nanoindentation mapping of mechanical properties of cement paste and natural rocks. Materials Characterization, 58:1189–1198, 2007. [10] Standard terminology for nondestructive testing. In ASTM E 1316 - 05 Section B. American Society of Testing Materials. [11] S. Yuyama, Z.-W. Li, M. Yoshizawa, T. Tomokiyo, and T. Uomoto. Evaluation of fatigue damage in reinforced concrete slab by acoustic emisssion. NDT & International, 34:381–387, 2001. [12] Martine Wevers, Gert Van Dijck, Wendy Desadeleer, Mark Winkelmans, and Koen Van Den Abeele. Acoustic emission for on-line monitoring of damage in various application fields. In DGZfP-Proceedings, Lecture 59, EWGAE 2004, pages 587–595, 2004. [13] A. Maji and S. P. Shah. Process zone and acoustic emission measurements in concrete. Experimental Mechanics, 28(1):27–33, 1988. [14] M. Ohtsu, T. Okamoto, and S. Yuyama. Moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission for cracking mechanisms in concrete. ACI Struct J, 95:87–95, 1998. [15] A. Carpinteri, G. Lacidogna, and N. Pugno. Richter’s laws at the lab-scale interpreted by acoustic emission. Mag Concr Res, 58:619–625, 2006. [16] A. Carpinteri, G. Lacidogna, G. Niccolini, and S. Puzzi. Critical defect size distributions in concrete structures detected by the acoustic emission technique. Meccanica, 43:349–363, 2008. [17] M. A. Sutton, W. J. Wolters, W. H. Peters, W. F. Ranson, and S. R. McNeill. Determination of displacements using an improved digital correlation method. Image and Vision Computing, 1(3):133– 139, August 1983. [18] M. A. Sutton, Mingqi Cheng, W. H. Peters, Y. J. Chao, and S. R. McNeill. Application of an optimized digital correlation method to planar deformation analysis. Image and Vision Computing, 4(3):143–150, August 1986. [19] L. Cojbasic, G. Stefanovic, Z. Sekulic, and S. Heckmann. Influence of the fly ash chemical composition on the portland cement and fly ash mixture hydration mechanism. Facta Universitatis, 3(1):117–125, 2005. [20] V. G. Papadakis. Effect of fly ash on portland cement systems part I. Low-calcium fly ash. Cement and Concrete

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Research, 29(11):1727–1736, 1999. [21] I. G. Richardson. The nature of C-S-H in hardened cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 29:1131– 1147, 1999. [22] S. Diamond. The microstructure of cement paste and concrete - A visual primer. Cement and Concrete Composites, 26:919–933, 2004. [23] A. M. Werner and D. A. Lange. Quantitative image analysis of masonry mortar microstucture. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 13(2):110–115, 1999. [24] H. Zhao and D. Darwin. Quantitative backscattered electron analysis of cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 22:695–706, 1992. [25] ImageJ. http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij.

Figure 4: BSE images of Concrete-1 at different ages of curing a) presence of pores and CH at 7 days b) CH presence at 14 days indicating partial hydration c) Concrete-1 at 21 days shows CSH formation d) fully hydrated Concrete-1 at 28 days

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Table 2: Area pore fractions of three Concrete mixes at different age using image analysis

Figure 5: Unreacted fly ash present in Concrete-2 with class F fly ash at 28 day

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Figure 6: BSE images of Concrete-1, Concrete-2 and Concrete-3 showing the extent of hydration at 60 days

a) Fully hydrated Concrete-1 b) Concrete-2 showing more CH and less CSH indicating incomplete hydration even after 60 days c) Fly ash covered with hydration products in Concrete-3

Figure 7: BSE images of Concrete-1, Concrete-2 and Concrete-3 showing the extent of hydration at 90 days a) Fully hydrated Concrete-1 b) Concrete-2 still showing CH indicating further hydration after 90 days c) Fully hydrated Concrete-3

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Figure 8: EDS analysis on different spots of a image showing different minerology a) on fly ash particle b) on calcium carbonate

Figure 9: EDS analysis on different spots of a image showing different minerology on u

Figure 10: EDS of Concrete-3 at 28 days focussed on unhydrated bright spot

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Figure 11: EDS of Concrete-3 at 28 days showing the hydration product within the pore

Figure 12: SEM micrograph of pores in Concrete-1 a) capillary pores at 7 days b) a pore with partially formed hydration product at 7 days c) a pore with extensively formed hydration product at 28 days d) magnified view of hydration product of Fig.(c)

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Figure 13: SEM micrograph of different pores in Concrete-2 at 28 days

Figure 14: Flow chart showing the steps to convert original image to binary image

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Figure 15: Images showing steps involved in conversion of original image to binary image a) original Image b) after Smoothing c) after Median Filter d) binary Image

Figure 16: Typical binary images showing area pore fractions of three Concrete mixes in percentage a) Concrete − 114d − 6.36% b) Concrete − 128d − 1.9% c) Concrete − 228d − 9.2% d) Concrete − 37d − 9.22%.

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Smart Living: The Next Frontier

Prof. Sajal K. Das, IEEE Fellow, Daniel St. Clair Endowed Chair Department of Computer Science Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA

Abstract: We live in an era in which our physical and personal environments are becoming increasingly intertwined and smarter due to the advent of pervasive sensing, wireless communications, computing, and actuation technologies. Indeed our daily living in smart cities and connected communities will depend on a wide variety of smart service systems and cyber-physical infrastructures, such as smart energy, transportation, healthcare, supply-chain, etc. Alongside, the availability of low-cost wireless sensor networks, Internet of Things (IoTs) and rich mobile devices (e.g., smartphones) are also empowering humans with fine-grained information and opinion collection through crowdsensing about events of interest, thus resulting in actionable inferences and decisions. This synergy has led to cyber-physical-social (CPS) convergence with human in the loop that exhibits complex interactions, inter-dependencies and adaptations between engineered/natural systems and human users with a goal to improve quality of life experience in what we call smart living. However, the main challenges are posed by the scale, heterogeneity, big data, and resource limitations in context recognition and situation awareness using sensors, IoTs and CPS networks. This talk will first highlight unique research issues and challenges in smart living and CPS systems, followed by novel solutions for energy-efficient data gathering and fusion, coverage and connectivity, security and trustworthiness, and trade-off between energy and information quality in multi-modal context recognition. We will present case studies and experimental results for smart grid and smart healthcare applications. The talk will be concluded with directions for future research.

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Title: Information Technology and Urban Form: Design implications for India’s Smart Cities Mission

Brinda Sastry

Architect & Urban Planner

ABSTRACT: The lure of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to catapult us into the digital age, and to transform our cities through use of technologically advanced tools, devices and platforms for virtual engagement is strong. Today, smart apps, smart buildings and smart citizens have become the building blocks of city design. The Government of India’s Smart City Mission (SCM), which aims to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life by bringing cost effective and efficient services through use of ICTs, has captured the imagination of city leaders and urbanists in the recent years. Nurturing a spirit of competitiveness, it seeks efficiency and progress through acts of asset creation infused with ICTs. Projects aiming to digitally wire spaces to make them places, infuse built form with technology to increase efficiency, and interconnect and empower communities through virtual networks to make them intelligent are the talk of the day. However, in the discourse on Smart Cities there is ambiguity in the definition of “smart.” Besides, the process conceived for the planning and implementation of the SCM results in a mere layering of technology over standard urban practices. The SCM may be seen as an exercise of reconstructing the city as a platform for deployment of ICTs to make them more attractive to capital. In this context, what are the design implications of the SCM on the urban form of cities? As designers, we hold a great degree of social responsibility in the way we shape our cities. In delivering urban forms and realms that are socially just and environmentally sustainable, how can we look to smart cities as an opportunity?

Key words: Smart City, Digital age, Technology, Efficiency, Urbanist.

21 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Improved Heuristic for Vectorization of Pixel Art Asavari Limaye, Chandana NT, Anshuman D Gopi, Pravin Bhaskar Ramteke, and Shashidhar G. Koolagudi [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Karnataka - 575025 Abstract—This paper concentrates on extracting the vector representation of a given pixel art image and propose an improvement over existing algorithm which use three heuristics namely longest curve, sparse pixel and islands, to extract vector representation. The existing heuristic approach use sum of weights of these heuristics to resolve ambiguities. Hence fails to handle the case when the sum of the weights of the existing three heuristics for the diagonals crossing each other is equal. This leads to an ambiguity that which diagonal should be removed. Here, a new heuristic is proposed which help in resolving the case of ambiguous diagonals and ensure that only one of the diagonal edges are removed. The heuristic compares the RGB values of the colours of the two diagonals to decide which diagonal is lighter in weight. Since the lighter colour usually forms the background, the diagonal connecting the lighter pixels is removed. From the results, it is observed that, the improvised algorithm is efficient in resolving the problem of diagonal ambiguities and improve the quality of the image. Index Terms—Image vectorization; sparse pixel; planer graph; spline curve; similarity graph

I. INTRODUCTION Pixel art is widely used in old video games, where screens had a limited number of pixels. It is necessary to be able to effectively convey the shapes of characters using as few pixels as possible. In doing so, each pixel ends up being important to the entire image, as the size of the image itself is very small. For example, a single pixel could be used to represent an eye of a character. Such images is hand-crafted and do not follow the general process of drawing an image first and then downsampling it to reduce the number of pixels. Due to this unique nature of pixel art, other methods used to vectorize photographs do not work well with pixel-art. Such pixel-art is extensively used in video games, and many characters which are made up of only few pixels have become extremely popular and are instantly recognizable. An example is the Sprite from Super Mario Bros. Current generation continues to be familiar with these pixel-art characters by using emulators for hardware which have now become obsolete. By allowing these pixel-art images to be vectorized, these games can be played on screens of any resolution, without the loosing important features of the character. This algorithm can be applied to the entire screen of the video game, or to individual characters of the game separately and store them in a vector format which can be scaled up to whatever resolution needed. An extension to an existing heuristic algorithm has been suggested which has been very successful in vectorizing pixel art. For the case of alternatively coloured pixels as in the case of a checker-

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board, if the artist intended it to be alternate bands, the algorithm fails. The result produced by the algorithm was alternate circles of the two colours, instead of alternate stripes. The extension proposed takes into account this case, by adding a heuristic and preventing both diagonals from being removed in the ambiguous diagonals case.

The organisation of the paper is as follows: Section II describes the previous approaches to solve the same problem and their drawbacks in brief. The proposed approach is given in Section III. Results of the proposed approach are discussed in Section IV. Section V concludes the paper along with some future research directions.

I. LITERATURE REVIEW

Being able to zoom into a picture without pixelation well known problem. Some of the well known approaches employed for same are pixel art up-scaling techniques, Image sampling and vectorization. In this section we describe some of these approaches, their merits and demerits. A. Pixel Art Up-scaling Techniques Many specialised pixel art up-scaling algorithms have been developed over the recent years. Most of these have their origins in the emulation community, as older systems and consoles used images of low resolutions and sizes. The first algorithm of this type named EPX effectively replaced every pixel with 2x2 blocks of the same colour. While simple and applicable in real-time, the edges could only be quantized in 12 directions. As a result, the output appeared blocky at times. Later algorithms were based on the same idea but used additional methods to determine colors of the blocks. Some of the best known algorithms are 2xSaI [1], and Scale2x. [1] which blend the colours adjacent to the pixel under consideration. Main limitation of these algorithms is that, they are only allowed an up-scaling factor of two (as they were based on EPX). The algorithm could be applied multiple times, but this would make the blocks even more visible and reduce the quality at higher value of upscaling factors. The HQX algorithm examines 3x3 pixel blocks at a time and compares all the outer pixels with the center pixel of the block [2]. Then it use a look up table to apply an interpolation scheme for each combination, enabling it to produce various shapes. However, the algorithm could not resolve certain ambiguous patterns and is still prone to staircase artifacts. Also, it is very difficult and computationally costly generate the lookup tables for all possible scaling factors.

A. General Image Upsampling The classical approach used for image upsampling is to apply linear filters derived either from analytical interpolation or from signal processing theory. Examples include filters such as Nearest- Neighbour, Bicubic, and Lancosz [3]. No assumptions are made about the underlying data by these filters. As a consequence, images that are upsampling usually suffer from blurring of sharp edges. A

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comprehensive review of the many sophisticated algorithms that have appeared in the last decade is beyond the scope of this paper. However, in most cases, these image assumptions do not hold for color quantized, tiny pixel art images. Hence, these methods tend to perform poorly on pixel-art type inputs.

B. Image Vectorisation Many approaches attempt the automatic extraction of vector representations of images. However, most of these algorithms are designed keeping larger images in mind. The approach involved edge detection and clustering of pixels into larger regions, to which the vector curves and primitives are fit. However, the features of pixel images are tiny, all edges are step edges and there are no gradients. As a result, most algorithms tend to produce improper outputs for small features depicted by pixel art. Also, pixel art images contain features that may only be connected through corner pixels. General image vectorisation tools are not designed to handle this situation, ambiguities that arise from it. This consequently tend to break the connectivity of these features. The algorithm specifically work on binary images are designed [4]. However, this algorithm cannot handle colour images. The images have to be first quantized and decomposed into separate binary channels, which are then traced, resulting in inter penetrating shapes. The another approach compute a set of vector primitives and their first and second order gradients [5]. The decomposition is based on the segmentation algorithm which is unlikely to work on pixel art images. A novelty of the approach is image partitioning using diffusion curves which diffuse different colors on both sides of the curve [4]. In addition, there is an algorithm for automatically extracting this representation from a raster image. However, the edge detectors have a finite support and the filters do not work well on small image sizes. Various commercial tools, such as Adobe Live Trace [6] and Vector Magic perform automatic vectorisation of raster images. However, it is evidenced by comparisons made, they generally do not perform well on pixel art images. The implementation proposed is an improvement on work done in the paper Depixelizing Pixel Art [1] which used some heuristics to handle vectorisation for pixel images specifically, accounting for the drawbacks of other algorithms.

III. METHODOLOGY The proposed approach forms a graph of the pixels in the input image. Then several steps of transformations are performed to obtain a planar graph and get it into a form which will fit the human perception of the image. The flow diagram of proposed approach is shown in Fig. 1 A special care is taken that the important features added by the creator of the image are not removed in the process.

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Fig. 1. Flowchart of proposed approach

A. Generation of Similarity Graph

A graph from image is generated where each node in the graph represents one pixel in the input image. Each node is connected with an edge to the nodes in the 8 nearest neighborhood if they have similar color. The hqx algorithm [2] is used which decides if the pixels are similar or not. The YUV values of the pixels are calculated and their difference is compared against a set threshold which decides whether the colours are perceived as similar or not. Areas of the image with uniform colour, each node connected to all its 8 neighbours. Fig. 2 shows the arm of the ghost in black in color. The similarity graph generated using hqx algorithm is shown in Fig. 2 (a). The white background around the arm represents fully connected 2x2 segments of the similarity graph.

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Fig. 2. Longest Curve Heuristic (a) The Initial Similarity Graph (b) After making the graph Planar (c) Reshaped Pixel Cells according to the Similarity Graph (d) Splines fit to visible edges

B. Conversion to Planer Graph

Once the graph is generated, there are many places where both the diagonals in a square of four nodes are connected. Only one of these diagonals should be retained in order to make the graph planar. There are two cases where both the diagonals are connected. First, the diagonals are a part of a fully connected 2x2 graph consisting of 4 nodes forming a square. The other case is both the diagonals are connected but the 2x2 graph of 4 nodes is not fully connected.

In the first case, both the diagonals are simply removed. An example of this is in the white foreground of the arm of the ghost in Fig. 2 (b). Here, the diagonal edges are simply removed, leaving the graph planar. In second case, three heuristics proposed by the original algorithm are used to decide which one of the diagonals should be removed. The heuristics are designed to produce results which agree with how humans perceive these images. This is a very difficult thing to achieve, but the heuristics manage to produce the desired results most of the time. This is seen in Fig. 2 (a), where the ambiguous diagonals occur two points where the black pixels in the arm only share a corner.

The procedure to remove the diagonal followed in two cases is as below:

• Case 1: Whenever a decision has to be made to choose which diagonal to remove (the case of ’ambiguous’ diagonals), a weight is assigned to each edge for each heuristic. For the Longest Curve heuristic, the weight assigned is the length of the longest curve which will be formed if the edge is retained. For the sparse pixel heuristic, the weight is the difference in the number of pixels of that colour in the 8x8 sparse window. For the island heuristic, the weight of 5 is assigned to the diagonal edge whose removal will form an island. The sum of all the weights is found out and the diagonal edge which has the lower weight is removed.

• Case 2: In the cases where sum of the weights of all the heuristics are the same, the original algorithm remove both the diagonal edges. Another heuristic has been added to this to ensure that only one of the diagonal edges are removed. The proposed new heuristic compares the RGB values

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of the colours of the two diagonals to decide which one is lighter. Since the lighter colour usually forms the background the diagonal connecting the lighter pixels is removed. The improvement achieved with the proposed heuristic is that if the pixel art represents dark spots against a background of a lighter colour, then the result will reflect what the designer intended. For example, in Figure 3 (a), structure of number 8 drawn by the pixels is perceived by humans, not the white background. If the original algorithm is followed, it will result in each colour being represented as a individual circles.

Fig. 3. (a) Sparse Pixel Heuristic (b) Island Heuristic

These three original heuristics are described below: 1) Longest Curve: If a pixel is a part of a long curve, it should remain connected to the curve. This is done by identifying the longest chain of valence-two nodes. Valence- two nodes are those pixels which are only connected to two other pixels in the similarity graph. This heuristic supports the fact that if pixels are a part of a long continuous chain which has a similar colour, they should remain connected as they are probably an important element in the pixel art. Fig. 2 (a) shows the arm of the ghost, if the edge between the two parts of the arm had been removed, the final image would have three separate black lines instead of a curved arm. 2) Sparse Pixel: Given a picture, humans tend to perceive the more populous colour as background and the sparser colour as foreground. This heuristic takes this into account and retains the diagonal connection between pixels which are the sparser colour in a sparse window. In original algorithm, the size of sparse window is set to 8x8. Variations in the size of the sparse window was tried, to check if doing so would lead to better results. However, no significant improvement was noticed, hence the of 8x8 is retained. The number of similarly coloured pixels in the sparse window are counted. The diagonal edge between the two nodes which is the colour commonly found in the sparse window is removed, as it is assumed to form the background, and the colour of the foreground is left connected. Fig. 3 (a) shows the similarity graph of the number 8 where there is a case of ambiguous diagonals. The 8x8 pixel window around diagonal shows that the white pixels are more common compared to the blue pixels, so the diagonal joining white pixels should be removed. Hence by retaining the diagonal connecting the two blue pixels, the final image contains

27 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com the number 8. If this diagonal had been removed, the resulting figure would have looked more like number 0.

3) Islands: The image should not get fragmented into too many pieces as one pixel art image cannot contain too many features owing to their simplicity and small size. One way to assure this is to avoid the creation of disconnected ’islands’ -that is pixels which are not connected to any of the eight pixels around this-. This heuristic avoids the removal of the diagonal responsible for the formation of an island. Fig. 3 (b) shows removing the diagonal connecting the white pixels would cause the white pixel to become an island surrounded by black pixels.

C. Reshape pixel cells In pixel art, pixels which are diagonal to each other share a common point and maybe a part of the same feature. However, when the image is magnified, the size of each pixel alone increases and the feature along diagonal pixels becomes thinner and finally gets disconnected under higher factors of magnification. So, it is important that pixels which are a part of the same feature share an edge, rather than just a point, so that the feature can be retained even under higher factors of magnification. This involves re-shaping of pixels. Once the graph has been made planar, another graph is created which store the voronoi diagram of the similarity graph. This graph has points in steps of 0.25 of the size of the pixel. Fig. 2 (c) shows the pixel cells which have been reshaped according to the Voronoi Diagram.

Fig. 4. Fitting Spline Curves (a) Merging Contour Edges (b) Merging Edges with the Largest angle between them

D. Spline curve extraction and optimization The previous step produces the correct shape of the object but the edges are blocky due to the quantization of the pixels (refer Fig. 2 (c)), and the different colours being placed in separate sections. In this step, visible edges are identified, where significantly different colours meet. Wherever visible edges with valence-2 edges are present, B-Spline curves [7] are used to represent the edge. Node points are the control points of the B-Spline curves. Fig. 2 (d) shows the arm of the

28 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com ghost after the Spline curves have been fitted. Wherever three spline curves meet in a T-junction, two are merged into a single spline curve. Based on the colour difference across the edges, the edges are classified into contour edges and shading edges. The contour edges are always connected in a T-Junction. If this does not resolve the issue, then the angles between the edges are taken into account, and the one edge with the angles between them closest to 180 degrees is chosen to merge into one curve. These two cases are shown in Fig. 4. In this, the two shading edges are merged into one and in the second figure, since all the three edges are contour edges, the edges between which the angle is closest to 180 degrees is chosen to be merged into one curve. In Fig. 4 (a), there is a junction of three edges, where the edge between two relatively similar colour represents a shading edge. Hence the other two contour edges are merged instead. In Fig. 4, all the three edges are contour edges, so the two edges which form the largest angle are merged into one curve. The curves are further optimized and smoothened. I. EXPERIMENTS, RESULTS AND ANALYSIS For experimentation, several input images that covered all the possibilities are considered and it is verified that the results matches human perception. In the original algorithm [2], while resolving the problem of ambiguous diagonals, it fails to specify the appropriate diagonal which should be removed in case both the diagonals end up with the same sum of weights. Here, a new heuristic is proposed which help in resolving the case of ambiguous diagonals. Since humans are more likely to see a dark foreground against a lighter background, the heuristic designed judges one colour as being darker than the other, and this diagonal is retained, while the other is removed. To decide which colour is darker, the RGB values of the two colours were used, by comparing the sum of the three values for the two colours. With this modification, in some cases the output image does not have any islands, that is one spot of colour surrounded by another colour. This is evident in the case of checkerboard pattern, where the pixels get connected into parallel lines. A problem with the existing algorithm was that when a checkerboard pattern was created, it removed both the diagonals and this resulted in a image where each pixel in the checkerboard pattern becomes disconnected from the rest of the graph. As a consequence, each pixel in the checkerboard pattern assumes a circular shape, and the output image is a series of circles. Fig. 5 (a) shows the image consisting checkerboard patterns. The original algorithm results in isolated circles pattern as shown in Fig. 5 (b) instead these checkboard pattern should have appear as lines. With the added heuristic, the creation of such isolated circles as seen in Fig. 5 (b) is avoided. Fig. 5 (c) shows that the added heuristic ensures that at least one diagonal is retained and hence continuous lines are formed instead of circles in the output. Thus with the improvement proposed, only one of the diagonals is removed, and thus the checkerboard pattern is seen as a series of lines parallel to the diagonal of the image. Inorder to check the consistency of the proposed approach with the human perception a small region of top left corner of the Fig. 5 (c) is considered as shown in Fig. 6 (a). Fig. 6 (b) - Fig. 6 (d) shows the magnification of same region. From the analysis it is observed

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that though the magnification is increased to 500x the smoothness of contours remain intact. No staircase effects are observed in the magnification. This supports the nature of human perception. I. CONCLUSION The exixsting algorithm [2] fails to specify the appropriate diagonal which should be removed in case both the diagonals end up with the same sum of weights. The algorithm is extended by adding a heuristic for handling the case when the sum of the weights of the existing three heuristics for both the diagonals is equal which leads to an ambiguity on which diagonal should be removed. From the results it is observed that, the improvised algorithm removes the laggings of the existing algorithm and improve the quality of the image. The staircase effect do not appear even after it is magnifies to any extent. The improvised algorithm and original algorithm fails to handle input images with anti- aliasing effct well. The transparency channel can be used to reduce the anti-aliasing effects as a wider range of colors are available when there is a transparency channel.

Fig. 5. (a) Image with the checkerboard pattern (staircase effect) (b) Vectorization output of Original algorithm [2] (c) Vectorization output of proposed improved algorithm.

Fig. 6. Magnified images of the output of proposed improvement (a) 100x magnification (b) 200x magnification (c) 400x magnification (d) 500x Magnification

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REFERENCES

[1] M. A. Silva, A. Montenegro, E. Clua, C. Vasconcelos, and M. Lage, “Real time pixel art remasterization on gpus,” in Graphics, Patterns and Images (SIBGRAPI), 2013 26th SIBGRAPI-Conference on. IEEE, 2013, pp. 274–281. [2] J. Kopf and D. Lischinski, “Depixelizing pixel art,” in ACM Transactions on graphics (TOG), vol. 30, no. 4. ACM, 2011, pp. 99:1–99:8.

[3] G. Lecot and B. Levy, “Ardeco: automatic region detection and conversion,” in 17th Eurographics Symposium on Rendering-EGSR’06, 2006, pp. 349–360. [4] Z. Ya-Mei and C. Jun-Jie, “Research on method of transformation from bitmap to vector graphics based on adobe illustrator cs4,” in Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICACTE), 2010 3rd International Conference on, vol. 3. IEEE, 2010, pp. V3–75. [5] C. De Boor, C. De Boor, E.-U. Mathe´maticien, C. De Boor, and C. De Boor, A practical guide to splines. Springer-Verlag New York, 1978, vol. 27.

31 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Role of Technology Based Training towards Competency Building

Dr. Rama Krishna Gupta

Research Consultant, Accendere KMS Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru

Abstract Over the last few years, the world has seen a series of innovations that have fundamentally altered the business function. Technology is moving from the back end and becoming increasingly a part of each employee’s everyday tool. This changing scenario is creating a gap in skills that many organizations are struggling to fill the gap that blends the needs of Information Technology (IT) with sales, marketing, and other departments. This gap may be best bridged through advanced and Technology Based Training (TBT) rather than hiring. Technological innovation has rapidly transformed the way people are being educated and trained, while at the same time, it has equally become a key tool in building business capacity and increasing workforce skills and competencies. The article discusses the role of Technology based training towards building competencies of the employees required for the sustainable development of the organization. The article also presents the implications of the different Technology-based training methods to the employees.

Keywords: Information Technology, Technology Based Training, Innovation, Human Resources, Skills, and Competencies.

Introduction Today the functioning of business organizations are changing due to globalization, competitive business environment, information technology revolution, economic changes and development of knowledge sharing and transfer. To survive in the technologically advanced business environment, organizations are struggling to train and develop their talent as quickly, efficiently and effectively as possible. As many jobs in organizations are becoming less structured and more knowledge-driven the need to develop depth to the knowledge and skills are raised. The jobs and functions in organizations are enacted in virtual rather than face to face interactions which require enhancement of collaboration and cooperation of jobs and functions. Technology-based training and new strategies help in meeting these challenges. The present article explains how technology-based training meets the challenges in changing nature of work in the organization. It also describes various Technology- based Training methods which are found to be useful in building employee competency for the sustainable development of the organization.

Literature review Training is considered as the process of upgrading the knowledge, developing skills, bringing about

32 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com attitude and behavioral changes, and improving the ability of the trainee to perform tasks effectively and efficiently in organizations (Wills, 1994; Palo et al, 2003; and Robert et al, 2004). It is generally defined as a planned and systematic effort to modify or develop knowledge, skills, and attitudes through learning experiences, to achieve effective performance in an activity or a range of activities (Garavan et al.,1995 and Reid et al., 1994). The recent decade marked with the development of technology and innovations. The technological advancements assured the economic growth and soon the technology penetrated into the working organization and all their processes and practices have come to be influenced by new technologies (Dussauge et al., 1992). The human resources is not an exception, in training design, delivery and implementation digital technology and internet have been incorporated in different phases, which a new phenomenon took place that is Technology Based Training (Saghafian, 2010).

Technology-Based Training refers to training that involves the use of technology to deliver training, such as web-based training; computerized self-study; satellite or broadcast TV; and teleconferencing. Any technology that delivers education or training, or supports the delivery of these subjects would be defined as Technology-based training (Alan and Haccoun, 2010). Technology-Based Training is also defined as, “anything that involves using technology to deliver training, include web-based training; computerized self-study; satellite T.V; video conferencing; audio conferencing and teleconferencing” (Robert, 2005). According to U.S Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (1990), Technology-based training is the training system substitutes for real equipment or situation, or for worker memory. In its broadcast sense, training technology encompasses both hardware (television, satellite dishes, computers, overhead projectors) and software (such as computer programmes, television programming, written materials, and their instructional design), as well as the setting in which training take place. Technology-Based Training in today’s business organization has already spread into different forms like Computer Based Training (CBT), Web-based Training (WBT), Network-based Training (NBT), and Training through digital devices (Saghafian, 2010).

Work is becoming more knowledge driven and global in scope, requiring a deeper combination of information, experience, understanding, and problem-solving skills that can be applied to decisions or Situations (Kraiger and Ford, 2007). It is estimated that 50% of all employees’ skills become outdated within 3-5 years. ‘Time to competence’ is a major factor in determining the competitiveness of all companies (Khirallah, 2000). With the increasing use of networked computers and achievements of telecommunication technology, the internet has been widely recognized as a medium for network-enabled transfer of skills, information, and knowledge in various areas (Carswell, 1997). Technology-Based Training (TBT) is a form of training in which digital technology is purposefully applied as a tool to deliver Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs) required for the improvement of on-the-job performance (Salas and Cannon-Bowers, 2001; Schreiber and Berge, 1998).

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Organization’s human resources are increasingly becoming the key competitive factor, companies are searching for tools that provide insights into human resources competencies so that they can align with corporate objectives. Competitive advantage lies in management’s ability to consolidate organization-wide technologies and production and service skills into competencies that empower individual organizations to adapt quickly to changing opportunities (Ronald, 2006). Lyle Spencer’s (1993) research had shown that improving average competencies had two to three times pay off than selecting better people. Training technologies play an important role in building competency of workforce in ever-changing workplace environment which builds a strong competitive force of the originations.

Earlier researchers had focused research on the factors like cost of implementing technology-based training, different applications of training technologies, and cost-benefit analysis of technology- based training, etc. Limited study has been conducted on the role of technology-based training in building employee competency. The present article highlights the building of employee competency through different technology-based training methods by comparing and contrasting each of them with key employee competency constraints.

Importance of training to employees Advances in technology, globalization, economic growth have changed the process of manufacturing and business. The changing workplace demands to call a wide range of skills and competence from the workforce. Progress in information technology has enabled a greater degree of coordination between various businesses units spread across the globe. In order to keep employees abreast with the changes, the employees must learn new techniques to make use of advances in the technology and bridge the gap between skill requirements and skill availability. The changing market and cultural environment of business made employees work in multidimensional areas which employees have to learn and trained to work in multidimensional areas. In a competitive market and ever- changing job requirements of an organization created insecurity in employees. The employees have to plan their career according to organizational demands and should develop their knowledge, skill, abilities, and attitudes. Career development and self-development of any employee in the current working organization depends upon the development of employee skills and knowledge gained by training and experience.

Influence of technology on Training Now a day’s an increasing number of people are connecting with technology and are being replaced by induction of technology-based and automated systems. The prompt of technological development had made traditional methods of training difficult to meet the demands of organizations. Introduction of Technology into training made the demands obtainable. As organizations make the transformation into learning organizations, technology will facilitate the sharing of knowledge (Duhaney, 2005).

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New technologies have made it possible to reduce the cost associated with delivering training to employees, to increase the effectiveness of the learning environment, and to help training contribute to business goals (Noe, 2008). Today’s high-end technologies offer greater bandwidth, which means that the programs can transmit more information-rich content and immerse trainees in high fidelity, synthetic training worlds (Bell and Kozlowski, 2007). The fact that the media (Compressed video, personal computers, internet) that support these advanced technologies have become more cost- efficient, reliable and accessible, has led the organization to increasingly utilize technology-based training to respond to their emerging employee development needs (Bell and Kozlowski, 2007).

Technology-based methods of Training a) Computer Based Training Computer Based Training (CBT) is an interactive training experience in which the computer provides the learning stimulus, the trainee must respond, and the computer analyzes the responses and provides feedback to the trainee (Hannum, 1990). According to US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (1990), Computers can be the subject of instruction, as in courses on computers literacy, programming, or particular software packages: they can be used as tools for accomplishing other learning tasks; they can be used to deliver instruction either prior to application (computer-assisted instruction) or at the time and place of applications (embedded training) and they can be used to keep track of instruction (computer managed instruction). Modern CBT features multimedia including images, text, audio, video, and allows activating multiple sense which increases knowledge retention (Schwaninger, 2004b; Koller et al., 2008). CBT allows one to measure learning progress and skills, knowledge and competencies acquired, using objective, fair reliable, valid and standardized tests, which is difficult to achieve by an instructor alone (Koller and Schwaninger, 2006; Schwaninger et al., 2006). b) Web-based Training Horton (2000) defined Web-Based Training as “any purposeful, considered application of web technologies to the task of educating a fellow human being”. Web-based training is a combination of distance learning, computer-based learning, and internet. Web-based training and learning systems can be enhanced immensely by making them adaptive, i.e. letting the system estimate the personal characteristics of the user and adapting content and presentation to them (Brusilovsky and Eklund, 1998; Kay and Kummerfield,1994; and Nakabayashi et al. 1997). According to Blocker (2005), web- based or e-learning provides an opportunity to address many known business issues, such as cost reduction, access to information, learning accountability, and increased employee competence. If there is no trade-off in the pedagogical equivalence as determined by knowledge gains and if certain components of web-based instruction are identified as effective then the cost-benefit of employing video-driven multimedia, web-based training may be used to create new opportunities for

35 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com competency-based learning and to promote worker success and achievement (Katherine, 2009). c) Simulations A simulation is a training method that represents a real-life situation with trainee’s decisions resulting in outcomes that mirror what would happen if they were on the job (Noe, 2007). According to US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (1990), Simulators are devices that duplicate the behavior of real-life machines or complex systems. They typically contain a computerized model of the real equipment, and, depending on their level of sophistication, may duplicate all of the hardware and operating characteristics of the equipment and its operational environment. The instructor or a computer managed instruction system presents operational situations to which the trainee responds. Simulations are meaningful, they get trainees involved in learning, and they are emotionally engaging, which increases employee’s willingness to practice, encourage retention, and improve their skills (Cornell, 2006). Simulators provide a consistent message of what needs to be learned; trainees can work at their own pace; and, compared to face-to-face instruction, simulators can incorporate more situations or problems that a trainee might encounter (Noe, 2008). Simulations have been found to result in such positive outcomes at shorter training times and increased return on investment (Frauenhein, 2006). d) Virtual Reality Virtual Reality is a computer-based technology that provides trainees with a three-dimensional learning experience (Noe, 2008). Using specialized equipment or viewing the virtual model on the computer screen, trainees move through the simulated environment and interact with its components (Adams, 1995). Technology is used to stimulate multiple sense of the trainee (Quinones and Ehrenstein, 1997). Virtual Reality training has a high level of immersion to achieve greater effectiveness in the process of learning or skill acquisition (Weidlich et al., 2007). The virtual environment can imitate an actual place of work such as lab, processing plant, or hospital emergency room, allowing trainees to both practice their skills without harming products or patients and at the same time see the real-life consequences of their actions and decisions (Noe, 2007). Virtual worlds also can be useful for teaching interpersonal skills such as time management, communication, leadership, and working under pressure (Nancheria, 2008). e) Personal Digital Assistance A personal digital assistant (PDA), or handheld computer, is a small, mobile, handheld device that provides computing and information storage/retrieval capabilities. The vast majority of PDAs have five basic functions of Contact management, scheduling (calendar), to do list, Note-taking and many PDA manufacturers now include additional functionality in their products, such as, access to the Internet, the ability to play MP3 files, the ability to read electronic books, the ability to play games, Bluetooth connectivity (Alexander, 2009). In addition to being used for communication, mobile

36 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com phone allow the trainee to access online courses and virtual learning programme, which have control over the pace of the courses (Ahmad and Orton, 2010). IBM has found that mobile phones can be successfully used as an EPSS (Electronic Performance Support System) to increase trainee job performance (Ahmad and Orton, 2010). According to Wikipedia, a podcast is a type of digital media consisting of an episodic series of audio, video, PDF, or ePub files subscribed to and downloaded through web syndication or streamed online to a computer or mobile device. By podcasting, recorded material can be downloaded from the internet and listened to at the trainee’s convenience (Scutter et al, 2010). f) Programmed Instructions In the 1950s, B.F. Skinner introduced programmed instruction (PI) with his patented teaching machine. Initially, his teaching machine would recognize correct answers and progress to the next. If an answer was wrong, the machine would explain the correct answer (Magliaro, Lockee & Burton, 2005). It is carefully specified, systematically planned, empirically established, skillfully arranged and effectively controlled self instructional technique for providing individualized instruction or learning experiences to the learner (Fathima, 2013). Programmed Instructions can be effective in helping learners to achieve specified behavioral objectives, in a variety of subject areas, and using a variety of programming techniques and presentation devices (Schramm, 1964). g) Intelligent tutorial system Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) are instructional systems that use artificial intelligence (Stelle and Hyde, 1997). There three types of ITS environment: Tutoring, Coaching, and Empowering. Tutoring is a structured attempt to increase trainee understanding of a content domain, coaching provides trainees with the flexibility to practice skills in artificial environments and empowering refers to the student’s ability to freely explore the content of the training program (Noe, 2007). Intelligent Tutorial System enables participants to practice their skills by carrying out tasks with in highly interactive learning environments and assess each learner’s action within these in interactive environments and develop a model of their knowledge, skills, and expertise (James and Sowmya, 2003). By providing decision-making practice with the feedback they improve employee’s problem-solving skills (Stottler and Domeshek, 2005).

Implications of the Study Most of the organizations are following the traditional training methods that are becoming obsolete owing to the changes in business process. To sustain in the knowledge-driven and dynamic world, the organizations have to improve their employee’s competencies by incorporating the modern and technology-based training methods. The present study helps the organizations in planning and selecting the appropriate technology-based training method in building the desired employee competency. The present research may help the strategic managers or policymakers to formulate a

37 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com strategy through which they can build a strong pool of human resource to implement the strategy effectively in the organizations.

Limitations of the Study The present study focused only on the employee competency building through technology-based training methods but has not discussed the cost and benefits associated with the successful implementation of such methods. This study lacks the detailed explanation of each selected technology-based training method like where the method can be applicable, availability of technical know-how and time required to complete the training.

Conclusion Enhanced technologies and technological devices have made the business process in some way easier and in some way more difficult. The need for development and building of employee competency has increased to ensure the survival of organizations in the rapidly changing and competitive market environment. Technology-based training methods help the employees to acquire the required skills and knowledge in their respective area of specialization. If there are appropriate selection and applicability of different technology-based training methods according to requirements of organization strategy and building employee competency will harvest profits from the market and remain competitive in the market.

References [1] Alan, M. Saks and Robert, R. Haccoun. (2010), “Managing performance through training and development”, 5th edition, Nelson Education Ltd, Toronto, 227-228. [2] Adams, N. (1995), “Lessons from the virtual world”, Training, 32(6), 45-48. [3] Ahmad, N., and Orton, P. (2010), “Smart phones make IBM smarter, but not as expected”, Training and Development, 64 (1), 46-50. [4] Blocker, M. J. (2005). E-learning: An organizational necessity (White Paper). Retrieved on September 18, 2013, from http:// www.rxfrohumanperformance.com [5] Bell, B.S and Kozlowski, S.W.J. (2007), “Advances in technology based training” In S. Werner (Ed.), Managing human resources in North Americs, Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 27-43. [6] Brusilovsky, P. and Eklund, J. (1998). “A study of User Model Based Link Annotation in Educational Hypermedia”, Journal of Universal Computer Science, 4 (4), 429-448. [7] Carswell, L. (June, 1997), “Teaching via the internet: The impact of the internet as a communication medium on distance learning introductory computing students”, in: Proceedings of the conference on Integrating technology in to computer science education, Uppasala, Sweden, 1-5 [8] Cornell, C. (2005), “Better than the Real Thing?” Human Resource Executive, 34–37. [9] Cornell, (2006), “Better than the real thing”, Work Force Management, 15-16 [10] Dussauge, P., Hart, S., & Ramanantsoa, B. (1992). Strategic Technology Management. New York : John Wiley & Sons. [11] Duhaney, D. C. (2005), “Technology and higher education: Challenges in the halls of academy" International Journal of Instructional Media, 32(1), 7-15.

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[12] Frauenhein, E. (2006), “Can video games win points as teaching tools”, Work Force Management, 1(1), 12-14. [13] Garavan, T.N., Costine, P. and Heraty, N. (1995), Training and Development in Ireland: Context, Policy and Practice, Oak Tree Press, Dublin. [14] Horton, W.K (2000), “Designing web based training: How to teach anyone anything any where any time”, John Wiley & Sons, New York. [15] James Ong and Sowmya Ramachandran. (2003), “Intelligent tutoring systems: Using AI to improve training performance and ROI” retrieved on 10-11-2013, from http://www.stottlerhenke.com/papers/ITS_using_AI_to_improve_training_performance_and_ROI.pdf [16] Khirallah, D.R. (2000), “A new way to learn”, Information week, retrieved on 01-11-2013, from http://www.informationweek.com. [17] Koller,S.M., Hardmeier, D., Michel, S., and Schwaninger, A. (2008), “ Investigating Training, transfer, and viewpoint effects resulting from recurrent computer based training”. Proceedings of 42nd Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, Prague, October 13- 16, 2008, 299 – 304. [18] Koller, S.M., and Schwaninger, A. (2006). “Assessing X-Ray image interpretation competency of airport security screeners”. Proceedings of the 2nd International conference on Research in Air Transportation, ICRAT 2006, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro, 24 – 28 June, 2006, 399 – 402. [19] Kay J. and Kummerfield R. J. (1994). An Individualised Course for the C Programming Language. Proceedings of the Second International WWW Conference 1994, Mosaic and the Web. [20] Katherine Pang, (2009), “Video – Driven Multimedia, Web – based training in the corporate sector: Pedagogical Equivalence and component effectiveness”, International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10 (3), 1-14. [21] Kraiger, K., and Ford, J.K. (2007), “The expanding role of workplace training: Themes and trends influencing training research and practice”. (281-309). In L.Koppes (Ed.), Historical Perspectives in Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Mahwah, NJ: LEA [22] Lyle, M. S., and Signe, M. S. (1993), Competence at Work: Models for superior performance, John Wiley & Sons, New Delhi. [23] Moore, M. G., and Kearsley, G. (1996). Distance education: A systems view, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. [24] Magliaro, S. G., Lockee, B. B., and Burton, J. K. (2005). Direct Instruction Revisited: A Key [25] Model for Instructional Technology. Educational Technology Research & Development, [26] 53(4), 41-55. [27] Marzieh Saghafian, (2011), “A critical review of research on technology-based training in business organizations”, Research in Higher Education Journal, (10) 1-9. [28] Nakabayashi, K., Maruyama, M., Kato, Y., Touchi, H., and Fukuhara, Y. (1997) Architecture of an Intelligent Tutoring Systems on World Wide Web, in B.D. Boulay and R. Mizoguchi (Eds), Proceedings of AIED 1997, World Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, Kobe, Japan, 18-22 August 1997, IOS Amsterdam 1997, 39-46. [29] Nancheria, A. (2008). “Robots in the room”, T+D, 18, 85-95. [30] Oktem, U.G. (1996), “Using interactive multimedia training in TQEM systems and applications”, Environmental Quality Management, 5(3), 89-99. [31] Palo S., and Padhi, N. (2003), “Measuring Effectiveness of Total Quality Management Training: An Indian Study”, International Journal of Training and Development, 3(7), 3-16 [32] Quinones, M.A., and Ehrenstein, A. (1997), Training for a rapidly changing workplace: Applications of Psychological Research, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC; 225-48. [33] Robert L.M and John H.J (2004), Human Resource Management, Mason: Thomson South – Western, 33-35 [34] Reid, M. and Barrington, H. (1994), Training Interventions, Institute of Personnel & Development, London.

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[35] Raymond Noe, (2008), “Employee training and development”, Tata- McGraw- Hill, New Delhi. [36] Robert, H. Vaughn, (2005), “The professional trainer”, Berrett- Koehler Publisher, Inc., San Francisco, California. [37] Ronald, R. Sims, (2006), Human Resources Development: Today and Tomorrow, Information Age Publishing Inc, USA, 4-5 [38] Salas, E. and Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2001). The Science of Training: A Decade of Progress. [39] Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 471–499. [40] Schreiber, D. A. and Berge, Z. L. (1998). Distance training: How innovative organizations are using technology to maximize learning and meet business objectives. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco [41] Schwaninger, A. (2004b), “Computer based training: a powerful tool to the enhancement of human factors”, Aviation Security International, 31-36. [42] Schwaninger, A., Bridger, A.P., Drury, C., Durinckx, F., Durrant, P., Hodge, T., Hofer, F., Jongejan, R., Maguire, R.L., Mc Clumpha, A., Neiderman, E., Steinmann, C., and Wuest, W. (2006). “Principles and Requirements for Assessing X – Ray Image Interpretation competency of Aviation Security Screeners”. White Paper, International Aviation Security Human Factors Technical Advisory Group (Inter TAG), Competency Assessment Working Group (CAWG). [43] Steele-Johnson, D. and Hyde, B.G. (1997), “Advanced technologies in training: Intelligent tutoring systems and virtual reality”. In Quinones, M.A and Ehrenstein, A. Training for a Rapidly changing workplace: Application of Psychological Research. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. 225-248 [44] Stoller, D and Domeshek, E. (2005), “Intelligent tutoring systems: Advanced learning technology for enhancing war fighter performance”, Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference, Boston, Paper no: 2112, 2-7. [45] U.S Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, “Worker Training: Competing in the New International Economy”, OTA-ITE-457 (Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing office, September 1990). Viken, Alexander (April 10, 2009). "The History of Personal Digital Assistants 1980 – 2000". Retrieved from http://agilemobility.net/2009/04/the-history-of-personal-digital-assistants1/ on October 10, 2013. [46] Wills M, (1994), “Managing the Training Process: Putting the Basics into Practice”, Journal of European Training, 18 (6), 4-28. [47] Wagner, G.D. and Flannery, D.D. (2004), “A quantitative study of factors affecting learner acceptance of a computer-based training support tool”, Journal of European Industrial Training, 28(5), 383-99. [48] Weidlich, D., Cser, L., Polizn, T., Cristiano, D., and Zickner, H. (2007), “Virtual Reality approaches for immersive design”. CIRP Annals – Manufacturing Technology, 56 (1), 139-142. [49] Wilbur, Schramm. (1964), “The Research on Programmed Instruction: An Annotated Bibliography”, Institute for Communications Research, Stanford University.

40 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Authenticated Group Key Agreement Protocol Based on Twisted Conjugacy Root Extraction Problem in Near – Ring

D.Ezhilmaran and V.Muthukumaran School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India-632014 [email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract: Most group key agreement protocols make use of modular exponential operations which require extensive computing resources in devices. Thus, they are unsuitable for resource- constrained devices such as mobile phones, smart cards and intelligent watches. In this article, we proposed new authenticated group key agreement protocol based on non-commutative near-ring. We prove that our protocol meets the security attributes under the assumption that the twisted conjugacy near-ring root extraction problem is hard in near-ring.

Keywords: Group key agreement protocol; near-rings; twisted conjugacy root extraction problem

1. Introduction key agreement protocol that delivers common implicitly key agreement among the parities is called an authenticated key agreement protocol. The first authenticated key agreement protocol was proposed by Diffie-Hellman in 1976[1]. In 1998 Ateniese et al discussed authenticated group key agreement protocol based on dynamic groups [6]. Emmanuel Bresson and Dario Catalano discussed a new constant-round group key exchange protocol that provides efficiency and privacy under the Decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption. They construction is practical, conceptually simple and it is obtained by taking advantage of the properties of the El-Gamal encryption scheme combined with standard secret sharing techniques[7].In 2003 C. Yuan et al introduced a new efficient two pass protocol for authenticated key agreement in the public key setting. The protocol based on Diffie- Hellman key Chao Yuan et al. proposed heterogeneous cross-domain authenticated key agreement scheme for the EIM system [2]. YUH-MIN TSENG described new authenticated group key agreement protocol, which is well suited for this asymmetric wireless network. The proposed protocol not only is efficient but also meets strong security requirements. We demonstrate that the proposed protocol is a real contributory group key agreement one and provides forward secrecy as well as implicit key authentication. The proposed protocol is provably secure against passive adversaries and impersonator’s attacks. A simulation result shows that the proposed protocol is well suited for mobile devices with limited computing capability[9]. In 2010 Lein Harn and Changlu Lin introduced authenticated key transfer protocol based on secret sharing scheme that key generation center can broadcast group key information to all group members at once and only authorized group members can recover the group key; but unauthorized users cannot recover the group key. The

41 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com confidentiality of this transformation is information theoretically secure. We also provide authentication for transporting this group key. Goals and security threats of our proposed group key transfer protocol will be analyzed in detail[8]. Libing et al described key agreement protocol with user anonymity for mobile devices in [3]. Ahmed Abdel-Hafez discussed two different n-party authenticated key agreement protocols enabling authorized nodes to generate their own session keys. The first protocol introduces a solution based on clustering techniques suitable for networks with partial structure and composed of a large number of nodes. The second protocol assumes no structure and provides authentication with a minimal increase in communication and computational overhead required[10]. Pipat Hiranvanichakorn discussed a group key agreement protocol based on braid groups which requires only multiplication operations. The proposed protocol is a scalable one and needs only two rounds for setting a secure group communication. To prevent a man-in-the-middle attack, exchanged messages are simply authenticated by using users’ long-term public and private keys instead of signatures. Authentication proofs are also made by using well-known BAN logic. The protocol is designed for dynamic group communication in which member join, member leave, group merge and group partition are discussed. The proposed algorithms take advantage of pre- computed values achieved in previous sessions to update keys in subsequent session. This makes the scheme generates fewer communicating messages and lessens user devices’ computation[18]. In 2017 Hanqiu et al proposed efficient provably secure two-party pass-word-based authenticated key agreement protocol [4]. In 2017 D. Ezhilmaran and V.Muthukumaran proposed new authenticated group key agreement protocol based on twisted conjugacy problem based on non-commutative near- ring[10].In this article, we proposed authenticated group key agreement protocol based on the twisted conjugacy near-ring root extraction problem. A natural question which arises is what advantage does the twisted near-ring root extraction problem have over other authentication protocols? A simple justification is that if N possesses a large number of endomorphisms, then the authentication party may select ψ so that attacks are ineffective.

This article as begins with a brief introduction of authenticated key agreement protocol. In Section 2 we discussed the basic definition and cryptography assumption of non-commutative near-rings. In the Section, 3 proposed a authenticate group key agreement protocol based on non-commutative near-ring. In the Section, 4 discussed the security analysis of the protocol. Finally, theconclusion made in Section 5.

1. Preliminaries A triplet N,, is called a near-ring if i. The ordered pair N, is a group (not necessarily abelian) ii. The ordered pair N, a semi group

iii. For every element n1,, n 2 n 3  N then

42 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

n1 n 2... n 3  n 1 n 3  n 2 n 3 To be more precise, they right near-rings because the right distributive law is satisfied.

1.1 New cryptography assumption of non-commutative near-ring Conjugacy Search Problem (CSP) Instance: , z N N such that z y y1 for some yN .

Objective: Find yN such that t y xy1. 1 11 Twisted Near-ring Root Extraction Search Problem (TNREP): Instance: Given  End(N), z N and an integer a  2. Objective: Find a xN such that zx   a . Twisted Conjugacy Near-ring Root Extraction Problem (TCNREP) Instance: Given  End(N), z N and an integer

a 1 Objective: Find a x N and y N such that z y(). x y

2. Proposed cryptosystem 2.1 Group key agreement protocol in non-commutative near-ring In this section, we proposed new group key agreement protocol based on a twisted conjugacy near- ring root extraction problem in non-commutative near-ring. The following notation is used in this section.

Notation Description

n Number of group members ij, Index of group members

M i i-the group member N Non-commutative near-ring ()xa  is the element in End() N

yi Random secret key of Mi in N k Long-term common secret key shared by ij,

for Mij and M fori j

Consider a n -subnear-ring of NNNNN1,, 2 3 n  that are finitely generated and the user publishes the generator of subnear-rings. The element of above subnear-rings satisfies the commutative conditions.

a Let ()()x End N be the element in near-ring. We suppose that{Mi | i 1, , n } is the set of members wishing to share a key. We construct a shared group key agreement protocol based on a twisted

43 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com conjugacy near-ring root extraction problem in non-commutative near-rings. Round i, in1,2, , 1  

i. M i Selects a random yNii .

a 111 a 1  1  1 ii. MMyyyxyyyji i1:{( i ji  1 )()( 1   j )|  1,2,,}  i and (yiy i1 y 1 ) ( x )( y 1 y i 1 y i ),where y j

means that y j does not appear. Round n

i. M n Selects a random yNnn .

a 111 ii. MnCompute( y n yii y11 ) ( x )( y y y n )

or eachin1, , 1.

1 MM forallin 1, , 1: (yy y ) ( xa ) (y11 y y ). ni n i 1 1 i n

Then each participant M i obtains the shared key by computing

a 11  1  1 Rn( M i ) y i ((y n  yii  y11 ) ( x )(y  y  y n )) y i  (yyyy y ) ( xya )(1 yyy  1  1  1 y  1 ) n i1 i i  1 1 1 i  1 i i  1 n  y y y y y( xa )(y y y y y )1  n i1 i i  1 1 1 i  1 i i  1 n a 1  (y1yi 1 y i y i  1 y n ) ( x )(y 1 y i  1 y i y i  1 y n )

M n also, computes the shared key

a 1  1  1 Rn( M n ) y n ((y n1 y 1 ) ( x )( y 1 y n 1 )) y n . Our protocol is based on distributively computing subsets

1 a 1 a 11 of{R () x R | R  {y,1 ,y}}n from ()()yn yi y1  x (yyy1 i n ), each member M i can easily

a 1 compute the shared key is Rn (y11 y n ) ( x )(y y n ))

2.2 Authenticated group key agreement protocol in non-commutative near-ring

a Initialization: Let ()()x End N and MM1,,n be n -participants wishing to share a key. Each M i

a 1 a 1 chooses a secret yNi  and calculate yii(). x y Let {(yi , y i (x ) y i ) |in 1, , } be the set of long-term

a11 a a secret and public keys of Msi '.Thus (y11 (x )y, ,ynn  ( x ) y ),(  x )) are the public values of the system.

Round i, in1,2, , 1

i. M i Selects a random yNii .

1 ii. M M:( y y ) y )()(y xa 11 y y )| j 1,2,, i and (y y y ) ( xa )( y1 y  1 y  1 ) i i1 i j 1 1 j i  i i1 1 1 i 1 i

44 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Round n

a 11 i. M n select a random yNnn .and M n compute k  yn y i( ( x )) y i y n foreach in1,2, , 1.

a 11  1  1 ii. MMni for all i1,  , n  1: i (k y n y i y11 ) ( x )(y yi y n k ).

11 Each M i receives i compute kand Rn ( M i ) y i k  i k  y i . therefore the shared key for all M i is

11 Rn() M i y i k i k y i

a 11  1  1  (yi y n yii y11 ) ( x )(y y y n y i ) a 111  (yn y i y11 ) ( x )(y y i y n ) a 1  (yny i y11 ) ( x )(y y i y n ) a 1  (y11yi y n ) ( x )(y y i y n ) .

Also, M n computes the shared key R( M ) y ((y y ) ( xa )(y1 y  1 )) y  1 . n n n n1 1 1 n 1 n

3. Security analysis 4.1 Authenticated group key agreement protocol is a Contribution of authenticated key agreement protocol

Let C be an attacker who can change, delay or inject message. The objective of the attacker is to share a key with either M i for in1, , 1or M n by masquerading as some M i .

Possible attacks on M n forsomen : Let RMnn()be the key computed by M n and

a 11 a 11 Rn()() M n y n c n x c n y n Known to C and cn y n y n c n. Calculating yn c n() x c n y n require to

a 1 compute ynn(). x y Though the only expression including

aa1  1  1 a 1 yn( x ) y n is  i [ k ( c n /y)y]( i n  x )[y( n c n /y) i k ]. Hence it's intractable to compute yxnn( ) y without the knowledge of k for any in1, , 1.

Possible attacks on M i for some i : Let RMni()be the key computed by M i and

a 11 RMni() yi c i() x c i y i where ci is possibly known to C . First, suppose cii k c where ci is

1a 11  1  1  1 polynomial independent of k and known to C. Then()RMn i ykkc i (  i () xckkyii  )  i ) ycc i i )y. i

a 1 1 However computing k(()) ci x ci k is intractable without the knowledge of k .Therefore it’s challenging to calculate RMni(). Next, we assume ci is polynomial independent of k . Then

a 1 11 1 yii kcii ( x ) c k y is still a function of k and k , hence calculating RMni()is intractable by C.

Perfect forward security

Suppose that all long term keys{k | i 1, , n 1} are compromised. Then the adversary is able to

45 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com compute a subset of {R ( xa ) R1 | R { n , , n }}where R() xa R1 is 1 n from y yxy(a )11 yforR { y , , y )}.It’s intractable to find the group key for the given ik i1 i 1 i k i 1 i k set{R () xa R1 |R {, n ,}}. n 1 n Resistant to the known key attacks The protocol Authenticated group key agreement protocol is resistant to passive known-key attacks since the session keys do not contain any information of long-term keys. Let RMni()be the session

a 1  1  1 a 11 key calculate byeach M i where Rn M i  y i k c i() x c i k n i for in1, , 1 and Rn()() M n y n c n x c n y n each ci

a 1 is a measure probably known to the attacker C. C also knows a subset of{R ( x ) R | R { n1 , , nn }}

11 utilized from this observation, it is problematic to find k k  or k  k  .

4. Conclusions In this article, we explained the twisted conjugacy near-ring root extraction problem and verified authenticated group key agreement protocol over non-commutative near-ring. Our protocol makes use of the fact that the TCNREP is hard in the near-ring. We proved our scheme is secure against many well know attacks on protocols.

References [1] W. Diffie and M.E Hellman , New directions in cryptography, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 22, (1976) 644-654. [2] Yuan, W. Zhang, X. Wang, EIMAKP: Heterogeneous Cross-Domain Authenticated Key Agreement Protocols in the EIM System. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, (2017)1-13. [3] L. Wu, Y. Zhang, Y. Xie, A. Alelaiw, J. Shen, An efficient and secure identity-based authentication and key agreement protocol with user anonymity for mobile devices. Wireless Personal Communications, 94(4), (2017) 3371-3387. [4] H. Xu, Q. Wang, J. Zhou, O. Ruan, An Efficient Provably Secure Password-Based Authenticated Key Agreement. In International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing ,(2017) 423- 434. [5] J. Srinivas, D. Mishra, S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Kumari, Provably secure biometric based authentication and key agreement protocol for wireless sensor networks. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, (2017)1-21. [6] Ateniese, G., Steiner, M., & Tsudik, G. (1998, November). Authenticated group key agreement and friends. In Proceedings of the 5th ACM conference on Computer and communications security (pp. 17-26). ACM. [7] Bresson, E., & Catalano, D. (2004, February). Constant round authenticated group key agreement via distributed computation. In Public Key Cryptography (pp. 115-129). Harn, L., & Lin, C. (2010). [8] Authenticated group key transfer protocol based on secret sharing. IEEE transactions on computers, 59(6), 842- 846. [9] Tseng, Y. M. (2006). A secure authenticated group key agreement protocol for resource-limited mobile devices. The Computer Journal, 50(1), 41-52. [10] Ezhilmaran, D., & Muthukumaran, V. (2017). Authenticated group key agreement protocol based on twist conjugacy problem in near-rings. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 22(6), 472-476.

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[11] Bresson, O. Chevassut and D. Pointcheval. Provably authenticated group Di-eHellman key exchange the dynamic case. In Asiacrypt '01, LNCS, pp. 290309. [12] Bresson, O. Chevassut and D. Pointcheval. Dynamic group Diffie-Hellman key exchange under standard assumptions. In Eurocrypt '02, LNCS 2332, pp. 321336. [13] Bresson, O. Chevassut and D. Pointcheval. The group Di-e-Hellman problems. In SAC '02, LNCS 2595, pp. 325338. Springer, 2002. [14] M. Burmester and Y. G. Desmedt. A secure and efficient conference key distribution system. In Eurocrypt '94, LNCS 950, pp. 275-286. Springer, 1995. [15] C. Cachin, K. Kursawe, F. Petzold, and V. Shoup. Secure and efficient asynchronous broadcast protocols. In crypto '01, LNCS 2139, pp. 524541. Springer, 2001.R. Canetti, S. Halevi and J. Katz. A forward-secure public- key encryption scheme. In Eurocrypt '2003, LNCS 2656, pp. 255271, Springer, 2003. [16] R. Sakai, K. Ohgishi, and M. Kasahara, “Cryptosystems based on pairing,” in The Proceedings of the 2000 Symposium on Cryptography and Information Security, pp. 26-28, Okinawa, Japan, January 2000. [17] Hiranvanichakorn, P. (2017). Provably Authenticated Group Key Agreement Based on Braid Groups-The Dynamic Case. IJ Network Security, 19(4), 517-527. [18] A. Kumar and S. Tripathi, “Anonymous ID-based group key agreement protocol without pairing,” International Journal of Network Security, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 263–273, 2016. [19] K. Lee, H. S. Lee, and Y. R. Lee, “An authenticated group key agreement protocol on braid groups,” IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 18, 2003. [20] J. S. Lee, C. C. Chang, and K. J. Wei, “Provably secure conference key distribution mechanism preserving the forward and backward secrecy,” International Journal of Network Security, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 405–410, 2013. [21] Li and S. Sampalli, “Group rekeying scheme for dynamic peer group security in collaborative networks,” International Journal of Network Security, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 946–959,2016. [22] V. S. Naresh and N. V. E. S. Murthy, “Elliptic curve based dynamic contributory group key agreement protocol for secure group communication over ad-hoc networks,” International Journal of Network Security, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 588–596,2015. [23] Q. Qian, Y. L. Jia, and R. Zhang, “A lightweight RFID security protocol based on elliptic curve cryptography,” International Journal of Network Security, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 354–361, 2016. [24] R. S. Ranjani, D. L. Bhaskari, and P. S. Avadhani, “An extended identity based authenticated asymmetric group key agreement protocol,” International Journal of Network Security, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 510–516, 2015. [25] Ezhilmaran, D., and V. Muthukumaran. "Key Exchange Protocol Using Decomposition Problem In Near- Ring." Gazi University Journal of Science 29, no. 1 (2016): 123-127.

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Minimizing the Cost Function of GHG Emission in AS&RS Using Artificial Immune System Algorithm Murugesan R, Mahalakshmi REVA University, Bangalore, India. Email: [email protected] Research Scholar, School of Physical Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India Email: [email protected]

Abstract: As increase in the Green House Gas (GHG) leads to global warming, it is our basic duty to protect the environment from GHG. As a small part of it, in this paper we are putting an effort to minimize cost function of GHG emission of Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS&RS) in the industrial process. To study this we are constructing a mathematical model based on tax cost, penalty cost and discount cost of GHG emission of AS&RS. An Artificial Immune System (AIS) algorithm is implemented to find the optimum solution of the proposed model. The results obtained are compared with the other existing algorithms in the literature. It is observed that the proposed algorithm yields a better results compared to other algorithms

Introduction: Storing high volume of goods in less spacious warehouses is a difficult task in the manufacturing process. To overcome this issue an advanced storage system namely Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS) is introduced in the manufacturing industries. Manufacturing system involving AS/RS are called Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS). These advanced storage system will automatically store and retrieve the goods with control from one place. Two important approaches of AS/RS design and study are analytical optimization and simulations [1 and 2]. Scheduling is one of method used for maximizing the throughput of AS/RS, which sequences the retrieval request by condensing the travel time. Generally first come first serve principle [3] is used to store the items. Benefits of these AS/RS are, reducing the labour cost, floor space saving, reliability and accuracy. It has few drawbacks such as, increase in electricity cost, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission and high investment cost and less flexibility etc. [4 and 5]. Due to global awareness of environmental protection, government introduced penalty cost for more amount of GHG emission and discount cost for less amount of GHG emission. As the GHG emission increases, the penalty cost will also increase the total cost of the manufacturing process. Therefore in this paper we are putting an effort to reduce the total cost of GHG emission in AS/RS. A mathematical model is constructed based on actual cost, penalty cost and discount cost of the GHG emission of AR/RS. The recent work of GHG emission of AS/RS using Ant Colony Algorithm and Genetic Algorithm are presented in [6]. The results shown that genetic algorithm yielded a better solution than ant colony algorithm. Therefore in this paper an Artificial Immune System (AIS) algorithm is used to minimize the total

48 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com cost function of GHG emission in AS/RS. Artificial immune system [8, 9, 10, and 11] is a new research field which attracts many researchers due to its wide range of applications. It is formed on the basis of bio immune system. The importance of our immune system is to protect our body from the antigens. Antigens are foreign and harmful pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Our immune system consists of special types of cells called T-Lymphocytes and B-Lymphocytes which detects antigens entry to our body. Among these B-Lymphocytes are the best matches the antigens, which clones the antigens and send these cloned cells to plasma cells which are high efficient antibodies which fights against the antigens. Antibodies should fight with the antigen to destroy them. But each antigen has its own multi type of epitope that has to be recognized by the antibodies. To overcome this situation the antibodies undergoes cloning. This process is called clonal selection principle [12]. The cloned antibodies undergo mutation to increase the affinity value to destroy the antigens. These mutations are proportional to the affinity to the antigens [22]. The Artificial immune system mainly consists of two components called antigens and antibodies which made up of string of multiple genes. The principles of artificial immune system are used in complex domain problems [13, 14, 15 and 16].

Mathematical model: In this paper we are going to study about unit load AS/RS, containing one aisle, two racks a, a robot, a conveyor and an S/R machine. The mathematical model is formed based on the following assumptions.  S/R machine can carry only a unit load.

 The horizontal velocity, vertical velocity, loading time, unloading time and amount of power consumed of S/R machine, robot and the conveyor are predetermined.

 The initial state of each rack is known.

 The due dates of all customer orders are known.

 The item locations of storage and retrieval are unknown.

 Available working time for all facilities are known.

 Distance between input/output and storage/Retrieval locations are known.

 Over utilized and underutilized time are permissible and the corresponding costs are known.

 Total GHG emission by all facilities are known.

 Amount of energy consumed by S/R machine, robot and the conveyor are known.

 The GHG conversion factor [16, 17, 18 and 19] is known and constant

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 Tax cost, penalty cost and discount cost are known.

A. Indices Item quantities requested by the customer c, Item quantities supplied by the supplier s,

Number of item types, Number of vertical locations, Number of horizontal locations, Number of S/R machines, Rack r in a warehouse,

B. Parameters The item types stored in the locations ( ) in the rack

Horizontal velocity of AS/RS in m/s Vertical velocity of AS/RS in m/s Storage time of an item on location by S/R machine Retrieval time of an item on location by S/R machine Loading time of an item on S/R machine by the conveyor Unloading time of an item on S/R machine by the conveyor Loading time of an item on conveyor by the robot Unloading time of an item on conveyor by the robot Maximum working time of normal shifts in AS/RS warehouse Amount of power consumed in kW by S/R machine Amount of power consumed in kW by conveyor Amount of power consumed in kW by robots Conversion factor of greenhouse gas Travel time of dc cycle request of the customer for an item in rack Over time working of AS/RS warehouse (greater than T) Under time working of AS/RS warehouse (greater than T) Permissible amount of GHG produced by all facilities Over GHG produced by all facilities (more than ) Under GHG produced by all facilities (less than ) Cost for over time working of AS/RS warehouse Cost for under time working of AS/RS warehouse Tax cost for a kg GHG produced.

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Penalty cost for a kg GHG produced Discount cost for a kg GHG produced Total cost by all the facilities

C. Decision Variables:

D. Objective Functions:

(1) Where +

(2) Such that

(3)

(4)

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(5) Implementation Of Artificial Immune System (Ais) In bio immune system antigens are the infecting pathogens such as viruses or bacteria’s and antibodies are cells within the human body which destroys the antigen. In employee scheduling the potential solution generated by the algorithm is referred as an antibody and the best solution obtained using AIS is the antigen. The potential solution is calculated as fitness of the solution in terms of cost function. There are three types of libraries in AIS called antigen library, antibody library and Final solution library. Antigen library consists of set of potential solution for the upcoming generation. We generate antibody library through cloning and affinity mutation of the antigen library. The best solutions among all the iterations are accumulated in the final solution library. From this library one of best solution is selected and remaining kept in memory for the future usage.

Steps Involved In the General Artificial Immune System Algorithm Step 1: Define the problem size and threshold, initialize the random population of strings (represents the possible solution) up to the specified population which becomes an antigen library. Step 2: We find the objective function value (OFV) and also the affinity value of each string using the relation

By the above equation affinity value increases as the OFV decreases. Depending on the value of affinity of each string the selection process is done. Step 3: The rate of cloning of each string is calculated using the formula

Step 4: Each cloned cell undergoes mutation in terms of inverse mutation and pair wise mutation. Step 4a: Inverse Mutation: We have to generate some random positions between (1, n) of the original string, where n is the number of AGVs in the manufacturing process. Then we have to select two positions randomly for mutation, let it be 1 and 5. Then inverse mutation is obtained by reversing the order of the sequence between the positions 1 and 5 as given below

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After inverse mutation, OFV of the mutated string is calculated. If the OFV of the mutated string is less than the original string, then the original string is replaced by mutated string, otherwise pair wise mutation is done for the original string.

Step 4b: Pair wise Mutation: we have to generate some random positions between (1, n) of the original string, where n is the number of AGVs in the manufacturing process. Then we have to select two positions randomly for mutation, let it be 1 and 5. Then pairwise mutation is obtained by reversing the order of the sequence between the positions 1 and 5 as given below

After pair wise mutation, OFV of the mutated string is calculated. If the OFV of the mutated string is less than the original string, then the original string is replaced by mutated string, otherwise the original sequence is retained as it is.

Step 5: After cloning and mutation process, we reselect the improved strings to maintain the original population. The solution with highest OFV in the population is replaced by randomly generated solutions with lowest OFV, which forms an antibody library.

Step 6: Evaluate the fitness value of the antibodies.

Step 7: If the fitness value is less than the threshold value, select and move the solution to Final solution library, otherwise go to step 1.

Step 8: The Steps 1-7 is repeated for multiple runs till we get a desired solution.

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Flow chart for the proposed algorithm is given in the figure 1 as follow

Figure 1: Flow chart of proposed algorithm

Results and Discussion The initial data of AS/RS system are given as follows  Number of rack = 2

 Number of Aisles = 1

 Number of S/R machines,

 Number of locations in a row = 10

 Number of locations in a column = 20

 Number of item types in each rack = 20

 Number of customers,

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 Number of Supplier,

 Horizontal velocity of S/R machine,

 Vertical velocity of S/R machine,

 Loading/Unloading time of facilities, , and

 Amount of power consumed in kW by all the equipment, , and

 Time performance cost($/s), and

 GHG emission cost($/s), , and

 Permissible amount of GHG,

 GHG conversion factor,

The proposed algorithm has to be coded in the MATLAB R2012a (7.14.0.739), 64-bit (win64). All the tests were performed on an Intel core i5 processor with the Microsoft Windows 7 (64-bit) operating system. The obtained results are tabulated in the table 1. A comparison analysis is given in the table 2, 3, and 4 and also established in the figures 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Table1: The detailed result of AIS for Total cost of GHG, CPU time and cost produced by emission of GHG. Cost Size of the Number of Total cost CPU time produced problem S/R orders of GHG of GHG by the model model emission of GHG Small 100 25.38 75.48 3.03 200 28.35 148.25 7.35 300 35.27 236.45 15.52 400 40.29 315.28 25.34 500 46.17 385.65 35.54 Medium 600 51.28 477.25 42.95 700 60.36 526.25 49.65 800 65.56 627.54 57.62 900 70.36 725.26 70.24 1000 102.54 800.25 85.45

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Figure 3: Improvements of AIS

Table 2: Total cost of GHG model Size of the Number of Total Cost ($) Improvement problem S/R orders ACO GA AIS Small 100 38.63 30.48 25.38 33.1364829 200 44.39 33.27 28.35 28.9149384 300 53.11 39.21 35.27 22.3157358 400 61.43 46.46 40.29 24.0421868 500 68.35 53.69 46.17 23.3190538 Medium 600 75.08 59.8 51.28 21.8561873 700 83.33 67.4 60.36 17.7299703 800 93.13 75.57 65.56 19.8491465 900 108.8 81.73 70.36 19.4543007 1000 144.19 115.61 102.54 11.32255

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Figure 4: Total cost comparison of AIS with ACO and GA

Table 3: CPU time of GHG model Size of the Number of CPU time (s) Improvement problem S/R orders ACO GA AIS Small 100 92.48 81.87 75.48 13.9123 200 185.49 160.14 148.25 11.171475 300 253.37 242.98 236.45 3.92213351 400 339.72 322.75 315.28 4.79318358 500 412.27 401.84 385.65 5.27324308 Medium 600 525.89 492.95 477.25 4.19920884 700 606.97 568.06 526.25 8.24032673 800 678.58 646.14 627.54 3.65245922 900 749.84 734.27 725.26 1.90801749 1000 802.25 810.36 800.25 1.86460339

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900

800

700

600

500 ACO

400 GA AIS 300

200

100

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Figure 5: CPU time comparison of AIS with ACO and GA

Table 4: Cost produced by the emission of GHG model Size of the Number of Cost produced by GHG Improvement problem S/R orders ACO GA AIS Small 100 11.84 4.08 3.03 50.7352941 200 20.1 9.47 7.35 44.561774 300 33.67 20.52 15.52 38.9863548 400 46.09 30.77 25.34 33.8966526 500 56.2 41.59 35.54 26.5688868 Medium 600 66.7 50.55 42.95 28.8822948 700 77.52 62.02 49.65 31.2318607 800 92.85 74.45 57.62 32.0080591 900 103.82 81.5 70.24 19.9509202 1000 125.29 102.05 85.45 21.1660951

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Figure 6: Total cost produced by GHG emission comparison of AIS with ACO and GA

Conclusion In this paper we have mainly concentrated on GHG emission produced by automated storage and retrieval systems. Our main intention to reduce the cost of GHG emission. We developed a mathematical model consisting of tax cost, penalty cost, discount cost and time constraints of loading and unloading of S/R machines, robots and conveyors. To analyse the model, an Artificial Immune System method is used. The results were simulated using Mat lab and compared with other two algorithms namely Ant Colony and Genetic Algorithm. It is observed that the proposed algorithm yields a better result for small, medium and large number of requested orders but merely same results for the Extra-large number of requested orders. There we can solve the same model using other hybrid algorithm to get a best result. References [1] T. Lerher, M. Šraml, M. Borovinšek, I. Potrč, Multi-objective optimization of automated storage and retrieval systems, 11th International conference on Industrial Logistics, ICIL 2012, Zadar, Croatia.

[2] P. Yang, L. Miao, Z. Xue, L. Qin, Optimal storage rack design for a multi-deep compact AS/RS considering the acceleration/deceleration of the storage and retrieval machine, International Journal of Production Research, 2014.

[3] Lerher, T., Edl, M., & Rosi, B. (2014). Energy efficiency model for the mini-load automated storage and retrieval systems. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 70, 97–115.

[4] Roodbergen, K. J., & Vis, I. F. A. (2009). A survey of literature on automated storage and retrieval systems. European Journal of Operational Research, 194, 343–362.

[5] Ali Roozbeh Nia, Hassan Haleh, Abbas Saghaei. Dual command cycle dynamic sequencing method to consider GHG efficiency in unit-load multiple-rack automated storage and retrieval systems, Computers & Industrial Engineering, 111 (2017) 89–108

[6] Seiden, P. E. and Celada, F., (1992), “A Model for Simulating Cognate Recognition and Response in the Immune

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System” Journal of Theoretical Biology 158, pp. 329 – 357.

[7] Van Truong Nguyen, Xuan Hoai Nguyen, Chi Mai Luong, A Novel Combination of Negative and Positive Selection in Artificial Immune Systems, 2013 IEEE RIVF International Conference on Computing & Communication Technologies - Research, Innovation, and Vision for the Future (RIVF).

[8] Murugesan .R, Balan. K.S., Kumar.V.N,”Clonal selection algorithm using improved initialization for solving JSSP”, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICCCCT), 2010, pp. 470-475

[9] Leandro N. de Castro, Fernando J. Von Zuben, Learning and Optimization Using the Clonal Selection Principle, ieee transactions on evolutionary computation, vol. 6, no. 3, 2002.

[10] Carlos A. Coello Coello, Daniel Cortes Rivera and Nareli Cruz Cortes. Use of an Artificial Immune System for Job Shop Scheduling. In the Proceeding of Second International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems (ICARIS), September 1-3, 2003, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.

[11] E. Hart and P. Ross. The Evolution and Analysis of a potential Antibody Library for use in Job- Shop Scheduling. A chapter in the book”New Ideas in Optimization”, pp. 185- 202. McGraw-Hill, 1999.

[12] E. Hart, Ross, P., and Nelson, J. Producing robust schedules via an artificial immune system, International Conference on Evolutionary Computing, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 1998, pp 464-469, IEEE Press.

[13] F. Celada and P. E. Seiden. Modeling Immune Cognition. In proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, October 11-14, 1998.

[14] Murugesan.R , ‘ Positive Selection Based Modified Clonal Selection Algorithm for Solving Job Shop Scheduling Problems’ , Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol 6, 2255-2271, 2012.

[15] Defra (2005). Guidelines for company reporting on greenhouse gas emissions. Technical report. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

[16] Defra (2007). Guidelines to Defra0s GHG conversion factors for company reporting –Annexes updated June 2007. Technical report. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

[17] Defra (2011). 2011 guidelines to Defra/DECC0s GHG conversion factors for company reporting: Methodology paper for emission factors. Technical report. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

[18] Defra (2013). 2013 government GHG conversion factors for company reporting: Methodology paper for emission factors. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

60 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com YaNoC: Yet another Network-on-Chip Simulation Acceleration Engine using FPGAs

Khyamling Parane, Prabhu Prasad B M, Basavaraj Talawar, SPARK Lab, Computer Science and Engineering, NITK, Surathkal, Mangalore, India. {khyamlingcs15fv05, prabhu.cs15f10, basavaraj}@nitk.edu.in, http://spark.nitk.ac.in

Abstract—In this paper, we present an FPGA based NoC simulation framework, YaNoC, that supports the creation of standard and custom topologies, design of routing algorithms, generation of various synthetic traffic patterns, and exploration of a full set of microarchitectural parameters. The framework supports all standard minimal routing algorithms for conventional NoCs and implements table based routing to support the creation of new routing algorithm. A custom topology called Diagonal Mesh has been evaluated using table based and a modified version of the XY routing algorithm. Mesh and DMesh topologies saturate at the injection rates of 45 % and 55 %. We find that Table based routing implementation consumes 0.98× fewer hardware resources than the conventional XY routing. We observed the speedup of 2548× compared to the Booksim software simulator. YaNoC achieves speedup of 2.54x and 25x with respect to CONNECT and DART FPGA based NoC simulators. Keywords: Network-on-Chip, NoC, Booksim, FPGA, Simulation acceleration, Custom topology

I. INTRODUCTION As the number of communicating modules increase, bus based communication will not be efficient in terms of throughput, scalability, and performance. The communication time can influence the total turnaround time of the application significantly [1]. The Network-on-Chip (NoC) has become the tangible on-chip communication technique [2]. As thousands of cores play a vital role in near future, there is a need to model and evaluate large-scale NoC designs fast and accurately in order to explore the performance characteristics along with the effect on the overall system. This will help the architects to understand the impact of various design parameters before chip fabrication by reducing the total cost. NoC researchers have relied on cycle accurate power and performance simulators (viz. Orion[3], Garnet[4], SICOSYS[5], Booksim[6]) to explore the microarchitectural design space of on- chip networks. As the number of simulated cores is increased, software simulators will become slower. There is a need to model and evaluate large NoC designs quickly and accurately as thousands of cores are targeted in the near future many-core architectures. This will help the architects to understand the impact of various design parameters during design time thus reducing the total cost. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is made up of highly reconfigurable look up tables which can be programmed to realize arbitrary logic functions. Events can be executed in parallel as the FPGAs are hardware devices. These features enabled the researchers to propose FPGA based

61 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com simulators to accelerate simulation by parallelizing various functionalities of a simulator. In this paper, we present an FPGA based NoC simulation framework called YaNoC. YaNoC supports the creation of standard and custom routing algorithms, generation of synthetic traffic patterns and exploration of a full set of microarchitectural parameters. Key features of the work: • An FPGA framework for NoC design space exploration. • Provision for composing custom topologies. The custom topology can be created by connecting the nodes in an arrangement. The framework provides an interface to create custom topologies by allowing the user to connect the router module as per the requirements. • Provision for designing custom routing algorithms. The template provided for route computation can be modified as per the requirement. Modified module can be instantiated to route the incoming flits in router module. Rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II introduces state-of-the-art in the area of NoC software simulation and FPGA emulation. The experimental methodology is detailed in Section III. Design principles of the framework are briefed in IV. Section V explains about design of the custom topology and routing algorithms. Results and inferences are detailed in Section VI. Comparison of the proposed work with state-of-the-art FPGA based NoC simulators has been done in Section VII. The paper concludes in Section VIII.

I. RELATED WORK In this section, we introduce state-of-the-art in the area of NoC software simulators and FPGA based emulators.

A. Software Simulators To explore the microarchitectural design space of NoCs, researchers rely upon simulators to evaluate the power and performance. SICOSYS [5] is a general-purpose NoC simulator which allows modeling a wide variety of message routers in a precise way. The parameters such as applied load, traffic pattern, message length etc., can be provided as input for simulation. Noxim [7], is another NoC simulator which is implemented in SystemC. Booksim2.0 [6] is a cycle-accurate simulator. It is flexible in terms of modeling network components. A large set of network parameters which are configurable such as routing algorithm, topology, flow control and router microarchitecture are implemented. Booksim simulator has been validated against the RTL implementation of the NoC router in order to the verify the accuracy of the simulations. 3 × 3 Mesh network with single VC and 16-flit input buffers has been simulated in Booksim and RTL simulations. The maximum difference of 5% in network latency measurements was observed. Simulation speed of Booksim is determined by the complexity of the network configuration and the activity in the network. Due to the phenomenon of simulation wall, the computer simulation performance is ever decreasing relative to the next generation computer being simulated [8]. The software simulation will be slower when there are more number of cores to be simulated. Hence, there is a need for the techniques which can

62 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com accelerate the software simulators to get the simulation results quickly.

B. FPGA Based NoC Frameworks FPGA based simulators have been proposed as an alternative to software simulators to enhance simulation speed. In [9], a NoC emulation environment on FPGA called AcENoCs has been proposed. AcENoCs utilizes both software and hardware components of the FPGA. Traffic generators, clock generation and traffic sinks are implemented on the MicroBlaze softcore processor. The generation of clock on software is flexible but potentially slow. The hardware platform is the network-on-chip to be emulated. Also, it consists of a register bank acting as an interface between the NoC under verification and software. This framework support for generic mesh topology, there is no provision for simulating the custom topologies. An FPGA-based NoC emulator has been proposed in DART [10]. The synthetic and trace-driven workloads are supported. Global interconnect across all the nodes is provided. Any topology can be emulated by DART leaving out resynthesis of design utilizing these global interconnects and employing a software tool to configure the routing tables by configuring the routing tables properly. Most of the FPGA resources are consumed by the global interconnect. A synthesizable NoC RTL generator called CONNECT has been proposed in [11]. The NoC design decision parameters such as topology, link width, router pipeline depth, network buffer sizing, and flow control are all have been parameterized. Table based routing algorithm is implemented routing the packets in all topologies. Another FPGA emulation platform called Ultra- Fast [12] proposes two methods enabling swift emulations of larger NoC architectures on a single FPGA. Synthetic workloads are modeled accurately on FPGA by decoupling time of network being emulated from traffic generation units time. The TDM approach has been employed to emulate entire network utilizing more physical nodes. AcENoCs [9] and Ultra-Fast [12] support design of Mesh topology only. A fast and flexible FPGA based NoC simulator has been proposed in AdapNoC [13]. Various router microarchitectural parameters are configurable. AdapNoC supports transplantable Traffic Generators and Receptors running on the software side. Dual clock virtualization methodology has been employed to simulate larger topologies and reducing the simulation time drastically. AdapNoC supports Adaptive Toggle Dimension Order Routing (ATDOR) as a known adaptive routing algorithm. AdapNoC is capable of simulating Mesh and Torus topologies only. The proposed framework supports the design of custom topologies and routing algorithms. High-end FPGAs such as Xilinx Virtex 6 and Virtex 7 have been employed for exploring the NoC designs in previous works. YaNoC employs a Xilinx Artix 7 FPGA board efficiently. Mesh topology of size 10 × 10 was simulated successfully. As the custom Diagonal Mesh (DMesh) topology consumes more hardware than Mesh topology, we were able to simulate 6 × 6 sized DMesh.

1. YaNoC – DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

Fig. 1 shows the architecture of our framework which is highly modular and parameterizable. The

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TABLE I Configurable Parameters in YaNoC Router Parameter Range of values Topology Mesh based, Tree based, Ring based, Custom Flit buffer depth Variable Flit width Variable Ports 2 to 16 Routing Algorithms Standard minimal routing and Table based Arbitration schemes Round Robin and Priority based Traffic patterns Uniform random, Bit complement

Parameters such as input and output ports, flit width, buffer depth, routing algorithms and arbitration scheme are all reconfigurable as per the designer’s requirements. Hierarchy of the components is very well structured with a common interface design allowing plug-and-play of all the modules depending on the topology and routing algorithm. By integrating all of the modules, any custom topology required by the designer can be simulated with minimum effort.

A. Router Architecture

Table I lists the router architectural parameters that can be configured in YaNoC.

1) Flit Buffer: FIFO implementation has been used for the buffer to store the incoming flits. The Depth of buffer is parameterized to provide the flexibility for the user to explore various kinds of flit width.

2) Flit Structure: Flits with variable widths can be configured for the simulation purpose. Fig. 2(a) shows the structure of head, body and tail flits used in Section VI. Each flit is 32-bit wide. The header flit contains fields for flit type, destination address, timestamp and packet id. Body flit contains the fields for flit type and payload. The tail flit contains the timestamp similar to head flit in order to calculate the latency of the network. The packet format used in our experiments can be seen in 2(b). Variable flit widths as per the design decision can be configured.

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3) Input Output Ports: Reconfigurable ports are advantageous in building various topologies. Mesh and DMesh topology have 5 and 9 ports for communication. The provision for variable ports has been provided to explore various custom topologies.

4) Routing Algorithms: Dimension order (XY) and custom routing algorithms have been employed for Mesh based topology. Table based routing is used in order to support the exploration of custom topologies. There are look-up tables holding the output ports to all the destinations in the network. For large networks, the entries in routing look up tables will be large. The proposed architecture implements the routing look up tables in Distributed RAMs of FPGA. A single DRAM will be typically of single-bit wide memory with 16-64 elements constrained to a specific FPGA family. As the entries in routing tables are maximum of 3 bits wide, they are mapped very efficiently to DRAMs.

5) Arbitration Schemes: Round Robin and Priority based arbitration schemes have been implemented for fair selection of resources.

Fig.1. Proposed FPGA based NoC simulation acceleration framework

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Fig. 2. (a)Flit types and (b)Packet structure used in experiments.

(Time stamp field is useful in calculating the latency of a packet)

B. Traffic Generator The traffic generation module of the simulation framework is capable of generating several types of synthetic traffic. We use Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) mechanism to introduce randomness in the traffic being generated. This module is incorporated in each of the routers.

C. Verilog HDL Code Generator To quickly get the synthesizable Verilog code, we have developed a (Hardware Description Language) HDL generator implemented in python to generate the synthesizable Verilog HDL-level code. The HDL generator based on the input parameters such as type and size of topology, link width, flit buffer depth, buffer width, routing algorithm and arbiter type generates the synthesizable Verilog HDL code.

IV. DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND OVERVIEW Our design was split into two phases namely, correctness phase and implementation phase. This was done to ensure that a design that would be implemented on FPGA will be functionally correct. In this phase, the design to be simulated on FPGA was thoroughly analyzed considering clock by clock transitions. The clock transitions from each pipeline stage that is Buffer allocation, Route compute, Arbitration, Crossbar allocation, and Link traversal were analyzed. In the implementation phase, with the help of Verilog HDL generator, the HDL for required NoC design was obtained and it was burnt on the FPGA using Xilinx XST tool.

A. Parameterization and Modularity: To provide maximum flexibility for the user with, our simulation framework parameterizes all the components of the NoC. If the user wants to evaluate the design with flit width 32 bits and flit buffer depth to be 8 flits, these parameters are to be specified in configuration file. The Verilog code

66 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com corresponding to this configuration will be generated by our HDL code generator. If the user now wants to evaluate 64-bit flit width and buffer depth to be of 4 flits, the older configuration file can just be modified according to the new requirement. HDL code generator generates the code for considering this configuration. Similar to the flit size and flit buffer depth, if there is a need to evaluate the conventional XY and Table based routing algorithm for Mesh topology, the parameters for routing algorithms can be modified according to the need.

B. Design Overview: Proposed platform consists of a host PC, JTAG cable connecting the host PC and FPGA board and Xilinx Artix 7 FPGA (XC7A100T). The NoC simulation engine is hosted on Artix7 FPGA board. In order to run the simulations, the required NoC design decision parameters are specified in a configuration file. Based upon these parameters, the HDL generator generates the Verilog code. This code is provided to Xilinx Vivado suite. The FPGA is configured using the .bit file generated from Vivado. Complete flow of the proposed framework can be seen in Fig.3. In the first step, microarchitectural parameters of NoC such as topology type and size, buffer depth, flit width, routing algorithm, arbitration type has to be specified in a configuration file. The Automated Verilog HDL generator implemented using Python. HDL generator extracts the information mentioned in the first step to generate the synthesizable Verilog RTL code for the NoC architecture. The synthesizable Verilog code is then imported in Xilinx Vivado 2016.2. After the synthesis and implementation phases, the bitstream generated will be programmed on the FPGA to simulate the NoC architecture. The experimental results of interest such as hardware resource consumption, latency and execution time are extracted. Synthesizable Verilog HDL code for the regular topologies such as Mesh based, Tree based and Ring based can be generated by specifying topology name along with other parameters in the configuration file. For the design specific custom topology, following procedure has to be followed to specify the interconnection in between nodes and routing tables along with other parameters in the config.v file. This file is given as the input to the HDL generator to generate the Synthesizable Verilog HDL.

1) Network Topology: For constructing a topology, one has to interconnect the nodes in a particular arrangement. In YaNoC, the links from source and destination node along with the port numbers are enumerated to specify the network topology. Connection between two nodes 0 and 1 is specified in following lines:

#Router_Link_From Router_Link_To #(port_num:src_node) (port_num:neighbor_node) 1:R0 2:R1 #Local_Conn_Port (Port number for connecting the Processing Element) #(port_num:node)

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0 : R0 0 : R1

Above mentioned syntax can be followed to design any topology.

Fig. 3. Simulation Framework Flow

2) Routing Tables: Each router contains a routing table that stores mappings from source node to the destination output port. Below lines specify the routing table for the Router ID "0" in a 2 × 2 Mesh topology.

#Router_ID Dest_Out_Port 0 0 1 1 2 4

C. High-level Block Diagram of YaNoC: YaNoC consists of a JTAG connection in between host PC and the FPGA board. A portal has been developed for interaction with the Simulation engine located on FPGA and the host PC. Simulation results from the FPGA can be accessed by using the portal as shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. High-level block diagram of YaNoC consisting of Host PC connected to a FPGA Board.

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I. CASE STUDY: MESH VS DIAGONAL MESH

Proposed framework is capable of simulating any custom topology. This is possible because of the table based routing approach. Apart from the supported Table based routing, if the user wants to design his own routing algorithm, template provided for the route computation (compute.v) can be modified according to the need. For designing the shortest path Dimension order XY routing for DMesh, the logic for computing the shortest path can be implemented in "compute.v" template which can be modified according to the user logic. This compute.v has to be instantiated in the router module (router.v) for the route computation. Fig. 5 and 6 show the 6 × 6 Mesh and DMesh topologies. The red line in Fig. 5 indicates the route followed by the conventional XY routing algorithm. In this case, it takes 10 hops to reach the destination "55" from the source "00". The proposed XY routing algorithm for DMesh topology chooses the shortest path from source to destination. In Fig. 6 it can be seen that it takes only 5 hops from "00" node to "55" node. The same is represented by green arrows. Table based routing can be used to store routing information in the case of custom topologies whose route compute modules are complex to design. TABLE II Experimental Setup Details Experimental Setup Topology 6x6 Mesh, DMesh Buffer type FIFO Buffer Buffer Depth 8 Arbiter Type Round-robin Routing Algorithm XY(Dimension- order, Modified XY routing and Table based Router Pipeline 5-stage depth Flow control Wormhole Flit size 32-flit Packet length 4-flit Traffic pattern Uniform random Bit complement

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TABLE III Resource utilization of a Single Router Resource Utilization of Router 5-port 9-port LUT 775 2647 FF 550 1098 DRAM 120 216

I. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Synthesis results of the simulation are extracted from the Xilinx Vivado 2016.2. Results include resource usage for Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA (XC7A100T, CSG324 package, speedgrade-3). The NoCs were tested with injection rates of 0.005 to 0.8 using Uniform random and bit complement traffic patterns. Table II shows the experimental setup details used in this paper.

A. Area Utilization Table III shows the area utilization of 5-port and 9-port routers. 9-port consumes 2× resources than that of the 5-port router as a complex control logic is required to implement 9-port router. Table IV shows the resource utilization breakdown of YaNoC router components on the Xilinx Artix7 XC7A100T device. Due to the more number of ports in the DMesh topology, its components consume 2× the resources of Mesh topology.

TABLE IV Resource Utilization of 5 and 9 Port Router Components 5-port 9-port Router Router Input Buffer 240 522 Route logic 26 127 Arbiter 184 808 Crossbar 301 1093 Allocator 23 95

We were able to simulate 100 nodes of Mesh (10 × 10) on Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA board. For the fair comparison in between Mesh and DMesh topologies, results of simulating 36 nodes (6 × 6) have been presented. The Table V shows the results considering XY and modified version of the XY routing algorithms for Mesh and DMesh topologies respectively. It can be seen that the resource consumption of DMesh topology is more compared to the normal Mesh as there are more number of

70 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com ports (Mesh requires 5 and DMesh requires 9 ports) in all the components of the router. DMesh topology consumes 2.3x resources than the Mesh topology. Our framework is also capable of supporting table based routing algorithm for custom topologies. Table V shows the synthesis results of Mesh and DMesh topologies considering the table based routing. The table based routing consumes 12% and 20% fewer LUTs compared to XY and modified version of the XY routing algorithms for Mesh and DMesh topologies respectively. This is becasue the route compute logic in these algorithms has been replaced by the routing tables. The routing tables store route to all the other nodes in the topology.

Fig. 5. 6x6 Mesh topology. (Red colored arrow indicates the route computed by XY routing algorithm.) B. Latency Analysis Fig. 7 plots the behavior of average network packet latency vs. injection rate. Packets of length 128- bit comprising a head, two body and a tail flits each of length 32-bits are used in these experiments. It can be seen that the Mesh topology saturates at the injection rate of 45%. DMesh topology sustains the traffic load till injection rate of 55%. This is because of the higher Bisection bandwidth and connectivity of DMesh topology. DMesh topology achieves the highest performance than Mesh topology with low latency considering various injection rates.

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Fig. 6. 6x6 Diagonal Mesh topology.(Red and Green colored arrow indicate the routes computed by XY and modified XY routing algorithms) C. Speedup The simulation time of Booksim simulator was measured on a computer with Core i7 4770 CPU and 8GB memory. The speedup is calculated as the ratio of simulation time in clock cycles of Booksim to the simulation time of YaNoC. The simulation for a 6 × 6 network was run on both Booksim and YaNoC. A speedup of 2548× is observed over Booksim simulator.

TABLE V Synthesis results of YaNoC on Artix-7 FPGA device (XC7A100T, speed-3) Flit width=32-bits Flit buffer depth=8 XY Modified Table Based XY Mesh DMesh Mesh DMesh %LUT 35.65 87.55 27.70 67.76 %DRAM 11.37 20.46 11.12 20.02 %FFs 15.14 20.62 13.08 19.89

TABLE VI Resource utilization of CONNECT on Artix-7 FPGA device (XC7A100T, speed-3) for 6 × 6 Mesh and DMesh topologies of Flit width=32-bits Flit buffer depth=8 XY Table Based Mesh DMesh Mesh DMesh %LUT 44.94 Exceed 43.71 Exceed %DRAM 27.54 Exceed 26.39 Exceed %FFs 6.71 Exceed 5.91 Exceed

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TABLE VII Resource utilization of DART and YaNoC on Artix-7 FPGA device (XC7A100T, speed-3) for 3 × 3 Mesh topology with Flit width=32-bits and Flit buffer depth=8 DART YaNoC %LUT 30 12.41 %DRAM 21.74 5.68 %FFs 19.28 5.40

VII. YaNoC vs. THE STATE-OF-THE-ART

A. YaNoC and CONNECT The Verilog RTL code of 6 × 6 Mesh and custom DMesh topologies are generated from CONNECT and YaNoC frameworks for comparing the hardware resource utilization employing Xilinx Vivado 2016.2. Considering XY routing algorithm, it can be observed from the Tables V and VI that YaNoC’s implementation of 6 × 6 Mesh topology consumes fewer resources (35.65% LUTs) than CONNECT’s Mesh topology (44.94% LUTs). Similar behavior is observed for the Table based routing algorithm. YaNoC’s Table based routing ensures that always the shortest path is chosen between the communicating routers.

Also, for custom DMesh topology, the synthesis will not succeed as there will be a resource crunch while employing CONNECT’s implementation. The Input Output Blocks (IOBs) will be exceeding the limit of Artix7 FPGA board. Whereas, synthesis of YaNoC’s RTL code succeeds and the corresponding resource utilization is shown in the table. The same behavior is observed for both the XY and table based routing algorithms. Speedup of 500-1000× and 2548× has been observed in CONNECT and YaNoC respectively with respect to Booksim. YaNoC is 2.55× faster than CONNECT NoC generator.

B. YaNoC and DART 3 × 3 network with XY routing algorithm of both DART [10] and YaNoC are compared in table VII. It can be observed that the % LUT consumption is 12.41 and 30 for YaNoC and DART implementations respectively. Large topologies (10 × 10 Mesh) can be analyzed by using YaNoC’s implementation on a small FPGA board like Artix7. Whereas the DART implementation consumes more FPGA resources and hence it requires high end FPGA boards for the analysis. DART simulation achieves over 100× speedup relative Booksim. YaNoC is 25× times faster than DART.

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Fig. 7. Load-Delay graph for Mesh and DMesh topologies with various injection rates

VIII. CONCLUSION This paper presents YaNoC, a Network-on-Chip simulation acceleration framework using FPGAs. We were able to simulate 100 node Mesh topology (10×10) with conventional XY routing on a basic Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA board. Along with the conventional routing algorithms, custom routing algorithms can also be designed. YaNoC also includes table based routing to support the evaluation of custom topologies. Using this feature, a custom topology called DMesh has been evaluated considering a modified XY routing and table based routing algorithms. Mesh and DMesh topologies have been compared in terms of latency, hardware resource consumption. From our results, it is evident that the DMesh topology saturates at much higher injection rate (55%) than the Mesh topology (45%). Considering hardware resource utilization, DMesh topology consumes 2.3× resources than the Mesh topology. From these results, it can be concluded that DMesh topology suits well for latency performance sensitive applications. The Mesh topology can be used in the applications where performance can be compromised. The speedup of 2548× compared to the Booksim software simulator was observed using YaNoC. Proposed YaNoC framework is compared with the DART and CONNECT FPGA based NoC simulation frameworks. YaNoC consumes 9.29% fewer resources and is 2.5× faster than the CONNECT framework.

Also, YaNoC consumes 17.59% fewer resources and 25× faster than the DART simulator. Employing YaNoC, large topologies of size 10 × 10 Mesh can be analyzed using a FPGA board like Xilinx Artix7.

References [1] P. P. Pande et al., “Performance evaluation and design trade-offs for network-on-chip interconnect architectures,” IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 1025–1040, 2005. [2] W. J. Dally and B. Towles, “Route Packets , Not Wires : OnChip Interconnection Networks,” pp. 0–5. [3] A. B. Kahng et al., “ORION 2 . 0 : A Power-Area Simulator for Interconnection Networks,” Tvlsi, vol. XX, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2010. [4] N. Agarwal et al., “Garnet: A detailed on-chip network model inside a full-system simulator,” in ISPASS 2009, April

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2009, pp. 33–42. [5] V. Puente et al., “Sicosys: an integrated framework for studying interconnection network performance in multiprocessor systems,” in Parallel, Distributed and Network-based Processing, 2002, 2002, pp. 15–22. [6] N. Jiang et al., “A detailed and flexible cycle-accurate network-on-chip simulator,” in Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS), 2013 IEEE International Symposium on, April 2013, pp. 86–96. [7] Davide Patti. Noxim. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/ davidepatti/noxim [8] H. Angepat et al., FPGA-Accelerated Simulation of Computer Systems. Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2014. [9] S. Lotlikar et al., “Acenocs: A configurable hw/sw platform for fpga accelerated noc emulation,” in VLSID 2011, Jan 2011, pp. 147–152. [10] D. Wang et al., “Dart: A programmable architecture for noc simulation on fpgas,” in NOCS 2011, ser. NOCS ’11. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2011, pp. 145–152. [11] M. K. Papamichael and J. C. Hoe, “The connect network-on-chip generator,” Computer, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 72–79, Dec 2015. [12] T. V. Chu et al., “Ultra-fast noc emulation on a single fpga,” in FPL 2015, Sept 2015, pp. 1–8. [13] H. M. Kamali and S. Hessabi, “Adapnoc: A fast and flexible fpga-based noc simulator,” in 2016 26th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), Aug 2016, pp. 1–8.

75 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Leveraging MOOCs with Main Stream MBA Programs: A Case Study Dr. Neetha Mahadev Professor, Department of Management Studies, BNM Institute of Technology, Banashankari, II Stage, Bangalore-560070, India. Ph.: +91-9886497179 E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The case study is set in two dimensions: Growing trend of massive open online courses (MOOCs) in learning and education and the gap between what is being taught in B Schools and what is needed in industry. In India, majority of MBA Programs are offered by Universities through their affiliated colleges. Curriculum design and syllabus updating is one of the biggest challenges in this system as Universities normally make marginal revisions in the syllabus once in two years. Due to dynamics in business environment there is always a need for changing and upgrading contents in MBA Programs. The only way for Universities and affiliated colleges to keep pace with the changes is to augment value added programs. Keeping this in mind, we at BNM Institute of Technology (BNMIT) have taken initiatives to leverage the management education with MOOCs by providing students with an opportunity to enroll into various certification programs offered by universities of global repute to enhance their knowledge and competitiveness. These MOOCs are carefully mapped with the courses being offered in the MBA Program of our affiliating university -Visveswaraya Technological University. This initiative introduced at BNMIT has successfully penetrated into student community over the years. A survey was conducted to understand the perspective of students regarding MOOCs. Our experience with MOOCs and the response of the students gave us tremendous confidence and we strongly feel that this innovative initiative will help in enhancing quality of management education with global relevance. Keywords: MOOCs, Management education, Innovative teaching.

Introduction to the Initiative: Massive Open Online Courses are a culmination / meeting point of Knowledge and networking technology. MOOCs have created the buzz in academics; from Harvard to HongKong Science and Technology University to IITs and IIMs, most of the premier B-Schools across the globe are offering open courses online to the massive number of aspiring enrollers. We see enrollments of individuals from varied backgrounds; from the likes of Satya Nadella to a school dropout. This is possible because of the wide gambit of courses been offered; from the latest in technology, mathematics, statistics, human sciences, social sciences, communication, business and entrepreneurship to nutrition, cooking and child care to literature, script writing, movie making, cinematography, photography, contemporary art and exhibition models - the list is unending. You name it you get it on MOOCs. This is practically possible as a MOOC-Keyword search on Google fetches you about 8.3 million results.

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MOOCs have their roots in open educational resources movement. The term was coined by Prof. Dave Cormier of University of Prince Edward Island in the year 2008. MOOCs started as E-learning platforms such as Khan Academy, Peer-to-Peer University (P2PU), Udemy and ALISON have grown leaps and bounds to become a prominent trend in teaching-learning.

From the pioneering platform of MOOCs – Udacity, Coursera and edX in 2012, MOOCs have progressed beyond imagination. With the exponential growth of MOOCs, various platforms offer numerous courses from the partnering institutions. The numbers are so huge that there are dedicated portals for searching MOOCs (eg: mooc-list, mooc tracker, etc.).

According to a survey conducted, in the year 2014, there were around 18 million students enrolled in courses offered by over 400+ universities on 2400+ MOOCs offered by over 3000 instructors in 13 different languages (80% courses taught in English). Around 14% of these courses are offered in the Business and Management Discipline alone (Shah, 2014a).

According to MOOC Tracker, first evidence of MOOCs date back to October 2011, when Stanford University Professors offered three courses online for free and each of these courses got more than 1,00,000 students each. As on today, MOOC Tracker has tracked more than 2,50,000 courses as on July 8, 2014 (Shah, 2014b). With the growing popularity of choice based education, the omnipresence and growing strength of MOOCs is quite logical.

Course options on MOOCs for Management Students A program in management is a boiling pot of many subjects and courses which drive success in business. Business schools layout a palette of courses to choose from for the management graduates in making; Communication, Organization Behavior, Economics, Statistics, Business Analytics, Marketing (with varied electives like Services, Industrial, International, Advertising, Brand, etc.), Finance (with electives like Investment, Securities / portfolio, Risk, Banking, Project Appraisal, International, etc.), Human Resources (with electives such as Performance Management, Recruitment, Talent, Training, Negotiation, International, Labor laws, etc.), Ethics, Accounting, Entrepreneurship, Technology management, MIS, Production and Operations Management, Operations Research… the list goes on. There about 4400 courses been offered (in progress today in the area of business and management. Management education being a program drawn from Social Psychology, Economics and other fields, the list of courses adds up to over 6000 courses in progress. As if MOOCs are at logger heads with these institutions, they have been offering a much wider variety and specialized courses in each of the courses mentioned above. Encouraging them are venture capital investors who are pumping money into these initiatives; from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to Harvard University (Coughlan, 2012) MOOCs are highly popular in Asia, especially India and China as Brazil, Canada, UK and Russia are catching up (“Massive Open Online Courses

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(MOOCs): Advantages and Disadvantages”, 2014). With the increasing computer literacy, smart phone usage and availability of internet, this trend will only grow.

Advantages of MOOCs  Interactive lectures and user forums

 Opportunity to complete higher studies from reputed universities or institutions

 Students and educators participate from any part of the world

 Connected and collective knowledge sharing

 New way of learning

 Mostly free. In some cases, for a nominal fee, which is very much affordable compared to the fee charged in traditional distance education formats

 Anytime, anywhere learning

 Opportunity to learn for non-traditional students (esp. adult learners)

 Facilitates lifelong learning

 Highly suitable for self-directed learners

 An indication about learning-urge of the candidate to the recruiting party

Areas of concern in MOOCs

 Lack of seriousness to complete the course (especially among student community who do not realize the impact of the certifications in their career / future)

 Very few completing the course (6-10% of enrollments end up in certifications)

 Different role of instructor

 Relying on multimedia content

 Awareness and access (internet and infrastructure - broadband speed)

 Less number of established courses

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Future of MOOCs  MOOCs are here to stay (though number of universities / platforms offering MOOCs are not increasing at a fast rate, but the number of courses offered by these universities / platforms are increasing at an exponential rate)

 Globally reputed B Schools and Universities in the USA and Europe are engaged in developing MOOCs and extensively using them in reaching out to learners across the globe. Institutions in developing nations (like IIM-B) are offering MOOCs and receiving encouraging response.

 Maintaining quality (with MOOCs attracting investments and interest of established venture capitalists and international foundations, MOOCs might turn into business opportunity for many)

 Schools can make use of MOOCs in a big way, especially towards basic education in remote areas.

Need for the Study: Institutions offering Business education are cropping up in India at an unimaginable speed. Bengaluru, one of the fastest growing cities in Asia is increasingly witnessing this trend. Bengaluru hosts B-Schools belonging to different tiers / categories; IIM, noted autonomous institutions, reputed University-affiliated institutions, less known autonomous and University-affiliated institution, distance education centers and barely known, home-grown private institutions. These are found in every nook and corner of Bengaluru. Business education imparted in University-affiliated institutions is bound by common curriculum, syllabus, calendar and exams which is not the case among autonomous institutions. Due to this commonality and admission of students with not so encouraging educational background and academic fervor in these institutions, it is difficult to stand out and be unique; there is little scope for deviation. In such a context, innovation is possible only in pedagogy.

The generations Y and Z are internet-savvy. The ease and accessibility of internet, coupled with increasing popularity and affordability of smart phones have resulted in high usage of internet- enabled services among student community. Parallel to this trend is the increasing participation of noted Universities across the globe in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). With the ever- improving popular platforms for MOOCs, they are able to reach millions and billions of interested learners cutting across age groups, backgrounds, nationalities and experience.

Cashing on this trend, MBA department at BNM Institute of Technology (BNMIT) has taken up the initiative under the leadership of the author to connect students to MOOCs offered by reputed

79 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com universities and instructors, exposing them to an international learning experience. The initiative provides value addition to students in terms of new and additional learning opportunities at their convenience, wide exposure to knowledge, edge over their peers in other institutions reflected in enhanced employability and networking opportunities with international learning community.

The Rationale and Background: There has always been a gap between what is being taught in B Schools and what is needed in industry. In India, majority of MBA Programs are offered by Universities through their affiliated colleges. Curriculum design and syllabus updating is one of the biggest challenges in this system. Due to dynamics in business environment there is always a need for changing and upgrading contents in MBA Programs. The only way for B-Schools is to keep pace with the changes is to augment value added programs.

BNMIT is affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) of Karnataka state in India. BNMIT campus houses MBA department with research centre along with 5 different departments in Engineering faculty offering undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral programs.

All courses run on BNMIT campus are driven by the syllabus and curriculum of VTU. MBA in VTU is a two-year program executed in four semesters. First year comprises of twelve core subjects (6 subjects in each semester) which are compulsorily taught to all the MBA students. When the students gain eligibility to go to second year, they have to choose their area of specialization: Marketing, Finance or Human Resource Management. They can choose either of these specializations or a combination of any two of these three areas. In either case, they will be studying 6 specialization subjects in 3rd and 4th semesters each. If they choose combination (dual) specialization, they have to compulsorily take up three subjects in each in both the specialization in both the semesters.

Most of the students in University run business programs lack work experience. Due to this, they would not be very clear as to what specializations they should choose. In such scenario, they either get influenced by job-market trends or guidance of friends and family. They lose the focus as to what they really want and what suits their capabilities. MOOCs taken up in the first year help them to understand their first year core subjects better and more importantly identify the right specializations for them.

This initiative introduced in BNMIT has successfully penetrated into student community since then. Our first experience with MOOCs gave us tremendous confidence and we strongly feel that this innovative initiative will help in enhancing quality of management education with global relevance. We are convinced that MOOCs enable to reach high quality education and a globally collaborative learning experience to management students.

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MOOCs enable to combine technology and digital content to serve massive groups of students across diverse educational, economic, social and ethnic backgrounds.

Our initiative has matched with the aspirations of the tech-savvy Gen Y and Gen Z students. This advantage is coupled with the availability of adequate internet bandwidth with wi-fi at the institute has enabled us to drive this initiative successfully. The new generation mobile phones are also facilitating seamless learning opportunities anytime and anywhere.

How was this initiative executed? We have identified and made an inventory of MOOCs alongside the university MBA program. These courses have been segmented into four different levels: Level I Foundation Courses: These courses are fundamental in nature like economics, accounting etc.; Level II Reinforcement courses: These courses focus on Organizational Behavior, Principles of Marketing, Finance, HR etc.; Level III Proficiency Development Courses: These courses are offered during MBA III Semester and aim at sharpening the proficiency; Level IV Specialization Courses: In this segment we have listed advanced courses in various specializations that students have opted. (Annexure 1: Courses mapped at Level I, II, III and IV). In course Mapping we will be keeping 3 or 4 courses at each level and let student take up any two of his choice.

Among the listed courses, students are free to choose courses as per their interests. However, we recommend students to take up minimum one course in each semester. Our faculty members are also encouraged to guide students provide on-ground teaching support to ensure that students complete the certifications successfully. Additional hours are assigned for MOOCs in the regular class time tables so that students can take benefit of shared learning. Students’ performance in MOOCs is one of the eligibility criteria for choosing / allotting specializations in the second year.

The faculty coordinators will identify and make an inventory of MOOCs, and categorize them into 4 different levels: Foundation courses, Reinforcement courses, Proficiency development courses and Specialization courses. Further to this, they are mapped with MBA course curriculum offered by the University.

Faculty with the required competencies in each course will evaluate the course content and suggest students to choose the right courses in each semester. In addition, they design support system in terms of guidance and material as required and closely monitor each student’s progress to ensure that they complete the certifications successfully. Additional hours are assigned for MOOCs in the regular class time tables so that students can take benefit of shared learning. Students’ performance in MOOCs is one of the eligibility criteria for choosing / allotting specializations in the second year. Successful students are appreciated and recognized for their additional efforts in open forums on

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As discussed above, BNMIT is affiliated to a University (Visvesvaraya Technological University) and is bound by the curriculum and calendar prescribed by the same. The MOOC-initiative has to be accommodated with all these restrictions. It is difficult to convince students and make them understand that the extra effort will fetch those desired results as they compare themselves and their schedule with that of their peers in other institutions affiliated to the same University. To overcome this hurdle, faculty coordinators keep them motivated showing the brighter side and through rationale.

In few cases, since most of the students are not conversant with the foreign vocabulary, slangs and accent, they find it difficult to follow the instructors. Faculty coordinators assist them in understanding the instructions and lectures during the special hours allotted to MOOCs, till they feel comfortable to carry on their own.

In case of courses of longer duration courses (above 6 weeks), students lose persistence and perseverance. Faculty coordinators step in to keep them going through motivations like linking success to choice of specialization, employability, etc.

In VTU, MBA students have to choose two specializations in their II year. Since most of the MBA students in VTU-MBA are fresh graduates and from different undergraduate degrees, they are confused and are not logical about the specializations they want to pursue. The courses helped them to identify their interests and realize their competencies. When students were in II semester, they were enrolled into one course each in the areas of specialization of their interest. While doing the MOOCs, they realized what enthuses them and what suits their capabilities and skills. Students’ understanding of specialization areas of their interest has been observed to be substantial and helped them to identify specializations suitable to their competency. This in turn helped them in choosing right specialization.

Challenges faced while executing the initiative and their solutions The success of the MOOC format is always challenging because of its reliance on the capability of the participants, the nature of the learning itself, the underlying technology and issues related to scale, quality and employability. BNMIT being an affiliated college of Visvesvaraya Technological University is bound by the curriculum and calendar prescribed by the university. The MOOC-initiative has to be accommodated with several restrictions. It is challenging to convince students and make them understand that the extra efforts will fetch those desired results as they compare themselves and their schedule with that of their peers in other institutions affiliated to the same University.

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The major hurdles faced in executing the initiatives were:  Students did not have access to hi speed broadband connections that support multimedia

 Students were not comfortable with audio uploading, using hangouts, etc. Hence, they were reluctant to take up courses with such assignment requirements

 Monetized courses were not preferred by students due to their economic conditions, affordability and perceived value of the course by the students

 Background of students: Responses of students to MOOC initiative was mixed. Students were questioning the usefulness of the MOOCs as the courses did not add to credits or marks to the VTU affiliated MBA program

 Students apprehensions about their capabilities to successfully complete the certifications

To overcome these hurdle, faculty coordinators kept them motivated showing the brighter side and through rationale. In some cases, students are not conversant with the foreign vocabulary, slangs and accent, and often find it difficult to follow the instructors.

Our faculty coordinators assist them in understanding the instructions and lectures during the special hours allotted to MOOCs, till they feel comfortable to carry on their own. In case of courses of longer duration courses (above 6 weeks), students lose persistence and perseverance at that point faculty mentors step in provide required motivation and encouragement to complete the courses. In the first phase of this intervention 77.47 percent of the enrollments have successfully culminated into certifications. This is more than 10 times of MOOCs success rate globally. As a result of this initiative, students are confident of the specializations they opt for. Surprisingly, there has been no switching over of specialization among students due to their MOOC experience which is otherwise quite common during the first few days of beginning of III semester. They are observed to be very clear about the specialization. The inhibition seen among students from rural background regarding facing interviews, working for MNCs due to their language skills (both comprehension and spoken) was reduced due to exposure to international instructors and learning communities. Students are also found to be confident about working in virtual teams due to the assignment experiences of MOOCs with hangouts, virtual team assignments, etc. With not many MOOC-certified MBA graduates around, it will give them upper hand over other job applicants and aspirants when they seek jobs / careers.

Survey on MOOCs conducted:

We have conducted a survey, ‘User Perceptions on MOOCs’ in the midway to understand the status

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A reliable and validated questionnaire was formulated post detailed literature review. Online data collection method was used to collect data using self-administered questionnaire. The link to questionnaire was mailed to 143 students of BNMIT who had taken up different MOOCs offered from different universities through different platforms. Out of the 143 students, 132 students submitted their responses out of which only 118 responses were complete and considered for analysis. These 118 students are represented by 53.4% (63 in no.) female and 46.6 (55 in no.) male student respondents. This is actually the true representation of the gender of MBA students at BNMIT. 71% (84 in no.) of these respondents belong to the age group 18-22 years (the age group of fresh graduates without work experience) taking up MBA courses. Whereas 26% (30 in no.) of respondents belong to the age group 23-27 years (students with 6months to 3 years work experience).

Major findings of the survey: For 93% (110 in no.) of respondents, the first source of information on MOOCs was their professors / mentors. Only 6% of respondents were informed about MOOCs by internet and 1% from friends. This exhibits the active role played by the faculty member of MBA-BNMIT and the extent to which they have driven this initiative. Major reason for taking up MOOCs is opportunity to earn certificates from reputed institutions, access to high quality courses, independent learning and to learn from best instructors. They expect MOOCs to be informative, challenging and flexible.

Overall, respondents have positive feeling towards MOOCs. However, the respondents are not very much excited to participate in the discussion forums. This may be due to their lack of confidence in communication, which is a common problem seen among students coming from rural areas or vernacular educational background.

For the courses they have taken, respondents have rated the concept explanation at the best, followed by instructors’ presentation pace and utility of the class time. They are happy about instructors’ overall teaching and their concern about students’ learning too. The respondents show highly positive opinion regarding all aspects of instructors (with an average rating on all parameters at 5.78 on a 7 point scale). The respondents find MOOCs to be highly useful. The highest utility expressed is upgrading skills, career development and placements. The average utility score of MOOCs rated by the respondents on a five-point scale is 4.36, which is very high.

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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Responses recorded on Five-point Scale  Reasons for enrolling into MOOCs 1. Opportunity to earn certificates from reputed institutions 4.59 2. Access to high quality courses 4.54 3. Independent learning 4.49 4. Learn from best instructors 4.46 5. Experiment with different courses of interest 4.30 6. Interact with students and professionals across globe 4.25 7. Unlimited learning opportunities 4.25 8. Easy access 4.24 9. Free to try 4.12 10. Flexible schedule 4.02 11. Control over study time 3.86

 Expectations from MOOCs 1. Informative 4.56 2. Challenging 4.32 3. Flexible 4.24 4. Simplicity 4.15 5. Fun 3.75 6. Exhaustive 3.53

 Respondents’ Feelings while taking up MOOCs 1. Eager to take up quizzes and other evaluations 4.27 2. Enthusiastic about the activities 4.24 3. Impresses with mode of operation 4.22 4. Happy with the study material 4.20 5. Enthusiastic about the lectures 4.10 6. Curious to assess peers 4.05 7. Excited to participate in discussion forums 3.90

 Utility of MOOCs 1. Upgrading skills 4.48 2. Career development 4.42 3. Placements 4.37 4. Value and worth of learning 4.27 5. Consolidating understanding of the subject 4.24

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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Responses recorded on Five-point Scale

 Criteria to take up paid MOOCs 1. Facilitates user career aspirations 4.35 2. Offered by highly-rated institution 4.31 3. Certificate of participation 4.24 4. Course of user interest 4.20 5. Offered by highly-rated instructor 4.08 6. Credit course 3.90

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Responses recorded on Seven-point Scale  Rating of MOOC Instructors 1. Explanation of concepts 5.90 2. Instructor utility of class time 5.86 3. Presentation pace 5.86 4. Instructor’s overall teaching 5.83 5. Instructor’s concern about students’ learning 5.80 6. Instructor’s emphasis on conceptual understanding 5.78 7. Instructor’s efforts to inspire and motivate students 5.69 8. Availability of instructor for consultation outside lectures 5.54

 Rating of MOOCs 1. Enrollment / registration process 6.24 2. Quality of course content 6.10 3. Clarity of course objective 6.03 4. Quizzes and evaluations 5.92 5. Clarity of evaluation criteria 5.83 6. Technical support 5.83 7. Fairness in grading 5.80 8. Study material 5.71 9. Peer assessments 5.69 10. Discussion forum effectiveness 5.58

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The respondents are highly satisfied with the entire offering (enrolment / registration process, course content, objective, study material, discussion forum effectiveness, peer assessments, clarity of evaluation criteria, fairness in grading and technical support). The respondents evaluate MOOCs positively with an average rating on all parameters at 5.87 on a 7-point scale. The most quoted criteria for taking up a paid course is the extent to which the course facilitates their career aspirations, followed by the offering institution and availability of certificate of participation.

The Initiative taken to Next Level through MoU with IIMBX (2017): With the encouraging outcome of MOOCs initiative, BNMIT identified the potential benefits of such an exposure to the students and went a step ahead to offer customized MOOCs to MBA students of BNMIT in association with IIMBX. Taking into consideration the interests of the students and the gap in VTU MBA syllabus, 2 MOOCs were offered to MBA students: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Introduction to Investments (IM). Prior to the beginning of course, students were given an orientation through a webinar session about the modalities of MOOCs, the instructors and facilitators.

Course Details: CRM MOOC, a 6 week course was started on 25th September 2017 and ended on 12th November 2017 with a break of 1 week after 3rd week. The course delivery included engaging online lecture videos, case studies, interviews, write-ups, non-graded and graded assignments, interactive webinars and live interaction with the course instructor. MOOC on IM was of 5 weeks’ duration (23rd October to 26th November 2017). The course delivery was primarily through online video lectures with substantial support material and interesting inputs in the form of application of the theoretical concepts and real time examples drawn from markets across the globe. As part of the course delivery, students enrolled in IM course visited IIMB for an interactive session with the course instructor. The students enrolled on both the courses took up course-end proctored exam online, conducted at BNMIT. CRM exam was conducted on 24th November 2017 for 100 marks. There were 50 MCQs (including multiple selection options) of 2 marks each. The passing mark was 50. IM exam was conducted on 8th December 2017 for 100 marks. There were 40 MCQs (4 different sets of questions) of 2.5 marks each. The passing mark was 50.

The details of the course enrolments and results are as given below: Course Duration No. of students No. of Students No. of Students Pass % enrolled appeared for the passed the exam exam CRM 6 Weeks 55 53 49 89.1 IM 5 Weeks 63 63 63 100

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Two students enrolled in CRM course could not take exams due to personal reasons and have given a letter of explanation.

Course Feedback Feedback for both the courses is collected from the students. The feedback survey collected through Google forms, recorded the students’ view on the platform, facilitators and the course instructor on various relevant parameters (A copy of the questionnaire is enclosed). Also, the survey recorded student’s participation in the course modules and their opinion on the career / job implications of the course. Following is the summary of the same:

MOOC on Customer Relationship Management 50 of the 55 students enrolled took up the survey. 1. 22 students have gone through all the modules of the course and the remaining 28 students have gone through most of the modules.

2. Most of them have quoted issues with internet connection (20 students) and time constraint (19 students) as reason for not completing all the modules

3. The overall rating for the platform (Edx courses) based on 7 parameters is 4.4 on a 5-point scale

4. The overall rating for the facilitators (Technical and academic team from IIMBX) based on 10 parameters is 4.44 on a 5-point scale

5. The overall rating for the course instructor (Prof. Shainesh) and course content based on 10 parameters is 4.43 on a 5-point scale

6. The overall rating for the course is 4.42 on a 5-point scale

7. When asked about if the course will enhance their job / career prospects, 31 out of 50 respondents feel it will, 3 of them feel it will not and 16 of them think it may.

MOOC on Introduction to Investments 56 of the 63 students enrolled took up the survey. 1. 28 students have gone through all the modules of the course,24 students have gone through most of the modules, 2 of them have gone through some of the modules and the other 2 have gone through very few modules

2. Most of them have quoted time constraint (22 students) and issues with internet connection (20 students) as reason for not completing all the modules. 13 of them found the course content difficult to understand and 7 respondents were not able to follow English spoken by

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the instructor.

3. The overall rating for the platform (Edx courses) based on 7 parameters is 4.17 on a 5-point scale

4. The overall rating for the facilitators (Technical and academic team from IIMBX) based on 10 parameters is 4.23 on a 5-point scale

5. The overall rating for the course instructor (Prof. Badrinath) and course content based on 10 parameters is 4.16 on a 5-point scale

6. The overall rating for the course is 4.18 on a 5-point scale

7. When asked about if the course will enhance their job / career prospects, 34 out of 56 respondents feel it will and the remaining 22 of them think it may.

The MOOCs offered by IIMBX gave an opportunity for our students to learn from professors of eminence from higher learning institutions and a notch up learning in the specific areas.

Conclusion: The entire initiative was a productive and good experience for the students and the faculty involved. This is not just one odd instance; the initiative has been consistently fetching good results over a period of 3 years. Though there are students who did not take up the MOOCs seriously to begin with, after seeing the impact of MOOCs on their senior friends and their class-mates, they were motivated to take it up seriously. Our students gave a testimony to the success of the initiative over the years. Students have expressed that the MOOCs gave them opportunity to new learning methods, improve their skills, domain knowledge, to reduce the knowledge gap, to explore new areas and fields of interests and ultimately to earn an internship / a job.

Future Plans: With this encouraging success the author is planning to design customized certification programs in association with industry associations and professional bodies and launch them for the benefit of aspiring managers.

References: [1] Coughlan, S. (2012). Gates Foundation funds online university open access, BBC. Retrieved fromhttp://www.bbc.com/news/education-20393753 [2] Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs): Advantages and Disadvantages (2014). Retrieved from http://www.durofy.com/massive-open-online-courses-moocs-advantages-and-

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disadvantages/ [3] Shah, D. (2014a). Online Courses Raise Their Game: A Review of MOOC Stats and Trends in 2014: MOOC Ecosystem Reaches Maturation Milestones. Retrieved from https://www.class-central.com/report/moocs-stats-and-trends-2014/ [4] Shah, D. (2014b). MOOC Tracker – Never Miss a Course: Notification / Reminder service for MOOCs.Retrieved from https://www.class-central.com/report/mooc-tracker/

The Author conveys her deep sense of gratitude to Dr. SK Prasad for his initiative of MOOCs project when he was Dean, Department of Management Studies at BNM Institute of Technology.

90 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Star-Shaped Poly(ʟ-lactide) with a Dipyridamole Core: Role of Polymer Chain Packing on Induced Circular Dichroism and Photophysical Properties of Dipyridamole

Selvaraj Nagarajan and E. Bhoje Gowd*

Materials Science and Technology Division

CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India.

Abstract The dipyridamole is emissive in the solution state; however, the emission is weakened in the solid state due to the aggregation-caused quenching. The aggregation of dipyridamole can be prevented by synthesizing star-shaped poly(ʟ-lactide) (SSPLLA) using dipyridamole core. During crystallization of the polymer, chromophore molecules were expelled out of crystalline lamellae, and reside at the interface of crystalline and amorphous phase. The helical chains of poly(ʟ-lactide) (PLLA) can induce the helicity to chromophore moieties during the crystallization of PLLA. The photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield measured for the semicrystalline polymer is 46%. When the polymer is melt-quenched to amorphous, PLLA chains remain in the random conformation, and no induced circular dichroism of dipyridamole was found. In the amorphous polymer, the dipyridamole molecules are scattered and show higher PL quantum yield ~55%. Transparency of the polymer and the disruption of π-stacking of chromophore resulted in the higher quantum yield in the amorphous star-shaped PLLA. These results suggest that the morphology and the polymer chain packing could play an important role in determining the solid-state optical properties of chromophores. In addition, a detailed investigation is carried out to understand the relationship between chain conformation, the growth of crystal lamellae and superstructure of star-shaped PLLA.

Introduction Design and development of novel fluorescent materials have gained considerable interest due to their potential applications in bio-imaging, fluorescent biosensors, optoelectronic devices, and organic light emitting diodes.1-7 In many cases, fluorophores are highly emissive in dilute solutions, and they become weak emitters or completely non-emissive in the solid state due to the aggregation.8-11 To address this issue, various chemical, physical, and engineering methods have been developed. Among these methods, chemical method attracted the interest of researchers because of the possibility of the covalent incorporation of chromophores into insulating polymers with monodispersity.12, 13 The emission properties of hybrid materials are dependent on the packing and aggregation structure of chromophores due to interaction among the adjacent molecules.10 Therefore, extensive knowledge of the structure−property relationships is essential for rational design of hybrid

91 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com materials for optimizing the fluorescent properties. So far, tuning the alignment of chromophores in polymer matrices in a controlled way remains challenging. The incorporation of chromophores into the insulating thermoplastic polymer by the chemical method can be categorized into the following groups: chromophores as part of the backbone of polymer chains14-17, polymer chains end-capped with chromophores18, 19, and chromophores as core molecules in the star-shaped polymer20-22. The major advantage of these methods is the easy fabrication of thin solid films and devices by spin-casting or inkjet printing under mild conditions. Recently, a few saturated polymers containing chromophores are prepared and tested for their photophysical properties.14, 15, 17 Besides these achievements, the use of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers attracted the scientific and industrial interest because these materials can find applications as the bioprobes of real-time imaging. Poly(ʟ-lactide) (PLLA) is a biodegradable semicrystalline polymer produced from the renewable biomass, and it exhibits biocompatibility and good mechanical performance.23, 24 Five major crystalline forms , , ,  (), and  have been reported for PLLA so far.25-32 The presence of an asymmetric carbon in the polymer backbone causes the chirality in molecules, and the polymer chain adopts the helical conformation. Helical chain conformation induces the optical activity and the polymers having optical activity have a high potential for advanced optoelectronic applications.24 Because of these intrinsic features, many of the chromophores have been incorporated into PLLA to afford distinctive properties and functionalities. For example, Ho and co-workers incorporated a chromophoric pyrene at the chain ends of PLLA and poly(ᴅ-lactide) (PDLA), and demonstrated an induced circular dichroism (ICD) in the achiral pyrene chromophore regions during the crystallization of PLLA or PDLA, thus producing banded spherulites with a preferential handedness.18 Kan et al., demonstrated the induced chirality of achiral terminus when incorporated into chiral polymers such as PLLA and PDLA.33 Nisha and Asha incorporated the chromophores based on oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) (OPV) into the backbone of PLLA. They observed the ICD of the chromophore upon the crystallization of PLLA, which resulted in red-shifted OPV aggregate emission in the crystalline form.14 Hsiao et al., studied the solid state emission properties of fluorescent 1,2-bis(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)hydrazine after the incorporation into the backbone of PLLA.15 They showed that the crystallization of PLLA chains determines the aggregation-enhanced emission properties of the fluorophore. Zhao et al., incorporated the AIE (aggregation-induced emission) active units into the PLLA chains at well- defined positions relating to the structures of tetraphenylethenes. These polymers exhibited unique emission properties in the aggregation states as well as in the solid states.20 In most of these studies, the chromophores were incorporated into the backbone of PLLA or at the chain ends of PLLA. Limited studies were carried out using chromophores as core molecules in star-shaped polymers and their emission properties in the solid state. Dipyridamole [2,6-bis(diethanolamino)-4,8-dipiperidinopyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine] trademarked as Persantine is a known medicinal drug used as an antiplatelet agent and coronary vasodilators.34-36 Recently, Nagarajan et al. synthesized biocompatible and biodegradable star-shaped polymers using

92 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com dipyridamole as a core molecule and demonstrated the therapeutic applications of these materials.37 Apart from the medical field, dipyridamole has been used as an emitting layer for the fabrication of organic light emitting diodes.38 This molecule exhibits intense fluorescence in the solution state, but become non-emissive in the solid state due to the aggregation-caused quenching. In order to overcome this problem, in this study, we used dipyridamole as a core molecule to synthesize the star- shaped polymers. Herein we synthesized four-arm star-shaped PLLA (SSPLLA) using dipyridamole core as a macroinitiator. The structures, morphologies and optical properties of the star-shaped polymers were investigated. These studies suggested that incorporation of dipyridamole as core molecule prevented the aggregation behavior of dipyridamole in the solid state and as a result, thin films of star-shaped PLLA shows higher emission efficiency. Star-shaped PLLA shows the highest emission in the amorphous state, where the dipyridamole is randomly distributed in the polymer matrix. During crystallization of the polymer, dipyridamole molecules were excluded out of the crystalline lamellae and located at the interface of the crystalline and amorphous domains. Moreover, the transfer of chirality/helicity from the chiral PLLA to the achiral dipyridamole core was observed. These results clarified the role of polymer morphology in controlling the solid-state optical properties of chromophores in star-shaped polymeric systems containing chromophore as core molecules.

Results and Discussion Synthesis and Characterization As depicted in Scheme 1, the star-shaped PLLA was prepared by ring opening polymerization of ʟ- lactide (3.0 g) initiated by the macroinitiator, dipyridamole (5.0 mg) using tin(II)ethylhexanoate 1 (Sn(Oct)2) as the catalyst. The structure of the star-shaped PLLA was confirmed by H-NMR, and the details are discussed in the previous paper.37 The number average molecular weight of the star- shaped PLLA was 41.0 kDa with molecular weight distribution (Đ) of 1.40. Figure 1 shows the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) pattern of melt-crystallized star-shaped PLLA. During cooling, a distinct exothermic peak was observed at 95 °C indicating the crystallization of PLLA. On subsequent heating, an endothermic peak related to the melting of PLLA crystals was observed at 160 °C. No evidence of crystallization or melting of the dipyridamole was observed in the DSC thermograms of star-shaped PLLA. The DSC thermogram of dipyridamole showed a sharp melting peak at 160 °C and crystallization peak at 140 °C (Figure S1). The WAXD pattern of the star-shaped PLLA shows well-defined X-ray reflections at 2 = 14.8° (010), 16.7° (110/200), 19.0° (203), 20.7° (204), 22.3° (015), and 27.3° (207), which are characteristic peaks of the ordered  form of PLLA.25 No peaks corresponding to the crystalline structure of dipyridamole were observed in the X-ray pattern of the star-shaped PLLA. The absence of the dipyridamole transitions in DSC, and crystalline reflections of dipyridamole in WAXD indicated the prevention of the dipyridamole aggregation in star-shaped PLLA.

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Scheme 1: Synthesis of star-shaped PLLA with dipyridamole as core molecules. (a) SSPLLA (b) SSPLLA Exo Up

(110/200)

(203)

Intensity (a.u.)

(010)

(016)

(204)

(206)

Heat flow (W/g)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 o Temperature ( C) 2deg. ) Figure 1. (a) DSC cooling (upper) and reheating (lower) thermograms obtained at a rate of 10 °C/min, (b) WAXD pattern of melt-crystallized star-shaped PLLA.

Photophysical Properties A physical blend of dipyridamole and PLLA appeared yellow under room light; that is similar to the dipyridamole, but different from the white coloured star-shaped PLLA where the dipyridamole is covalently bonded with four PLLA chains (Figure 2). On the other hand, both physical blend and dipyridamole appeared green under UV light, whereas, the star-shaped PLLA appeared light blue. It has to be noted that in blend sample, PLLA and dipyridamole are phase segregated and the dipyridamole exists in the aggregated state, whereas, in star-shaped PLLA, the dipyridamole molecules are molecularly dispersed in the polymer matrix. UV-vis absorption and emission spectra of dipyridamole and star-shaped PLLA were taken both in the film state (Figure 3) and in chloroform solution (Figure S2). Dipyridamole showed absorption maximum at 417 nm with a shoulder at 438 nm both in the solution state and film state. When the dipyridamole is covalently bonded with PLLA (star-shaped PLLA) the absorption spectra was blue shifted from 417 nm to 409 nm, which was an indication that the PLLA chains prevented the aggregation of dipyridamole molecules both in the solution state and solid state. Dipyridamole emitted green light with a maximum intensity at 500 nm and a shoulder at 478 nm. Similar to dipyridamole, the star-shaped PLLA also showed emission maxima at 500 nm both in solution and solid state.

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Figure 2. Photographs of (a) dipyridamole, (b) physical blend of dipyridamole and PLLA, and (c) star-shaped PLLA with dipyridamole core under room light and UV light (excited at ~ 413 nm).

1.0 1.0 (a) Dipyridamole (b) Dipyridamole SSPLLA SSPLLA 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

Normalized emission Normalized

Normalized absorbance Normalized 0.0 0.0 300 350 400 450 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Figure 3. (a) UV-vis absorption spectra and (b) emission spectra of dipyridamole (dark line) and star-shaped PLLA with dipyridamole core (blue line) in the solid state.

The dipyridamole is quite emissive with the fluorescence quantum yield of ~17% in chloroform solution. However, the fluorescence quantum yield of the dipyridamole in the solid state is significantly reduced to 1.8%, which is due to the aggregation-caused quenching. The quantum yield of the star-shaped PLLA was significantly increased to 46% in the solid state. DSC and WAXD results discussed earlier clearly demonstrated that the star-shaped PLLA exists in the semicrystalline state and at the same time, the disruption of π-stacking of chromophore molecules was observed in the star-shaped PLLA. The increase in the quantum yield may be due to the disruption of the π- stacking of chromophore molecules in the polymer matrix. It is expected that in the semicrystalline state, dipyridamole molecules which are large in size will be excluded out of crystalline lamellae and located at the interface of crystalline and amorphous phase or in the amorphous phase as shown in Figure 4. It is worth mentioning here that due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon in the PLLA backbone, the polymer chain adopts the 10/3 helical chain conformation in the crystalline lamellae, and the helices are arranged in an orthorhombic unit cell.25 These helical chains can induce the

95 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com helicity to chromophore moieties during the crystallization of PLLA, and it can disturb the planarity of the chromophore molecules. The details of induced chirality will be discussed in the later section. As shown in Figure 4, the crystalline and amorphous regions have different densities and hence different refractive indices.39 As a result, these semicrystalline polymers look opaque because the transmitted light gets diffracted and scattered as it passes through one region to the next. However, for most of the photonic and optoelectronic devices, polymers having high optical transparency are preferred. Keeping this in mind, star-shaped PLLA samples are melt-quenched in liquid nitrogen to obtain the amorphous samples. In these samples, the PLLA chains are randomly organized, and the dipyridamole core molecules are molecularly dispersed in the polymer matrix. These amorphous samples look optically transparent. The PL quantum yield measured for the amorphous sample is around 55%, which is significantly higher than that of the semicrystalline star-shaped PLLA. Based on these results, we may conclude that transparency (morphology) of the polymer matrix is one of the important parameters in controlling the emissive properties of the chromophores. Though the - stacking of dipyridamole is completely disturbed in the solution state of star-shaped PLLA, the fluorescence quantum yield of the star-shaped PLLA (~8%) in the solution state is lower compared to the semicrystalline star-shaped PLLA (46 %) and amorphous star-shaped PLLA (55 %). This can be attributed to the fact that, molecular motions such as vibrations or rotations of dipyridamole are influenced by long polymer chains that deactivate radiative pathways in the solution state making the dipyridamole less emissive.40, 41

Figure 4. Schematic illustration of crystallization of star-shaped PLLA (a) PLLA chains adopts the random conformation in the amorphous or melt state (b) PLLA chains adopt helical conformation in the crystalline lamellae.

The fluorescence lifetime-decay profiles of dipyridamole and star-shaped PLLA in the chloroform solutions and solid state are given in Figure S3. The fluorescence lifetime-decay profiles of the dipyridamole and star-shaped PLLA in solution state exhibited bi-exponential decay and tri- exponential decay, with the lifetime of 9.1 and 13.7 ns, respectively. A slight increase in the lifetime

96 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com of star-shaped PLLA compared to that of free dipyridamole molecules in solution state may be due to the restriction of double bond rotation of chromophore with the branched polymer chains. On the other hand, star-shaped PLLA has a much longer lifetime (30.2 ns) than dipyridamole in the solid state (4.68 ns).

Table 1: Fluorescence life time-decay and quantum yield data of dipyridamole and polymer both in solution and solid states. Chloroform solution

Sample τ1 τ2 τ3 Quantum Amorphous (ns) (ns) (ns) yield Ф quantum yield Ф Dipyridamole -- 3.38(17.4%) 09.12(82.5%) 17.0%* -- Star-shaped 0.43(1.7%) 3.50 (5.6%) 13.73(92.6%) 8.0%* -- PLLA Solid state Dipyridamole 1.17(14.3%) 02.34(18.5%) 04.68(67%) 1.8%# 1.1%#,q Star-shaped 7.56(24.8%) 15.12(71.9%) 30.24(3.2%) 46.0%# 55.0%#,q PLLA *Relative quantum yield, #Absolute quantum yield, qmelt-quenched in liquid nitrogen.

Induced Circular Dichroism in the solution state It is reported that both stereoregular PLLA and PDLA are semicrystalline polymers.24 Figure 5 shows the UV-vis absorption and the corresponding CD spectra of PLLA, PDLA, and star-shaped PLLA in the solution state measured in a mixture of chloroform and hexane (50:50 v/v). It is worth mentioning here that PLLA or PDLA is molecularly dissolved in chloroform, and the polymer chains adopt random coil conformation in chloroform solution. With the addition of hexane (non-solvent) to PLLA or PDLA solution, the polymer chains adopt the helical conformation. PLLA and PDLA showed an absorption band at 240 nm, which corresponds to the carbonyl group of the polymer chains. CD spectrum of PLLA exhibits large positive Cotton effect at 240 nm followed by a negative Cotton effect at 249 nm, whereas a mirror-imaged Cotton effect is seen in PDLA. The CD band at 240 nm is attributed to the n → π* transition and the second signal at 249 nm is assigned to the π → π* transition of the carbonyl group in the lactic acid.42, 43 CD studies of PLLA and PDLA showed very strong mirror image Cotton effects, indicating that the left and right-handedness in the helical chains.44, 45 Here, PLLA and PDLA solutions exhibited positive and negative signs in CD spectra, respectively; therefore, PLLA and PDLA chains have left- and right-handed helical chain conformations, respectively.

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SSPLLA 100 PLLA PLLA PDLA PDLA SSPLLA SSPDLLA 50

CD (mCD deg.) -50

Absorbance (a.u.) Absorbance

CD (mdeg.) CD 0 -100 300 350

1.2 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 PLLA 1.0 Wavelength (nm) PDLA 0.8 SSPLLA

0.6

0.4

Absorbance (a.u.) 0.2

0.0 250 300 350 400 450 Wavelength (nm) Figure 5. CD and UV-vis absorption spectra of PLLA (blue), PDLA (red) and star-shaped PLLA (black).

Under the similar conditions, UV-vis absorption and the corresponding CD spectra of star-shaped PLLA were measured. In star-shaped PLLA, dipyridamole molecules are covalently bonded with four PLLA chains, and the polymer shows two absorption maxima at 286 nm and 409 nm, which are corresponding to the dipyridamole molecules. The CD spectrum of star-shaped PLLA shows a broad band at 300 nm (with the positive Cotton effect) in addition to the characteristic CD bands of PLLA. The additional band observed in star-shaped PLLA is attributed to the π → π* transition of the heteroaromatic cycle of achiral dipyridamole twisted in a left-handed helical conformation.46, 47 In this way, the transfer of chirality/helicity was observed from chiral PLLA chains to achiral dipyridamole molecules, as evidenced by the exciton-coupled CD signal corresponding to the absorption maximum of the dipyridamole molecules. The morphology of drop-cast aggregates of star-shaped PLLA from chloroform and hexane mixture on a silicon substrate was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Figure 6 shows the tapping-mode AFM image of star-shaped PLLA. AFM image revealed that the cooperative assembly of dipyridamole molecules and PLLA chains leads to the well-defined nanostructures with one- handed helicity. The formation of helical morphology is consistent with the CD measurements. The helical pitch and height of the ribbons are ~ 60 nm and ~ 5 nm, respectively. These results proved

98 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com that the helical assembly of star-shaped PLLA included the core dipyridamole molecules within the helices. In this way, the chirality transfer took place from molecular level to helical chains and then to helical ribbons in the solution cast star-shaped PLLA. As discussed above, the semicrystalline star-shaped PLLA resulted in a quantum yield of 46%, which is less than the melt-quenched amorphous polymer i.e. 55%. CD and AFM results clearly revealed that the chirality is transferred to the core chromophore molecules in the semicrystalline PLLA, where the PLLA chains adopt left- handed helical chain conformation. This chirality transfer to the dipyridamole molecules resulted in the blue shifted emission in star-shaped PLLA with less quantum yield. On the other hand, no chirality transfer to the core was observed in the melt-quenched amorphous polymer, where the PLLA chains adopt random chain confirmation (as shown in Figure 4). Based on these results, we may say that the transparency of the polymer matrix, the complete disruption of π-stacking of chromophore molecules and planarity of the chromophore molecules play an important role in resulting the higher quantum yield in the amorphous star-shaped PLLA compared to that of the semicrystalline counterpart.

Figure 6. (a) AFM height image of the drop-cast aggregates of star-shaped PLLA from chloroform and hexane mixture on a silicon substrate (b) the height profile measured along the white lines of the AFM image.

Induced Circular Dichroism in the melt-crystallized samples (solid state) To further investigate the chirality transfer in the solid state, the star-shaped PLLA samples were melt-crystallized at different isothermal crystallization temperatures. Figure 7 shows the CD and corresponding absorption spectra of star-shaped PLLA containing dipyridamole as core molecule crystallized at different temperatures from the melt state. For the purpose of comparison, the melt- quenched sample (amorphous) is also included in Figure 7. It is evident from the CD spectra that an

99 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com induced positive Cotton effect corresponding to the characteristic absorption band of the dipyridamole moiety between 260 – 330 nm, were observed in the crystallized samples. However, for the melt-quenched amorphous sample, the CD spectrum is silent. It has been reported that PLLA adopts helical conformation in the crystallized state and as a result the conformation chirality is transferred to the dipyridamole core in the solid state. However, in the melt-quenched amorphous state, the PLLA chains remain random and the chirality transfer to the dipyridamole core is not observed in the amorphous state as evidenced by the CD spectra. It has to be noted that the intensities and the positions of the CD bands are not consistent in the isothermally crystallized samples and that might result from the anisotropic arrangement of crystalline layers and the amorphous layers. The core dipyridamole molecules reside at the interface of crystalline and amorphous boundaries in the lamellar structure (as shown in Figure 4) and the areal density of the dipyridamole molecules changes with the lamellar thickness, which is sensitive to the crystallization temperature. It is worth mentioning here that Ho and co-workers reported the chirality transfer in the crystallization process of chiral polylactides using pyrene moieties attached to the chain ends of polylactides.18 They demonstrated that the lamellar twisting in the crystalline spherulites resulted in the ICD and the optical activity is attributed to the chirality transfer from molecular level to macroscopic structures.18 A detailed investigation is carried out to understand the relation between chain conformation, growth of crystal lamellae and superstructure in star-shaped PLLA.

(a) 3.0x107 20 (c) 90°C 2.5x107 110°C 130°C 0 CD (m deg.) 2.0x107

1.5x107 (b) Amor 1.2 o 90 C 1.0x107 0.8 110oC

Emission Intensity (a.u.) 6 o 5.0x10 0.4 130 C

0.0 0.0

Absorbance (a.u.) 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)

Figure 7. (a) CD and (b) UV-Vis spectra of amorphous star-shaped PLLA thin film and films isothermally crystallized at different temperatures.

Figure 8 shows the polarized optical microscopy (POM) images of star-shaped PLLA melt crystallized at three different isothermal crystallization temperatures and the corresponding images using UV-light as source at room temperature. The spherulite morphology observed at different crystallization temperature suggested that no lamellar twisting is observed in the melt-grown star-

100 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com shaped PLLA. PLLA is expected to form ring-banded spherulites because of its chiral molecular structure.18, 48 Although in most of the cases, ring-banded spherulites have been reported in PLLA, the present melt-grown star-shaped PLLA spherulites exhibited ringless non-banded spherulitic morphology. These results are different from the banded spherulite morphology reported in isothermally crystallized pyrene-labelled PLLA and PDLA samples, where authors demonstrated the transfer of molecular chirality to hierarchical chirality (twisted lamellae).18 It is observed that the size of spherulites increases with an increase of the crystallization temperature indicating that the overall crystallization rate is faster at lower temperature i.e. 90 °C. The spherulitic morphology observed at room temperature for the samples crystallized at 110 °C and 130 °C showed the formation of concentric rings as well as spiral rings. These spherulites were further analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure S4) and AFM (Figure S5) and it was confirmed that these rings are cracks formed within the spherulite structures.49-52 Interestingly, the spherulites grown at lower crystallization temperature did not show such rings or cracks. These results suggested that a critical spherulite size is essential for the formation of cracks and this observation is in good agreement with the literature.49 The corresponding images observed under the UV light (Figure 8 d-f) showed the passage of light through the cracks indicating that the cracks run through the entire thickness of the film. It has been reported that the crack pattern depends on many parameters such as thermal expansion coefficient of crystalline and amorphous phases, crystal orientation and patterns of the crystalline lamellae and the increased levels of residual stress which may have occurred during the crystallization.49-52 Keith et al. reported that the asymmetric stress that builds up between the irregular folding surfaces during the lamellar growth results in the lamellar twisting.53, 54 We may speculate here that the unbalanced surface stresses developed in star-shaped PLLA between the irregular folding surfaces lead to the formation of cracks instead of ring-banded spherulites. a b c

d e f

Figure 8. POM images of star-shaped PLLA thin films isothermally crystallized at different temperatures under polarized light (top row) and UV-light (bottom row).

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To further understand the effect of crystallization temperature on the lamellar thickness, areal density of dipyridamole molecules in the semicrystalline polymer and crystal structure of star-shaped PLLA, the small-angle and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS and WAXD) measurements were carried out. Figure 9 shows the SAXS and WAXD patterns collected for the star-shaped PLLA isothermally crystallized at various temperatures. The long period (L), lamellar thickness (lc), and amorphous thickness (la) were calculated using one-dimensional electron density correlation function (Figure 29, 55 S6). Both lc and la are increased with the increase in isothermal crystallization temperature (see Figure S6b). As shown in Figure 4, the dipyridamole molecules will be expelled out of the crystalline lamellae and located at the surface of the lamellae in the amorphous region upon crystallization. The increase in the long period and lamellar thickness values suggested that the average intermolecular distance of dipyridamole molecules can be varied by varying the isothermal crystallization temperature. Ho and co-workers reported that the long period and the crystalline lamellar thickness can be increased by increasing the crystallization temperature in pyrene labelled PLLA system.18 As a consequence, the average intermolecular distance of pyrene moieties on the crystalline folding surface should decrease due to the increase in the areal density of pyrene moieties on the folding surface, which is resulted from the increase in the lamellar thickness. However, in star-shaped PLLA, unlike the PLLA end-capped with pyrene, the increase in lamellar thickness should result in the increase in the average intermolecular distance of dipyridamole moieties on the crystalline folding surface due to branching architecture. Figure S7 shows the emission spectra of star-shaped PLLA crystallized at different isothermal temperatures. The sample crystallized at higher temperature shows higher emission which might be due to the increase in the lamellar thickness and the average intermolecular distance of dipyridamole moieties on the crystalline folding surface. Based on these observations and the reported data on pyrene-labelled PLLA system18, we may conclude here that by varying the crystallization temperature, the inter-chromophore distances can be varied in chromophores incorporated semicrystalline polymers and as a result the emission properties of the chromophores can be varied. The WAXD patterns showed in Figure 9b revealed that the star-shaped PLLA crystallized into the  form irrespective of the crystallization temperature. In the  form,

PLLA chains adopt 103 helical chain conformations, and these helices are arranged in an orthorhombic unit cell.25 It has been reported that the PLLA crystallizes into the  (') and  forms depending on the crystallization temperature.26, 56 Pure  (') form is obtained in PLLA, when the crystallization temperature is below 100 °C. The chain conformation of the  (') form is similar to that of the  form, but with a slightly disordered lateral chain packing.26, 31, 32 Sakamoto and Tsuji reported the formation of  (') form in branched 4-arm star PLLA having different molecular weights below the isothermal crystallization temperature of 100 °C similar to the homopolymer.57 However, in star-shaped PLLA, the PLLA crystallizes into the  form instead of  (') form at the

102 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com temperature lower than 100 °C. Based on these results, we are speculating here that it is not the branching, but the presence of dipyridamole molecules favours the formation of ordered  form.

Figure 9. (a) SAXS and (b) WAXD patterns of isothermally crystallized star-shaped PLLA at different temperatures.

Conclusions In this work, we investigated the role of morphology and the polymer chain packing on the solid state emission properties of the core molecule dipyridamole in four-arm star-shaped PLLA. The incorporation of dipyridamole as a core molecule prevented the aggregation behavior in the solid state, and as a result, thin films of star-shaped PLLA shows higher emission efficiency. It was observed that the morphology of the polymer controls the emission properties. In the crystalline state, the PL quantum yield of star-shaped PLLA is 46%. PLLA chains regularize in the helical conformation in the crystalline state. The transfer of chirality/helicity from the chiral PLLA to the achiral dipyridamole core was driven by the crystallization of the chiral PLLA, as confirmed by CD measurements and AFM analysis. It was observed that by varying the crystallization temperature of star-shaped PLLA, the inter-chromophore distances can be tuned and as a result the emission properties of the chromophores can be varied. On the other hand, the polymer film was melt- quenched to the amorphous state, where the PLLA chains are in the disordered state. In this case, no induced circular dichroism of dipyridamole was found. Moreover, the polymer film is transparent, and the dipyridamole molecules are highly scattered in the polymer matrix compared to that of the crystallized film. In the amorphous state, star-shaped PLLA shows the highest emission with the PL quantum yield close to 55%. These results shed light on the clarification of the role of polymer morphology in controlling the solid-state optical properties of chromophores in star-shaped polymeric systems containing chromophore as core molecules.

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Experimental Materials:

PLLA (Mn ~ 59 kDa, Đ ~ 1.80) and PDLA (Mn= 90 kDa, Đ ~ 1.37), dipyridamole, ʟ-lactide, tin(II)ethylhexanoate Sn(Oct)2, dry-toluene and hexane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Star- shaped PLLA (Mn ~ 41 kDa, Đ ~ 1.40) was synthesized according to the previously reported procedure.37 Physical blend of PLLA (3.0 g), and dipyridamole (5.0 mg) was prepared by solution blending in chloroform. HPLC grade dichloromethane (DCM), tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, chloroform, and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck Chemicals. Characterization: The molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of the polymer were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (30 ºC; THF, 1 ml/min) Agilent Technologies-1260 instrument equipped with a PL-gel 20 µm MIXED-B column and RI detector. The columns were calibrated with polystyrene standards. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were carried out using a thermal analyzer (TA instrument Q2000). Wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS/SAXS) measurements were performed using XEUSS SAXS/WAXS system by Xenocs, operated at 50 kV and 0.60 mA. The data were collected in the transmission mode geometry using Cu K radiation (wavelength  = 1.54 Å). The fiber diagrams were recorded using an image plate system (Mar 345 detector) and processed using the Fit2D software. Silver behenate and silicon powder were used to calibrate the sample to detector distance for SAXS and WAXD, respectively. A polarized optical microscope (Universal polarizing microscope ZPU01, Carl Zeiss Inc.) equipped with a Linkam hot stage was used to monitor the spherulites at different isothermal crystallization temperatures. The thin-film specimens were prepared by melting the samples at 200 °C for 1 min and then rapidly cooled to the isothermal crystallization temperature. The circular dichroism (CD) measurements were performed on a JASCO-J-810 spectrometer using quartz cuvette of 1 cm path length, equipped with Peltier thermostatic cell holders, at various temperatures (ΔT = ± 0.05 K). CD spectra, recorded as θ in millidegrees, and converted into Δε using the equation Δε = θ/(33982 cl), where, Δε is the difference in the molar absorptivity on the oppositely polarized light in M-1cm-1, c is the concentration in M and l is the path length in cm. The dissymmetry factor gabs calculated using equation gabs = Δε/ε where ε is the molar absorptivity at a particular wavelength. Atomic force microscopy (Digital Instruments, Inc., Santa Barbara) (AFM) imaging was performed using a Dimension 3100 and a CP microscope (Park Scientific Instrument, Inc) in the tapping mode. Photophysical properties of dipyridamole and polymers were measured using a Shimadzu UV- 3101PC-UV-NIR spectrophotometer. The emission spectra were recorded using a SPEX-Flourolog-3 FL3-221 spectrofluorimeter with a front face sample holder. The relative quantum yield (Фs) was determined using quinine sulfate (Фr = 0.546 in 0.1 N H2SO4) as the standard. Absolute fluorescence quantum yield in the film state was measured using a calibrated integrating sphere attached to the SPEX Fluorolog 2 spectrofluorometer. Relative and absolute quantum yields of polymer and dipyridamole were calculated at λex= 413 nm and λex= 404 nm, respectively. The fluorescence

104 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com lifetime decay curves were obtained by the time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technique. Samples were excited with a model N-415 nm with the peak wavelength of 415 + 10 nm pulse with of < 200 ps at the typical power of 8 pJ/pulse duration with a repetition rate of 1 MHz. The fluorescence lifetime values were calculated using deconvoluting the instrument response function with bi-exponential and tri-exponential decay using DAS6 decay analysis software. The aspect of the fit has been evaluated using the fitting parameters such as χ2 (~1.0) as well as the visual inspection of the residuals.

Associated Content: Supporting Information: DSC thermogram obtained for dipyridamole, UV-vis absorption spectra and emission spectra of dipyridamole and star-shaped PLLA in chloroform, fluorescence life time plot of dipyridamole and star-shaped PLLA in chloroform solution and solid state, SEM and AFM images star-shaped PLLA thin film isothermally crystallized at 130 °C, 1D electron density correlation function calculated based on the SAXS data, and Fluorescence emission spectra of star-shaped PLLA isothermally crystallized at different temperatures. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

Author Information Corresponding Author *E-mail [email protected]; tel +91-471-2515474; fax +91-471-2491712 (E.B.G.). ORCID E. Bhoje Gowd: 0000-0002-2878-5845 Acknowledgements Authors thank Dr. Karunakaran Venugopal for the fluorescence lifetime decay measurements and for his valuable suggestions regarding the photophysical properties. Authors also thank Dr. Joshy Joseph, Dr. Vijayakumar C. Nair and Dr. Sunil Varghese for their valuable inputs. Nagarajan is grateful to CSIR, New Delhi, for the Research Associate Fellowship. E.B.G. thanks the financial support from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India under network project CSC-0114. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no competing financial interest.

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and the phase transition mechanism to the ordered α form. Polymer 2011, 52 (26), 6097-6109. 33. Kan, K.; Fujiki, M.; Akashi, M.; Ajiro, H. Near-Ultraviolet Circular Dichroism of Achiral Phenolic Termini Induced by Nonchromophoric Poly(l,l-lactide) and Poly(d,d-lactide). ACS Macro Lett 2016, 5 (9), 1014-1018. 34. Brown, D. G.; Wilkerson, E. C.; Love, W. E. A review of traditional and novel oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy for dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2015, 72 (3), 524-534. 35. Diener, H. C.; Cunha, L.; Forbes, C.; Sivenius, J.; Smets, P.; Lowenthal, A. European Stroke Prevention Study 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke1. J. Neurol. Sci. 1996, 143 (1–2), 1-13. 36. FitzGerald , G. A. Dipyridamole. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987, 316 (20), 1247-1257. 37. Nagarajan, S.; Kiran, M. S.; Tsibouklis, J.; Reddy, B. S. R. Multifunctional star-shaped polylactic acid implants for use in angioplasty. J. Mater. Chem. B 2014, 2 (38), 6549-6559. 38. Legnani, C.; Louro, S. R.; Quirino, W. G.; Tabak, M.; Cremona, M. Organic light emitting diodes based on dipyridamole drug. Thin Solid Films 2006, 515 (3), 902-906. 39. Meeten, G. Optical properties of polymers; Elsevier Applied Science Publishers: London 1986. 40. Dong, Y.; Lam, J. W. Y.; Qin, A.; Sun, J.; Liu, J.; Li, Z.; Sun, J.; Sung, H. H. Y.; Williams, I. D.; Kwok, H. S.; Tang, B. Z. Aggregation-induced and crystallization-enhanced emissions of 1,2-diphenyl-3,4-bis(diphenylmethylene)-1-cyclobutene. Chem. Commun. 2007, (31), 3255- 3257. 41. Hu, R.; Leung, N. L. C.; Tang, B. Z. AIE macromolecules: syntheses, structures and functionalities. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43 (13), 4494-4562. 42. Matsuo, S.; Iwakura, Y. Analysis of optical rotatory dispersion of poly- and oligo(L-lactate) by two-term DRUDE equation. Makromol. Chem. 1972, 152 (1), 203-215. 43. Newberry, R. W.; Raines, R. T. n[rightward arrow][small pi]* interactions in poly(lactic acid) suggest a role in protein folding. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49 (70), 7699-7701. 44. Berova, N.; Nakanishi, K., Circular dichroism: principles and applications. John Wiley & Sons: 2000. 45. Holzwarth, G.; Chabay, I. Optical activity of vibrational transitions: a coupled oscillator model. J. Chem. Phys. 1972, 57 (4), 1632-1635. 46. El-Gamel, S.; Wollert, T. l. U. W. E.; MÜLler, W. E. Optical studies on the specific interaction of dipyridamole with α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid). J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1982, 34 (3), 152-157. 47. Borisevitch, I. E.; Tabak, M. Electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies of dipyridamole: effects of solution composition. J. Lumin. 1992, 51 (6), 315-322. 48. Singfield, K. L.; Hobbs, J. K.; Keller, A. Correlation between main chain chirality and crystal “twist” direction in polymer spherulites. J. Crystal. Growth. 1998, 183 (4), 683-689. 49. Nurkhamidah, S.; Woo, E. M. Correlation of crack patterns and ring bands in spherulites of low

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Membrane technology as a solution for future water crisis Arun M. Isloor Associate professor, Dept. Of Chemistry, NITK Surathkal, Mangalore 575 025, pH 9448523990, E- mail: [email protected]

Introduction Water is the essential resource used for cultural, economic and social growth. It is one of the most precious resources for both human and animal life. So, focusing on the lack of adequate and safe water for drinking is the important challenge in our life.1The sudden boom in the industrialization, rapid population growth and climate change increased the clean and safe water scarcity. In the global water stock, 97.5% is present as saline water in the sea. The remaining 2.5% is present as fresh water. Out of 2.5% of fresh water, a bigger part is frozen in the polar region and about 30% are in the remote aquifers, which is very difficult to access. Consequently, only 0.007% water is available for human consumption.2 Unfortunately, the maximum percentage of this water is polluted by industrial, fertilizer and pesticide wastes. Thus, a technology with the versatile application is highly in need.3To address these issues, an efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly technology is very much encouraged. Membrane science and technology has attracted much attraction in the field of sustainable water purification and desalination. This technology produces clean and safe water for drinking with less amount of carbon footprint related to conventional water purification methods. Further, membrane-based wastewater purification and desalination technologies are energy efficient than the thermal methodologies. It does not require more space for installation of such membrane-based purifiers.4-5 It is relatively tough to give the exact definition of themembrane. However, it can be defined as“interface between two adjacent phases acting as a selective barrier, regulating the transport of substances between the two compartments.”6 The schematic representation of the membrane separation process in presented in Figure 1. In general, the pressure driven membranes can be classified into four types based on the pore size, viz microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes 6-7and it is depicted in Figure 2. MF can filter bacteria, suspended solids, and protozoa. The virus and colloidal particles removal would be taken care by UF membranes. For dissolved organic matter, heavy metal and hardness NF membrane would be the best choice. Further, in desalination and ultra-pure water production still, RO membranes are the superior membranes.6

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Figure 1. Schematic representation of membrane separation process.

Figure 2. Types of membranes based on the pore size. Brief history The first commercial membrane was manufactured by Sartorius in Germany for practical applications. In the 1940s, Kolff established the hemodialysis membranes. However, the breakthrough in membrane technology was achieved by developing the asymmetric membranes by Loeb and Sourirajan.8 Henis and Tripodi reported the industrial gas separation membranes in theeconomically viable way. Similarly, the membrane technology is being reshaped by many of the researchers across the world. The polymeric membranes are having very vast applications and are discussed below point by point. Desalination It is nothing but removal inorganic salts from the sea water. In the 1960s, the first asymmetric RO membranes were reported by Loeb and Sourirajan. The reported membrane exhibited enhanced flux and rejection. The enhancement in flux and rejection was attributed to the presence of thin skin layer and porous sub layer. The desalination process can be two types. i.e., phase change (freezing, boiling, and humidification) or membrane separation process (RO, membrane distillation, and electrodialysis).9Since RO is a pressure-driven separation process, it requires electricity to run the

111 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com pump. In general, the operating pressure of the RO membrane is above 25 bar. Moreover, the operating pressure also depends on the salinity of the sea water. Nowadays, the state-of-the-art RO membranes are having the capacity to remove more than 99% of salts.Nevertheless, preparation RO membrane with high rejection and flux is challenging task. In recent days, many of the researchers are putting their whole efforts in improving the RO membrane flux without losing the rejection capacity.

Dye removal The color produced by synthetic dye molecules in the aqueousstream is reflected as one of the extremely detrimental water pollutants.In addition to having harmful adverse effects, thepresence ofcolor in water is visually unpleasant and can destroy the entireecosystem. The investigation of acute toxicity of every dye constituentsis very much essential due to its harmful adverse influenceson the living organisms and human health.10The explorationof the harmful behavior of dye molecules and their metabolitesis significant for the development of strategies to diminishtheir desperate damaging impacts. In particular, azo dyes containingaromatic amines, which are extremely carcinogenic in natureand at the same time, they can act as an explosive after the reductivecleavage of the azo functionality. For the removal and eliminationof such detrimental dye constituent from the wastewater, variouschemical, biological and physical methods have been utilizedsuch as adsorption, membrane technique, precipitation, biodegradation,and chemical oxidation.11Among these methods, membrane-based separation process plays an imperative role. As thereis no phase separation during filtration, selective removal of contaminants,easier operation and increased productivity, membrane- based separation is becoming more popular in recent years. Especially,hollow fiber (HF) membranes have been exploited in most of thearea rather than the flat sheet membranes. Heavy metals removal Inappropriate disposal of industrial waste has ledto the contamination of the water with heavy metal inturn adversely affecting the public health. The heavymetals like lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium aretoxic in nature, and it is very important to eliminatethese from the water. Out of many approaches, membranefiltration is a method where the heavy metalremoval can be done effectively and economically.Polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF) technique isperformed by complexing the heavy metal with polymericligand like polyacrylic acid (PAA),12polyethyleneimine(PEI)13 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)14to increase the size of the heavy metal ion for theselective removal of heavy metal ions by sievingmechanism.

Gas separation Polymeric membranes can also be used in the field of gas separation. It has very wide 15 application in H2 separation, O2 - N2 separation, dehydration of air and CO2 separation. Initially, inorganic membranes were used for the separation of gas molecules. However, the fragile nature16-17 of the inorganic membranes limited the usage for particular applications. As a result, researchers

112 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com started employing the polymer-based membranes for gas separations. Among this, mixed matrix membranes are more facile and easy to prepare. In brief, inorganic additives are dispersed in the polymeric solution and membranes are prepared via phase inversion. The added inorganic additives would enhance the mechanical strength and gas solubility. In recent times, zeolite, carbon nanotubes, metal organic framework (MOF), halloysite nanotubes, SiO2 and TiO2 are extensively used. It is also reported that, in addition to sieving mechanism of the inorganic additives, functionalizing the additives with some organic functional groups such as amine, hydroxyl, acid, amide and fluoro would enhance the gas solubility. Especially, in the case of CO2 adsorption and separation, amine functionalized materials are highly encouraged. The amine group will form a carbonate with CO2.

Thereby it increases the CO2 solubility. Further, the amine groups form bicarbonate in presence of moisture. Thus, the CO2 separation and adsorption will be more efficient in presence of moisture.

Hemodialysis membranes It is one of the developing areas in membrane science and technology. In the case of thepolymeric membrane for hemodialysis applications, the polymeric material should have the following characteristics. i) Low-cost

ii) Biocompatibility

iii) Spinning ability

iv) Appropriatemorphology

The polymeric materials such as polysulfone (PSF), polyethersulfone (PES) and cellulose acetate (CA) are currently being used for the preparation of hemodialysis membranes. In the typical process, uremic toxins such as uric acid, urea, creatinine, and beta2- microglobulin should be removed from the blood. For example, accumulation of beta2- microglobulin causes amyloidosis.18At the same time, useful proteins such as albumin should be retained in the blood. Thus, the hollow fiber membrane skin layer plays a vital role in the removal of such materials from the blood. Overall, membrane technology has also been playing a very important role in hemodialysis applications, CO2 gas separation, the concentration of protein molecules, removal of bacteria from milk and whey and so on. In summary, development of such superior methods will provide the cleaner and energy efficient technology.

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2. Le, N. L.; Nunes, S. P., Materials and membrane technologies for water and energy sustainability. Sus. Mater. Technol. 2016,7, 1-28. 3. Liang, H. W.; Cao, X.; Zhang, W. J.; Lin, H. T.; Zhou, F.; Chen, L. F.; Yu, S. H., Robust and highly efficient free‐standing carbonaceous nanofiber membranes for water purification. Adv. Funct. Mater 2011,21 (20), 3851-3858. 4. Cheng, X. Q.; Shao, L.; Lau, C. H., High flux polyethylene glycol based nanofiltration membranes for water environmental remediation. J. Membr. Sci. 2015,476, 95-104. 5. Pereira, V. R.; Isloor, A. M.; Bhat, U. K.; Ismail, A.; Obaid, A.; Fun, H.-K., Preparation and performance studies of polysulfone-sulfated nano-titania (S-TiO 2) nanofiltration membranes for dye removal. RSc Adv. 2015,5 (66), 53874-53885. 6. Ulbricht, M., Advanced functional polymer membranes. Polymer 2006,47 (7), 2217-2262. 7. Mulder, J., Basic principles of membrane technology. Springer Science & Business Media: 2012. 8. Loeb, S.; Sourirajan, S., Sea water demineralization by means of an osmotic membrane. ACS Publications: 1962. 9. Garcı́, L., Renewable energy applications in desalination: state of the art. Sol. Energy 2003,75 (5), 381-393. 10. Ahmad, A.; Mohd-Setapar, S. H.; Chuong, C. S.; Khatoon, A.; Wani, W. A.; Kumar, R.; Rafatullah, M., Recent advances in new generation dye removal technologies: novel search for approaches to reprocess wastewater. RSc Adv. 2015,5 (39), 30801-30818. 11. Dasgupta, J.; Sikder, J.; Chakraborty, S.; Curcio, S.; Drioli, E., Remediation of textile effluents by membrane based treatment techniques: a state of the art review. J. Environ. Manage 2015,147, 55-72. 12. Bodzek, M.; Korus, I.; Loska, K., Application of the hybrid complexation-ultrafiltration process for removal of metal ions from galvanic wastewater. Desalination 1999,121 (2), 117- 121. 13. Molinari, R.; Poerio, T.; Argurio, P., Selective separation of copper (II) and nickel (II) from aqueous media using the complexation–ultrafiltration process. Chemosphere 2008,70 (3), 341- 348. 14. Huang, J.-H.; Zeng, G.-M.; Zhou, C.-F.; Li, X.; Shi, L.-J.; He, S.-B., Adsorption of surfactant micelles and Cd 2+/Zn 2+ in micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010,183 (1), 287-293. 15. Baker, R. W., Membrane technology and applications. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2004, 96-103. 16. Vu, D. Q.; Koros, W. J.; Miller, S. J., Mixed matrix membranes using carbon molecular sieves: I. Preparation and experimental results. J. Membr. Sci. 2003,211 (2), 311-334. 17. Vu, D. Q.; Koros, W. J.; Miller, S. J., Mixed matrix membranes using carbon molecular sieves: II. Modeling permeation behavior. J. Membr. Sci. 2003,211 (2), 335-348. 18. Gejyo, F.; Yamada, T.; Odani, S.; Nakagawa, Y.; Arakawa, M.; Kunitomo, T.; Kataoka, H.;

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115 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Dr.Vykunta Raju

Associated Prof of Pediatric Neurology

Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health and

Bangalore Child Neurology and Rehabilitation Centre

Email: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) refers to a constellation of inappropriate behaviors found in many children. The essential feature of ADHD is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. These features are more frequently displayed and more severe, than typically observed in a child at comparable level of development. They may be unusually active and/or impulsive for their age. Children with ADHD have trouble paying attention in various settings like at school, at home or at work. These behaviors may contribute to significant problems in social relationships and learning. For this reason, children with ADHD are sometimes seen as being "difficult" or as having behavior problems.

Definition

Although there is no single, comprehensive and concise definition of ADHD. There are specific elements of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

 Inattention

 Impulsivity

 Hyperactivity

The symptoms should be inconsistent with developmental level and should have persisted for at least 6 months, to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level and causes impairment. The symptoms should be present in 2 or more settings (e.g. at school or work, and at home) and there must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic or occupational functioning.

Clinical features

Symptoms of ADHD appear gradually over the course of many months, often with the symptoms of impulsiveness and hyperactivity preceding those of inattention. Parents may seek help when the

116 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com child's hyperactivity, distractibility, poor concentration and impulsivity begin to affect performance in school, and social relationships with other children or behavior at home. In order to meet the diagnostic criteria, the abnormal behaviors must be excessive, long-term, and pervasive, as described below. Although the behaviors must appear before the age of seven years and continue for at least six months; the child should be at least 6 years old before a diagnosis of ADHD can be made with certainty. A crucial consideration is that the behaviors must create a real handicap in academic and social settings of a child's life.

Some common symptoms of ADHD include:

 Often fails to give close attention to details or making careless mistakes

 Often has difficulty sustaining attention to tasks

 Often appears not to listen when spoken to directly

 Often fails to follow instructions carefully and completely

 Loses or forgets important things

 Feels restless, often fidgets with hands or feet

 Runs or climbs excessively in inappropriate situations

 Often talks excessively

 Often blurts out answers before hearing the whole question

 Often has difficulty in waiting for his/her turn while playing

The DSM-IV TR diagnostic criteria list the common clinical features which are helpful in making the diagnosis.

Early pointers of ADHD

 Motor Restlessness

 Destructive play

 Argumentative and excessive temper tantrums

 Excessive demand for parents’ / teachers’ attention

 Hates waiting and gets bored easily

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There are some unusual features in the behavior of the child even in early years of childhood which may hint towards this disorder.

Toddlers and pre-school children

Hyperactivity

 Always moving

 Being on the go

 Changes the focus of activity frequently

 Appears to be without purpose or goal

 Marked clumsiness, accident prone

Examples: Frequently leaving table during meal can’t sit through listening a story and continuous state of motion even when watching television. Impulsivity  Shifts activities unpredictably

 Behavior may be disruptive and dangerous even without provocation

 Does not listen to parents

 Does not learn from mistakes

 Unresponsive to praise or punishment

Example: The child cannot wait for his/her turn during play activities

Inattention

 Easily distractible

 Does not complete activities

 Cannot play alone

 Very disorganized

 Cannot deal with complex stimuli in a planned way

Example: The child cannot concentrate on a single activity for more than a few minutes and shifts to

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However, since these features may be a reflection of the upper limit of normal development (for that age) or inappropriate parental responses to maladaptive behavior, it is imperative that the child is not labelled as suffering from ADHD until he is at least 6 years old.

BROAD PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

 Behavioral and psychological treatment

 Pharmacological

 Management of associated problems / Comorbidities

Management of primary problem

There are various treatment options for symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity which may be given concurrently. These are mentioned in detail below.

Behavioral and Psychological Treatment

This is an integral component of management and complete elaboration is beyond the scope of this module. Readers may refer to relevant texts. Some of the techniques that are used are:

 Reinforcement of positive behaviors by praise or by providing incentives like (gold star or ‘happy face’) in daily consistency charts

 Provide a distraction-free environment in school and at home for children

 Social skills training

 Adapting tasks to the child’s abilities

Pharmacological treatment

It includes use of:

 Stimulant Medications: Methylphenidate and Nor epinephrine reuptake inhibitors (Atomoxitine)

 Non-stimulant Medications: These are useful in around 30% of children who may not tolerate or respond to stimulant medicines. These include Tricyclic antidepressants, selective Serotonin Receptive Inhibitors etc.

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Management of associated problems/ co-morbidities

 Specific learning disability: special education and remedial teaching

 Oppositional Defiant Behavior (negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures): Behavior modification techniques and management.

 Conduct Disorder: Behavior modification and appropriate medication

 Anxiety and depression: Medication and psychological intervention

 Epilepsy: use of anti epileptic drugs

 Tourette syndrome (A disorder of recurrent, multiple motor and vocal tics with onset before the age of 18 years): Pharmacological treatment has some role.

Steps for prevention

Primary- Avoiding environmental risk factors such as maternal smoking during pregnancy and Lead exposure.

Secondary-Early identification of the symptoms and early institution of appropriate treatment

Tertiary

In school

 Provision of integrated and inclusive education in schools

 Close monitoring in the classroom, preferably seated in the front row in the class

 Predictable schedules and brief study periods

 Special education and remedial teaching

At home

 Regular daily routine

 Reinforcement of good behavior

 Loving but consistent and firm behavior with the child

 Support groups help parents connect with other people who have similar problems and concerns

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Referral pattern

 High index of suspicion and early identification: By increasing awareness among parents, primary physicians, pediatricians and teachers (play schools and regular schools).

 Creating a network of agencies that can diagnose such children so that appropriate and timely referral can be possible.

Special benefits

 There are no special benefits for children with ADHD except in the State of Maharashtra, where extra time and writer for examinations are allowed.

Support to the family with an affected child

 The multidisciplinary team can counsel the child and the family, helping them to develop new skills, attitudes, and ways of relating to each other.

 Assist the family in finding better ways to handle the disruptive behaviors and promote change.

 In a young child, parents should be taught techniques for coping with and improving the child's behavior.

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AUTISM

Dr.Vykunta Raju Associated Prof of Pediatric Neurology Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health and Bangalore Child Neurology and Rehabilitation Centre Email: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Autism includes a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by impairment in several areas of development. Recently these disorders are being referred to as autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) to include a broader behavioral phenotype. Sometimes the terms autism and ASD are used interchangeably. Definition The core features of autistic spectrum disorders are,  Qualitative impairment in reciprocal social interactions  Qualitative impairment in communication (verbal and non-verbal)  Restrictive and stereotypical patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities In addition, children with autism may have unusual responses to sensory experiences or perceptions.

Autistic Disorder All of the following symptoms/deficits may/may not be present in a child. Since there is a wide variation in presentation of Autistic disorder, variable combination of symptoms may be present in a given child. 1) Deficits in reciprocal social interaction  Delay in the appearance of social smile  Impairment in the non-verbal behaviors used for social interaction (eye-to-eye contact, facial expressions, body postures and gestures)  Child may appear to be “in his/her own world”  There may be lack of spontaneous sharing of enjoyment and interests with other people  Social interaction is rarely initiated spontaneously  Contrary to popular belief, autistic children can show definite signs of attachment with familiar people or even clinginess to a specific caregiver  On the other extreme, these children may display excessive familiarity with strangers due to the absence of social inhibitions and stranger anxiety

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2) Deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication  Approximately 50% never develop speech. In the remaining 50%, language acquisition is delayed and deviant  This may manifest with impairment in the ability to initiate or sustain a conversation, or stereotyped, repetitive use of language  Children may exhibit repetition of words or phrases regardless of meaning or relevance (echolalia) and pronominal reversal (substituting ‘I’ for “you’ or vice-versa)  The child may not be able to understand gestures or use them during communication  There is an absence of effort to indicate an item of interest to another person 3) Stereotypic behavior  Restrictive and repetitive behaviors present as stereotypic movements (body rocking, finger twirling, hand flapping, spinning and tiptoe walking)  A preoccupation with certain ideas or objects (i.e. a fascination with certain numbers, letters, schedules, animate or inanimate objects)  An apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals

4) Sensory deviance  These may be visual (seeing things from a particular angle), auditory (appearing deaf at times, clapping hand over their ears), olfactory (sniffing objects) or perceptual (refusing to eat food with certain textures or tastes, mouthing of objects, compulsive touching of certain objects or textures, diminished response to pain)  Increased sensitivity to touch, including but not limited to the feel of running water, adversity to bathing

5) Play  This may be atypical or deviant, and if present, is mechanical and repetitive  Imaginative play is markedly impaired or absent  The child may play with objects which are not usually used for play by children of the same developmental level. E.g. A six-year old child collecting and playing with shoes, papers or wrappers  Lining things up

6) Abnormalities of mood or affect  Mood may be inappropriate to the situation or circumstances.  This may be in the form of uncontrollable crying or laughing in a situation where it is not warranted.

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7) Others  These children may be oblivious to hazards or may have excessive fear of harmless objects.

CLINICAL SPECTRUM Early pointers to autism Early red flag signs in communication  Does not babble, point, or make meaningful gestures by 1 year of age  Does not speak one word by 16 months  Does not combine two words by 2 years  Does not respond to name  Loss of language or social skills at any age  Decreased use of non-verbal behavior during communication: e.g., eye to eye gaze, facial expression, body posture, gestures  Lack of startle response to sudden, loud noises (Apparent hearing impairment)

Early red flag signs in social functioning  Poor eye contact  Doesn't smile  Doesn't seem to know how to play with toys  Excessively lines up toys or other objects  Is attached to one particular toy or object  Does not share enjoyments, interests or achievements with other people (e.g. Does not show or point)

Clinical features of Autistic disorder The manifestations vary depending on the developmental level, age of the child, and degree of impairment.  Onset of symptom is usually before 3 year of age.  The most noticeable characteristic is impaired ability to develop normal social skills with lack of eye contact, gestures and facial expression.  Delay in or failure to acquire speech. Young children with autism also have deficient comprehension and the communicative use of speech and gesture. Note: This may not be true for children with Asperger disorder who can often pass as “typical” until a much later age (10-12 years).  Children with autism often do not engage in pretend play, which starts before the age of two in normal children. Intrusive stereotypies may prevent children from engaging in meaningful activity or social interaction.

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 About 50 % of children with autism are mentally retarded (IQ below 70). Their cognitive level is significantly associated with the severity of their autistic symptoms.  Epilepsy develops in approximately one- fifth to one- third of autistic individuals.

Co-morbidities of autistic spectrum disorders  Psychiatric disorders: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, anxiety disorders, disruptive behavior disorders, mood disorders, tics and Tourette disorder.  Mental retardation  Epilepsy/Seizures  Feeding disturbances and gastrointestinal problems  Sleep disturbances  Hearing impairment

Natural course of Autistic disorder  It is very important to remember that the clinical spectrum changes with age and attainment of developmental maturity.  The specific characteristics change as the child grows older, but the deficits continue into and through adult life with broadly similar patterns.  During infancy, most children have a history of delayed or unusual development. Some children (33%) may give a history of normal development with regression becoming apparent between 1 and 3 ½ years. Often delays and deviations in language become apparent during the 2nd or 3rd year and are a common cause of seeking professional help. Up to 25% of children with autism had a history of normal development to approximately 18-24 months of age followed by a loss of social and communication skills.  As the child develops, the child may become more willing to be passively engaged in social interaction, but their behavior is still deviant with unawareness of other people’s boundaries or inappropriate intrusiveness.  Hyperactivity improves and ritualistic behaviors start decreasing during adolescence.  Depression may develop in some high functioning autistic individuals who have limited social and language skills when they struggle with the normal desire to be a part of a group.

BROAD PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT The goals of management comprise of:  Advancement of normal development (acquisition of cognitive, communication and social skills)  Promotion of learning and problem solving in structured semi-structured and unstructured settings.

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 Reduction of maladaptive behavior that impede learning  Treatment of all co-morbid conditions  Assistance of families to cope with autism

Management of primary problems The earlier and more frequent the intervention, the better the prognosis. Universally accepted goals are improvement of the overall functioning status of the child by development of communication, social, adaptive, behavioral and academic skills. Therapy with young children focuses on speech and language, special education, parent education, training and support and pharmacotherapy for certain target symptoms. Older children and adolescents with greater intelligence but poor social skills and psychiatric symptoms may require psychotherapy, behavioral or cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy.

Behavioral & Psychological Treatment: 2- 3 years children  Target deficits in learning, language, imitation, attention, motivation, compliance and initiative of interaction.  Behavioral methods/ communication/ occupational/ physical therapy/ social play intervention.  Physical activity to develop motor coordination (games/ puzzle/ paint).  Encourage interaction and use of language at snack time.

3- 9 years children  Provide a structure to enable a child to acquire social skills and functional communication.  Involve parents to use the skills and behavior learned at school when at home.  Encourage to grow his/ her areas of strength.  Skills as learning how to behave in social gatherings and in making friends. Address practical matters in activities of daily living

Pharmacological treatment  There is no pharmacological cure or substitute for appropriate educational, behavioral, psychotherapeutic, vocational, and recreational programs.  Medication is used only as an adjunct to these core interventions.  The goals are to minimize core symptoms, prevent harmful behavior (aggression, self- injury) and maximize the benefits of non-medical intervention.  A decrease in these behaviors may facilitate communication, learning, socialization and

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integration into community settings. Management of associated problems/ co-morbidities  Mental retardation- Acquisition of skills employed in the activities of daily living  Eating Disorder- Cognitive Behavior therapy and routine activity.  Sleeping disorder- Use of appropriate medications and routine activity.

Steps for prevention Secondary and tertiary prevention can be done by  Genetic counseling (especially genetic and metabolic conditions associated with Autistic disorder and Rett disorder)  Increasing awareness among parents and community.  Increasing index of suspicion among primary care providers to enable early diagnosis.  Increasing awareness and sensitizing kindergarten, nursery and primary school teachers  Appropriate management as early as possible.

Referral Pattern  High index of suspicion and early identification o By increasing awareness among parents and teachers (play schools and regular schools) o Awareness among doctors- general pediatricians/ psychologists/ pediatric neurologists  Creating a network of agencies who can diagnose and manage such children so that appropriate and timely referral can be possible

Rehabilitation Providing multidisciplinary assessment and advice to prevent development of secondary complications. The rehabilitation team should be staffed by a team of specialist professionals who work as a co-coordinated multidisciplinary team to enable people to transfer skills acquired during therapy sessions to their daily living activities. These include a developmental pediatrician/ neurologist, a psychiatrist, ophthalmologists and optometrists, audiologists, psychologists, occupational and physical therapists, speech and language pathologist, behavioral expert and special educator.

Special benefits  National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disability Act, 1999 has provisions for legal guardianship of the four categories and creation of enabling environment for as much independent living as possible. The Ministry of Finance has included income tax exemption for parents/ guardians of children with autism according to Section 80DD and Section 80U of the Income Tax Act 1961.

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 The National Trust also provides following assistance for persons with diabilities: Economic rehabilitation of persons with disabilities comprise of both wage employment in organized sector and self-employment (3% reservation in employment in government establishments; wage employment in private sector; self-employment; special benefits for women and children with disabilities; provision of barrier-free environment).  NHFDC schemes implemented through state channelising agencies (SCA) and nationalized banks: Loan upto Rs. 3.00 lakh can be availed for self-employment amongst persons with mental retardation, cerebral palsy and autism

Management of the family with an affected child  Developing social support groups  Counseling the family

Assessment of medical comorbid aspects 1. Assessment of vision and hearing: in all children 2. Assessment of mental Retardation: in all children 3. Electroencephalography: indicated in children with suspected seizures, unusual behavior, symptoms of regression, unusually poor sleep or regressive loss of previously acquired sleep. 4. Neuroimaging: indicated in children with focal neurological signs, dysmorphic features or regression. 5. Assessment of sleep disorders: indicated when the sleep problems cause considerable stress and interfere with family functioning. 6. Assessment of feeding problems: if leading to significant malnutrition 7. Genetic referral and testing (DNA analysis, High-Resolution Chromosome Analysis): indicated in the presence of dysmorphic features or a positive family history of mental retardation of undetermined etiology. Genetic testing for Fragile X syndrome and Rett disorder is available. 8. Metabolic testing: indicated when there is additional history of episodic lethargy and cyclic vomiting, early seizures, dysmorphic features, mental retardation or regression. 9. Screening for lead levels: indicated for children with significant geophagia or pica.

128 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Cerebral Palsy Dr.Vykunta Raju Associated Prof of Pediatric Neurology Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health and Bangalore Child Neurology and Rehabilitation Centre Email: [email protected]

What is Cerebral Palsy (CP)? Cerebral Palsy is primarily a disorder affecting the movements and actions performed by various muscles of the body (motor disorder). Though described as non progressive the disability (due to the damage sustained at a time during early childhood) can progress.

How common is CP? Most place the prevalence around 2 per 1000 children. In India, no absolute figures are available, but estimated children affected (based on hospital records) are over 2.5 millions.

How do you recognize C.P.? . The hall mark of the condition is motor dysfunction, i.e. there is abnormal muscle tone, abnormal posture and movement. . As the child grows, the movement disorder can appear worse because every effort to move is confronted by the force of gravity. . The clinical expression of the child depends on the extent and area of brain damage, growth of the child, coexisting developmental problems.

What are the other associated problems? 1. Mental Retardation 50-75%

2. Fits 25-35%

3. Behavioral problems 30-50%

4. Speech, hearing and language disorders 15-20%

5. Eye - squint, refractory errors, field defects 50-70%

6. Extra pyramidal abnormalities 10%

Why is it important to know about CP? . Ignorance about the problem often causes more problems for a person with C.P. than the condition itself.

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. Actually a child with C.P. is not hopeless . Half the children with C.P. have average or above average I.Q. . With timely help and proper guidance a vast majority can lead active, self supporting and long lives.

Causes of cerebral palsy Before Birth During Birth After Birth

. Iodine deficiency, iron . Birth asphyxia . Brain infections deficiency & poor diet . Prematurity such as virus, TB, . Infections, high fever . Abnormally increased and bacteria. . Increased Blood jaundice . Head injuries pressure ,Diabetes . Bleeding in brain . Fits . Teratogens - drugs, . Low blood sugar, . Exposure to toxins- radiation, smoking, dyselectrolytemias like-endosulfhan alcohol, and . Sepsis, and brain . Exposure to heavy environmental toxins fever metals like-lead . Advanced age at conception . Poor care during pregnancy . Poor socioeconomic status

Early diagnosis of CP

Warning symptoms . Lack of alertness . Increased abnormal movements, Fits . Feeding problems, drooling . Poor quality of sleep

Abnormal signs . Reduced head size or fall in its growth. . Delayed social smile. . Poor head control present at 3 months of age. . Delayed appearance of developmental milestones.

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. Constant fisting after 2 months of age . Increased tone, scissoring or assumption of equinus position of feet. . Eye problems: roving eyes, no visual following, persistent squint. . Lack of response to sound.

Conditions that mimic CP

. Birth defects- neural tube defects, vertebral instability etc. . Slowly progressive degenerative brain disorders e.g. metabolic disorders - aminoacidurias like glutaric acidemia type I, peroxisomal disorders, mitochondrial disorders. . Neuromuscular disorders e.g. muscular dystrophies. In all cases where the diagnosis is in doubt, further follow-up and diagnostic evaluation may be required.

Role of investigations Diagnosis of CP is essentially clinical  Laboratory tests are not necessary to confirm diagnosis.  Brain imaging studies including Ultrasound scan of brain, CT and MRI may be useful in elucidating the cause of cerebral palsy and suggesting a long term outcome.  Ultrasound scan head is easily available in most health centers and is useful to detect bleeding and periventricular leucomalacia in preterm babies.  CT and MRI - to detect / diagnose other diseases that may be confused with CP e.g. slow degenerations, birth defects etc.

Eye and hearing assessment  Always screen systematically for visual and auditory problems even if they may not be clinically apparent.

MANAGEMENT

Benefits of early intervention  Anatomical - Maintains soft tissue extensibility, optimises musculoskeletal growth and development.  Physiological - Early visual and sensory inputs optimize movement, posture and balance.  Developmental - Reinforces positive developmental patterns.  Reduces cost of treatment, minimizes complications and mitigates need for adaptive equipment.

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Who does the CP management team consist of? Multidisciplinary approach The CP management team consists of a Child neurologist, developmental pediatrician, physiotherapist, a child psychologist, orthopedic surgeon, speech therapist, occupational therapist and a social worker. The neurologist coordinates the functioning of the team and is primarily involved in diagnosis, assessing development and disability. Control of fits if any and determining the need for any interventions-medicines, surgery or otherwise.

How is CP managed? The management of CP revolves around the management of associated conditions (like fits, mental sub normality, visual and hearing loss) prevent the progression of disability and rehabilitation. 1. Physiotherapy

2. Occupational therapy

3. Speech stimulation and therapy

4. Multisensory stimulation

5. Behavior modification

6. Drugs

7. Aids and appliances

8. Surgery

9. Treatment of associated problems

10. Counseling

A physician should have an elementary idea of all the modalities required for holistic management.

Physiotherapy and motor training Physiotherapy should be directed towards  Specific training of actions such as sitting, standing, walking and stepping  Exercises designed to increase muscle strength  Prevention of contractures.  Control of movement.

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Training in activities of daily living

Management of feeding difficulties  Use a shallow spoon, soft foods.  Place the food on the middle of tongue.  Give small pieces of solid food.  If needs help to keep mouth closed when chewing, apply pressure to jaw to keep it closed.  Drooling can be minimized by improving swallowing, drugs not very effective.

Early developmental stimulation Basic principles are  Follow general principles of normal development.  Attempt to break the primitive reflexes as they interfere with attainment of normal milestones.

Educational problems  Children with mild CP do well in mainstream schools.  Most children with moderate to severe cerebral palsy need to be educated in special schools.

Eye problems  Check for refractive error, advice eye exercises.

Communication problems  Encourage child to speak. Guidance from speech therapist can help improve speech patterns.

FITS  Management is same as for other children with fits.  However, a larger proportion of children with CP may have refractory fits or require drug therapy for prolonged periods. Avoid phenobarbitone.

Counseling of the family

The doctor should emphasize that CP is  Not a mental illness  Not necessarily associated with mental retardation  Not contagious  Not inherited (except in rare cases)  Not curable but treatment aims at minimizing disability to improve their quality of life.

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Aim of the schools is not to admit them and segregate them from their family and peer groups but to provide an insight and train the parents and school teachers about the special needs of these children and their strength and weakness.

Social awareness

 All CP children do not have low IQ and least 1/3rd have average 1Q.  They are not a burden on the society and can contribute actively. Legislature – passed on 22nd December, 1995 – disability bill for equal opportunities.

 Equal opportunities, protection of rights and full participation. As per this act the government and local authorities shall ensure that every child with disability has access to free and adequate education till the age of 18, integrate students with disabilities into normal schools, set up special school, for those in need of special education.  Employment – posts are identified for disabled persons  Non-discrimination  The government shall within economic limits, undertake rehabilitation programs for persons with disabilities

134 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Febrile seizures Dr.Vykunta Raju Associated Prof of Pediatric Neurology Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health and Bangalore Child Neurology and Rehabilitation Centre Email: [email protected]

Febrile seizures are fits that is associated with a significant rise in body temperature in children ages of six months to five years. Febrile seizures are also known as fever fits or febrile convulsion

Symptoms During simple febrile seizures, the body will become stiff and the arms and legs will begin twitching. Also, the eyes roll back. The patient loses consciousness, although their eyes remain open. Breathing can be irregular. They may become incontinent (wet or soil themselves); they may also vomit or have increased secretions (foam at the mouth). The skin may appear to be darker than normal during an episode. The seizure normally lasts for less than one minute, but uncommonly can last up to fifteen minutes.

Causes The direct cause of a febrile seizure is not known; however, it is normally precipitated by a recent upper respiratory infections or gastroenteritis. A febrile seizure is the effect of a sudden rise in temperature (>39°C/102°F) rather than a fever that has been present for a prolonged length of time. Febrile seizures represent the meeting point between a low seizure threshold (genetically and age-determined; some children have a greater tendency to have seizures under certain circumstances) and a trigger, which is fever. Fever most of the time accompanies respiratory illnesses such as influenza, pneumonia, ear infections, sore throats, and colds. It can occur also with various viral illnesses. The genetic causes of febrile seizures are still being researched. Some mutations that cause a neuronal hyper excitability (and could be responsible for febrile seizures) have already been discovered. Several genetic associations have been identified.

Diagnosis The diagnosis is one that must be arrived at by eliminating more serious causes of fits and fever: in particular, meningitis and encephalitis must be considered. If a child has recovered and is acting normally, bacterial meningitis is very unlikely. The diagnosis of a febrile seizure should not prevent evaluation of the child for source of fever, although this is usually limited to evaluation of the urine in the younger age groups.

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Types There are two types of febrile seizures. • A simple febrile seizure is one in which the seizure lasts less than 15 minutes (usually much less than this), does not recur in 24 hours, and involves the entire body (classically a generalized tonic clonic seizures). • A complex febrile seizure is characterized by longer duration, recurrence, or focus on only part of the body. Simple febrile seizures are more likely to be harmless that they do not cause brain damage nervous system problems, mental retardation, paralysis, or death, but should be reported immediately to the child specialist or child neurologist. They do not tend to recur frequently (children tend to outgrow them); and do not make the development of adult epilepsy. Children who are younger than one year old that have a simple febrile seizure have a 50 percent chance of having another seizure. Children older than one year old have a 30 percent chance of a second seizure. Children with complex febrile convulsions are more likely to suffer from a febrile epileptic attacks in the future if they have a complex febrile seizure, a family history of a febrile convulsions in first- degree relatives (a parent or sibling), or abnormal neurological signs or developmental delay.

Investigations Investigations are required in few children’s after clinical assessment like, lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid examination, CT/MRI of brain, EEG.

Treatment The vast majority of patients do not require treatment for either their acute presentation with a seizure or for recurrences. Children have a rectal temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher have a fever. The best way to manage is to control the temperature with acetaminophen. Acetaminophen should be based on a child’s weight not his age. Ask your doctor for the appropriate dosage. It is not recommended to use aspirin to treat a simple fever. Another way to manage is to combine medication with sponging or just use sponging alone. Place your child sitting down in a regular bathtub with slightly warm water. Cold water can cause shivering, which raise the child’s temperature. Then sponge water all over the body until the temperature reached a good level. In the home, diazepam rectal suppository medication can be used to control fits immediately. Drugs like diazepam and clobazam can be used during episodes of fever till 5 years of age. Daily medications may be needed in few children after detailed assessment of fits, development, examination, and investigations.

136 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Learning Disabilities Dr.Vykunta Raju Associated Prof of Pediatric Neurology Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health and Bangalore Child Neurology and Rehabilitation Centre Email: [email protected]

Definition Disorder of one of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an impaired ability to listen, speak, spell, read, write, think (e.g. planning) or to do mathematical calculations (not due to mental retardation [MR] or sensory deficits[e.g.,-impairment in hearing, vision etc]).

Common Elements in the Definitions  Brain dysfunction

 Uneven growth pattern/psychological processing deficits

 Discrepancy between potential and achievement

 Exclusion of other causes

Types of Learning Disorders  Dyslexia– Difficulty in reading

 Dysgraphia– Difficulty in writing

 Dyscalculia– Difficulty in mathematical abilities

Etiology-Often genes + disorder

Environmental Factors  Tobacco

 Alcohol

 Head Injury

 Other

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Genetic Factors  Males predominate

 Familial

Epidemiology  Up to 5-10% of "seemingly normal" school children have this hidden disability.

 Dyslexia affects 80% of all those identified as learning-disabled.

 Specific LD is now believed to be a result of functional problem with brain "wiring" rather than an anatomic problem and is genetically inherited.

CLINICAL SPECTRUM

Early pointers to Learning Disorders-

Preschool children  Language delay

 Pronunciation problems

 Slow in acquiring vocabulary

 Difficulty in rhyming words

 Trouble with learning numbers, alphabets, days of the week, colors and shapes

School-going children  Presenting problems-more commonly with school performance-difficulty is in one particular subject

 Slow to learn the connection between letters and sounds

 Confuses basic words (run, eat, want)

 Makes consistent reading and spelling errors

 Transposes number sequences &confuses arithmetic signs

 Poor spelling, slow reading

 Has difficulty in left right coordination

 Has difficulty in tying shoe laces, organizing pencil box.

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 Comprehension of these children is often superior to isolated decoding skills

Reading Disorder (Dyslexia)

Reading achievement is below the level that is expected for the age and intelligence of the child. Oral reading in these children is characterized by distortions, substitutions or omissions. Both oral and silent reading is characterized by slowness and errors in comprehension.

Disorder of Written Expression (Dysgraphia)  There is generally a combination of difficulties in the ability to compose written texts as evidenced by grammatical or punctuation errors within sentences, poor paragraph organization, multiple spelling errors, and excessively poor handwriting.

 This diagnosis is generally not given if there are only spelling errors or poor handwriting in the absence of other impairments in written expression.

Mathematical Disorder (Dyscalculia) Many skills like ‘linguistic’ skills (e.g., understanding or naming mathematical terms, operations, or concepts, and decoding written problems in to mathematical symbols), ‘perceptual’ skills (e.g., recognizing or reading numerical symbols or arithmetic signs, and clustering objects into groups), ‘attention’ skills (e.g., copying numbers or figures correctly etc.) and ‘mathematical’ skills (e.g., following sequences of mathematical steps, counting objects, and learning multiplication tables) may be affected.

Impairment – Training/College READING  Slow

 Comprehension defects

 Vocabulary limitations

 Limited experience

 Figure notations – complex and dense

 Directing – dense, readability very high, in high distraction position

WRITING  Slow

 Vocabulary limitation

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 Spelling

 Punctuation

 Organization

 Experience

 Handwriting – poor readability

 Note taking

Math  Reading is very difficult ( + x )

 Multiple steps

 Poor tool use

 Self confidence

 Anxiety

 Written

 Oral

Assessment  Etiology

 Course

 Familial Course

 IQ

 Reading rate

 Standard scores

 Comprehension

Written Language  Spelling

 Standard score

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 Can person read what they have written

Other causes of learning difficulty  Impaired vision and hearing

 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD)

 Mental Retardation

 Pervasive Developmental Disorders

 Communication Disorder

 Lack of opportunity, poor teaching

 Normal variations in academic achievement

 Anxiety

 Poor studying skills

Consensus Clinical Criteria (CCC) for Diagnosis of Learning Disorders -adapted from DSM IV-TR 1. IQ 85 or more

2. No vision impairment

3. No hearing impairment

4. Presence of adequate opportunity for learning with proper motivation

5. GLAD score below 40%, at two levels below the child’s current class level

6. Difficulty in reading / writing / mathematics that significantly interferes with academic functioning.

Along with GLAD, Bender Visuo-motor Gestalt Test will be used to assess motor coordination

Natural History/Course  Onset during infancy or childhood

 Most show a delay or impairment in developing functions and most undergo a steady course.

 Outcome depends on the severity of the disability, the age or grade when remedial education is started, the length and continuity of treatment, presence or absence of associated emotional

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problems, and parental and school supports.

 With appropriate remedial education and provisions, most children with LD can be expected to achieve academic competence and complete their education in a regular mainstream school.

 However, some children may still be unable to cope up and need to continue their education in special schools.

Management 1. Management of Primary Problem  Remediation and Accommodation

 Behavioural & Psychological treatment

2. Management of associated problems /Co morbidities

Accommodation  Allowing extra time

 A separate quiet room for taking tests

 Alternatives to multiple choice questions

 Providing access to syllabi and lecture notes

 Tutors ‘talk through’ and review the ‘content’ of reading material

 Tape recorders and recorded books

 Allowing use of computers with spell checkers

Strategies – Tools  Calculator

o Read problem

 Word processing

o Spell checker (right-click)

 Notes

o Photocopies

o Instructor Outlines

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o Note taker

Strategies – Organization  Folder for each subject

 Where are the classes

 Library – contact person

 Schedule

 Support Service

 Course load – start slow

Special Benefits  Disability certificate.

 Extra time to write examinations, grace marks, supplemental writer during their examinations and also the facility of integrated as well as inclusive education.

 The National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disability, 1999, recommends promotion of inclusive education.

 The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA, 2000), pledges to “ensure that every child with special needs, irrespective of the kind, category and degree of disability, is provided education in an appropriate environment".

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Dr.Vykunta Raju Associated Prof of Pediatric Neurology Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health and Bangalore Child Neurology and Rehabilitation Centre Email: [email protected]

What is epilepsy? Epilepsy is a disease of the brain. Brain cells create abnormal electricity that causes seizures. A seizure may cause “jerking” movements. In some cases, seizures cause only a loss of consciousness, a period of confusion, a staring spell or muscle spasms. A single seizure is not considered epilepsy. People with epilepsy have repeated episodes of seizures, at least more than 2 episodes at intervals of more than 24 hours.

How common is epilepsy? It is very common with incidence of 10/1000 populations. In India-10 million people are affected.

What causes Epilepsy? There is fine balance in the brain between factors that begin electrical activity and factors that restrict it, and there are also systems that limit the spread of electrical activity. During a seizure, these limits break down, and abnormal electrical discharges can occur and spread to whole groups of neighbouring cells at once. This linkage of electrical discharges creates a “storm” of electrical activity in the brain. This is called epileptic seizure.

What are the causes for epilepsy? Some important causes in India are 1. Fever-Febrile seizures

2. Birth Trauma- lack of oxygen, glucose during the time of delivery.

3. Head injury- road traffic accidents, falls.

4. Brain Fever- bacteria, virus etc

5. Brain tumors

6. Hereditary- if somebody in the family having fits, chances are more, however it will not spread from one person to other person by contact.

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What are the different types of Epilepsy?

There are different types of fits in children. Many times difficult to recognize by parents and even by neurologist.

Generalized- involves whole body with loss of consciousness 1. Tonic – stiffness of limbs and body

2. Clonic – shaking movements

3. Absence- staring and eye blinking and dreaming like episodes

4. Atonic – sudden falls

5. Myoclonic – sudden jerks

Partial – involves only one part of the body 1. Simple- shaking of one part of the body without loss of consciousness

2. Complex- shaking of one part of the body with loss of consciousness

Special types in children

Infantile spasms- West syndrome In this type of fits, sudden movement of neck, trunk and limbs in clusters after awakening from sleep. Usually occurs multiple times per day. During these episodes baby can cry or smile without apparent reason. Usual age of onset is around 4-8 months. These are difficult to recognize by parents. Neurologist should be consulted if any doubt. These are very common when child brain has already damaged during the time of birth. These fits are dangerous to brain if not recognised and treated because it causes further damage to brain. Child will forget already leaned activities.

What happens during a seizure? Some seizures are hardly noticed perhaps only a feeling of “pins and needles” in one thumb for a few seconds. During other seizures, the person may become unconscious; fall to the floor and jerk violently for several minutes. Between these extremes is an astonishing range of feelings and actions. Many people think that the only real seizures are ones with strong, uncontrolled movements. They think that having a strange feeling in the stomach, blanking out for a few seconds, or jerking one arm a few times is nothing important, at most a minor “spell”. But in fact, any change in feeling or behavior that results from an uncontrolled discharge of electricity in the brain is a seizure.

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Do seizures cause brain damage? In a Tonic-Clinic seizure, the person loses consciousness, the body stiffens and then they fall to the ground. This is followed by jerking movements. After a minute or two, the jerking movements usually stops and consciousness slowly returns. Tonic –Clonic seizures lasting less than 5-10 minutes are not known to cause brain damage or injury. However, there is evidence that more frequent and more prolonged tonic-clonic seizures may in some patients injure the brain. Prolonged or repetitive complex partial seizures (a type of seizure that occurs in clusters without an intervening return of consciousness) also can potentially cause long-lasting impairment of brain function. Some children have difficulty with memory and other intellectual functions after seizures. These problems may be caused by the after-effects of the seizure on the brain, by the effects of seizure medicines, or both. Usually, however, these problems do not mean that the brain has damaged by the seizures on brain function, but this effect appears to be rare.

What should be done when child has a seizure? If someone near you has a seizure, use the following general guidelines: 1. Stay calm

2. Don’t try to keep the child from moving

3. Take away items that could cause injury if the child falls or bumps into them

4. Don’t move the child to another place

5. Gently turn the child on his or her side so any fluid in the mouth can safely come out. Never try to force the child’s mouth open or put anything in it.

6. It may help you to know that most seizures aren’t life-threatening. You don’t need to call a doctor or an ambulance unless the child isn’t known to have epilepsy or unless the seizure lasts longer than 10-15 minutes.

7. When the seizure is over, watch the child for signs of confusion. Allow the child to rest or sleep if child wishes.

Is epilepsy inherited? Most cases of epilepsy are not inherited, although some types are genetically transmitted (that is, passed on through the family). Most of these types are easily controlled with seizure medicines.

What tests should be done? 1. Blood studies - Glucose, Ca, Mg, electrolytes, CBC

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2. Blood tests-metabolic tests if associated with failure to gain weight and milestones

3. CT scan/MRI of brain

4. EEG

5. Video assisted EEG

6. Lumbar puncture

7. SPECT scan/PET

8. Therapeutic drug level monitoring

How to Treat?

Before starting treatment 1. Need for definite diagnosis whether fits or fits like conditions

2. Following first episode of fits treatment usually not indicated unless if associated with some other problems.

3. Treatment usually requires after second episode of fits except in some cases like febrile first.

4. Attempt single drug if requires

5. Start with low dose and increase gradually

6. Should be taken regularly

DURATION OF TREATMENT

Minimum seizure –2 year’s free period

Long duration 1. Mental retardation

2. Cerebral palsy

3. Post traumatic

4. Cong. Malformation

5. Neurocutaneous Diseases

6. Progressive brain diseases

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Side-effects  Sedation

 Hyperactivity

 Calcium/vitamin D/ folic acid deficiency

 Liver problems

 Blood problems

 Allergy

New treatments  Ketogenic diet

 Vagal nerve stimulation

 IVIG

 Surgery

How frequently one should visit Doctor? As prescribed by doctor. In general, once in 3 months. Doctor will assess for any side effects of medicines. In each visit, all drugs, seizure diary, and reports should bring to the hospital.

Is epilepsy a curse? No. Epilepsy has nothing to do with curses, possession, or other supernatural processes, such as punishment for past sins. Epilepsy is not a mental illness, and it is not a sign of low intelligence. It is also not contagious. Between seizures, a child with epilepsy is not different from anyone else. Like asthma, diabetes, and high blood pressure, epilepsy is medical problem.

Should epilepsy be a barrier to success? No. Epilepsy is perfectly compatible with a normal, happy, and full life. The child’s quality of life, however, may be affected by the frequency and severity of the seizures, the effects of medications, and reactions of onlookers to seizures, and other disorders that are often associated with or caused by epilepsy. However with proper treatment and care, the patient’s quality of life can be improved.

If I have epilepsy, do child have to take medicines every day? Yes. Child must take medicine every day, even when child not having seizures or when you think you won’t have a seizure till the time your physician asks to change or stop. To prevent seizures, child has to take the medicine regularly, just as your doctor tells you.

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What Should I do if I forget to take my medicine? Usually you should give medicine as soon as you know you forgot a dose.

Should I give extra medicine if I think I’m about to have a seizure? No. The amount of medicine you take is carefully set for child needs. No extra medicine should be taken without your doctor’s approval.

Will I have to give the medicine forever? No. It may be possible for some children with epilepsy to stop taking medicine. However, this decision must be made by your doctor. Before you and your doctor can decide to stop the medicine, several questions should be considered. These include how quickly your seizures were controlled, how long child have been free of seizure, and if you have other illnesses that may affect child problem.

Can I give other drugs while taking anti-epilepsy drugs? Yes, only on the basis of the doctor guidance only you can take other drugs. Because many drugs affect the ability of your epilepsy medicine to control child’s seizures, ask your doctor or pharmacist before taking other drugs, even drugs you can buy without prescription. Can be taken with other drugs, however should be informed to treating doctor regarding drugs because they can cause precipitation of seizures.

Can I take for a holiday? Travel is much easier if Childs epilepsy is well controlled! Means of transport (plane, train, or car) are not factors that aggravate epilepsy but may cause stress and or lack of sleep that could trigger a seizure.

Do’s 1. First aid

2. Don’t put anything in mouth

3. Put in lateral position

4. Take child to nearest hospital

5. Take all drugs and reports when you are visiting a doctor

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Don'ts 1. Driving 2. Swimming 3. Climbing 4. Electricity and machinery works Wrong beliefs  Fits are Rare  Fits spreads from one person to other person (Communicable disease)  Restrain during attack  It occurs from birth  Low IQ  Family isolation Lifestyle Education -They can go to normal school as normal children Playing –They can play as normal children

Uncontrolled fits-causes are  Fits like conditions mistaking for fits  Type of fits and selection of drug may not work  Pseudo fits due to stress  Drug selection- improper selection  Dose –incorrect dosage  Compliance- not taking drugs regularly  Cause – if underlying cause not treated Prevention- fits can be prevented by preventing  Birth trauma  Accidents  Vaccines are available to prevent occurrence of brain fever  Good hygiene to decrease worm infestation  Maintenance of good Environment to prevent fever associated fits and infections .

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ABSTRACTS INDEX

School of Computing & Information Technology

Session 1 : Cloud Computing Privacy Authentication in Cloud Based Services ...... 176 Ms. Chaithra M H, Dr. Vagdevi S. SaaS Security Issues and Solutions in Cloud through SDN ...... 176 R. Sai Sindhu Theja, Dr.Gopal K. Shyam Novel Framework for Fragment Encryption Based Security in Cloud Computing ...... 177 Archana M, Dr. Mallikarjuna Shastry Preserving Privacy in Mining with Outsourced Database and Cloud-Log Protection System ...... 177 Ila Chandrakar, Dr.Vishwanath R Hulipalled Performance Comparison of Fault Tolerant Techniques for Cloud Computing………………178 Mylara Reddy C, Dr.Nalini N. Security Model for cloud computing against DDoS attack………………………………… …..179 Jyoti Tolanur, Dr. Shilpa Chaudhari Privacy Protection and Intrusion Avoidance for Cloudlet-based Medical Data Sharing……..179 Mr. Lithin Kumble, Dr. Kiran Kumari patil Multifaceted Authentication for Secure User Access to Cloud………………………...... 180 Naveen Chandra Gowdaa, Sunilkumar S. Manvib Design of Multilingual Ranking in Indexing Cloud………………………………………… …..180 Manju More E, Dr. Sunil Kumar G Two level image encryption scheme using Arnold map and combined key in cloud Environment……………………………………………………………………………………...181 Supreeth S1, Dr. Kiran Kumari Patil2

Session 2. Data Mining Classification of Web Pages using Text Mining…..………...... 182 Anusha Mallikarjun Meti, Dr. Mallikarjun M Kodabagi Predicting the Level of Intensity of Breast Cancer Genes and Survivability Rate of Breast Cancer Patients using Neural Network…………...... 182 Naganandini.G, Vishwanath R Hulipalled.

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Data Placement Strategy in Big Data ………………………………..…………………...... 183 Anilkumar Ambore, Udaya Rani V Prediction Of Heart Disease Using Various Dm Techniques For Evaluation Of Performance And Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………183 Bindushree D C, Udayarani V Deep Learning based Predictive Model for Sales in Retail Shops………………………...... 184 Surendra Babu K N, Mallikarjun M Kodabagi Title: Malicious code detection in Data Mining………………………………………………….184 Sheelavathy K V, Dr.Udaya Rani V

Session 2.1: Data Mining-1 Fuzzy based Email classification system …………………..……………………………...... 185 Aruna Kumara B, Mallikarjun M Kodabagi Techniques For Image Classification And Retrieval...... 185 Devaraj S Marigoudra, Mallikarjun M Kodabagi Hybrid algorithm for video enhancing video quality based on Horn Schunck optical flow estimation and Laplacian Pyramid segmentation...... 186 Padma Reddy A.M, Udayarani V Internet of Things based Technology for Smart Home System...... 187 Markandeshwar Jerabandi, Mallikarjun M. Kodabagi Sentiment Analysis from Affective Multimodal Content………………………………………..187 Sujay Angadi, R. Venkata Siva Reddy

Session 2.2: Data Mining-2 Cancer Classification using Gene Expression Data………...... 188 Nimrita Koul, Sunilkumar S Manvi Text Detection with MSER, Canny and SWT for Natural Scenes……………………………..188 Shahzia Siddiqua , Sunilkumar S Manvi

Automatic Detection Of Crop Diseases Using Nature Inspired Algorithms…………………..189

Pavithra P, Dr. Aishwayra p Machine Learning Mechanisms for Big Scholarly Data Analysis...... 189 Raghavendra Nayaka P, Rajeev Ranjan Privacy Preservation in Big Data……...... 190 Sujatha K, Udaya Rani V System Proposal And Crs Model Design Applying Personal Information Protection For Big Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………190 Mrs. Shashikala.N , Dr. Monica Mundada

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Job Recommendation: Recommending Jobs Based On Skills, Expertise and ...... 191 Experience of Job Seeker Rashmi C1, Dr. Mallikarjun M Kodabagi 2

Session 2.3: Data Mining-3 Data Mining Techniques on Credit Card Fraud Detection…………………………………….192 S.Deepika, Dr.S.Senthil Lung Cancer Prediction using Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Networks with ...... 193 Optimal Features Dr. S. Senthil, B.Ayshwarya Product Recommendation In Social Media Using Event Detection……………………...... 193 Manu G. Thomas, Dr. S Senthil Unsupervised Machine Learning Techniques for Data Analysis ………………………………194 Raghavendra Reddya , Dr. Gopal K. Shyamb Novel Query Optimization Methods for Web Retrieval Process Performance Enhancement ...... 194 H.R. Shashidhar, 2G.T. Raju and 3Vinayaka Murthy

Session 2.4: Data Mining-4 Soft Computing Approaches for Classification of Medical Data………………………...... 196 Ahelam Tikotikar , Dr. Mallikarjun M Kodabagi Algorithms For Mining Large Sequential Data Streams………………………………...... 196 Anooja Ali1, Dr. Vishwanath R Hulipalled 2, Dr. S.S.Patil3 A Review on Motif Finding Algorithms………………………………………………………..…197 Sanjeev P. Kaulgud,Vishwanath R Hulipalled, S S Patil Computational Intelligence Based High Utility Data Mining With Data Constraints………..197 Siva Sa, Shilpa Chaudharib FIDoop: Parallel Mining of Frequent Itemsets Using MapReduce……………………………198 Ranjitha U.N, Dr. Shilpa Mehta

Session 3: Networking and Applications Resource Allocation In Visible Light Communication For Applications In 5g tworks...... 199 Mrs. Shilpa V , Dr. Rajeev Ranjan A Review On Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching Network...... 199 Ambika B J, M K Banga A Route Planning Network Solution using Advanced Genetic Algorithm…………………….200 Mrinmoyee Chattoraja, Dr. Udaya Rani Vb,

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An Effective Technique for Social Networking Analysis through Knowledge Mining…….….200 Kulkarni Varsha Vibhakar, Kiran Kumari Patil Security provisioning for MAC Aware Routing in Internet of Things………………………....201 G.Kalyani, Shilpa Chaudhari Energy Optimization in Delay-Sensitive Wireless Sensor Network Applications using Mobile Sink………………………………………...... 201 Ravi B, Kiran Kumari Patil, Udaya Kumar K Shenoy Design & Development of Spatio-Temporal Cross-Layer Interaction Module for WSN…………………………………………………………………………………………...... 202 Shoba Chandra, Kiran Kumari Patil, Suresha Talanki Influence of each post in the real world: Novel Techniques for Social Media Analysis………203 Mr. Rathan Ma, Dr. Vishwanath R Hulipalledb

Session 3.1: Networking and Applications-1 Advanced radar signal processing technique for better detection of slow moving targets for coastal area…………………………………………………………………………………………203 Rajesh Ba , Dr. V. Udaya ranib; Dr. G. V. Jayaramaiahc Vulnerability in IOT: Insecure Web Interface…………………………………………………...204 Vinay Kumar Ma Title : A study on Rapid Entire Body Postural Analysis Assessment Device for Computer Operators Using IoT………………………………………………………………………………204 Mrs. Thanuja, Dr.Kirankumari Patil Q-DSNRP: Fault-Resilient and QoS Centric Dynamic Network Sensitive Routing Protocol for Mobile-WSNs………………………………………………………………………………………205 Ganesh D R, Dr. Kiran kumari patil, Dr. Suresh L Improvement In Performance Of Ad Hoc Networks In Specific To Zone Routing Protocol Through Congestion Reduction In Border Nodes Of The Zones………………………………………………………………………………………………..206 Suhaas K P, Dr. S Senthil Information Dissemination in Undewater Acoustic Sensor Networks…………………………206 Vani Krishnaswamya, SunilKumar S Manvib End -To-End Security Scheme For Machine Type Communication In Lte Network…………………………………………………………………………………………….207 K.Krishna jyothi, Dr.Shilpa Chaudhari Optimization Trade-off between Zone size and Mobile Data Collector traveling distance in WSNs…………………………………………………………………………………………….…207 Praveen Kumar K Va, M K Bangab , Udayarani Vc

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Investigation of Evolutionary Scheduling Techniques for Provisioning QoS in 802.16e Tactical Networks…………………………………………………………………………………………...208 Ravi Shankar Ha,Dr. Kiran kumari Patil b QoS Optimization in VANETs………………………………………………………………….…209 Manjunatha P Ca, Bharathi Malakreddyb The Next Generation Ip - Ipv6……………………………………………………………………210 Syed Abdul Raheema, Dr M. Prabhakarb & Dr C. Venugopalc Energy Efficient Security Solutions for Internet of Things…………………………………….211 Tabassum Araa, Pronhakar Mb & Pritam Gajkumar Shahc

Session 4: Machine Learning. Achieving Cloud Security Solutions Through Machine Learning Techniques...... 212 Doddi Srilatha, Gopal K.Shyam. Performance Enhancement of Coal Fired Thermal Power Plants Process by Adopting an Intelligent Computational Approach…………………………………………………...... 213 Sailaja Thota, Dr Rajashekar P Mandi Twitter Spam Filtering using Deep Learning Approach……………………………………..…213 L A Lalitha, Vishwanath R Hulipalled A Machine learning approach: Text Extraction from Image…………………………………..214 Shruthi G1,Dr. Monica R M2

Session 5: Image Processing Design And Development Of Content Based Medical Image Retrieval System For Analysis Of Tumor………………………………………………………………………………………………214 Lakshmanaa, Dr Sunil Kumar S Manvib Investigations Of Content Based Information Retrieval (Cbir) Algorithms For Medical Images And Applications Using Multidimensional Features…………………………………...215 Nirmala S Gupthaa, Dr. Kiran Kumari Patilb Secured FHIR Framework for Patient Record Transfer between Remote Health Centers…………………………………………………………………………………………..…216 Sreejith Ra, Dr. Senthil Sb Survey Of Clustering Algorithms For Analysis Of Cancer Genes………………………..……216 Prabhuraj1, Dr Mallikarjun Shastry2, Dr S.S Patil3 Enhanced Meta-Heuristic Algorithm for Improving Identification of Cancer in MRI Brain ...... 217 Images Prof. Spoorthi Rakesh, Dr. Shanthi Mahesh

155 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com School of Computer Science and Applications

Session 1 Heartcare Predictive Anlaytics on Women’s Obesity Based on Their Food Preferences…………………………………………………………………………………………218 K. Vijayalakshmia, Dr. Vinayakamurthyb, Dr. Anuradhac Comparative Analysis of Classifier Accuracy with and without Feature selection for Breast Cancer Prediction……………………………………………………………………………….…218 Deepa B Ga, Dr. S Senthilb Development of Accurate and Timely Students’ Academic Performance Prediction Model Using IoT Physiological Sensors………………………………………………………………………....219 Wong Mu Lina & Dr. S. Senthilb Comparison of classification algorithms in Crop yield prediction……………………………..220 Lokesh C Ka, S Senthilb An Automated Image Forensic Investigation Approach By Means Of Optimized Image Descriptors…………………………………………………………………………………………220 V.Thirunavukkarasua, J.SatheeshKumarb A Scalable Memory Management Technique for Hadoop MapReduce Environment……………………………………………………………………………………….221 Archana Bhaskara, Rajeev Ranjanb Enrich safety measure processing in Cloud Computing………………………………………..221 G.Sasikala a, Dr.padmavathib Service-Oriented Architecture using Wireless Sensor Networks for Agricultural Applications………………………………………………………………………………………..222 Vimala Ma, Dr. Rajeev Ranjanb

School of Chemistry Computational Studies, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Few Chalcones and Pyrimidines ..... 222 Buchireddy purraa, Madhusudhana Reddy. M. Bb & Ramakrishna Reddy.Kb

Synthesis Of Metal/Metal Oxide Nano Hetero Structures (Mnhs/Monhs) (Tio2, Zno, ...... 223

Fe2o3 via Green And Chemical Synthesis Methods For Electro And Photo Catalytic Applications N. Rajendra Kumar a,b K.Ramakrishna Reddyb* &B. DilipKumarc* Addition Of Tochopherol To Ejaculated Semen Preparation Increases The Motility In ...... 224 Cryopreserved Human Spermatozoa Ashwini.L.S, Dr.T.SMuralidhar, Dr.N Ramesh

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Docking and Dynamic Simulation Analysis of P-glycoprotein pumps - Responsible for ...... 225 Chemotherapeutic Resistance post-treatmentwith Urea and β–mercaptoethanol Proma Chakraborty1, K M Kumar2*, Mani Ramakrishnan3, Vivek Chandramohan4 Fe3o4-Ceo2 Metal Oxide Nanocomposite For Oxidation And Reduction Reactions…...... 226 Manjula M. C1*,Shwetha K.R, Ramachandra P. Aluminum Doped Calcium Hexa Ferrite nanoparticles for photocatalytic dye degradation ...227 comparison studies of hazardous dyes like Evans Blue, Congo Red and Rhodamine B Usha Jinendra1, ManjunathCR2, Dr.Dinesh Bilehal1, Dr. B.M.Nagabhushana2 Zinc oxide/AgOAc-catalysed one-pot three-component synthesis of xanthine-1,8-diones ...... 227 Pushpalatha R, Dr RamachandraaP, Dr Jayashankar V.P ,Mangalavathib and Dr Riyaz-ur-Rahaman Khan* Alkali carbonates as efficient catalysts for methanolysis of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil to biodieseland evaluation of fuel properties……………………………………………………...... 228 Sreekanth R a*, S.S. Joshib and Rana Pratap Reddy c Curing Studies Of A Novel Thermosetting Epoxy Resin With Different Amines In ...... 228 Precence Of Catalyst Dr.Lakshmi.B,a* Kishore.H.M a, Nandish.D.R a and Navaneetha.N a. Metallopolymers and Metalchalocogenides as Photoelectrocatalysts for Hydrogen evolution ...... 229 from strong acidic electrolytes Iranna Udachyana, Sakthivel Kandaiaha Synthesis,Characterization and Antimicrobial Activities of Cobalt(II) Complexes……….…..229 MamathaMohana, K. Ramakrishna Reddyb

One-pot synthesis of magnetically recoverable palladium/Fe3O4/MWCNT composites ...... 230 and its catalytic applications in cross-coupling reactions Shwetha K.R1*, Manjula M.C, Ramachandra P

School of Civil Engineering

Session 1.1: Structural Engineering/ Concrete Technology ...... 231 Study of Retrofitting of RC Beams using Self Curing Self Compacting Concrete Abilash C Sa, Dr. Sunil Kumar Tenglib Analysis of Skew Slabs with Mixed Boundary Conditions……………………………………..232 Naresh Reddy G Na, Muthu K Ub Inelastic earthquake response of Tall masonry buildings……………………………………....232 Avinash S Deshpandea, Dr Amarnath Kb & Dr B K Raghuprasadc Parametric Study on Asymmetric Diagrid Structures………………………………………….233 Irfan Saleema, Dr. Sunil Kumar Tenglib

157 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Session 1.2: Structural Engineering/ Concrete Technology Study on Inelastic Torsional Effects of Irregular Buildings under Seismic Loads……...... 234 Shaik Muneer Hussaina, Dr.Sunil Kumar Tenglib&Dr. S. Kamal Mohammed Azamc A Study on properties of Self compacting, Self – curing Concrete with Crushed ...... 234 Rock Powder Sanjay Raj. Aa, Dr.S.B. Annadinib Behaviour of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Concrete in Marine Environment……………………………………………………………………………………….235 Aneesh V Bhat, Dr. Sunil Kumar Tengli Vulnerability Of Steel Structures To Fire………………………………………………………...236 Bhavana Jadhav, Dr.Ravindra R

Session 2.1: Water Resources Design of a watershed score card and change detection studies in a sub watershed, treated under “Integrated Watershed Management Programme.”……………………………………..237 Ajaybhaskar Reddy, Dr.Y.Ramalinga Reddy Development of integrated road drainage systems for the improvement of Irrigation ...... 237 Engineering Practice and ecology Anil Kumar, Dr.Y.Ramalinga Reddy Downscaling Of GCM Outputs to the Catchment Scale Using Statistical Downscaling……...238 RajashekarLaddimath, Dr. Nagaraj S Patil

Session 2.2: Environmental Engineering/ Construction Management Investigation On Distribution And Migration of Heavy Metals in Urban Soil In And Around Bangalore City, India……………………………………………………………………………239 Prashanth N, Dr. C.R. Ramakrishnaiah A Study Of The Impact Of ISO 900:2000 On Quality Management Practices In Selected Construction IndustriesIn Karnataka…………………………………………………………....240 S. R.Rajiv, Dr. S Harinath

Session 2.3: Geo-technical Engineering/ Transportation Engineering Performance Analysis of Reinforced soil…………………………………...…………………….240 Bidisha Chakrabarti, Dr.P.Shivananda Utilization of dredged sediments for sustainable development………………………….…...... 241 Channabasavaraj, Dr.P.Shivananda Integrated Transportation Planning and Modelling……………………………………….……242 C. Prathyusha, Dr.P.Shivananda

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Laboratory Investigation On Influence Of Multilayer Dry Lean Concrete On Pavement ...... 243 Quality Concrete Pradeep Kumar B K, Dr.Y.Ramalinga Reddy, Dr.SHarinath Performance Evaluation of Reinforced and Stabilized Soil Slopes…………………………….243 Vinod B R, Dr.P.Shivananda A Study on the Performance of Pavements on Stabilized and Reinforced Soils ...... 244 Chetan C Patila, Dr.P. Shivananda B Performance Evaluation of Flexible pavement for stabilized soil as Sub grade material ...... 245 Nandini D Na&Dr. Y Ramalinga Reddyb

School of Electronics & Communication Engineering Session 1: VLSI and Miscellaneous VLSI Design of digital FIR Filter using vedic mathematic…………………………………..…246 Sai Venkatramana Prasada G.S. , Dr. G Seshikala Development of Verification of low power Analog Front end CMOS circuits ...... 246 for biomedical applications Sushma P S, Dr. S. Y. Kulkarni Development and Implementation of MPPT Algorithms for Non-Conventional ...... 247 Hybrid Energy Sources Gangadharaiah.H.S, Dr. P. V. Joshi Low power VLSI Architecture for HEVC Encoder……………………………………….….…247 Raveendra .G , Dr. Venkata Siva Reddy Self-Sustained Smart Ultra Low Power Circuits for IOT Application………………………....248 Anna Merine George, Dr. S Y Kulkarni Patient Adaptive FPGA Implementation Approach To Diagnose Heart Disease……………...248 BhagaYalakshmi V , Dr Geetha D Pin To Pin Communication Between Integrated Circuits For Interchip Data Transfer ...... 249 Using Surface Waves Communication Mahaveer Penna, Dr. Prasanth V Joshi Development and Implementation of a new topology for Power Factor ...... 250 Correction (PFC) circuit KM Sudharshan, Dr B P Divakab Design and Implementation of Digital Circuits using Reversible Logic…………………..…...250 Nayana D.Ka., Sujatha B.K.b Neuro - Fuzzy iference approaches for early detection of lung cancer………………………...251 Rangaswamy C , Dr. G Seshikala

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Design Considerations and Performance Analysis of Low Power Successive Approximation ADC using Improved Split Capacitive Network Technique……………………………………251 Savitha.M , Dr.R Venkata Siva Reddy Performance evaluation of Sensor less Vector Control for 3-phase Induction Motor at low speed……………………………………………………………………………………………..…252 Savitha PRa, Dr B P Divakarb

Session 2: Communication and Networking- I IP core design and development of application specific module of SDR in base band process……………………………………………………………………………………………...253 Nataraj Urs H D, Dr.R.Venkat Shiva Reddy Design and analysis of MAC Protocols for underwater acoustic communication receiver……………………………………………………………………………………………..253 Ajay Kumar N , Dr. Mrinal Sarvagya QoS Oriented and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Cooperative MIMO Based Mobile WSN: QE2RPC…………………………………………………………………………………....254 Kummathi Chenna Reddya, Dr.Geetha D Db & Dr.Thippeswamy M Nc Design And Modeling Of Ieee 802.15.4 Based Medium Access Control (Mac) Protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks…………………………………………………………………….….255 Manjunath G Asutia, Prabhugoud I Basarkodb Design of signal processing algorithms for millimeter wave MIMO channels in 5G Networks………………………………………………………………………………………..….255 Abdul Haq Na, Mrinal Sarvagyab Clock Synchronization and Localization of nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks……………..256 Nikhath Tabassuma, Geetha D.D.b Modeling Of Miniaturized, Multiband And Metamaterial Loaded Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna For Wireless Applications……………………………………………………………....256 Tanweera, Rajashekhar C. Biradarb Design And Development Of Digital Automatic Gain Control For Wireless Receivers………257 Bharath H Pa , P I Basarkodb

Session 3: Communication and Networking- II Liquid crystal polymer substrate based microstrip patch antenna for MIMO…………….…258 Imran Khan, Dr. Geetha D

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Design and Development of Antenna for Effective and Efficient Data Transfer for Multi-Band Communication For Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)/Near Field Communication (NFC)……………………………………………………………………………………………….259 Shailesh Kumar M, Dr. P I Basarkod Design and implementation of Interoperable Framework for heterogeneous Health care devices and Prediction of Heart Disease Risks & Alerts through IoT…………………...... 260 Venkateshwara Raju Konduru, Dr. Manjula R B Design and Analysis of Thermal Imaging Techniques for Agriculture……………………...…260 Arya Lekshmi B N, Dr. R C Biradar Computational Intelligence for Routing in Internet of Things…………………………………261 Chandrashekar B G, Dr. Veena K N A Highly Robust and Efficient Hybrid RF-FSO Transmission System for Next-Generation 5G LTE-A Communication…………………………………………………………………………....261 Warsha Balani, Dr. Mrinal Sarvagya A Novel Spectrum Management Framework for Cognitive Radio Networks…………….…...263 Madan H T, Dr. P I Basarkod Optimisation and Design Of Optical Biosensors For Human Blood Analysis………………....264 Rashmi Priyadarshini, C K Narayanappa Data Aggregation & routing for pest Infection Detection In coffee plantation using WSN ...... 264 Roshan Zameer Ahamed, Dr.R.C.Biradar

Session 4: Signal Processing and Image Processing Extraction of Foreground Objects Using Background Subtraction Model in Video Systems ...... 265 U Pavan Kumar, Dr.Bharathi .S.H Exploration For A Robust Audio Watermarking Scheme That Encompass Analog And Digital Inter Conversions………………………………………………………………………………….265 Electa Alice Jayarani a , Dr Geetha D Dwt Based Radar Signal Processing For Small Target Detection………………………………266 Muralidhara N , Dr. R.C. Biradar Design and Development of Algorithm For Speech Disfluency Using Enhanced ...... 267 Correlative Method Vinay. N.A , Dr.Bharathi.S.H Character extraction and recognition of Kannada script in historical documents……………267 Sachin Bhat , Dr.Seshikala.G Image Processing Techniques for Breast Cancer Detection …………………………………....268 Madhukar B N, Dr. Bharathi S H

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Design And Implementation Of Brain Tumor Detection System Using Artificial Intelligence ...... 269 Kavya B S, Dr S Y Kulkarni, Dr S N Prasad A Novel Face Emotion Recognition System for Pose, Illumination Variation and Occlusion Objects Using Adaptive ANN……………………………………………………………………..270 Yenumala Doddi Jayasimha, Dr. R Venkatat Siva Reddy Agent Based Trust Management Solutions for Handling Some Attacks in VANETs………….270 Shrikant Tangadea, Sunilkumar S. Manvib Iterative Receiver Design for Underwater communication using MIMO-OFDM, Channel Estimation and Efficient modulation Scheme…………………………………………………...271 Ravi Kumar M G, Dr. Mrinal Sarvagya

School Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Session 1: Development of Hybrid Multilevel Inverter…………………………………………………..…272 K.Narayana Swamya, Divakar B.P.b Performance analysis of Bidirectional Integrated Battery Charger with EV-Grid Transaction capability…………………………………………………………………………………………..272 Gopinath Aa, Divakar B P b Enhanced Energy Efficiency of a Distribution System through Better Control and Standardization of LVDC Micro grid……………………………………………………….…...273 Pratima Gakhara, Dr. Rajashekar P Mandib Battery Modeling and SOC based Charge Equalization for Battery Pack of Electric Vehicles…………………………………………………………………………………………….274 Sagar B Sa, Dr. Rajashekar P Mandib Enhancing Energy Efficiency and operational optimization of MicroGrids using A Computational Intelligent Technique…………………………………………………………….274 N Himabindua, Dr. Rajashekar P Mandib Advanced Speed Control Method for Boost-VSI Fed Induction Motor to Enhance the Energy Efficiency of the Drive System…………………………………………………………………....275 Sudharani Potturia, Dr. Rajashekar P. Mandib Development of Advanced Evolutionary Computing Based Parameter Estimation for Photovoltaic Systems……………………………………………………………………………....275 Ashwini Kumari Pa, Dr. P Geethanjalib Situational Analysis of Distributed System and its Effectiveness in Area of Power System…………………………………………………………………………………………...….276 G.Raghavendraa, Manjunath Ramachandrab,

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The Suppression of Current Harmonics using Shunt Active Power Filter through an Indirect Current Control Technique……………………………………………………………………….276 G S Mahesha, Dr H M Ravi Kumarb

Session 2: Performance Evaluation of Battery and Distributed Ultra-Capacitor configured Drive-train for Electrical Vehicle…………………………………………………………………………………..278 Nagesh B Ka, B R Lakshmikanthab DSP Based Embedded controller Design for Bidirectional buck-boost converter………….....279 Viswanatha Va, Venkata Siva Reddy Rb Coordinated FACTS Device for Enhancing the Stability of Power System…………………....279 Divya B Va, Dr.Archana N Vb A Detailed Study on Ageing Properties ofrtv Coated Ceramic Insulators……………..………280 Rajini.Ha, Dr.K.N.Ravib &Dr.Vasudev.Nc Analysis and Design of an efficient algorithm for non-conventional hybrid energy sources……………………………………………………………………………………………...281 H.S.Gangadharaiaha, Dr.Prashant.V.Joshib. Communication Infrastructure in Smart Grid…………………………………………………..281 Latha Na, Dr Usha Surendrab Empirical and Optimized framework for Load shedding for integrated voltage and frequency stability factor……………………………………………………………………………………...282 Raghu C.Na, A. Manjunathab Power Management Strategies for Multi Microgrid System……………………………….…...282 Seema Magaduma, Dr. Archana N Vb Design of Control Strategy for Effective Integration of Solar and Wind Energy System to the Grid…………………………………………………………………………………………………282 K. Latha Shenoya, Dr. Rajashekar P Mandib & Dr. C. Gurudas Nayakc

School of Mathematics

Session 1: Analysis of Effect of magneto hydrodynamics and couple stress of steady and dynamic characteristics for porous secant slider bearings………………………...... 284 Kavitha L a, HanumagowdaBN b Binary logistic regression model to assess the health effects of air pollutants and inferential risk age group among children exposed to pollution………………………...... 284 A Mala a, R Murugesan b

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Distance Between Bipolar Fuzzy Sets…………………………………………………………....285 M.Rajeshwari a, R Murugesan b Effect of MHD and Couple stress between curved annular plates……………………………..285 Salma A a, HanumagowdaBN b A Study on Heuristic Algorithm in Multi Objective Subtask Scheduling Problems and It’s Applications………………………………………………………………………………………..286 Suma T a, R Murugesan b The Effect of Brownian motion and Thermophoresis on nanofluids stretching for Jaffrey fluid model……………………………………………………………………………………………….286 Sushma V Jakati a, Raju B T b On the K-Metro Domination of Square of Certain class of Graphs……………………………287 Lakshminarayana S a, Vishukumar M b Minimizing the Earliness and Tardiness of Automated Guided Vehicles Using Neural Network Algorithm………………………………………………………………………………………….287 Mahalakshmi a, R Murugesan b Effects of Surface Roughness, MHD and Couple stress on Squeeze film characteristics between curved circular plates………………………………………………………………………….…288 Nagarajappa C S a, Hanumagowda B N b

Session 2: Rescheduling Of Generation Power In Deregulated Markets – A Goal Programming Approach ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..288 Praveena Kumar K M a, Harish Babu G A b Achieving Quality and Reliability Targets of Gas Turbine Engine Prototypes through Total Quality Management Approach………….………………………………………………………289 Ravi Georgea, Murugesan Rb Squeeze Film Behaviour of Rough Elliptical Plates With Micro Polar Fluids……………..…289 Roopa Rajashekhar Anagod a, J.Santhosh Kumar b A Goal Programming Model for Paddy Fields………………………………………………….290 Sandeep Kumar a, Harish Babu G Ab Goal Programming approach for portfolio optimization………………………………………290 Sridevi Pa, Harish Babu G A b Effects of non-uniform temperature gradients on triple diffusive Marangoni convection in a composite layer……………………………………………………………………………………291 Manjunatha Na , Sumithra R B

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The combined effect of pressure viscous dependent and non-Newtonian couple stress in porous annular plate……………………………………………………………………………………....291 Vasanth K R a , Hanumagowda B N b Edge Domination In Some Image Brick Product Graphs………………………………………292 Vijaya Chandra Kumar.U a , R.Murali b Effect of Pressure dependency viscosity and couple stresses in Annular Plates……………....292 Noorjahan a, Hanumagowda B N b

School of Physics Structure property relations in Al-Te chalcogenide glasses……………………………….……293 P.T. Wilso1,2, M. Madesh Kuma1, K. Ramesh3 Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells annealed by Microwave Processing……………..294 S.BharatiDevia,#, Dr.S.NareshKumara Exploring the Soil Microbiome from Various Farming Systems for Sustainable Soil Management……………………………………………………………………………………….294 Anupam J Dasa, N Ramesha, Sushil Kumar Middhab Structure Property Relations in Metal Doped Chalcogenide Glasses……………………….....295 Wilson P.T. (R17PPH03)a,Dr. Madhesh Kumarb

Low Temperature Green-Synthesis Of V2O5 Nanobelts For Electrochemical And Forensic Applications ……………………………………………………………………………………...296 G..R.Navyashreea, D.V.Sunithaa*, K.Hareesha 3+ Irradiation induced effect on structural and morphological properties of Sm doped SrTiO3 nanophosphors…………………………………………………………………………………….296 S.Yashodammaa, D.V.Sunithaa*, K.Hareesha

School of Commerce

GST AND its Impact on the Indian Economy - With Special Reference to Retail Sector………………………………………………………………………………………………297 Mrs. G.R. Shobharani,a, Dr. A. Shubha b Corporate Governance Disclosure Practices and Corporate Performance In Selected BSE Listed Companies In India…………………………………………………………………..……298 Shalini.Ba, Dr. M.Subramanyam b Impact of Government Policies on Poverty and Unemployment Eradication- A Study With Reference To Karnataka……………………………………………………………………….…298 M.Shivananda, Dr. Harani B b

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A Study on Role of Rural Women Empowerment on The Economic Development………..…299 Mrs. B.Parvathi Devi,a, Dr. M. Lokanadha Reddyb Financing of Agriculture…………………………………………………………………………..300 Vinayak Laxminarayan Hegdea, Dr. M. Lokanadha Reddyb International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) impact on financial performance of Indian Companies ……………………………………………………………………………...…300 Jagannath S a, Dr. M. Lokanadha Reddyb Environmental Accounting and Sustainability Reporting, University, Competency-Based Education, Curriculum……………………………………………………………………………301 Musarrat araa, Dr. Harani B b Foreign Exchange Risk Management Practices of Indian Service Sector - A study on currency derivatives………………………………………………………………………………………….301 Pundareeka Vitalaa, Dr. M.Subramanyam b Empowerment of Women through Micro Enterprises: A comparative study in Ramanagara and Kolar Districts………………………………………………………………………………..302 Mamatha Prakasha, Dr. M.Subramanyam b Strategic Training and Development Human Resource Management practices in IT Services……………………………………………………………………………………………..302 Santhosh Kumar K L a, Dr. M. Lokanadha Reddyb Twin Balance sheet Problem In India – A Study With Reference To Indian Banks And Nifty 50 Companies………………………………………………………………………………………….303 Shashidhar yadav J a, Dr. M.Subramanyam b

School of Bio-Chemistry & School of Bio-Technology

Session 1: Addition of tochopherol to ejaculated semen preparation increases the motility in cryopreserved human spermatozoa………………………………………………………………304 Ashwini.L.Sa, T.S Muralidhar ab, N Ramesha Synthesis of 1, 3-Dielectrophilic three Carbon Building Blocks: Their Further Application for the Synthesis of Aromatics and Biologically Important Heterocycles………………………….305 Charanraj T Pa, Ramachandra Pb & Junjappa Ha A study on the status of Lipid Profile, Antioxidant Enzymes with Lipid Peroxidation ...... 306 and cell membrane changes (Echinocytes) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Limatemjen Amri a, Dr. V. Veeraraghavan b

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Exploring the Soil Microbiome from Various Farming Systems for Sustainable Soil Management……………………………………………………………………………………….306 Anupam J Dasa, N Ramesha, Sushil Kumar Middhab The effect of insulin and growth hormone seen in individuals with high fasting blood glucose and low post prandial blood glucose……………………………………………………………...307 Daisy K.La, Dr.V Veeraraghavan b Structural elucidation and physiochemical characterisation of lenvatinib chloro [ltb-cl] ...... 308 Deepa .H.N .Lekhana.M.U , Muralidharan.Kb Correlation Of Biochemical Parameters and their significance in Diabetic complications ...... 308 Jayashree Sa, Mary Roopa Ca , Javeriya Shafia, K.Vijayalakshmib Correlation Of Biochemical Parameters and their significance in bone disease……………309 Jayasri.Pa, Joshitha Ra, Navitha J Ca, Supritha Ra and Suresh Db. To study the effect of antiglycemic, antihypercholesterolemic of selective herbal plants extract on type ii diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease………………………………...309 Lavanya.La, Dr.V.Veeraraghavanb, Dr. Renuka Sriharic Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Detection of Pesticide Residue in grapes………..310 Mahadev C. Khetagoudar1* and Mahadev B. Chetti2 Invitro study of selected plants (Nigella sativa and Lantana canara) on cancer cell line(HCT 116, Hep G2)……………………………………………………………………………………..…310 Meghana M V 1 Chaithra C1 ,Varsha K S1 , School of Biochemistry ,REVA University Myricetin: A Natural Anti-Cancerous Dietary Agent…………………………………………...311 Prashanth Kumar H P1,2, Sushil Kumar Middha3, Ramesh.N4

Session 2: Investigation and Conformation of Sheep Pox Viral Disease Based On Clinical Symptoms and Molecular Based Methods………………………………………………………………………..312 Kiran Kumar Burranboinaa, Manjunatha Reddy Gundallahalli Bayyappab*, Kumar Kalavathi Muruganc*, Sunil Abrahamc, 2Revanaiah Yogisharadhyab, Gajendragad Raghavendrab Biomedical utilization of insect protein derived from organic waste for cancer treatment ...... 313 Nisha Rajasekhara, Azam Ghouseb Docking and Dynamic Simulation Analysis of P-glycoprotein pumps - Responsible for ...... 313 Chemotherapeutic Resistance post-treatment with Urea and β–mercaptoethanol Proma Chakrabortya, K M Kumarb*, Mani Ramakrishnanb, Vivek Chandramohanb Metagenomic Analysis exploring microbial diversity in the rhizosphere of Punica granatum ...... 314 Renuka Ravinatha, N Ramesha, Sushil Kumar Middhab Longitudinal Analysis of Soil Microbiome and its influence on the growth of Punica granatum ...... 315 Shilpa BRa, N.Ramesha, Sushil Kumar Middhab

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Production of value added products from distillery yeast sludge……………………………..315 Doijode Supriyaa, Reddy Sreedhar a*, Ishwar Chandrab Banana peel waste for microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production ...... 316 Rayasam Vijaya, Tarika Kumarb

School of Management Studies Session 1: The future workplace: Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Human Resource Management Functions……………………………………………………………………………………….….317 Prof .Gayathri.Ra, Dr.Revathy Shivashnkaranb, & Dr.Urmila Itamc Impact of Corporate Governance on listed Public sector undertakings and Private sector undertakings in India: A comparative study………………………………………………….…318 Mahalakshmi Va & Dr. P. Narayan Reddyb A Study on innovative rural marketing strategies of mobile telecom services on rural area of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka………………………………………………………………....319 Shashikantha Reddy Y a, Dr. Geetha M Rajaramb & Dr. Shubhashree Karc Temporal Changes In Demand And Supply Of Livestock Products In Karnataka – Strategies To Bridge The Gap………………………………………………………………………………...320 Reshma. Ma, Dr. P. Narayan Reddyb & Dr. Lalith Achothc A study of Globalization strategies of selected Small and Medium sized Enterprises in Emerging and Advanced Economies with special reference to India, China and Germany ....320 Sandeep Hanasogea & Dr. Geetha M Rajaramb

Session 2: An Enquiry into the Problems and Prospects of Pursuing Personal Financial Planning (PFP) as a Profession in India with Special Reference to Bengaluru City…...... 321 Vinod Krishna M Ua, Dr. Ruchi Guptab & Dr. U N Lakshmanc A study on the influence of Digital Marketing Channels on buying behaviour of online customers………………………………………………………………………………………….322 Asha Na & Dr. Chithambar Gupta Vb A Study on Impact of E-Commerce Strategies in rural Market with Reference to Chikkaballapur District, Karnataka, India……………………………………………………..322 Rajesh P Sa & Dr. Chithambar Gupta Vb A Study on impact of CRM strategies on Consumer Behavior in Automobile Industry...... 323 Sunilkumar Ka & Dr. Chithambar Gupta Vb

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A study on process of identifying, developing and managing high potential employees in IT Industry………………………………………………………………………………………….…324 Supriya P Inamdara & Dr. Shinu Abhib Green Marketing-A study of customers’ attitude towards Green Products………...…………324 Lavanya Ka & Dr. Santosh B Rb Critical analysis of employee cynicism – An empirical approach……………………………....325 Nandini M Ha & Dr. Meenakshi Vermab A Study on Business Correspondent Model of Financial Inclusion – Experience from the Selected Districts of Karnataka…………………………………………………………………..326 Shylaja H Na & Dr. H N Shivaprasadb

Session 3: Determinants of ‘electronic word of mouth Equity’ Model for consumer electronic products in India………………………………………………………………………………………………..327 Anshu Rania & Dr. H N Shivaprasadb A Study of emerging Trends in Cash Crop Production in Jharkhand in era of Globalization ...... 327 Anuj Vermaa & Dr. A K Chattorajb A study on Impact of HRM Practices on Organized Retail Sector in selected Retailers ...... 328 Venkat Swamy Pa & Dr. Mahesh Kb A Study on Performance of Index Futures with Special Reference to Indian Derivatives Market……………………………………………………………………………………………...328 Srikanth Reddy Da & Dr. Suryachandra Rao Db Effectiveness of Advertising in Creating Brand Equity of Product Based e-tailers…………..329 Arijit Roya & Dr. Kiran Reddyb Development of Outsourcing Model for Logistics and Supply Chain Information System Efficiency in an Automobile Industry…………………………………………………………….330 Shivasharanaa & Dr. Nijagunab A study on gaps between employer expectations and employee capabilities in IT Industry ....330 Madhusudhan Sa, Dr. Subhasree Karb, & Dr. Nagaraj Hc Retailer brand extension in financial services – Perceived fit, risks and trust……………...…331 B. Diwakar Naidua & Dr. H N Shivaprasadb A study on gaps between employer expectations and employee capabilities in IT Industry ....332 Madhu Sudhan.S – Scholara, Dr.H.Nagaraj – Guideb & Dr.Subhashree kar - Co-guidec

169 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com School of Architecture

Impact Of Heritage On The Vernacular Settlement : A Case Study Of Aretipur ...... 333 Vidya Srikanth Evaluating Social Inclusion In Urban Transportation…………………………………………..334 Shubhi S.a, Maitreyi Y.b An Investigation Of Origin And Authenticity Of Smart City Revolution……………………..335 Anup Kumar Prasad Financial Framework for the Heritage Management in Commercial Areas………………..…336 Neeraja Jayana

School of Mechanical Engineering

Session 1: Edge Based Basis Functions in the BEM solution of Heat Conduction Problem……………337 Anand.S.N a, Dr. Sreerama Reddy .T.V b &aDr..D.Madhu Development and Characterization of Biodegradable Semiconducting Characteristic Biomaterial used for Bio-Sensing of Orthopedic implants……………………………………337 Avinash.Sa, Dr. Hanumantharaju H.G.b Experimental Investigations And Heat Transfer Enhancement And Friction Factor Using Composite Nano Fluids………………………………………………………………………….338 M L R Chaitanya Laharia, Narayana Swamy K Sb Studies On The Role Of Laser Treatment Hvof Coating To Prevent Hot Corrosion And Oxidation On Gas Turbine Alloy………………………………………………………………...339 Dharamendara Ma, Jegadeeswaran Nb Mechanical Characterizations Of Hybrid Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites For Wind Turbine Blades……………………………………………………………………………………..340 aGanesh Kalagi, bRajashekarPatil Framework nto support Product Lifecycle ManagementImplementation in Manufacturing Enterprises…………………………………………………………………...... 340 Gururaja Sharma Ta, Rajashekar Patilb Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Usage of Methyl Ester of Chicken Fat Oil as Alternative Fuel in IC Engines…………………………………………………………………..341 Jaikumar a, SharanappaGodiganurb

170 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Session 2: The Experimental Investigation of GOETZA Piston to Increase Mechanical Properties Using Plasma Coating……………………………………………………………………………………342 Kalyana Kumar Ma, Dr. P.D. Sudersananb

Fabrication And Experimental Analysis Of Vortex Tube By Varying The Geometry And Material…………………………………………………………………………………………….342 K.Kiran Kumar Raoa, Dr. Sharanappa Godiganurb A Study And Working Towards Enhancing The Performance Of Solar Thermal System……343 KumaraswamyK.La, Dr. T. Krishna Raob Removal of Residual Stresses in TIG welded Modules by Using Ultrasonic Impact Treatment…………………………………………………………………………………………..343 L R Jagadeesh,1 Dr.Ranapratap Reddy2 Studies on Flow Properties in Convergent-Divergent Nozzle for Different Divergent Angles………………………………………………………………………………………………344 Madhu B P 1, MahendraMani G 2, Hvof Thermal Spray Coating To Resist Hot Corrosion And Oxidation For Power Plant Boiler Tubes……………………………………………………………………………………………….345 Madhu Ga, B.Somasundaramb Mechanical Characterization Of Aluminium-Cu Alloy Based Hybrid Composites ……………………………………………………………………………………..….345 S.Madhusudhanaa, L.H.Manjunathb, J.N.Prakashb Studies on Titanium Nitride Reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites…………...…346 Mahesh La& J Sudheer Reddy b

Session 3: Development And Characterization Of Al 6061 Reinforced Mw-Carbon Nanotube & Graphene Metal Matrix Composite Using Pm Technique” …………………………………………….….347 Manjunath Naik H Ra, L H Manjunatha b Computer Aided Design Of Solar Heating Ventilation And Air Conducting System Using Air Recirculation System For Energy Efficiency…………………………………………….……....348 MooleKotiSuryama, Dr. SharanappaGodiganurb Quality improvements in service organization by Lean embedded D3methodology………….348 Nagasuresh babu N a, Prof.G.Padmanabhan b ,Dr Mallikarjun Koripadu c Corrosion, Oxidation and Erosion studies on uncoated and HVOF coated superalloys used in industrial turbine applications…………………………………………………………………....349 Prabhakaran Da, Dr.Jegadeeswaran.Nb

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Mechanical Characterization of Epoxy/Polyethylene fiber reinforced polymer composites……………………………………………………………………………………….....349 P.RajendraPrasada, L.H.Manjunathb, J.N.Prakashb To Combat Hot Corrosion, Oxidation And Erosion Degradations By Hvof Cermet Coatings On Boiler Tube Applications……………………………………………………………………….…350 Rakshith Kumara, Dr Jegadeeswaran Nb

Session 4: Studies on Mechanical Properties of Graphene Based Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Kenaf/Glass Fiber…………………………………………………………………………………350 Ramesh Kumar S Ca, H K Shivanandb Performance Analysis OF Deep Cryo-Treated Single Point M2 Tool Machining Through Regression AND Fuzzy Logic……………………………………………………………………..351 Santosh 1, Manjunatha L H 2, Lokesha M 3 Synthesis And Characterization Of Silicon Nitride And Graphite Reinforced Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites………………………………………………………………...352 Sharan Teja Reddy.Ka, Manohar.H.Sb Novel Method for Structural Damage Identification Using Real-Time Monitoring Algorithms………………………………………………………………………………………….352 Shivasharanayyaswamya, Dr D MallikarjunaReddyb Experimental Investigation Of Fatigue, Corrosion And Wear Response Of Hybrid Nano Composite……………………………………………………………………………………….…353 Sheryas P S1, Dr. B P Mahesh2, Dr. Rajanna S3 Fabrication And Evaluation Of Mechanical Properties Of Al6061/Albite Composites……….353 A Vamshi Krishna1 , L.H Manjunatha2 , J.N Prakash2 Experimental Investigation On The Performance And Emission Characterstics Of Castor And Rice Straw Oil Edible And Non Edible Oil………………………………………………………354 Varun Kumar Reddy Na, Dr S G Sangashettyb

Session 5: A Study On Experimental Investigation Of Milk Scum Biodiesel For Ci Engine Applications And Comparative Study With Other Biodiesel………………………………………………….354 Veerbhadrappa Telganea, Sharanappa Godiganurb Varun Kumar Reddy Na, Dr S G Sangashettyb Studies on Mechanical properties of Bamboo and E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites…………………………………………………………………………………………355 Venkatesha B Ka, Dr. R. Saravananb

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Performance, Combustion and Emission Study on an Engine Operated With Non Edible Vegetable Oil Methyl Ester Blended With Synthetic Antioxidants and Nano Additive” ...... 356 Vinod Ra, Basavarajappa Y Hb “Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Al 7075 Matrix composites reinforced with Beryllium Aluminum Silicate and Graphene”…………………………………………………..357 Shanawaz Patila,Dr.MohamedHaneefb,Dr.ReddappaHNc,Dr.LHManjunathd

School of Performing Arts

Title: Spiritually Aesthetic: Traditionally Contemporary……………………………………...357 Priya Narayan Kuchipudi Dance and its Contemporary transformation in the 20th and 21st Centuries……..358 G. Anupama Raj, Guide: Dr Vasanth Kiran Inter-Influence Of Acquired Life Skills And Bharatanatyam- With Specific Reference To The "VISUALLY CHALLENGED DANCERS"………………………………………………………358 Sharath T S Interfacing Performing Arts into Digital Realm: A new age of freedom………………………359 Nancy Abraham

School of Arts And Humanities

Session 1: Issues of Women’s identity in the social landscape of Kerala with reference to the selected works of Lalithambika Antharjanam and Kamala Das……………………………………...…360 Jayapradha Na, Dr. Yoganand Raob & Co-guide: Dr. Chitra Goelc History, Alterity And Normativity In The Fictional World Of Rohinton Mistry……………..360 Akhila Variyara, Dr. Abhisarika Prajapatib A Study of Afghan social and political experiences in the selected works of Khaled Hosseini and Atiq Rahimi…………………………………………………………………………………….…361 Anupama B.Na. Dr. Payel Dutta Chowdhuryb Women and Society in the Novels of Tahmima Anam………………………………………….361 Asma Fathima a Dr. Abhisarikab Feminism in The Novels of Shashi Deshpande………………………………………………….362 Jalaja.KN a Dr. Shalini Chandra b

173 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Session 2: An Action Research on the Status of English Education of Girls in Ron (Dist. Of Gadag) ..... 363 Joji a Dr. Abhisarikab Gender and Identity in the selected novels of Kaveri Nambisan……………………………..363 Kaveri Mudaliyar a, Dr.Payel Dutta Chowdhury b Women in the Periphery: A Study on the Revisionist Works of Kavitha Kane………………364 Radhika a. Dr. Payel Dutta Chowdhury b Exploration Of Identity, Alienation And Exile In Jhumpa Lahiri's Selected Works………..365 V.Meenakshi a Dr.Premalatha b A Study of India's Past And Its Omniscient Timeless Relevance To The World through the selected works of Shashi Tharoor…………………………………………………………….…366 Nasreen Ghani Scholar a Dr.Premalatha b Earth and Fire: A Comparative Study of Sita and Draupadi in Selected Revisionist Texts……………………………………………………………………………………………….366 Noopur Srivastavaa, Dr. Payel Dutta Chowdhuryb Paradigm Shift In Representation Of Culture, Society And Women In Selected Novels Of Chetan Bhagat……………………………………………………………………………………367 Radha a Dr. Premalatha b

Session 3: Enquiring the Exhibitionism: An Eco-critical exploration of the relationship between man and the nature in select works of Victorian Children’s Literature………………………………..368 Ritushree Sengupta a Dr. Debarati Bandyopadhyay b Transcending Gender Stereotypes In The Autobiographies Of Select Women Writers…….370 Amrita Pritam’s “The Revenue Stamp”, Kamala Das’s “My Story”, Shobha De’s “Selective Memory”, Mrinal Pande’s “Daughter’s Daughter” and Taslima Nasrin’s “My Girlhood Days”………………………………………………………………………………………….….369 Sapna Gs a Dr. Chamundeshwari b Activity Based Teaching: A Pedagogical Approach in Teaching English for Tertiary Level Students………………………………………………………………………………………..….370 Shanthi Joseph a Dr C. Chamundeshwari b Nation And ‘Imagined Homelands’: The Exploration Of Women’s Diasporic Identity In Selected Novels Of Chitra Benerjee Divakaruni……………………………………………….370 Sujatha Girish a Dr. Payel Dutta Chowdhuryb Implementing Computer Assisted Language Learning To Promote Listening Skills Among Engineering Students…………………………………………………………………………….371 Suzan Karkera a Dr C Chamundeshwari b

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Tertiary Level Students’ Attitude and Perceptions towards Speaking Skills in Eastern Christian College Dimapur………………………………………………………………………………….371 Tiakaba Jamira, Dr. C. Chamundeshwarib

Stature Of Metacognitive Awareness In Reading Strategies Among Divergent Learners……………………………………………………………………………………………372 Vijayalakshmi Ra, Dr. C. Chamundeshwari b Transitions In Identity: A Critique Of Familial And Cultural Implications In The Evolution Of Self In Manju Kapur’s Novels…………………………………………………………………….373 Violet McHardy a , Dr. Payel Dutta Chowdhury b Myth, Society And Identity: A Study Of Githa Hariharan’s Novels……………………………374 Yeshaswini a Dr. Premalatha b

Session 4: Challenging Stereotypes: A Study On The Unexplored Voices In Selected Works Of Devdutt Pattanaik…………………………………………………………………………………………..374 Vidya Shankar Shetty a Dr Payel Dutta Chowdhury b African American Popular Culture: Reading the Vernacular Tradition (Late 19th Century Onwards)…………………………………………………………………………………………..375 Lohith K.N a, Dr. Yogananda Rao b & Etienne Rassendren c. Humorous Narratives on Death, Dying, and the Dead: An Inquiry through Popular Culture Frames……………………………………………………………………………………………..375 Prasad Gowda T S , Prof.Chitra Panikkar b Title: Electronic Information Environment: An Evaluative study of Karnataka State Private University Library Services………………………………………………………………………376 Vasantha. Ba, Dr. M. Dhanamjayab & Dr. B. M. Meerac

175 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com ABSTRACTS

School of Computing & Information Technology

Session 1.1. A : Cloud Computing

Title: Privacy Authentication in Cloud Based Services

Ms. Chaithra M Ha, Dr. Vagdevi S b aSchool of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru. b Dean-Academics, Dept of EEE GSSS Institute of Engineering And Technology For Women Mysore.

Abstract: Research in cloud computing is receiving a lot of attention from both academic and industrial world. Since services are outsourced to a remote server, security and privacy are of immense concern in cloud computing. In one hand, the user should authenticate itself before initiating any transaction, and on the other hand, it must be ensured that the cloud does not tamper with the data that is outsourced. User privacy is also required so that the cloud or other users do not know the identity of the user. The study aims to understand the critical problems that may surface owing to privacy breach and will present a technique to fix such issues in all the cloud-based services. Mobility is also another significant consideration of the proposed study in viewpoint of security. Keywords: Cloud Computing, Security, Privacy, Authentication.

Title: SaaS Security Issues and Solutions in Cloud through SDN

Gopal K. Shyama, R. SaiSindhuThejab aSchool of C & IT, REVA University,[email protected], bSchool of C & IT, REVA University,[email protected].

Abstract: Cloud computing is a way to boost or append cpabilities to infrastructure or software licensing dynamically without additional investment. Over the past few years, cloud computing has become one of the fastest growing segments of the IT industry. In spite of all the excitement surrounding the cloud, enterprise customers are still disinclined to deploy their business in it. Upon a preliminary investigation, security is found to be one of the foremost issues which hampers the growth of

176 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com confidence in cloud. Sensitive data obtained from the enterprises is processed by the Software as a Service (SaaS) application and stored at the SaaS vendor end. Our paper focuses mainly on various security issues in SaaS and providing solutions through SDN (Software Defined Networking). Further, comparisons between current solutions and SDN solutions in providing security are made. This work is expected to provide new directions to researchers in cloud computing security. Keywords: Cloud computing, SaaS Security issues, SDN.

Title: Novel Framework for Fragment Encryption Based Security in Cloud Computing

Archana M a, Dr. MallikarjunaShastry b aResearch Scholar, School ofComputing and Information Technology, REVA University. bProfessor, School of C & IT,REVA University,Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Security is one of the most crucial aspects in cloud computing, in order to provide security in cloud computing there are many cryptographic and non-cryptographic techniques are used.Most of the non cryptographic approaches suffer from security breaches and the nodes in cloud are vulnerable to attackers and the main drawback of cryptographic algorithms is computation time incurred in encryption and decryption of data. A novel methodology is proposed to implement cryptographic approach to provide a security in cloud computing.Where file will be fragmented based on random number generation and hash value to be calculated and file will be transmitted to node. At node, file fragment will be encrypted and secret key will be generated. When the file is requested by user fragments will be retrieved and file will be reconstructed at cloud manager and the file will be available to the user. The proposed methodology enhances the performance by reducing the usage of bandwidth between the user and cloud manager and reducing the number of fragments generated for file. Random number generation and fragment placement algorithms are used which consume less CPU time compared to existing cryptographic algorithms. Key words: Cryptography, Cloud computing, Bandwidth.

Title: Preserving Privacy in Mining with Outsourced Database and Cloud-Log Protection System Ila Chandrakara, Dr.Vishwanath R Hulipalledb, aSchool of C&IT, REVA University, Bangalore, India, [email protected] bSchool of C&IT, REVA University, Bangalore, India, [email protected]

Abstract: Due to evolution of social networking websites like Facebook, Twitter etc., the size and dimension of

177 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com data hasincreased drastically and still increasing day by day. It is very difficult to handle this huge size data because it incurs too much cost and resources which is not affordable for maximum data owners. Sothese data owners started using cloud to store their huge size data and trusting cloud that it will not disclose their private sensitive data. But cloud can be curious and dishonest which may disclose data or data mining results. Many researchers proposed several types of techniques like perturbation, cryptography, anonymization etc. to hide sensitive data before storing it to the cloud. Some of these techniques are efficient in providing good privacy but lags in performance and other techniques are good in performance but less secure. Hence, ourwork aims to propose a technique to provide better privacy for data and data mining results using efficient security techniques in large data sets stored in cloud with optimum performance. Our work also aims to provide privacy in for web usage data of data owners as there is no considerable work has been done by researchers towards providing security in web usage data. Keywords: Preserving Privacy, data mining, web usage in cloud.

Title: Performance Comparison of Fault Tolerant Techniques for Cloud Computing

Mylara Reddy C.a, Dr. Nalini N.b aSchool of Computing and Information Technologyy, REVAUniversity , Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Computer Science and Science, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Cloudcomputing technology offer access to resources such as information, infrastructure, software development tools on pay-as-use model at any-time and any-where. We can host software systems starting from simple and small applications to large and complex software systems. Ever increasing demand of distributed computing and Internet based services have become part and parcel of human daily life to perform computing activities. Software applications fail to render their service due to failure of processing elements, storage, communication system, bugs in the service. Hence reliability of software applications play important role in customer satisfaction and successful business. Our aim is to understand and analyze various software fault tolerant techniques in various contexts proposed for cloud computing environment. Then try to propose innovative techniques for software fault tolerance and compare them using various parameters such as overhead in terms compute power, memory, suitability of a given fault tolerant technique for different types of applications. Keywords : Fault Tolerance, Cloud computing, Reliability, Availability, Performance

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Title: Security Model for cloud computing against DDoS attack

Jyoti Tolanura, Dr. Shilpa Chaudharib aSchool Of Computing and Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru bDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

Abstract: Cloud computing is defined as the storage, management, processing, and accessing information and other data stored in a specific server. Cloud computing makes computer infrastructure and services available "on-need" basis. A computing cloud is a set of a network enabled services, providing scalable, QoS guaranteed, inexpensive computing infrastructures on demand, which could be accessed in a simple and pervasive way. Putting data, running software at someone else’s hard disk using someone else’s CPU appears daunting to many. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, a major threat to availability. Providing security using firewall is not sufficient but also protection against the attack like DDoS should be provided. DDoS prevents legitimate CloudUsers from accessing pool of resources provided by CloudProviders by flooding and consuming network bandwidth toexhaust servers and computing resources.In this work, the new trends and characteristics of DDoS attacks in cloud computing will be applied to provide the defense mechanisms against DDoS attacks.This work is developing a system that can provide better security against DDoS attack.

Title: Privacy Protection and Intrusion Avoidance for Cloudlet-based Medical Data Sharing.

Mr. Lithin Kumble, Dr. Kiran Kumari patil Asst Professor, School of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University Professor, School of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University

Abstract: In the fame of wearable devices, alongside with the growth of clouds and cloudlet technology, there has been rising need to provide enhanced medical care. The dealing out chain of medical data mainly includes data collection, data storage and data sharing, etc. Traditional healthcare system often requires the release of medical data to the cloud, which involve users’ sensitive information and causes communication energy consumption. Practically, medical data sharing is a serious and demanding issue. Thus in this paper, we build up a new healthcare system by utilize the flexibility of cloudlet. The functions of cloudlet include privacy protection, data sharing and intrusion detection. In the phase of data collection, we first utilize Number Theory Research Unit (NTRU) method to encrypt user’s body data collected by wearable devices. Those data will be transmitted to nearby

179 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com cloudlet in an energy efficient fashion. Secondly, we present a new trust model to help users to select trustable partners who want to share stored data in the cloudlet. The trust model also helps similar patients to communicate with each other about their diseases. Thirdly, we divide users’ medical data stored in remote cloud of hospital into three parts, and give them proper protection. Finally, in order to protect the healthcare system from malicious attacks, we develop a novel collaborative intrusion detection system (IDS) method based on cloudlet mesh, which can effectively prevent the remote healthcare big data cloud from attacks. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Keywords: Cloudlet,Number Theory.

Title : Multifaceted Authentication for Secure User Access to Cloud

Naveen Chandra Gowdaa, Sunilkumar S. Manvib aSchool of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India bSchool of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: Distributed cloud computing is a developing, on-request web based innovation. It gives assortment of administration services over web, for example, software programming, hardware equipment, information stockpiling and computing frameworks. The security checking framework utilizes the multifaceted validation system produces the secret word in numerous levels to get to the cloud services. This framework is capable for frustrating Shoulder attack, Tempest attack, and Brute-force attack and more which are available at customer side, with the utilization of solid strategies in the Graphical passcode. Keywords : Cloud Computing Authentication, Graphical passcode, multifaceted authentication

Title : Design of Multilingual Ranking in Indexing Cloud

Manju More E, Dr. Sunil Kumar G Department of C&IT,Reva University, Bangalore 64 Department of CSE,VijayaVittala Institute of Technology,Bangalore 64

Abstract: There are lots of open source frameworks available to build a search engine. These open source frameworks provide multiple features to build an inverted index of web documents used for information retrieval. Some features like Scalability, term storage, document posting list storage etc, are common across these frameworks. These frameworks facilitate customization of building index to make it compatible for the desired application.

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As the web is growing, it means number of documents on web is also growing so index size will also grow. So to keep the user happy, query response time should not go above some optimum level, but single server with limited resources cannot cope with exponentially growing computational power need. Distributed Computing comes for rescue. It simply means rather than doing a job using a single machine, it should be distributed over a cloud (cluster of machines) which will work together and do partial job in a parallel fashion, thereby increasing the computational power and reducing the processing time by great margin. The approach would be to partition a single large search index into smaller partitions and assigned to each node in cluster. Later when a search request comes each node in cluster will perform search on local index for each query term and send the result back to the central machine, which will later combine search results from all nodes in cluster and then send it to user. Keeping in mind the humongous growth of the web and also the need for common solution to search multiple language documents in the web, it is important to evaluate parameters pertaining to multilingual documents while building index. These parameters include language tagging of the document in an index, retrieval efficiency for a specific language and so on.

Title: Two level image encryption scheme using Arnold map and combined key in cloud Environment Supreeth S1, Dr. Kiran Kumari Patil2 Asst. Professor, School of C & IT, Professor and Director school of C & IT

Abstract: Cloud based Security is one of the key aspects in medical application that used to protect the medical image from unauthorized access. In this approach a two level secured medical image encryption scheme is proposed based on permutation and diffusion using Arnold cat map and combined key sequence of Logistic map and Tent map on cloud computing environmet. Entire image encryption process is divided into permutation and diffusion. In permutation process image of size 256×256 pixels are decomposed into block of size 64×64 pixels and then each block is iterated using Arnold Cat Map and combined all iterated blocks to get the confused image of size 256×256 pixels. The obtained confused image is again iterated using Arnold Cat Map to get the Fully Confused Image

(FCI). In diffusion process FCI pixels are XORed with combined key sequence {Ki} to obtained encrypted image. To study the performance of the proposed scheme five different gray scale medical images of size 256×256 pixels were chosen. Performance analyses such as (i) Visual Analysis (ii) Histogram Analysis (iii) Correlation Analysis (iv) Entropy Analysis are performed. Result shows histogram plot of the encrypted image is almost flat, correlation between horizontal pairs of adjacent pixels of encrypted image is nearly equal to zero and entropy value is approximately equal to 8. Performance of the proposed scheme is compared on cloud with encryption using key sequence of (i) Logistic map alone (ii) Tent map alone.

181 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Session 1.1.B: Data Mining.

Title: Classification of Web Pages using Text Mining.

aAnusha Mallikarjun Meti, Mallikarjun M Kodabagib, a School of C&IT, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bangalore,India, [email protected] b School of C&IT, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bangalore,India, [email protected]

Abstract: In recent years, the World Wide Web(WWW) has become a global data centre, which permits people to store and distribute their information. The information in Web pages may be related to be personal, official, commercial and business. The users of Web would like to access such information for their needs. Therefore, to use the Web data for any specific purpose, it is necessary to have techniques which will classify the Web Pages so that the suitable data available in Web Page are provided to users. The work proposes a new technique for Classification of Web Pages. The Classification technique consists of three steps namely: Feature Extraction, Knowledge Representation and Classification. Keywords: World Wide Web, Web Page Classification, Knowledge Representation, Feature Extraction.

Title: Predicting the Level of Intensity of Breast Cancer Genes and Survivability Rate of Breast Cancer Patients using Neural Network

Naganandini.Ga, Vishwanath R Hulipalledb aResearch Scholar, School of Computing and IT, REVA University, Bengaluru,India, bProfessor, School of Computing and IT, REVA University, Bengaluru ,India

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the world. Substantial progress has been made in diagnosing and treating breast cancer. Germline or familial mutations in the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for only a proportion of hereditary breast cancer. A heterozygous variant in the ataxia–telangiectasia has a substantial breast cancer risk. The completion of the Human Genome Project gives us knowledge of the genetic variations that presumably underlie the fact that a family history of cancer is a risk factor for most cancer types. It has been observed that there are more families with multiple cases and increased risk of breast cancer among women with a family history of the disease. The main aim is to find out the genes that are most significant and

182 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com non-significant among all the genes present in the breast cancer tissue at the early stage , analyse the level of intensity and predict the survivability rate of the breast cancer hit patients using neural network. Keywords: Mutations, Oncology, Neural networks, Machine learning.

Title: Data Placement Strategy in Big Data.

Anilkumar Amborea, Dr. Udaya Rani Vb aDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Bengaluru- 560064, India bDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: In the present internet era there are so much data is produced and consumed. This increasing data we term it as a Big Data. Big Data consists of structured, semi-structured and unstructured data. The Big Data is mainly called 3V model i.e. high volume, high velocity and high variety. To process the Big Data Hadoop MapReduce is used MapReduce job usually splits the input data-set into independent chunks which are processed by the map tasks in a completely parallel manner. Keywords: Big Data; MapReduce; data placement.

Title: Prediction Of Heart Disease Using Various Dm Techniques For Evaluation Of Performance And Analysis.

Prof. Bindushree D Ca, Dr. Udayarani Vb aSchool of Computing & IT,REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064. bSchool of Computing & IT,REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: For managing patient health care, any model for predicting the threat of heart disease is completely based on individual characteristics of a patient. In case of commonly used risk prediction models, the input is carefully selected from the associates of epidemiology dataset. The main limitation of such models is its size and homogeneity thus confining the analytical power and generalizing ability. Electronic medical record (EMR) from bulk medical organizations offer permission to access to data on huge, assorted, and simultaneous records of patients. A novel data mining approach to risk model development comprises of exclusive parameters of EMR including mislaid risk factor evidence, nonlinear associations between CVD event outcomes and risk factors, and dissimilar properties from dissimilar patient subgroups. The major victims of CVD risks are people suffering from diabetes mellitus disease. CVD disturbs the heart and blood vessels and may result in lethal difficulties such as Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Stroke. The work focuses on a method defined on Naïve

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Bayesian networks skilled on EMR to foresee the possibility of perusing a CVD event within five years presented.

Title: Deep Learning based Predictive Model for Sales in Retail Shops

Surendra Babu K N a, Dr. Mallikarjun M Kodabagi b a Research Scholar, School ofComputing and Information Technology, REVA UNIVERSITY Bengaluru- 560064 b Professor, Deputy Director, School of C & IT,REVA UNIVERSITY Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Every businessperson expects more profit from business; every retail shop owner expects more profit from retail shop. Investing money and maintaining the retail shop will not guarantee more profit. The retailer should know which items to purchase & keep in stock based on season, based on some occasions, based on customer interest; Intelligence is required to predict when the sales will go up and when sales will come down. A human brain cannot store all historical data to decide or predict about sales. Therefore, we utilize the computational power of computers and Artificial intelligence. In this research it is proposed to develop a deep learning model to predict sales in retail shops and to identify which products are in more demand, which products are in less demand, which products to stock based on seasonality, based on branding and based on occasions. Key words: Machine learning, Deep Learning, Retail Sales,

Title: Malicious code detection in Data Mining

Sheelavathy K V a, Dr.Udaya Rani Vb aSchool of Computing and Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Computing and Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: In recentyears, malicious files pose a serious threatincomputersecurity systems.The malicious codes are determined by its complex structure and the types of malicious codes are high,considerably.Numerous solutions are developed by the researches for mitigating the malicious attacks.There are many problems associated with the extraction of contents and detection of malicious codes in the network. The extraction of structural or contents from a document leads to false detection of targeted attacks.The other challenges or limitations in detecting a malicious process like Differentiating benign and malicious processes over the hosts in real-time applications and differentiation between themalware families and its various categories. The main aim of the work is to improve the malicious detection in documents using content based analysis and

184 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com behavioral analysis.To implement such system, the detection is carried out wholly by both content and behavior analysis

Session 1.1.C: Data Mining-1

Title: Fuzzy based Email classification system. Aruna Kumara B a, Dr. Mallikarjun M Kodabagi b aResearch Scholar, SRN:R17PCS17, School ofComputing and Information Technology, REVA UniversityBengaluru- 560064 bProfessor, Deputy Director, School of C & IT,REVA UniversityBengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Email is an essential communication method for most computer users and has been treated as a powerful tool intended to idea and information exchange as well as for user’s commercial and social lives. Globalization has resulted in an exponential increase in the volume of emails. Nowadays, a typical user receives about 50 -60 email messages every day. For some people hundreds of messages are usual. Thus, users spend a significant part of their working time on processing email. Therefore, email management is an important issue faced by organizations and individuals, and it necessitates the need to devise mechanisms that intelligently classify and deal with the problem. Generally, the main tool for email management is automatic email classification. An automatic email classifier is a system that automatically classifies emails into one or more of a discrete set of predefined categories. In this proposed research, it is planned to develop techniques for classification of emails by analyzing the text information available in subject and body. The keywords which are important in the subject line and body of email will be given weights to improve the classification accuracy. Key words: Machine learning, Deep Learning, Retail Sales,

Title : Techniques For Image Classification and Retrieval

Devaraj S Marigoudraa, Dr. Mallikarjun M Kodabagib aResearch Scholar, School of C&IT, REVA University, Bangalore, [email protected] bProfessor, School of C&IT, REVA University Bangalore, [email protected]

Abstract: In this research work, it is proposed to develop suitable techniques for image classification and retrieval based on color and texture features of an image. The suitable data set of images will be considered for evaluating the proposed model. The proposed research involves development of technological solutions for various tasks such as; Feature Engineering, Discriminative Model to

185 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com classify and store the images in an organized fashion, retrieval model that performs retrieval of relevant images from image database. Keywords: CBIR, Feature Engineering, Image Classification, Image Retrieval.

Title: Hybrid algorithm for video enhancing video quality based on Horn Schunck optical flow estimation and Laplacian Pyramid segmentation.

Padma Reddy A.Ma, Dr Udayarani Vb aDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560064 bSchool of Computing & IT, REVA University, Bangalore – 560064

Abstract: Approach intended to be adopted in the execution of the researchis described as follows. This proposal, is an effective way to enhance the quality of video by enhancing the contrast of the image or remove blurring effects or remove the various types of noises in the video. Video enhancement system must suppress the most two common noises: Gaussian and Impulse noises as well as significantly enhance video contrast. A variety of different enhancement methods were utilized for performing the video enhancement system process. Even though many video enhancement systems are available, the limitations remain in many systems and the existing systems consumes more time and also the system performance is not precise. Performance could be improved by reducing the blurring effect and increasing the lower resolution video frames to high resolution video frames. In effect, the visual quality of any video must be enhanced. This is achieved as follows: Frame segmentation has been done on the available video data and used trilateral filter to eliminate both impulse noise and Gaussian noise. After removing noise, using image adjusting the contrast of image is increased which is input to the Laplacian Pyramid. The Laplacian pyramid was built by smoothing the image. The resulting image is fed as input to hybrid median filter. The optical flow estimation is performed with the assistance of Horn Schunck strategy and hence blurring of moving picture is reduced. The resulting image is smoothened and fed as input to Hybrid median filter using which impulse noise has been eliminated. The output of the Laplacian pyramid and Horne Shunck flow estimation method after filtering are fused along with chrominance and new video frames are generated. The video will have more clarity with increased contrast. Quality of the video after increasing the contrast is measured by calculating the PSNR and RMSE and the graph is plotted. Used Lucas Kanade technique to measure the quality of the output. Keywords: video frame conversion; contrast enhancement; Laplacian pyramid; Optical flow estimation.

186 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Internet of Things based Technology for Smart Home System.

Markandeshwar Jerabandia, Dr. Mallikarjun M. Kodabagib aDepartment of Computer Science, Rural Engineering College, Hulkoti, India, [email protected] bSchool of C and IT, REVA University, Bengaluru, India, [email protected]

Abstract: The Internet of Things is a technology that brings life to the real world objects. It is a connection of physical and virtual objects to the Internet using embedded sensors with wired/wireless technologies. IoT can be used in many areas and scenarios which includes: e-Governance, environmental monitoring, military applications, infrastructure management, industrial applications, energy management, healthcare monitoring, home automation and transport systems [5]. In this research, it is proposed to develop technology for home automation system. The technology includes various sub systems namely, house objects auto configuration and management, protocol for objects communication, objects monitoring and control, and objects access control. It is planned to develop methodology/solution for each of the subsystems of the proposed research. Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT); Smart Home System; Sensor Networks; Security; Auto- Configuration; Communication Protocol; Access Control; Device Management; Auto-Monitoring and Control; Context-Aware Adaption Scheme; Data Analysis and Visualization;

Title: Sentiment Analysis from Affective Multimodal Content

Sujay Angadi, R. Venkata Siva Reddyb aSchool of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, [email protected]. School of Electronics & Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, [email protected] Abstract: Sentiment analysis is widely used in companies to know the customer perspective towards their products and services. This helps in making crucial decisions in the organizations. People’s opinions are largely found in the social media like Facebook and YouTube. With the trend of sharing opinions, huge amount of videos are posted every single day. Mining knowledge from such high volume of data becomes demanding task. In this research it is proposed to develop a multimodal sentiment analysis framework that utilizes the different clues like audio, visual and textual information available in the opinion videos.Thus fusion of affective information from multiple modalities has significant role in predicting sentiment expressed in the video. Keywords: Sentiment analysis, Multimodal sentiment analysis, Multimodal fusion, Opinion mining.

187 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Session 1.1.D: Data Mining-2

Title: Cancer Classification using Gene Expression Data

Nimrita Koula, Dr. Sunilkumar S Manvib aSchool of Computing & IT, REVA University, Bangalore, India, [email protected] bSchool of Computing & IT, REVA University, Bangalore, India, [email protected]

Abstract Two hundred known types of Cancer ail humans. Treatment depends, to a large degree, on its type. To accurately identify the site of origin of a tumor is therefore, of great importance in the diagnosis of cancer and discovery of drugs as well as customized treatment approaches for cancer. This project proposes to analyze publicly available gene expression datasets for accurate classification of cancer types. The challenges of huge dimensionality and small sample size render conventional classification and clustering approaches useless, therefore, the first step in process is accurate feature selection from gene expression data followed by use of deep learning to classify tumors according to location of origin in human body. We use Convolutional Neural Networks for classification process. The accuracy of the results of this classification can make the results very useful to clinical scientists and oncologists in providing customized treatment to patients thereby reducing toxicity caused by general medicines. Keywords: Computational Biology , Deep Learning, Cancer Research, Genomics, Machine Learning.

Title : Text Detection with MSER, Canny and SWT for Natural Scene

Shahzia Siddiqua, Sunilkumar S Manvi Scholar, School of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru, India Director, School of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru, India

Abstract : Text detection in natural scene images is an important prerequisite for many content- based image analysis tasks. The method uses maximally stable extremal regions to implement edge detection, performs region analysis ignoring non-text areas and binarize using threshold of the remaining bounding boxes. Geometric Filtering based on non-extremal area and aspect ratio is used to discard non characters. Finally, apply Stroke Width Transformto find the distance of every pixel in a character candidate to the edge, keeping CC with uniform width.The method was tested against self-created dataset. It is observed that the computational efficiency of the method on an average is

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0.76 sec. This result emphasizes the usage of the method to real time applications. Experimental outcomes of the diversity of the dataset show that the proposed method performs well for text detection regardless of contrast, angle, background, text size and style. Yet, the proposed method needs to detect text accurately for smaller and denser font size. Keywords: Text Detection, MSER, SWT

Title: Automatic Detection Of Crop Diseases Using Nature Inspired Algorithms

Pavithra Pa & Dr. Aishwayra Pb aSchool of C&IT, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology, Bengaluru- 560024, India

Abstract: The main objective of this research work is to design a well-trained system that would recognizeplant disease using the leaf symptom accurately using the biologically inspired algorithms. Thissystem is expected to provide a very economical and accurate method of disease identificationfor the farmers and it would help them to prevent a major yield damage or loss. Since the remedial measures to be taken by the farmers depends on the identification of the diseases, thesystem must have a very low False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Recognition Rate (FRR) and False Recognition Rate (FRR). Since there is need for identifying diseases even with little difference in symptoms, a very efficient machine-learning algorithm is required to train the system to automatically identify the leaf disease. Hence, this proposed research is aimed at utilizing the combination of nature-inspired algorithms and neural networks in order to increase the recognition rate with lower FAR and FRR of final classification process.

Title: Machine Learning Mechanisms for Big Scholarly Data Analysis

Mr. Raghavendra Nayaka P (Scholar)a, Dr. Rajeev Ranjan (Guide)b aAssistant Professor, School of C & IT, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bangalore – 560064 bAssociate Professor, School of C & IT, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bangalore - 560064

Abstract: The research work aims to perform research paper recommendation systems using collaborative as well as content based approach. There is a huge scope for recommendation systems of research papers as beginner researchers spend a lot of time searching for a detailed survey paper to understand more about the domain. This provides a deeper understanding of the domain to the beginner researcher. On the contrary, it takes a lot of time for the researcher to find a good research paper that

189 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com provides the best understanding of the domain from scratch to the researcher. Likewise, advanced researchers in a particular domain look for implementation papers which provided the latest advances in a domain. The applications to be developed as the part of research will help beginner and advanced researchers alike as it helps recommend survey papers as well as recent advances in of a domain based on the user's interest. Keywords: Objectives: In this research, it is proposed to develop suitable machine learning mechanisms for big scholarly data analysis.

Title: Privacy Preservation in Big Data Sujatha Ka, Dr.Udaya Rani Vb aSchool of Computing and Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Computing and Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Big data is a term used for very large data sets that have variety and complex Structure. These characteristics usually correlate with additional difficulties in storing, analyzing and applying further procedures or extracting results. Big data analytics is the term used to describe the process of researching massive amounts of complex data in order to reveal hidden patterns or identify secret correlations. The work focuses on privacy and security concerns in big data, differentiates between privacy and security and privacy requirements in big data. This work covers uses of privacy by taking existing methods such as HybrEx, k-anonymity-closeness and L-diversity and its implementation. There have been a number of privacy-preserving mechanisms developed for privacy protection at different stages (for example, data generation, data storage, and data processing) of a big data life cycle. The main aim is to provide a major privacy preservation mechanisms in big data and present the challenges for existing mechanisms. This work also presents recent techniques of privacy preserving in big data like hiding a needle in a haystack, identity based anonymization, differential privacy, privacy preserving big data publishing and fast anonymization of big data streams. This work refer privacy and security aspects healthcare in big data.

Title: System Proposal And Crs Model Design Applying Personal Information Protection For Big Data Analysis

Mrs. Shashikala.N , Dr. Monica Mundada Assistant Professor,School of Computing and Information Technology,REVA University. Associate Professor ,Department of Computer Science &Engg,Ramaiah Institute of Technology.

Abstract–With the current advancement of IT innovation, the limit of information has outperformed the Zetta-byte and enhancing the effectiveness of business by expanding the prescient capacity

190 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com through a productive investigation on these information has risen as an issue of the present society. Indeed, even in each broad healing facility , expansive measure of data is being put away and oversaw. Be that as it may, there are not very many reviews on the proficient utilization of the restorative data. For the utilization of the cleaned clinical information, a domain that can without much of a stretch exploit the clinical data is required. What’s more, since the clinical data incorporates individual data, the anonymization of individual data that expels patient’s close to home data from the data is required before the examination utilizing clinical data. Research Work aim to restorative data, prescription data medicinal test outcomes and sensitivity data were executed up to Entry-level utilizing Care Record Summary coordinating these data was made to guarantee interoperability and empower more productive therapeutic treatment.

Title: Job Recommendation: Recommending jobs based on skills, expertise and experience of job seeker

Rashmi C1, Dr. Mallikarjun M Kodabagi 2 1. Reasearch Scholar , REVA UNIVERSITY,Bangalore 2. Professor, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bangalore Abstract: A social network is a collection of all relevant nodes and interactions between the nodes. The major aspect of many online social networks is that they are rich in data which provide enormous challenges and opportunities. Using machine learning and graph theory one can analyze the structure of social networks. Here, we characterize the social network structure in terms of individuals and their relationships to each other as acquaintances, colleagues, collaborators and/or classmates. Through these relationships, one can find their links with their connections, professions, and the degree of the links. Networking sites such as LinkedIn contain more information of the knowledge of connections about the skill of an individual. The objective of this study is to find methods that measure the skills, expertise and experience of a job seeker and to investigate importance of using social networking data as input to user modeling that determines the strength of skills to be used for recommending matching job vacancies.

191 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Session 1.1.E: Data Mining-3

Title: Data Mining Techniques on Credit Card Fraud Detection S.Deepikaa, Dr.S.Senthilb aResearch Scholar, School of Computer Science and Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru, [email protected]. bAssociate Professor & Director, School of Computer Science and Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru, [email protected] Abstract: Due to fast advancement in E-Commerce, using credit cards has dramatically increased. As credit card becomes the most popular mode of payment for both online furthermore regular purchase, cases of fraud associated with it are also rising. Credit Card frauds are increasing as there are millions of users worldwide. As e-commerce sales continue to grow, the associated online fraud remains an attractive source of revenue for fraudsters. These fraudulent activities impose a considerable financial loss to merchants, making online fraud detection a necessity. The problem of fraud detection is concerned with not only capturing the fraudulent activities, but also capturing them as quickly as possible. This timeliness is crucial to decrease financial losses. To stop these fallacious transactions, this paper proposing an integrated approach which uses the Behavior Based Technique, neural network,and IDS. The detection process should be self-adjustable to allow the system to deal with the constantly changing nature of online attacks. The credit card holder’s behaviors are taken as attributes and train the network which is self-adjustable. Because this feature, we can handle newly coming fraudulent transactions. The investigator’s feedbacks and delayed labels are also treated as attributes for training the network. By using an IDS, we concentrate on finding anomaly, misuse and decision making model to produce better detection accuracy and a decreased false positive rate. The integrated approach is very attractive to detect the attacks in credit card system.The transactions that are considered to be anomalous or abnormal are then sent to the misuse detection system. Here, the transactions are compared with predefined attack types and then sent to the decision making model to classify it as known/unknown type of attack. Finally, the decision-making module is used to integrate the detected results and report the types of attacks in credit card system. As abnormal transactions are analyzed carefully in each of the module, the fraud rate is reduced and system is immune to attacks.Proposed model is evaluated on both synthetically generated and real life data and shows very good accuracy in detecting fraud transaction. Keywords: E-commerce, anomalous, Behavior Based, neural network, IDS, fraud,Credit card.

192 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Lung Cancer Prediction using Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Networks with Optimal Features

Dr. S. Senthila,B.Ayshwaryab aDirector, School of Computer Science and Applications, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, [email protected] bResearch Scholar, School of Computer Science and Applications, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. [email protected] Abstract: The major cause of deaths in human beings is Lung Cancer, Since the lung cancer symptoms appear in the advanced stages so it is hard to detect which leads to high mortality rate among other cancer types. Hence the early prediction of lung cancer is mandatory for the diagnosis process and it gives the higher chances for successful treatment. It is the most challenging way to enhance a patient’s chance for survival. In this paper a computer aided classification method for lung cancer prediction based an evolutionary system by a combination of architectural evolution with weight learning using neural network and Particle Swarm Optimization is implemented. This method proposed different variants and hybridize it with evolutionary algorithm to improve its performance and uses global searching of PSO and local searching ability of neural network gives better lung cancer prediction as cancerous and non-cancerous. The classification is performed and the results were evaluated with the performance comparison of various algorithms. This prediction system is useful for the doctors to take an appropriate decision based on patient’s condition. Keywords: Lung Cancer, small cell lung cancer, Neural Networks and Particle Swarm Optimization.

Title: Product Recommendation In Social Media Using Event Detection

Manu G. Thomasa,Dr. S Senthilb aResearch Scholar, REVA University,Yelahanka,Bangalore-560-064, bDirector, School of Computer Science & Applications, REVA University, Yelahanka,Bangalore-560-064

Abstract: In this study, the possibility of forming a product recommendation system for Online shopping sites, by performing sentimental analysis and event detection and the linked users in social media is high. The system analyses the user’s micro blogging information to find out a possible event that the user is likely to go. According to the event a relevant product can be recommended .Thus a product recommendation system which is more effective can be formulated. By performing event detection in user’s social media profile and analysing the linked users, an idea about the buying behaviour can

193 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com be assessed. The system analyses the user’s micro blogging and upcoming events to recommend products. The user will be asked to login with their social media account, and product recommendations will be provided. The sentimental analysis of user’s micro blogging in social media can be done using R-language. The product recommendation makes it easy for the user to buy products from online platform. Users no longer need to search for hours to finalize on a product, since the best products will be recommended to him/her depending on her interests. Keywords: Hot event Detection, Cold start problem.

Title: Unsupervised Machine Learning Techniques for Data Analysis

Raghavendra Reddya , Dr. Gopal K. Shyamb aPh.D Research Scholar, REVA University, Bangalore, India, [email protected] bSchool of C and IT, REVA University, Bangalore, India, [email protected]

Abstract: Analysis and search for meaningful associations in customer purchase data are considered as best applications of data mining techniques. Machine learning is the fundamental nature of imitating intelligence. The machine learns from the past information to improve the performance of intelligent programs. Techniques used are clustering, feature extraction and classification. Machine learning is mainly employed to exhibit accurate estimate to overcome the problem with association mining which cannot support for larger dataset. We consider unsupervised machine learning techniques to analyze various sort of the data. Further, we analyze the market dataset by considering demand influencing factors such as customer demand, association between the products, seasonal effects and various other occasion. Keywords: Unsupervised Machine Learning Techniques, Data Analysis, Marketing Application, Market Basket Analysis.

Title: Novel Query Optimization Methods for Web Retrieval Process Performance Enhancement

1H.R. Shashidhar, 2G.T. Raju and 3Vinayaka Murthy 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, RNS Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 2Department of Computer Science and Engineering, RNS Institute of Technology, Bengaluru. 3School of Computer Science and Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru

Abstract: Due to the enormous growth of Web, building Web applications which migrate and integrate data from different data sources is becoming infeasible, mainly due to the restrictions

194 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com imposed by the data sources, and efficiency issues encountered in migration and integration. Hence, Web applications are being built without performing migration and integration of data. To support such Web applications, Web query engines have been designed to act as back end data engines. Web query engines and relational database systems have similar functionalities. Web query engines involve multiple data sources which can impose their required constraints. These constraints can create significant bottleneck in the query optimization process. Effective query optimization requires high quality metadata information. But, some of the data sources might not be comfortable in sharing or creating such information. Due to this problem, inefficient query plans get generated, which can increase dissatisfaction of the user w.r.t the system. Two important parameters of query optimization process are: selectivity and cost models. Selectivity means the portion of data that is relevant to an operator. Cost model provides the execution cost for an operator. To perform accurate calculation of these parameters, metadata statistics are required. But, in Web query engines, this crucial statistics might not be available, which can result in poor accuracy for calculating both parameters. The objective of this research work, is to perform accurate calculation of selectivity and cost of executing operators in Web query engines, even when effective metadata statistics are not available. The first contribution of this thesis is performing effective selectivity estimation. Two techniques are proposed: Adaptive Histogram technique and Sampling based technique. The sampling based technique utilizes Central Limit Theorem and Hoeffding Inequality to build the selectivity estimator. The second contribution of this thesis is building effective cost models for executing operators. Two techniques are proposed: Poisson Cost model and Exponential cost model. These techniques employ 1regression concept in building the cost models. All the proposed techniques are empirically evaluated on real world data sets. These proposed techniques justify their introduction, by providing estimated selectivity and cost information for an operator, which are near to the actual values. This performance is obtained even when effective metadata statistics are not available. Keywords : Cost models, web query optimization, mediator, operators.

195 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Session 1.1.F: Data Mining-4

Title: Soft Computing Approaches for Classification of Medical Data

Ahelam Tikotikara, Dr. Mallikarjun M Kodabagib aPhD Scholar, School of Computing & IT, REVA UNIVERSITY, Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka,Bangalore-560064, [email protected] bProfessor & Deputy Director, School of Computing & IT, REVA UNIVERSITY, Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka,Bangalore-560064, [email protected]

Abstract: This research work focuses on development of techniques for classification of medical data. Medical data classification has been a significant research over the past decade. In order to predict the disease, several researchers combined neural network technique with some other methods for competent classification. In our research to overcome the issues of previous work, we are going to use soft computing approaches for classification of medical data, to improve an accuracy of our proposed study. The system would help the doctors to automate medical data diagnosis and to enhance the performance of health industry. The performance is analyzed in terms of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy using the publicly available UCI datasets, i.e., Cleveland, Hungarian, Switzerland, Pima Indian Diabetes, mammographic masses datasets. Keywords: soft computing, Data Mining, Fuzzy System and classification techniques

Title :Algorithms For Mining Large Sequential Data Streams

Anooja Ali1, Dr. Vishwanath R Hulipalled 2, Dr. S.S.Patil3 3. Research Scholar , REVA UNIVERSITY,Bangalore

4. Professor, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bangalore

5. Professor, UAS, Bangalore

Abstract : Identification of similarity between any gene sequences is referred as sequence alignment. Sequence homology is similar to percent homology. Local and global alignment are the two approaches to perform alignment. Local alignment aligns small areas independently where as in global alignment a smaller network is uniquely aligned to best match in larger network. Subgraphs that appear more frequently in a network is called motif. Analyzing biological data as biological network and then identifying the consensus motif determines the cancerous genes and pathways.

196 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Tilte: A Review on Motif Finding Algorithms

Sanjeev P. Kaulgud,Vishwanath R Hulipalled,S S Patil 1. Research Scholar , REVA UNIVERSITY,Bangalore

2. Professor, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bangalore

3. Professor, UAS, Bangalore

Abstract: Motif finding is the discovery of repetitive patterns in the sequence data. These sets of similar subsequences tend to indicate regions that have the same or similar biological function and therefore hint at the purpose and structure of uncharacterized sequence. The problem become complex because of the fact that motif may have several formats. Sequence analysis is computation-intensive for tasks such as assembly of reads, mapping reads to genomes, variation analysis across genomes, sequence similarity, sequence clustering, phylogenetics, and sequence motif and pattern finding. The detection and alignment of locally conserved regions (motifs) in multiple sequences can provide insight into protein structure, function, and evolution. Sequence similarity, found using either pair wise alignment, multiple alignment, or motif detection methods, often yields the first clues to protein structure and function. In this paper we look into some algorithms to find motifs from the sequence data. Keywords: Motif, Genomes, Sequence Similarity.

Title: Computational Intelligence Based High Utility Data Mining With Data Constraints.

Siva Sa, Shilpa Chaudharib aSchool of CS & A,REVA University, Bengaluru- 560065, India bSchoolof C S E, Associate Professor,MSRIT,Bengaluru- 560065, India

Abstract: In data mining, high utility itemset mining is altogether expanded and wound up noticeably well known in view of the constant exchanges. Current high utility itemset mining systems are centered around various individual imperative which are its own execution. In any case, in data mining, finding new learning based on the frequent pattern from the substantial database, many authors developed algorithms to mine the association rules and patterns in low level(volume) databases, it is vital to take after the specific constraints(conditions) to achieve the undertaking adequately and productively. These constraints help to take choice on mining methods which can receive to mine the information from value-based databases where the information is expanding each day from giga bytes to tera bytes. In our work, we propose the algorithms on high utility itemset mining utilizing

197 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com distinctive requirements on information, model and measures. One favorable position of utilizing requirement based high utility itemset mining make the specialist to mine the thing set in a productive way, additionally it prompts scientist to discover new procedures and algorithms. Proposed algorithms reduce the search space and reduce the redundant patterns, helps in pruning to reduce the time to find profitable patterns, which that organizations are making productive activities and can make important anticipating about the tasks in better way. Keywords: Data Mining, High Utility Mining, Transactional databases, Predictive Analytics; Machine learning(ML)

Title: FIDoop: Parallel Mining of Frequent Itemsets Using MapReduce

Ranjitha U.N, Dr. Shilpa Mehta School of C&IT,REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 School of Electronics,Presidency university, Bengaluru- 56064, India

Abstract: : Existing parallel mining algorithms for frequent itemsets lack a mechanism that enables automatic parallelization, load balancing, data distribution, and fault tolerance on large clusters. As a solution to this problem we design a parallel frequent itemsets mining algoritm called FIDoop using the MapReduce programming model. To achieve the compressed storage and avoid building conditional pattern bases, FIDoop incorporates the frequent items ultrametric tree, rather than conventional FP trees.

198 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Session 1.2.A: Networking and Applications.

Title: Resource Allocation In Visible Light Communication For Applications In 5g Networks.

Mrs. Shilpa V , Dr. Rajeev Ranjan Assistant Professor,School of Computing and Information Technology,REVA University. Professor and Assistant Director,School of Computer Science and Applications,REVA University.

Abstract – VLC is an evolving communication technology that has been proposed as a promising technology for high speed communications. Allocation of resources in such a network which is shared among multiple flows of traffic is a desirable property with many practical benefits. Advances in traffic management can improve the isolation between traffic streams, offer a more predictable performance, eliminate certain kinds of network bottlenecks and may serve as a critical component of a strategy to achieve certain guaranteed services such as delay bounds and minimum bandwidths. However, as flows of traffic traverse the network, they share not only bandwidth resources, but also multiple other types of resources such as processor, buffer, and power in mobile systems etc which are to be allocated fairly to the users to improve the throughput. If the network is not fair in allocating any of the shared resources, denial of service attacks based on an excessive use of this resource becomes possible. Therefore, the desired eventual goal is to allocate all the resources fairly in the network to improve the overall performance of the network. The research work will address the performance issues related to resource allocation wherein efficient resource allocation methods will be designed to provide high QoS using VLC in 5G networks. Keywords: Visible Light Communication(VLC)

Title: A Review On Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching Network

Ambika B Ja, Dr.M K Bangab aResearch Scholar, School of Computing and Information Technology, REVA University, Bangalore. bEx-Director of School of C & IT, REVA University, and presently, Chairman of the Department of Computer Science & Engineering and Dean research ,Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore.

Abstract: The rapid increase of modern applications have raised the importance of using network resources more effectively and without compromising the quality of services. This can be achieved via traffic

199 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com engineering (TE). The Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) is introduced as extension to MPLS to deal with different classes of interfaces. The GMPLS networks enhance the functional limitations of IP networks . The routing algorithm plays a critical role in producing optimal solutions (routes) for traffic engineering in the network. The proposed Fuzzy algorithm dynamically allocates network resources and reserves partial bandwidth, based on the current network utilization status.

Title: A Route Planning Network Solution using Advanced Genetic Algorithm

Mrinmoyee Chattoraja, Dr. Udaya Rani Vb, aResearch Scholar, Dept. Of CSE, REVA University, Bengaluru, India bSenior Associate Professor and PG Coordinator, School of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru ,India.

Abstract: The optimal path from the source location to the destination location is calculated for both static and dynamic network using advanced Genetic Algorithm. The results are compared with Dijkstra’s algorithm and its noticed that the time taken by Genetic algorithm is much less compared to Dijkstra’s algorithm for a given road network where along with the distance the traffic conditions are also considered. Keywords: Genetic Algorithm, Fitness Function, Crossover, mutation

Title: An Effective Technique for Social Networking Analysis through Knowledge Mining

Kulkarni Varsha Vibhakara, Dr. Kiran Kumari Patilb aSchool of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bangalore, India. [email protected] bDirector – UIIC, REVA University, Bangalore, India. [email protected]

Abstract: Big Data analytics plays a key role through reducing the data size and complexity in big data applications. With the increasing popularity of Online Social Networks, new opportunities arise for the researchers. Online Social Networks became a rich resource of information that can be used for Knowledge Mining. The process of deriving new knowledge has to be guided by criteria such that the type of knowledge a particular user is interested in. The main objective of this research is to develop a framework for extracting data from social networking services and develop an algorithm for data analysis which can derive new knowledge directly from data using relevant prior knowledge. The outcome of algorithm of data Analysis methods can be used efficiently for decision making. Keywords: Big Data Analytic, Social networking Analysis, Knowledge Mining

200 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Security provisioning for MAC Aware Routing in Internet of Things

G.Kalyania, Dr.Shilpa Chaudharib aDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, SNIST, Hyderabad, India, bDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, MSRIT, Bengaluru, India,

Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) is the next big boom in the networking field. The vision of IoT is to connect daily used objects (which have the ability of sensing and actuation) to the Internet. This may or may not involve human. IoT field is still maturing and has many open issues e.g. Security provisioning. By 2020 Gartner has predicted that 25 billion IoT will be used. The security and privacy are some of the major issues that prevent the wide adoption of Internet of Things. Any security mechanism should be designed to provide confidentiality, integrity, authentication and non-repudiation. The existing secure IoT work addressees the solutions against attacks at each layer separately. As the devices have low computational power and low memory the existing security mechanisms (which are a necessity) should also be optimized accordingly or a clean slate approach needs to be followed. This research work will focus on the security provisioning in IoT considering multiple layers security especially MAC and Routing. Keywords: MAC, Routing, Low Computational power.

Title: Energy Optimization in Delay-Sensitive Wireless Sensor Network Applications using Mobile Sink

Ravi Ba,Kiran Kumari Patilb , Udaya Kumar K Shenoyc aDepartment of Computer Science, Research Scholar , REVA University, Bengaluru -560064 bSchool of Computing and IT REVA University, Bengaluru-560064 , India cDepartment of Computer Science, NMAMIT, Nitte-574110 ,India

Abstract: Data gathering is a primal task of WSNs, which involves collecting sensor readings at predefined base stations or sinks for analysis and processing. It has been shown that in multi-hop scenarios sensors near a sink drain their battery faster than those far apart due to high overhead of message relaying.A cost-effective approach to address this issue is to use a mobile sink to gather data form sensory field.While moving inside the network, the sink constantly keeps itself in close proximity to a subset of the sensor devices to maintain one hop communication.Mobile sink based data gathering is beneficial for multi-hop WSNs as it not only minimizes energy consumption rate but also has other advantages. Besides the strategies for energy optimization, an important performance parameter that

201 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com requires optimization in multi-hop WSNs is message delivery latency. The aim of this research work is to devise efficient strategies for data collection using a mobile sink in a WSN. Our strategies cover applications that are intolerant to delay in data collection. We broadly identify two kinds of delay- sensitive applications. First kind includes applications which require data to be collected by a mobile sink within a given deadline.The second type involves applications where there is no deadline on data collection, but focuses on achieving a good balance between data collection delay and energy optimization. In this type of application there is always a scope for achieving a good trade-off between sensors energy consumption and data collection latency. Simulations results of the performance comparisons revealed a significant improvement in network lifetime and data delivery latency. Keywords: Data collection, energy-hole problem, lifetime maximization, multihop transmission, mobile sink, rendezvous point, sensor node, wireless sensor network.

Title: Design & Development of Spatio-Temporal Cross-Layer Interaction Module for WSN

Shoba Chandraa, Dr. Kiran Kumari Patilb& Dr. Suresha Talankic aSchool of Computing & IT, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India bREVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India cSri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Bengaluru – 562157, India

Abstract: A revolutionary spatio-temporal Cross Layer Interaction (CLI) module is developed, where the boundaries among Network and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers are desecrated in diverse ways to accomplish performance gain for application-specific scenarios. The research work contributes an innovative new state-of-the-art paradigm for CLI module. The proposed module ensures efficient energy utilization between the layers. Exploratory investigations are made to analyze the spatio-temporal correlation statistics of the implemented module. The proposed model enhances QoS parameters. Comparative assessment of the proposed CLI module with the traditional layered module is carried out to show that the CLI model outperforms. Keywords: Cross-Layer Interactive Framework (CLIF), DEL-CMAC, S-AODV, WSN, Network Lifetime, Energy Efficiency.

202 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Influence of each post in the real world: Novel Techniques for Social Media Analysis

Mr. Rathan Ma, Dr. Vishwanath R Hulipalledb aDepartment of C & IT, School of C & IT, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of C & IT, School of C & IT, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The amount of data with respect to many fields such as customer spending habits, the behavior and the polarity of people towards a particular state of affairs or a product is increasing by a vast amount every day. Furthermore, it’s all freely available by means such as social media, customer reviews in blogs and much more. This huge amount of data has the potential to predict the future trends, analyze current sentiments of people towards a particular aspect of a product and spending habits of customers. To predict the future sales or the future requirements is a top priority for any business. With this amount of data available, the prediction of the future trends is made easier. To bridge the gap between the data of customers and the insights that are useful for business, predictive models are created within a lot of fields such as tourism, marketing strategy analysis and much more. The potential here seems to be endless as every corporation looks to peek into the future and hence take appropriate business decisions. We aim to create such models which use the techniques of predictive analytics to not only improve business decisions but also improve the way of living within the community. Keywords: Crowdsourcing, NLP, Social Media Analysis, Text Classification, Twitter Analysis

Session 1.2.B: Networking and Applications-1

Title:Advanced Radar Signal Processing Technique For Better Detection Of Slow Moving Targets For Coastal Area

Rajesh Ba , Dr. V. Udaya ranib; Dr. G. V. Jayaramaiahc a. School of Computer and Information Technology, REVA University Bangalore-560064 b. School of Computer and Information Technology, REVA University Bangalore-560064 c. Electronics & Communication dept, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bangalore – 560054

Abstract: Coastal surveillance is purely a technology-business. We need the most modern surveillance Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) across the coastal lines in an integrated framework. One should know that kind of modern and latest technology which makes Coastal security and surveillance work with ease and offer true-effectiveness. Our choice of technology must be done with due precision and

203 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com diligence. The principal challenge for any coastal surveillance radar system is to detect small and slow moving targets of very low Radar Cross Section (RCS) in poor weather conditions including rough seas and rain. Conventional coastal surveillance radars suffer significant degradation in performance when it rains, making even large boats and ships invisible. The research problem includes the study of existing slow Moving Target Identification (MTI) and Doppler based techniques for Radar signal processing, then to develop the advanced algorithm to enhance the signal to noise ratio for slow moving targets for better detection in the presence of clutters to have the effective coastal surveillance that is driven by the use technology. Keywords: RADAR; RCS; MTI; Doppler; Clutter.

Title: Vulnerability in IOT: Insecure Web Interface

Vinay Kumar Ma aSchool of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: In this study, we study the vulnerability in area of Internet of Things with respect to the insecure web interface. We brief about 6 aspects of insecure web interface; Threat Agents: Internal and external users with access to the web interface, Ease of exploitability: Attacker using the weak credentials set by the users, Security Weakness: caused by account enumeration, lack of account lockout or weak credentials are present, Insecure web interfaces are pREVAlent as the intent is to have these interfaces exposed only on internal networks. Technical Impacts: Insecure web interface can result in data loss or corruption, lack of accountability; or denial of access and can lead to complete device take over and Business Impacts: Compromised devices that can lead to compromise in customer’s data confidentiality; which are the consequences faced because of the vulnerabilities in IOT. Keywords: Threat Agents; Security weakness; Exploitability

Title : A study on Rapid Entire Body Postural Analysis Assessment Device for Computer Operators Using IoT Mrs. Thanuja, Dr.Kirankumari Patil REVA University

Abstract The reason for this proposal is to come up with a device for body postural analysis using REBA, the way it is implemented, its uses and the drawbacks. There are lot of research which has showed how REBA is used for analyzing the posture of jobs in number of industrial, health care jobs and other professional settings. Also in industries where computer is used extensively, packers and movers

204 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com industries, workshops in school, real estate, workshops in sawmill , retail sector, manufacturing industries, fire-fighters and for emergency medical technicians and odontological services. Due to wrong sitting postures there is vulnerability to MUSCLOSKELETAL disorders. ‘Rapid Entire Body Postural Analysis Assessment Device for Computer Operators using IOT’ is a device which will be used for monitoring the sitting posture and that too for computer operators in particular. There is lot of importance given to monitoring the posture and notifying the working person who would be using the device. The device will help in correcting the sitting posture and avoid the MUSCLOSKELETAL disorders and other diseases.

Title: FQ-DSNRP: Fault-Resilient and QoS Centric Dynamic Network Sensitive Routing Protocol for Mobile-WSNs

Ganesh D Ra, Dr. Kiran kumari patilb, Dr. Suresh Lc aResearch Scholar, REVA University Bengaluru- 560064 bProfessor, School of Computing and IT, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 cPrincipal, Cambridge Institute Of Technology, Bengaluru- 560036

Abstract: The exponential rise in the demand of wireless communication has revitalized academia-industry to achieve more efficient networking solution. To meet these demands Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have always been the dominating solution, however static node and network characteristics confine its suitability for applications under dynamic topology. Strengthening WSN with fault- resilient route decision by exploiting dynamic network parameters such as current congestion probability, buffer availability, and packet injection rate can ensure reliable and Quality of Service (QoS) communication over WSNs under dynamic network topology. So multiple network parameters based Fault-resilient and QoS centric Dynamic Network Sensitive Routing Protocol (FQ- DNSRP) is developed. FQ-DNSRP exploits network parameters at the different layers of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack, i.e., Application Layer, Network Layer, MAC Layer, and PHY Layer to derive a Node Rank Matrix that helps in identifying best forwarding node for deadline sensitive and reliable data transmission. Some of the key novelties are service differentiation based data prioritization and resource allocation, pro-active node management, congestion awareness, dynamic link quality estimation, packet injection ratio estimation, deadline sensitive data prioritization, and physical switching that cumulatively ensures fault-resilient and QoS delivery over WSN. Keywords: Mobile- Wireless Sensor Network, Fault-resilient routing, Quality of Service, Network Aware Routing Protocol, Mission Critical Communication.

205 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Improvement In Performance Of Ad Hoc Networks In Specific To Zone Routing Protocol Through Congestion Reduction In Border Nodes Of The Zones

Suhaas K P, Dr. S Senthil aResearch Scholar, School of Computer Science & Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru, India, bDirector, School of Computer Science & Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru, India,

Abstract: In networking systems, the main agenda is to minimize the time taken for the data to reach the destination correctly by utilizing the available resources minimally. The ad-hoc approach greatly encourages the setting of network on the go and shall greatly project the main schema in the networking domain. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a routing protocol, under Hybrid Routing Protocol of ad hoc networks that is developed to serve the sending of packets i.e., delivery of data/information between end systems/nodes. Improving the performance of the protocol is one of the key issues, which is predominantly achieved by proper design of efficient protocol that also considers proper usage of resources in the considered environment. A proper design shall also consider the congestion factor which arises when the traffic is high than the actual capacity the network can withstand. Performance of the entire routing protocol is strongly related to the handling of congestion with minimal utilization of resources and delivery of packets to the destination. This proposed research aims to improve the performance of the Zone Routing Protocol by minimizing the end-to-end delivery time, reduction in loss of packet and minimizing the congestion in the nodes of the ad hoc network.

Title: Information Dissemination in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Vani Krishnaswamya, SunilKumar S Manvib aSchool of Computing & Information Technology,REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Computing & Information Technology,REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The area of underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASN) is developing expeditiously as it shows a major aspect in various military and civilian practices, such as avoidance of disaster, diplomatic vigilance, seaward analysis, environmental monitoring, oceanographic data collection and mine reconnaissance.All these applications are mainly concerned by sharing the data in sequence that is Information dissemination. Basically a sensor network is assumed to have large collection of sensor nodes which have to communicate among themselves. Even though a centralized controller establishes a prior path between source and destination node, some connectivity holes are created due to mobility, high path loss, low bandwidth, high energy consumption and also because of node

206 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com failures. Therefore, it affects the data transmission from the source to destination. The retransmission of data consumes time,energy and the cost. Therefore care must be taken on designing efficient data collection and aggregation algorithms, optimal cluster based algorithms and routing algorithms in order to decrease energy consumption and to optimize the lifetime of UWASN. Keywords : UWASN ; Clustering; data aggregation; routing.

Title: End -To-End Security Scheme For Machine Type Communication In Lte Network

K.Krishna jyothi, Dr.Shilpa Chaudhari Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SNIST, Hyderabad, India Department of Computer Science and Engineering , MSRIT, Bengaluru, India

Abstract – Networking among machine terminals with interaction without human interventions is popularly known as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) application/service or Machine-Type Communications (MTC). Currently, short-range radio technologies operating on an unlicensed spectrum such as Bluetooth, wifi, zigbee are used to implement MTC based applications. The major consideration for successful deployment of next generation MTC to address this challenge involves the ready-to-use cellular infrastructure based network technologies like Long term Evolution (LTE) and future 5G. The advantages of LTE-MTC are increases battery life, reduce device cost/complexity and enhance coverage. The majority of research in MTC area focuses on congestion control, resource management, sensing, computing, and controlling technologies. Applications using MTC cannot be launched in the market without security guarantee yielding cyber security as paramount importance in MTC. Very few research articles exist in the literature discussing the security aspect of MTC. There are few articles those discuss the group authentication but it lacks considering all security issues. In this research, end-to-end security provisioning in MTC will be addressed. Keywords: Long term Evolution, Machine-to-Machine

Title: Optimization Trade-off between Zone size and Mobile Data Collector traveling distance in WSNs Praveen Kumar K Va, M K Bangab , Udayarani Vc aDepartment of Computer Scienc & Engg , Sambhram Institute of Technology Bangalore 560097 bDepartment of ComputerScience&Engg , Dayanandsagar University, Bengaluru- 560078 cDepartment of ComputerScience&Engg, REVA University, Bengaluru – 560064

Abstract: Enhancement of network lifetime in very large network is the critical issue due difficulty in balancing energy level among all the nodes. Direct transmission or multi hop transmission in large network consume more energy and minimizes the network lifetime due to improper balance of

207 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com energy level among all the nodes. Best way of balancing energy in very large network is using mobile data collector travel in the network area to collect data. This technique balances the energy level but consume more data latency. The main objective of this research work enhances the network lifetime and optimizes the data latency. It adopts the zone based architecture, network area is divided in to virtual zones and zone members transmit data to zone head using multi hop technique. Mobile data collector travel to each zone head to collect data and uploads to base station. The main issue here is what should be the size of the zone to optimize the data latency. It determines the data collection time in each zone and travelling cost of mobile data collector. It optimizes the data latency by balancing data collection time and travelling time. This optimization framework provides the better network lifetime and minimize the data latency optimally compare to previous state of the art works. Keywords: Data Latency, Energy Efficiency, Mobile data Collector, Zone Head,

Investigation of Evolutionary Scheduling Techniques for Provisioning QoS in 802.16e Tactical Networks Ravi Shankar Ha,Dr. Kiran kumari Patil b aSchool of Computing and Information Technolgy, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 b School of Computing and Information Technolgy, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Wi-Max is wireless broadband access technology. Wi-Max protocol contain the feature of other wireless technology that emerged from IEEE 802.11. Wi-Max technology is able to transfer with higher data rate and for the long transmission range in the wireless network. Wi-Max is standardized as IEEE 802.16. Due to increasing popularity of wireless network, the quality of service (QOS) becomes a key issue, so the Wi-Max gives the better service than the other technology. Services in Wi-Max are of five types : real-time Polling Service (rtPS), non-real-time Polling Service (nrtPS), Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS), Tactical network is to provide the facility to the information sharing and data exchange to military force to enhance the operation. The tactical communication network can be designed using Wi-Max to achieve effective data communication and exchange. There is a need for a structured approach that comes with a clear understanding of the operating environment characteristics, communication media limitations and application data exchange profiles. These form the basic tactical network design considerations to define the relevant network parameters and values. The tactical network design is then verified through simulation. A tactical network is usually required to interact with a static strategic network, which has a larger bandwidth and more reliable communication links. Data exchange across different network levels is required to support tasking to subordinate tactical-level force units, and to allow reporting on-the-ground battlefield status to higher command.

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Keywords: Scheduling, Wi-Max, Tactical network

Title : QoS Optimization in VANETs

Manjunatha P Ca, Bharathi Malakreddyb aSchool of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India bDepartment of Computer Science & Engineering, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract— The advancement of computer and wireless communication technologies has led to the development of Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) which allows communication even in the absence of any fixed infrastructure. Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are a subclass of MANETs. They are promising approach for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). VANETs have grown out of the need to support the growing number of wireless products - remote keyless entry devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptops, mobile phones and so on that can now be used in vehicles. The goal of a VANET architecture is to allow the communication among nearby vehicles and between vehicles and fixed roadside equipment. The routing protocols play important role in VANET and are expected to implement strategies that provide a reliable communication and do not disrupt the communication. QoS parameters such as throughput, latency, jitter, packet loss are key requirements in VANETs. These QoS metrics, play an important role in establishing available routing paths, as they offer characterization of the routes quality which is highly relevant to instantaneous and precise operational traffic information. Moreover, the spatial-temporal features of traffic conditions in VANETs are dynamic. As a result, real-time and accurate QoS is very difficult to be estimated in VANET. To meet the QoS requirements of VANETs a new system architecture is proposed that consists of Generic Vehicle Domain, Infrastructure domain and Communication domain. In the proposing system Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication and Vehicle-to-road Infrastructure (V2I) communication are considered to meet the QoS requirements. V2V communication provide a data exchange platform for the drivers to share information and warning messages, so as to expand driver assistance. V2I communication enables real-time traffic/weather updates for drivers and provides environmental sensing and monitoring. The architecture of VANETs may differ from region to region, and thus the protocols and interfaces are also different among them. Keywords— V2V communication and V2I communications.

209 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title : The Next Generation Ip - Ipv6

Syed Abdul Raheema, Dr M. Prabhakarb & Dr C. Venugopalc aDepartment of School of Computing and IT, Reva University, Bengaluru- 560064, India bDepartment of School of Computing and IT, Reva University, Bengaluru- 560064, India cDepartment of CSE, SITS Hyderabad, Telangana State – 501301, India

Abstract: In the process of Internet evolution, the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 has become inevitable and fairly urgent. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority has finally exhausted the global IPv4 address space, which leaves the community no choice but pushes forward the IPv6 transition process. IPv4 and IPv6 networks both will exist during the transition period, while the two are not compatible in nature. Therefore it is indispensable to maintain the availability, as well as to provide the inter- communication ability of IPv4 and IPv6. Years ago a series of transition techniques were actually proposed. This paper reconsiders the basic problems and key difficulties in IPv4-IPv6 transition, and introduces the principles of tunneling and translation techniques. Then the paper surveys the mainstream tunneling and translation mechanisms raised since 1998, especially the new mechanisms proposed recently, capturing the aspects of technical principles, pros and cons, scenarios and applicability. Recommendations on mechanism selection for different scenarios are provided. Moreover, the paper looks into the characteristics and transition requirements of practical ISP networks, and proposes the usage and deployment strategy of the transition mechanisms in both backbone and edge networks. IPv6 is coming, whether we like it or not. It isn’t a matter of new features or “killer applications,” although those may come with time. Rather, it is the rapid depletion of the remaining IPv4 addresses that is leaving IPv6 as the only feasible alternative for the continued growth of networks beyond the next few years. Governments and service providers in many regions of the world have been cognizant of this fact for years, and are currently in various stages of planning for IP6 deployment in their networks. Understanding the elements of a good deployment plan is essential, however, as is an understanding of the various mechanisms and methodologies available for IPv6 implementation. It is probably obvious the driving force behind the push to IPv6 – we're running out of IP address space! The current 32-bit addressing scheme used by IPv4 allows for a whopping 4.3 billion unique addresses. Although that sounds like a lot, consider that there are approximately 6.4 billion individuals on our planet. Certainly everyone doesn't have an IP address, but those that do might have multiple between home and work systems, IP-enabled phones and other network-aware devices. The rapid explosion of technology in emerging markets, especially in the Asian-Pacific region, demands a new supply of IP address space. IPv6 solves this problem by using 128-bit addressing. That allows for a total of 3.4 x 1038 addresses; a quantity that should keep us from running out for a long time. The basic protocol specification of IPv6 was proposed in 1998, and related standards have

210 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com been developed ever since. IPv6 has different address architecture from IPv4, as well as a series of new features. The most obvious advantage of IPv6 over IPv4 is its larger address space. The 128-bit IPv6 address length provides approximately 3.4 ∗1038 available addresses, while IPv4 only provides 4.3 ∗109 addresses due to the 32-bit limit. The IPv6 address length is selected based on the lesson of IPv4 address exhaustion. The vast address space is believed to be enough for the foreseeable future. Due to the significant differences in the protocol format and behavior, IPv4 and IPv6 are not interoperable. To further support IPv6, an ISP has to create an essentially a parallel, independent network. As to end hosts, modern computer operating systems have already implemented dual-protocol stacks for access to both networks. The coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 networks raises several general issues in different aspects. Network devices like routers, firewalls and various servers have to upgrade their hardware and software to support IPv6 features. Keywords: IPv6 transition, heterogeneous network connectivity, translation, tunneling, heterogeneous addressing.

Title: Energy Efficient Security Solutions for Internet of Things

Tabassum Araa, Pronhakar Mb & Pritam Gajkumar Shahc aDepartment of Engineering and Science & Technology, Reva Univerist, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Engineering and Science & Technology,Reva University, Bengaluru- 560064 c Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jain University, Bengaluru – 562112

Abstract: Internet of things is transforming the real world entities into smart objects. Every object will be distinguishable in the world, not only electronic items even food, cloths, furniture, equipments and monuments also. These connected devices provides an opportunity for hackers/attackers to target the network and harm the environment which includes, homes, city, business, hospitals and schools etc. These things get connected to the internet through embedded systems, sensors/actuators and radio frequency Identification tags. Both IP based and non IP based device identification is made. In both the cases the devices are resource constrained. These sensors components include camera, accelerometer and thermometer etc. IoT is disrupting arrangement of technologies. Adversaries are taking benefits through the way these technologies are implemented in IoT and most of IoT devices are wireless and scattered around us unattended, and this poses lot of security challenges. This research first investigates the existing security protocols for IoT and then proposes a light weight security protocol using a concise block cipher keeping in mind the resource constrained properties of devices. It also focuses design issues which includes, block size, key size, number of rounds etc. The identified key decision and solution requirement facilitates the analysis and

211 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com evaluation of IoT security approaches. In order to realize the model, the project proposes an Indian driving license authentication approach with protocols that posses the required properties like integrity, security, flexibility and efficiency. The effectiveness of the proposed protocol in a robust hardware /software applications will be demonstrated. Keywords : Internet of Things ; Security, Integrity.

Session 1.3.A: Machine Learning.

Title: Achieving Cloud Security Solutions Through Machine Learning Techniques

Doddi Srilathaa, Gopal K.Shyamb aSchool of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru, India, [email protected] bSchool of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru, India, [email protected]

Abstract: Cloud computing is a model that offer huge number of physical and logical resources such as compute, storage, network, database, operating system, application development and deployment, and application software etc. as a services over the Internet on-demand. The prime advantage of cloud technology is reducing IT organizations infrastructure cost, but it severely suffer from several security issues. Security researchers put effort towards develop the solutions to cloud security issues. In recent years, the expansion of various types of dangerous attack targets the cloud Infrastructure, Platform and Software layers. Traditional methods such as firewalls and signature-based methods are failed to detect unknown threats or zero-day attacks. Hence, a novel technique to develop the solution to prevent sophisticated threats and has become an active research area. In recent years, machine learning techniques attract the cloud security researchers for detecting the threats. As a part of our research work, we focus on detection of threats and anomalies through application of machine learning techniques that can accurately detect unknown threats in the cloud. Keywords: Cloud security, security issues, attacks, threats, intrusion detection, machine learning.

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Title: Performance Enhancement of Coal Fired Thermal Power Plants Process by Adopting an Intelligent Computational Approach

Sailaja Thotaa, Dr Rajashekar P Mandib aSchool of C & IT, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India bSchool of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: Deregulation and Privatization mandates power plants to maintain their equipment efficiently and cost effectively. In parallel, there is an increase in demand for energy by the information-based economies. Power generation companies are trying to comply with tighter air quality standards without foregoing profitability, reliability and productivity of their plants in the rapidly changing and unpredictable environments which was seemed impossible task once. Power plants are focusing on improving the efficiency of the boiler while optimizing the soot blowing which at the same time are trying to reduce NOx emissions, improving heat rate per unit-efficiency and reducing the particulate matter emissions. Current research focuses on improvement in power plant process using data mining approach on valid power plant parameters. Keywords : Neural Networks, Calorific Value, Steam Properties, Boiler Efficiency

Title: Twitter Spam Filtering using Deep Learning Approach

L A Lalithaa, Dr. Vishwanath R Hulipalledb aSchool of Computing and Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru, India. bSchool of Computing and Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru, India.

Abstract: In recent years, social networking sites are being referred frequently by the people which makes the social networking sites grow very fast. Twitter is one such microblogging site where the users are able to connect with new people and know what is happening in the world through the topics discussed on twitter. For this reason, twitter is targeted by malicious users who post harmful links, unwanted messages which are not of user’s interest which is called, a spam. Existing methods on twitter spam detection using Traditional Machine Learning Techniques have disadvantages which hinders the rate of performance. To overcome the disadvantages of the Traditional Machine Learning Approach, Deep Learning is used. Deep Learning for Sentiment Analysis provide automatic feature extraction and both richer representation capabilities and better performance than traditional Feature- Based Techniques. Therefore, there is a lot of scope for the researchers to carry out their research in finding out an efficient Twitter Spam Detection method with the different combination of Twitter features and Spam Detection Techniques.

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Keywords:Content-Based; Trending Twitter Spam; Twitter Spam Detection; Twitter Features; User-Based; Deep Learning;

Title: A Machine learning approach: Text Extraction from Image Shruthi G1,Dr. Monica R M2 Asst. Professor, School of C & IT Assoc Professor, Dept. of CSE, MSRIT

Abstract: Images and videos on webs and in databases are increasing. It is pressing task to develop effective methods to manage and retrieve this multimedia resources by their content. Text, which carries high-level semantic information, is a kind of important object that is useful for this task. When a machine generated text is printed against clean backgrounds, it can be converted to computer readable form (ASCII) using current optical character recognition (OCR) technology. However, text is often printed against shaded or textured backgrounds or is embedded in images. Examples include maps, photographs, advertisements, videos etc. Current document segmentation and recognition technologies cannot handle these situations well. In our approach it takes advantages of the distinctive characteristics of text that make it stand out from other image material that is, text possesses certain frequency and orientation information using Machine learning. We will first clean the image by changing the contrast and gradient of the image. Now the objects in the images are identified and numbered. Further in the text recognition process, these numbered objects are segregated into text and non-text. Later the recognized text is reconstructed to form a meaningful text present in the image. Also this focus on extracting the text such that certain portion of the images such as logos etc is retained. This is done by calculating the pixels of the required portion of the image to be retained and then training the system in such a way that it extracts all the text except the portion of the image to be retained.

Session 1.4.A: Image Processing

Title: Design And Development Of Content Based Medical Image Retrieval System For Analysis Of Tumor

Lakshmanaa, Dr Sunil Kumar S Manvib aDepartment of CSE, Shri Pillappa College of Engineering, Bengaluru- 560089 bSchool of Computer Science & Engineering, Reva University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: Cancer is one of the dangerous types of disease and hence needs accurate diagnosis. A recent

214 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com advance medical imaging has led to the revolutionary growth in diagnosis of cancer. Content based medical image retrieval [CBMIR] system retrieves medical images from the database which are similar to the query image to assist the radiologist in making accurate & reliable diagnosis. Here automatic & efficient algorithm can be used to segment the medical image. The main objective of this project is to classify the type of tumor. Here efficient classification method can be used to classify the tumor. The major issue in CBMIR is to maintain the large database which consists of image features and medical images. This research aims to store the medical image features & medical images using File System [FS]. Then, using the advanced functions to retrieve the similar images based on the similarity matching. Retrieval can be performed effectively by using a good indexing technique to maintain database properly. Keywords : Tumor ; S Content based medical image retrieval; Image; File System;

Title: Investigations Of Content Based Information Retrieval (Cbir) Algorithms For Medical Images And Applications Using Multidimensional Features

Nirmala S Gupthaa, Dr. Kiran Kumari Patilb aResearch Scholar, School of Computing and Information Technology , REVA University, bDirector, UIIC and Professor, School of Computing and Information Technology , REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The proposed research work investigates the content based image retrieval (CBIR) novel algorithms/models and systems in the domain of medical images in the feature space (e.g., architectural patterns - cytological and pathological patterns), image features (color, texture, shape etc. of liver images) of different modalities (e.g., ultra-sonography images, CT images, MRI images and Pathology images/slides) used different medical doctors/specialists to improve the retrieval performance measures such as efficiency and precisions. Each different modality is unique with its own significance, in which the high level features and low level features are characterized, segmented and extract features specific application domains (e.g., liver histopathology). For example, we can see liver lesion in ultra-sonography images characterized by gray level images focuses on high-level features whereas for a pathologist is interested in low-level features (e.g., cytological features, color, shape etc.) of the autopsy or aspirated liver slides. The correlation between high-level features and low – level features are not well understood leading to the “semantic gaps” leading to the challenges in the image classification, segmentation and retrieval applications. The proposed research work addresses the characterization/classification/segmentation of “features’ in feature space at both high (e.g., ultra-sonic images) and low level (e.g., pathology slides etc.) for the formal characterization of the “semantic gaps” of multiple dimensions (e.g., liver ultra- sonography v/s liver pathology) in the feature space of the multi-dimensionality of image spaces.

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Title: Secured FHIR Framework for Patient Record Transfer between Remote Health Centers Sreejith Ra, Dr. Senthil Sb aSchool of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru bDirector, School of computer science & Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru

Abstract: Remote health care centers are rapidly getting significance over past few years. There is a strong need to transfer patient records over network from one HC center to another which are remotely occupied. There are several protocols and framework developed to satisfy this requirement on telemedicine market. This development in telemedicine applications and remote health centers also attracts many intruders for several mendacious activities to drill into the cloud server where the medical records ae kept. These situations are strictly non-comprisable as the patients’ medical records need mandatory privacy. The most widely used framework is FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) a general standard framework developed by HL7. The framework mostly uses XML and JSON format for the standardized tag based data transfer. As the framework is not a security protocol, it doesn’t support any inbuilt security concepts to provide confidentiality and integrity. But it provides necessary labels for this requisite. The Research mainly aims at effective use of these tags / labels and construct a modified FHIR framework adoptable to global standardization with respect to security standards. The proposed work uses W3C XML digital signature for the authentication and ECDSA (Elliptic curve Digital signature algorithm) as the digest generator algorithm. The above framework is tested on several FHIR XML datasets provided by HL7 database. The experimental result shows that the above combination of digital signature algorithm provides better computational performance with respect to ‘time to sign’, ‘time to generate’ and ‘time to verify’ than SHA1 or SHA2 algorithms.

Keywords: Telemedine applications, FHIR, Middleware Support, Cloud storage, Security.

Title: Survey Of Clustering Algorithms For Analysis Of Cancer Genes

Prabhuraj1, Dr Mallikarjun Shastry2, Dr S.S Patil3 1East Point College of Engineering & Technology, Bengaluru, 2REVA University, Bengaluru, 3UAS, Bengaluru, [email protected]

Abstract: Cancer is one of the deadly health hazards which has caused millions of demises across the globe. Carcinogenesis is a result of uncontrolled exponential division of cells. Cancer cells are accumulated

216 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com in one’s body either due to cancer genes inherited from ancestors or are acquired due to one’s life style post-birth. Current tools are equipped to handle post-mortem analysis, i.e after the occurrence of cancer. Clustering is a powerful technique which can be exploited to process and analyze genes to detect the presence of cancer genes and thereafter predict precisely about the threat level. This paper is aimed at introducing researchers to such clustering algorithms for analysis of genes and detects the presence of cancer causing gene. Keywords: Cancer, Carcinogenesis.

Title : Enhanced Meta-Heuristic Algorithm for Improving Identification of Cancer in MRI Brain Images Prof. Spoorthi Rakesh, Dr. Shanthi Mahesh School of C&IT, REVA University, Bengaluru – 64 Department of ISE, Atria Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 24

Abstract : One of the most dangerous, fatal and life threatening disease which scatters among the human being is Brain cancer. Brain cancer, also known as carcinoma of the brain or pulmonary carcinoma, is a malignant brain tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the brain. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the brain by process of metastasis into nearby tissue or other parts of the body. Identification of brain tumor is really a challenging task. In general, identification process is done manually by experts in medical images field which is always unclear, because the similarity between normal and abnormal tissues, which may results in false detection. This happens due to issues in the image quality; color of the image, edge detection, image restoration, segmentation and also due to enhancement of the image. MR imaging has some advantages over other imaging modalities, which suggests the use of this method for identification. In MRI image processing, image segmentation is one of the important task, to extract information from the image. In this proposal, a meta-heuristic algorithm has been proposed for solving optimization problems. This algorithm is iterative search process that performs the segmentation process effectively.

217 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com School of Computer Science and Applications

Title: Heartcare Predictive Anlaytics On Women’s Obesity Based On Their Food Preferences

K. Vijayalakshmia, Dr. Vinayakamurthyb, Dr. Anuradhac aSchool of CSA, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064. bSchool of CSA, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064. c Dept of MCA, Sree STC College, Pollachi, TN.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to understand the impact of heart disease by predicting the obesity of a woman. To do so, various factors for the cause of obesity like food preferences, genetic issues, work style etc has to be considered. But, in this paper, the food preference is considered as the most prominent factor due to its pace of control. For the better statistical techniques, data mining algorithms can be adopted to detect the relationship between women body weight and their food preferences. It is essential to resolve the dataset merits and demerits by using analytical tools. To do so, data mining algorithms would accomplish to represent the healthcare details for the clinical practices. Among various data mining algorithms, CHAID provides the most appropriate predictive capability in the prediction of the obesity characteristic. This tree based decision tree algorithm would be a very useful tool to classify the women clusters based on their food practices and to obtain knowledge about the health issues due to body weight. The proposed work in this paper is to predict the different stages of heart disease (normal, average and abnormal) and it helps to indicate whether a particular woman with her food preferences has a risk of heart disease or not. As a survey, the paper also highlights the importance of healthcare applications, challenges and future issues of Data Mining. Finally, this work provides the recommendations for the implementation of such classifier to predict cardiovascular diseases in women. Keywords: CHAID, Data Mining, obesity, predictive, classifier, cluster, cardiovascular disease.

Title: Comparative Analysis of Classifier Accuracy with and without Feature selection for Breast Cancer Prediction

Deepa B Ga, Dr. S Senthilb aResearch Scholar, School of Computer Science & Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru, India, bDirector, School of Computer Science & Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru, India,

Abstract: Breast Cancer has become one of the most commonly occurring cancer in women. Early diagnosis of

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Breast Cancer may play a vital role in increasing survival rate and reducing the death rate of the patients. Data mining process helps researchers in finding hidden patterns and relationships among the data. Feature Selection is the preprocessing step used to find best subsets of attributes. Selection of most relevant features by reducing redundant features will help to increase the accuracy of classifier and it is one of the major area of research in data mining and knowledge discovery. In this paper we are proposing a methodology that discusses about the performance of five classifiers SMO, Multilayer Perceptrons, Kstar, Decision Trees, Random Forest by considering two feature selection techniques such as Correlation based and information based with ranker algorithm and the performance of classifiers without considering feature selection technique. It has been observed that after applying feature selection techniques improvement in the accuracy rate of the classifier has noted. To evaluate the performance of proposed technique the Wisconsin Breast Cancer Dataset (WBCD) from UCI repository is used. Accuracy of the classifiers such as SMO, Multilayer Perceptrons, Kstar, Decision Trees, and Random Forest before feature selection is 96.137, 94.706, 95.565, 95.279 and 96.56 respectively. After incorporating correlation based feature selection approach the accuracy of the classifier is 96.852, 95.279, 95.565, 95.422, and 96.709 respectively. The result of Information gain based feature selection approach is 96.852, 95.815, 96.280, 95.279, and 96.709 respectively. Empirical outcomes demonstrate that the accuracy of classifiers are improved if it is deployed after the feature selection. Keywords: SMO, Multilayer Perceptrons, Kstar, Decision Trees, Random Forest, Information gain feature selection, correlation based feature selection, Breast Cancer, Data Mining.

Title: Development of Accurate and Timely Students’ Academic Performance Prediction Model Using IoT Physiological Sensors

Wong Mu Lina& Dr. S. Senthilb a,bSchool of Computer Science & Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru- 56006

Abstract: The challenge of students’ academic performance prediction in Educational Data Mining lies in the foundation of making accurate and timely predictions. This research aims to develop a prediction model that is both accurate and timely, by assimilating real time physiological data of students using wireless wearable Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. Preliminary experiments conducted proved a clear distinction of heart rate graph pattern between high academic performers and low academic performers. High performers have in their heart rate graph patterns (1) more peaks than lows, (2) rhythmic fluctuations throughout the one-hour lecture, and (3) accumulating around the baseline of stimulated heart rate. These distinctions infer that heart rate can be used to indicate class engagement, which can be applied in a prediction model to identify at-risk students in an accurate and timely manner.

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Keywords: Educational Data Mining; Students’ Performance Prediction Models; Internet of Things; Physiological Sensors; At-risk Students.

Title: Comparison of classification algorithms in Crop yield prediction Lokesh C Ka, S Senthilb aResearch Scholar, School of Computer Science & Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru,India bDirector, School of Computer Science & Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru, India,

Abstract: Agricultural Data Mining (ADM) is the application of Data Mining (DM) techniques to find patterns or information within the huge storage of data that can be useful and interesting for the farmers. One such application is the crop yield prediction. The classification algorithms that we have taken for our research are Bayes Net, Simple Logistic, IBK, Bagging and J48. Experiments were conducted on Soyabean datasets using machine learning tool WEKA with classification algorithms listed above. Accuracy and Time taken to build a model of the classifiers such as Bayes Net, Simple Logistic, IBK, Bagging, J48 is 93.265,93.411,91.215,85.651, 91.508 and 0.05,1.94,0,0.39,0.07 seconds respectively. The metrics for the evaluation of the performance of various classification algorithm are accuracy and time taken for classification. The observation of the results have lead to the conclusion that Bayes Net is good when it pertains to classification accuracy and IBK resulted with 0 seconds in time taken in building a model. This has in fact opened up a plethora of interesting conclusions. Key words: Data Mining, agriculture, Weka, Bayes Net, Simple Logistic, IBK, Bagging, J48

Title : An Automated Image Forensic Investigation Approach By Means Of Optimized Image Descriptors

V.Thirunavukkarasua, J.SatheeshKumarb aSchool of Computer Science and Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Computer Applications, Bharathiar University, TamilNadu-641046

Abstract: Digital images are main source of information due to their extensive use and availability. The rapid development of powerful image manipulation tools and techniques counterfeit the content of an image without requiring any professional skills and dark-room equipments. This in turn increases quantity of forgery images circulated everyday by producing false beliefs in various real-world applications. Primary aim of this research work is to develop a robust and consistent methodology that automatically detect and locate the forensic image regions by means of enhanced modern optimization and Computational Intelligence (CI) based image descriptors. This method will not depending on authentication code (Digital water mark) or digital signatures. Proposed work uses

220 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com multiple algorithms for analyzing different aspects of the digital image and employs optimum image descriptors to produce an estimate of the image’s authenticity or provide the probability of the image being forged. The accuracy rate of this method high and false positive rate is very low over the existing state of art methods. Keywords: Optimization, Computational Intelligence, image descriptors, Digital water mark, Digital signature.

Title: A Scalable Memory Management Technique for Hadoop MapReduce Environment

Archana Bhaskara, Rajeev Ranjanb aResearch Scholar, School of Computing and IT, REVA University, Bengaluru ,India, bAssociate Professor, School of Computer Science and Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru ,India

Abstract: The MapReduce platform has been widely used for large-scale data processing and analysis recently. It works well if the hardware of a cluster is well configured. However, our survey has indicated that common hardware configurations in small-and medium-size enterprises may not be suitable for such tasks. A new MapReduce system is proposed, which aims to improve MapReduce performance using global memory management. In Mammoth, we design a novel rule-based heuristic to prioritize memory allocation and revocation among execution units (mapper, shuffler, reducer, etc.), to maximize the holistic benefits of the Map/Reduce job when scheduling each memory unit. We will also develop a multi-threaded execution engine, which is based on Hadoop but runs in a single JVM on a node. Keywords: Hadoop , MapReduce , JVM , Page Rank

Title: Enrich safety measure processing in Cloud Computing

G.Sasikala a, Dr.padmavathib aSchool of Computer Science and Applications, REVA University , Bangalore- 560064 bDepartment of Computer Science, S.V University ,Tirupati -517501, India

Abstract:— Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (eg networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. It has become a significant technology trend, and many experts expect that cloud computing will reshape information technology (IT) processes and the IT marketplace. With the cloud computing technology, users use a variety of devices, including PCs, laptops, smart phones, and PDAs to access programs, storage, and application-development platforms over the

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Internet, via services offered by cloud computing providers . Comparison of the benefits and risks of cloud computing with those of the status quo are necessary for a full evaluation of the viability of cloud computing. Consequently, some issues arise that clients need to consider as they contemplate moving to cloud computing for their businesses. In this paper I summarize reliability, availability, and security issues for cloud computing (RAS issues), and propose feasible and available solutions for some of them.

Title: Service-Oriented Architecture using Wireless Sensor Networks for AgriculturalApplications. Vimala Ma, Dr. Rajeev Ranjanb Research Scholar, School of Computer Science and Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru ,India Associate Professor, School of Computer Science and Applications, REVA University, Bengaluru ,India,

Abstract: The advancement in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for agricultural applications has brought revolutionized changes in precision agriculture. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a style of software design which can be integrated with WSN applications to address some of the issues of the farming community. It is one of the leading standards that enable the deployment of services at large scale over the internet. In this work, we propose a WSN based SOA that describes an implementation of services designed for agricultural applications. An event-driven SoA is proposed to facilitate the seamless and meaningful information and integration of distributed and heterogeneous web hosted agricultural services to help real-time user preferences. Keywords: WSN , SOA , precision agriculture.

School Of Chemistry

Title: Computational Studies, Synthesis, And Biological Activity Of Few Chalcones And Pyrimidines

Buchireddy purraa, Madhusudhana Reddy. M.Bb &Ramakrishna Reddy.Kb aDepartment of Chemistry, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Chalcone is a simple scaffold found in many naturally occurring compounds. Many chalcone derivatives have also been prepared due to their convenient synthesis. These natural products and

222 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com synthetic compounds have shown numerous interesting biological activities with clinical potentials against various diseases. Literature on anticancer chalcones highlights the employment of three pronged strategies, namely; structural manipulation of both aryl rings, replacement of aryl rings with heteroaryl scaffolds, molecular hybridization through conjugation with other pharmacologically interesting scaffolds for enhancement of anticancer properties. Pyrimidines have a long and distinguished history extending from the days of their discovery as important constituents of nucleic acids to their current use in the chemotherapy of AIDS.The pyrimidine ring is found in vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin but also part of few anticancer agents. Above discussion reveals importance of chalcones and pyrimidine as medicinal compounds. So present work planed with aim to perform synthesis of few compounds with these important heterocycle with the hope that resultant compounds will possess biological activity like antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer. To check affinity of these compounds with their targets molecular docking studies will be performed by using suitable software package. Synthesized compounds will be analysed by spectroscopic methods like UV, IR, MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Further targeted compounds will be subjected to pharmacological evaluation by using suitable model(s). Key words: Molecular docking, anticancer agents, antimicrobial, antioxidant,Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation.

Title: Synthesis Of Metal/Metal Oxide Nano Hetero Structures(Mnhs/Monhs) (TIO2,

ZNO,FE2O3via Green And Chemical Synthesis Methods For Electro And Photo Catalytic Applications.

N. Rajendra Kumar a,bK.Ramakrishna Reddyb* &B. DilipKumarc* aDepartment of Chemistry, JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapur- 515002 b*Department of Chemistry, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560091, India c*Department of chemical Engineering, JNTUA, Anantapur – 515002

Abstract: The studies on Metal and Metal Oxide nano hetero structures (MNHs/MONHs)have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent catalytic activities in various organic transformation reactions. Biosynthesis of MNHs/MONHs is a kind of bottom up approach where the main reaction occurring is reduction and oxidation.One can synthesize the nano particles using chemical techniques such as CVD, Electrolytic Deposition, Sol-gel Method, Microemulsion route, Pyrolysis. The need for biosynthesis of nanoparticles rose as the physical and chemical processes were costly. Often, chemical synthesis method leads to presence of some of the toxic chemical absorbed on the surface

223 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com that may have adverse effect in the medical applications. This is not an issue when it comes to biosynthesized nanoparticles via green synthesis route. So, in the search of cheaper pathways for metal oxide and metal nanoparticles synthesis, scientist used microbial enzymes and plant extracts (phytochemicals). Plants with their antioxidant or reducing properties are usually responsible for the reduction of metal compounds into their respective nanoparticles. Green synthesis provides advancement over chemical and physical method as it is cost effective, environment friendly, easily scaled up for large synthesis. In this method there is no need to use high pressure, energy, temperature and toxic chemicals. The structural investigation of MNHs/MONHs was performed using XRF, XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, TG-DTA and FTIR.The synthesized nanoparticles were applied for electrochemical and photocatalytic properties. Keywords: Green Synthesis, Chemical synthesis, MNHs/MONHs, Electrochemical, Photochemical properties.

Title: Addition of tochopherol to ejaculated semen preparation increases the motility in cryopreserved human spermatozoa Ashwini.L.S, Dr.T.SMuralidhar, Dr.N Ramesh Abstract: Purpose To study the effect of addition of tochopherol to ejaculated semen preparation result to the increase in motility of frozen-thawed spermatozoa.

Methods Semen samples of men visiting the infertility clinic (n = 100) were Cryopreserved using glycerol-egg yolk-citrate buffered cryoprotective medium in liquid nitrogen. After a period of two weeks, the semen samples were thawed and the motile spermatozoa were extracted by swim-up supplemented with tochopherol (10 nM) and pentoxifylline (1 mM). The post-wash motility was observed up to 4 h after wash and incubation. Results Both tochopherol and pentoxifylline supplementation resulted in significant increase in total motility (p < 0.05), progressive motility (p < 0.001) and rapid progressive motility (p < 0.05 v/s only with biotin addition and p < 0.01 v/s pentoxifylline) compared to the control at 1 h post-incubation period. Significantly higher percentage of total (p < 0.01, p < 0.05 in tochopherol and pentoxifylline respectively), progressive (p < 0.001) and rapid progressive motilities (p < 0.01) were observed in these two groups even at 2 h compared to the control. In the control group at 4 h after incubation, ~11% decline in total motility and ~8% decline in progressive motility was observed. However, in both tochopherol and pentoxifylline group the motility was significantly higher than control (p < 0.001). No significant difference in the motility was observed between tochopherol and

224 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com pentoxifylline groups at any of the time intervals studied.

Conclusions Tochopherol can enhance the sperm motility and prolong the survival of frozen-thawed semen samples which may have potential benefit in assisted reproductive technology field.

Title: Docking and Dynamic Simulation Analysis of P-glycoprotein pumps - Responsible for Chemotherapeutic Resistance post-treatmentwith Urea and β–mercaptoethanol

Proma Chakraborty1, K M Kumar2*, Mani Ramakrishnan3, Vivek Chandramohan4 1, 2* REVA University, Department of Biotechnology, Bangalore, India 3Presidency University, Department of Biology, Bangalore, India 4Siddaganga Institute of Technology,Tumakuru, Karnataka, India *[email protected] Abstract: The designing of cancer chemotherapy has become increasingly sophisticated over years, against disseminated cancer. With increasing advances in research, resistance to these therapies has also been reported over years. Resistance to treatment with anticancer drugs results from a variety of factors including polymorphic variations in patients and genetic differences in tumours. The most common reason for resistance to a broad range of anticancer drugs is influenced by the expression of one or more energy-dependent transporters (p-glycoprotein pumps) that detect and eject anticancer drugs from cells. Deactivating these pumps can help to overcome such resistance. Thus in this current study lead compounds urea and β–mercaptoethanol has been used to alter the structural confirmation of these P-gp (pump proteins) by using molecular docking and dynamic simulation analysis. Urea &β–mercaptoethanol can bind to the target protein with best docking scores of -15.5995&-10.0501 respectively. Binding of β – mercaptoethanolcaused a considerableperturbation in the backbone of the target protein with RMSD value eventuallydeviating to approximately 1.3 and urea further deviate the value to approximately 1.6. Furthermore decrease in the intra-molecular hydrogen bonds over the simulation period confirms the secondary structural change thus ceasing the biological activity of the target protein.

225 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Fe3O4-CeO2 metal oxide nanocomposite for oxidation and reduction reactions

Manjula M. C1*,Shwetha K.R, Ramachandra P. Department of Chemistry, REVA University, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India (Corresponding author: E-mail:[email protected]; Ph. No.: +91-9986430035)

Abstract:

CeO2Nano rods were selectively prepared by a hydrothermal method at temperatures in the range of

100−180°C under different NaOH concentrations, using Ce (NO3)3 as the cerium source.The structural morphology of the as-prepared CeO2 Nano rods were investigated by various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Moreover, the XRD pattern confirmed the formation of CeO2rods as a cubic fluorite structure.Either the chemical doping or the post-treatments including the high temperature annealing have been employed to change the surface properties of nanoceriasMagnetically separable Fe3O4-CeO2 metal oxide nanocomposite materials were prepared by modified CVD method keeping the view of developing an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the applications of oxidation and reduction reactions. The preparedmaterials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Field emission scanningelectron microscope (FESEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Vibrating samplemagnetometer (VSM).The results confirmed that the modified CVD method allowed a good control of the chemical composition of the prepared composites with the proper structural and textural characteristics.These processes can produce fine, high purity, stoichiometric particles of single and multi-component metal oxides.. Though, modern methods of oxidative reactions have successively focused on improved yielding reactions, establishing more efficient catalytic routes with better recoverability, under mild reaction conditions and minimum leaching of active species is still a challenge. Our interest is to improvise the leaching of active species from the catalyst. Key words: Heterogeneous catalyst, hydrothermal method, CVD, Multicomponent metal oxides. Leaching.

226 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Aluminum Doped Calcium Hexa Ferrite nanoparticles for photocatalytic dye degradation comparison studies of hazardous dyes like Evans Blue, Congo Red and Rhodamine B.

Usha Jinendra1, ManjunathCR2, Dr.Dinesh Bilehal1, Dr. B.M.Nagabhushana2 1School of Chemistry, REVA University, Bangalore, 2Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India

Abstract: The comparison study of adsorption of Hazardous dyes like Evans blue, Congo red and Rhodamine B dye from aqueous solution using nanoparticles CaAl5Fe7O19 are prepared by solution combustion method using urea as the fuel. The nanoparticles are further characterized by PXRD and SEM. (30– 40 nm). SEM micrograph reveals the particles are uniform, circular in shape and are weakly agglomerated with an average grain size. Photocatalytic degradation comparison study of hazardous dyes like Evans blue, Congo red and Rodamine B dye was studied by batch adsorption experiments. The effects of various parameters like dosage effect, effect of pH, initial concentration of the dye, contact time and isothermal on the adsorption capacity of different dyes are done. Freundlich and Langmuir absorptions are compared. It was found that, maximum adsorption of the dye Evans blue (~90.85 %), Congo red (58.17%) and Rhodamine B (65.6%) was observed at pH 8 with a good sorption capacity nanoparticles CaAl5Fe7O19 (~0.15g/L) for all the three dye solutions.

Title: Zinc oxide/AgOAc-catalysed one-pot three-component synthesis of xanthine-1,8-diones

Pushpalatha R, Dr RamachandraaP, Dr Jayashankar V.P ,Mangalavathib and Dr Riyaz-ur-Rahaman Khan* aDepartment of Chemistry, REVA UNIVERSITY, Kattigenahalli,Bengaluru- 560064, INDIA. b Department of Chemistry, Central College Campus, BANGALORE UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru- 560001, INDIA. *Department of Chemistry, Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies, Soladevanahalli, Bengaluru- 560107, INDIA. *e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: A new one-pot procedure includes anone-pot three-component condensation of aromatic/hetero-aromatic aldehydes and dimedone with catalytic Nano Zinc oxide/AgOAc in a MeOH mixture at 140°C. A greener approach synthesis takes advantage in methodology to offer excellentyield of the desired products in shorter reaction duration. Keywords: Xanthine-1,8-diones, aldehydes, dimedone, Nano Zinc oxide/AgOAc.

227 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title : Alkali carbonates as efficient catalysts for methanolysis of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil to biodieseland evaluation of fuel properties

Sreekanth R a*, S.S. Joshib and Rana Pratap Reddy c a School of Chemical Sciences, Reva University, Bengaluru - 560064, India bDepartment of Chemistry, KLE DR.M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering & Technology, Belagavi - 590008, India cDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Bengaluru - 560098, India

Abstract

Alkali carbonates K2CO3 and Na2CO3were found to be effective as basic catalysts in synthesizing Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel. The specific surface area and basicity of the catalysts were obtained by BET and Hammet indicator methods respectively. A maximum biodiesel yield of 97.1 % and 96.81 % were achieved respectively with K2CO3 and Na2CO3at different catalysts wt% and both catalysts produced almost same amount of biodiesel yield with a slight difference in their yield. Qualitative and quantitative estimations of methyl ester were done by FTIR and 1H NMR techniques respectively. Further the conversion of oil into ester was also confirmed from 1H NMR spectra of the Calophyllum Inophyllum oil by identifying suitable resonance shifts. The optimal conditions at which maximum biodiesel yield obtained were evaluated. Throughout transesterification, a constant stirring rate of 800rpm was maintained. Though K2CO3and Na2CO3catalysts seem to be heterogeneous, their influence on the biodiesel yield through homogeneous route cannot be ignored. Overall, both the catalysts employed in the present work may be considered as highly competitive, cheaper and commercially viable ones for the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils.

Title : Curing Studies Of A Novel Thermosetting Epoxy Resin With Different Amines In Precence Of Catalyst

Dr.Lakshmi.B,a* Kishore.H.M a, Nandish.D.R a and Navaneetha.N a. aSchool of Chemical Sciences, Department of chemistry, REVA University, Bangalore-560064,

Abstract : The maleimide compound with hydroxyl group was first synthesized. Maleimidophenyl glycidylether epoxy compounds were consequently obtained through a simple addition reaction between the oxirane group of epichlorohydrin and hydroxyl group of maleimide.[1-3] The resulting maleimidophenyl glycidylether epoxy compound possessed both oxirane ring and maleimide reactive groups. Each of the reactive groups might form cross-linking networks under thermal curing reaction with curing agents to bring about high cross-linking density. So, it was considered worthwhile to study the synthesis, characterization and curing reaction of the maleimidophenyl glycidylether epoxy

228 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com compounds with different amines such as ethylendiamine (EDA), diethylentriamine (DETA) and triethylenetetramine (TETA), aminoethylpiperazine (AEP) and isophoronediamine, IPDA) as curing agents in presence catalyst/accelerated agent (salicylic acid) studied. The cured samples were expected to have good thermal stability, chemical resistanc and water absorption resistance properties. The cured samples were also expected to exhibit homogeneity with no phase separation. Key words: Epoxy resin and Amines.

Title : Metallopolymers and Metalchalocogenides as Photoelectrocatalysts for Hydrogen evolution from strong acidic electrolytes

Iranna Udachyana,SakthivelKandaiaha aDepartment of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, REVA University,Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Metal-organic frameworks and metallopolymers have gained substantial attention due to their tunable electronic properties and wide range of applications. In this work, we present the electrochemical preparation and photoelectrocatalytic activities of various nanostructured metal-ions incorporated metallopolymers and metal chalcogenides. The thin films photoelectrodematerials were characterized by FESEM, EDAX, XPS, RAMAN, IR, UV-Vis and various electrochemical techniques. These transitionmetallopolymers and metal-chalcogenides exhibit excellent long-term stability with a significant overpotential reduction as low as 145 to 160 mV vs RHE @ -10 mAcm-2in acidic electrolytes.The electrochemical impedance studies suggest about 500-700 times reduction of charge transfer resistance for hydrogen evolution reaction with these modified electrodes. Keywords: Metallopolymers, Photoelectrodes, photoelectrocatalytic activity; hydrogen evolution,clean energy

Title : Synthesis,Characterization and Antimicrobial Activities of Cobalt(II) Complexes

Mamatha Mohana K. Ramakrishna Reddyb aDepartment of Chemistry,REVA University,Bengaluru. bPG Department & Research Studies in Chemistry,Government Science College(Autonomous), Nrupatunga Road, Bengaluru.Email: [email protected]

Abstract: The Schiff base ligand derived from ChloroIsatin and 4-methyl-2-nitroaniline was used to synthesize the complexes of cobalt salts.The authenticity of the ligand and its metal complexes has been established by Micro Analysis,IR,UV – Visible, Molar Conductance Measurements etc. Ligand acts as a bidentate, in which carbonyl oxygen and the azomethine nitrogen of chloroisatin are involved in

229 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com coordination.Octahedral geometry was proposed for all the complexes.The ligand and its metal complexes have been screened for their antibacterial activity against bacteria vizS. Aureus and E.Coli and Antifungal activity against AspergilusNiger andAspergilusFlavous using disc diffusion method. The activities of the samples have shown significant and noticeable changes on complexation. Key Words : Schiff base, Isatin,Antibacterial, Antifungal, Octahedral geometry.

Title : One-pot synthesis of magnetically recoverable palladium/Fe3O4/MWCNT composites and its catalytic applications in cross-coupling reactions

Shwetha K.R1*, Manjula M.C, Ramachandra P Department of Chemistry, REVA University, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India

Abstract : In this research, a facile, green, economical approach was designed to deposit palladium nanoparticles with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles on MWCNTs (Pd-Fe3O4/MWCN) via one-pot synthesis method. The prepared Pd-Fe3O4/MWCNT nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized by Transmission electron microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction.

Importantly, the highly efficient catalytic property of the as obtained Pd-Fe3O4/MWCNT catalyst was demonstrated for the Hiyama cross-coupling reaction. Pd/Fe3O4 supported on MWCNT

(Pd/Fe3O4/MWCNT) showed an excellent catalytic activity for Hiyama cross-coupling reaction and recycled for up to five times without loss of catalytic activity. The importance of this kind of catalysts is that they can be easily removed from the reaction medium after reaction is completed. The separation process is achieved via applying of strong external magnetic field which makes separation process easy, reliable and environmentally friendly. Keywords: Magnetic nano composites; Catalyst; Hiyama cross-coupling:

School Of Civil Engineering

230 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Session 1.1: Structural Engineering/ Concrete Technology Title: Study of Retrofitting of RC Beams using Self Curing Self Compacting Concrete

Abilash C Sa, Dr. Sunil Kumar Tenglib aResearch Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru – 560064 bProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru - 560064

Abstract: The disposal of wastes from thermal, steel industries and from demolition of building is causing severe land pollution. About 5% of Global warming is caused due to production of cement and by using pozzalonic materials such as Fly Ash, GGBS, Silica fume, Metakaoilin and Alccofine, by using such kind of mineral admixtures global warming may be reduced up to some extent. And these materials can be used in the production of concrete which posses same cementitious properties of cement. In congested reinforcement conditions it is difficult to compact the concrete with a vibrator, improper consolidation may lead to unfilled voids and pores in concrete which in future may lead to deterioration of concrete, hence self compacting concrete is used in case of congested reinforcement. Concrete is the most used material after water, but water is the most important ingredient for the production of concrete, due to the scarcity of water self curing compound is used for the production of concrete by replacing M-sand in place of natural river sand conforming EFNARC Codal provisions. A detailed study of fresh properties of concrete will be carried out to understand Initial setting time and final setting time using vicat apparatus, workability characteristics or flow properties of Self curing self compacting concrete is carried out by T50, J-Ring, V-Funnel and L-Box then mechanical properties such as compressive strength at 3,7,14,28,56 and 90days along with Flexural strength, Split tensile strength will be done by casting. Dry shrinkage test and durability parameters such as water permeability test, Rapid chlorine penetration test, sulphate attack and acid attack test will be studied. Validation of the test results will be obtained using Neural network and Mat labs. Further experimental investigation is to study the deflection and crack behavior of RC Beam with GGBS, Fly Ash and Alccofine will be done by casting number of beams of size 2800*150*300. Two methods of retrofitting methods such as CFRP Jacketing and Concrete jacketing will be done for the cracked beam and the ultimate load carrying capacity of CFRP Jacketing and Concrete Jacketing will be observed. Keywords:Self curing Self compacting concrete, Fly Ash, GGBS, Alccofine, Retrofitting. Jacketing.

231 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Analysis of Skew Slabs with Mixed Boundary Conditions

Naresh Reddy G Na, Muthu K Ub aAssistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore bPrincipal, Brindavan College of Engineering, Yelahanka, Bangalore

Abstract: Reinforced concrete slab is a thin structural element used to cover large areas. They are finding applications in floors, roofs and decks of bridges. The floor system can be of solid slabs, ribbed slabs or grid floors and precast slabs. Slabs are structurally classified as one way slabs and two way slabs. The slabs are supported either on monolithic concrete beams, steel beams or slabs can rest directly on columns. With the advent of new materials and construction technology, slabs are supported with mixed boundary conditions. The present study aims at studying the behaviour of skew slabs under mixed boundary conditions subjected to different types of loading. The strength and deformation of skew slabs will be studied by varying the skew angle and loading conditions under various possible mixed boundary conditions. The results obtained from the study will be compared with the available experimental test data. Finite element technique will be used for this study. A method will be proposed to predict the strength and deformation of slew slabs under mixed boundary conditions. The mixed boundary conditions include simply supported, fixed and free. The loading includes bridge type line loading, uniformly distributed load and point load. The skew angles will be varied from 15o, 30o and 45o. Aspect ratio will be varied from 1.0 to 2.0 in increments of 0.5. The coefficient of orthotropy will be varied from 1.0 to 2.0. The results will be compared with the reported test data. Keywords: skew slabs, mixed boundary conditions, analysis, slabs, skew angle, skew, reinforced concrete slabs.

Title: Inelastic earthquake response of Tall masonry buildings

Avinash S Deshpandea, Dr Amarnath Kb & Dr B K Raghuprasadc aSchool of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Civil Engineering , The Oxford College of Engineering, Bengaluru- 560068 cDepartment of Civil Engineering , The Oxford College of Engineering, Bengaluru- 560068

Abstract: Inelastic earthquake response of reinforced concrete and steel buildings have been studied in great detail in the past 4 to 5 decades. While Earthquake responses both theoretically and numerically of short masonry buildings have been studied, response of tall masonry buildings has not been studied. Basically aprior feeling about masonry buildings is that they cannot be very tall as they do not have

232 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com enough flexural resistance against lateral loads. However these days with the awareness about lowering the carbon footprint of buildings, masonry buildings again have come to forefront. Therefore it is the need to study the earthquake response both linear and nonlinear of tall masonry buildings. With the above in view the present PhD problem is formulated. Keywords : Masonry structures, Non linear analysis, Tall structures.

Title: Parametric Study on Asymmetric Diagrid Structures

Irfan Saleema, Dr. Sunil Kumar Tenglib aResearch Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru - 560064 bProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru - 560064

Abstract: In modern age, the decrease of available free land and increase of land prices along with the wide spread of urban area has made architects and engineers to develop the cities vertically. For vertical growth, the only option is to construct the buildings as high as possible. It is a task of a structural designer to make the desired building stand and stable throughout its life. There are various structural systems for tall buildings, among them Diagrid system is one of them. Diagrid is an exterior structural system which resists the lateral forces by axial actions of diagonals provided in periphery. Statistical analysis of tall buildings in India is carried out and presented for buildings having height more than 150 m or 40 storey’s. Parametric study and detailed comparison of Diagrid structural system with respect to conventional frame is carried out for symmetrical buildings in different researches. In this study or research we are going through asymmetric Diagrid structures with different loadings, plan configuration changes and with various other asymmetries are studied in detail on their parameters using ETABS and necessary models. Various parameters like fundamental time period, maximum top storey lateral displacement, maximum base shear, steel weight, percentage differences in change of steel weight, maximum storey displacement and maximum storey drift are considered in this study. A Diagrid structure performs well than conventional frame structures and increase in steel weight with increase in height of building is considerably less in diagrid structures Keywords: diagrid structures; sesmic Behavior; Ground Motion Characteristics; Etabs.

233 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Session 1.2: Structural Engineering/ Concrete Technology

Title: Study on Inelastic Torsional Effects of Irregular Buildings under Seismic Loads

Shaik Muneer Hussaina, Dr.Sunil Kumar Tenglib&Dr. S. Kamal Mohammed Azamc aResearch Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering,REVA University, Bengaluru – 560064 bProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru - 560064 cPrincipal, Department of Civil Engineering, KBN College of Engineering, Kalaburagi - 585104

Abstract: The earthquakes are the most unpredictable and devastating among the natural disasters, it is very essential to identify the behavior and damages of buildings, which initiate at locations of the structural weak planes present in the building systems due to irregularities. The effects of one-way and two-way eccentricities, inelastic interaction between axial force with uni-directional and bidirectional with vertical ground motions on torsional responses of multi-storey structures will be investigated. The contribution of lateral load resisting system, number of stories, degree of asymmetry and sensitivity to ground motion characteristics will be assessed with the significance of combination of asymmetries in buildings in elastic and inelastic ranges of behaviour are evaluated. The work will also be aimed at restricting the torsional effects especially on the flexible side in multi storey structures, as the stiff side of the structure shows less torsional effects. The objective of this work is aimed at understanding the torsional behavior and performance of the buildings for asymmetric structures by using three dimensional inelastic dynamic time history analysis procedure. The analysis of the structural models will be carried out using ETABS software. Keywords: Torsional Effects; Elastic and Inelastic Behavior; Ground Motion Characteristics; Etabs

Title: A Study on properties of Self compacting, Self – curing Concrete with Crushed Rock Powder

Sanjay Raj. Aa, Dr.S.B. Annadinib aSchool of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDr. S.B. Annadini, Principal, Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology, Bengaluru- 560077, India

Abstract: Self compacting concrete (SCC) is recognized one of the majority remarkable advancement in concrete Era, self compacting concrete, today is the subject of numerous researchers. Self compacting perhaps referred as concrete among the ability to flow, to the desired formwork, so as to fill about the structural formwork, into congested members, self compacting concrete consolidates

234 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com under its Self weight without the need of any external compaction. To achieve the required compaction super-plasticizers and mineral admixtures are added, which will improves behavior and help to achieve economical SCC Mix. The present study aims at experimental exploration on Self Compacting, Self Curing Concrete (SCCLWA) with fine aggregate substitution by Crushed Rock Fines (CRF) at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% with 10% and 15% pre-socked Light weight aggregate (LWA), Peg-400 and SAP as self curing agent and unvarying addition of mineral admixture Fly Ash. A Mix proportion of SCC for M25 grade concrete is arrived. This paper presents the results of experimental study of flow properties and strength characteristics of SCC mixes, self cured at ambient temperature. The flow properties on SCCLWA Mixes with cement, Fly Ash as supplementary for cementations material and replacing Natural River Sand at Various proportions, found that the values of Slump flow, V-Funnel, U-Box, L-Box and J-Ring were within the limits prescribed by EFNARC. From overall study, it was accomplished that the strength characteristics for SCCLWA Mixes at lower substitution level found satisfactory and were on par with conventional concrete (NCC). Keywords: Self- Compacting Concrete, Self- Curing, Crushed Rock Fines, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength.

Title: Behaviour of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Concrete in Marine Environment.

Aneesh V Bhata, Dr. Sunil Kumar Tenglib aResearch Scholar, School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru bProfessor, School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru

Abstract: Concrete exposed to marine environment may deteriorate as a result of combined effects of chemical action of seawater constituents on cement hydration products, alkali-aggregate expansion, crystallization pressure of salts within concrete if one face of the structure is subject to wetting and others to drying conditions, frost action in cold climates, corrosion of embedded steel in reinforced or prestressed members, and physical erosion due to wave action and floating objects.Attack on concrete due to any one of these causes tends to increase the permeability; not only would this make the material progressively more susceptible to further action by the same destructive agent but also to other types of attack. Hence in this particular study, cement in conventional concrete is replaced by ground granulated blast furnace slag partially and its behaviour is studied in Marine Environment. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag has been constantly in use as cementitious replacement for sustainable infrastructure. But little is known about interaction of GGBS based concrete with marine

235 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com environment. These days due to the rapid development in offshore engineering marine environment and its simulation has come under limelight. The present study is aimed in studying permeability, corrosion of rebar, chloride ion attack, acid attack by creating Artificial Marine Environment(AME) with partial replacement of Cement by GGBS and comparing it with the normal concrete. Here it’s aimed to conduct a study on M20, M30 and M40 grade concrete. Keywords : Artificial marine environment, GGBS, Durability.

Title: Vulnerability of Steel Structures to Fire

Bhavana Jadhava, Dr.RavindraRb aSchool of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India bDepartment of Civil Engineering, RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru- 560059, India

Abstract: The architectural flexibility of steel structure dominates over other conventional structures, but fire and its associative loads are one of the major accidental loads, which could be fatal in steel structures. In real buildings structural elements form part of a continuous assembly, and building fires often remain localised. Hence the real behaviour of these structural elements may be very different from that indicated by standard furnace tests.It is also observed thatadditional research is needed to better characterize the uncertainties in natural fire temperatures on the structural steel members. Hence detailed analysis about the performance/behaviour of the whole structure considering it as a single entity that would be susceptible to fire damage and also the development of the partial safety factor for fire loads using reliability analysis will be carried out as part of this study. Behaviour of materials susceptible to fire damage and their impact on the structural stability will be evaluated. To study the load effects, analytical method using mathematical expressions will be considered. Computational modelling of structure will be developed using FEM and MATLAB software. Those developed models will be further used for reaching out the suitable recommendations on the structural elements for having the better reliability. Keywords: Steel structures; thermal loading;ISO 834; FEM.

236 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Session 2.1: Water Resources

Title: Design of a Watershed Score Card and Change Detection Studies in a Sub Watershed, Treated under Integrated Watershed Management Programme.

Ajaybhaskar Reddya, Dr. Y. Ramalinga Reddyb aSchool of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India bSchool of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: In this case study, an attempt is made to adopt the designing of a watershed score card to assess the health of a sub-watershed which is treated under Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP). The main aim of IWMP is to improve the conditions of watershed by treatment for soil and water to improve green cover by changing single season crop to double season crop. Following change detection studies are also adopted for the same sub-watershed to analyze the work: - Land Use Land Cover change detection study using GIS and Remote Sensing Technology; Rainfall Runoff study using SCS weighted Curve Number method and GIS. Ground water level fluctuation and water quality study before and after the treatment. If possible adopt Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) software for all hydrological parameters in the watershed. Keywords: Land Use Land Cover, change detection study, Rainfall Runoff, SCS weighted Curve Number method, GIS and Remote Sensing, Ground water fluctuation study, SWAT.

Title: Development of Integrated Road Drainage Systems for the Improvement of Irrigation Engineering Practice and Ecology

Anil Kumara Dr. Ramalinga Reddyb aSchool of Civil Engineering,REVA University,Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Civil Engineering REVAUniversity,Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Through my research, establishing the process to evaluate quantity of rain water can be collected from road surface of any category. same can be used for irrigation engineering purpose and ecology enhancement by “Development of integrated road drainage systems for the improvement of

237 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Irrigation Engineering Practice and ecology’’. Indian road network consists of 5.47million Kms and out of which 1,03,933 kms national highways. Roads is an essential component of growth in any society. In built up regions the road networks are built to assists vehicular and human traffic. In complement the facilities of drainage are offer to assure timely sewage disposal and runoff surface water produced from expansive impermeable surfaces. Road drainage system deals with water removal from the road and its surroundings. Universal process has been arrived, typically on National Highway of 50km. 6 million litres of water can be collected after considering all losses and same can be used for irrigation practice purpose. This water can be stored in low point and kept lock to recharge ground water level table. Else the water remained on the surface of the road finds its path to the inside layers of the through cracks and joints. Then that water gets trapped inside the structural layers of the road and creates a condition called the bathtub. This condition hampers the supporting power of the road and hence become the cause of accidents. Decreasing land covers of water storages like natural ponds, forest areas, wetlands, lakes, parks etc results in less recuperation of ground water level and more runoff of rain water.

Keywords:Road Network, Geometry, condition,Integrated Road Drainage System, Urban Road Surface, Rainfall, Ecology, Irrigation Engineering etc.

Title: Downscaling of GCM Outputs to the Catchment Scale Using Statistical Downscaling

Rajashekhar S.Laddimatha, & Nagraj S. Patilb a School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.-560064 b Center for P.G. Studies, Visvesvarayya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India- 590018.

Abstract: Rapid and dynamic changes of earth climate has effected human life physically, psychologically and emotionally. Downscaling is being used as an important climate change impact assessment technique. GCMs (Global Climate Models) are the most advanced, robust tools currently available for forecasting climate and weather. Dynamic downscaling andstatistical downscaling are the two familiar downscaling technique used for impact assessment.Dynamic downscaling is the method for nesting Regional Climate Model(RCM) into GCM. Thisis the physical based model and suffers a major drawback of its complicated design and highcomputation cost On a contrary, Statistical downscaling technique approaches towards derivinglocal information about hydrological variables by relating large scale climate variables (alsoknown as “predictors”) to local scale hydrological variables (“predictands”). Statisticaldownscaling is popular amongst the research community on an account of building a strong andaccurate relationship between GCM and local level information. Weather generator, Regressionmodels and Weather Classification are the three different Statistical downscaling. This workbrings forth the different statistical downscaling techniques used for GCM output to obtainmonthly simulations of local climate variable for various scenarios. CanCM4 GCM

238 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com monthlytime series precipitation (P) data for Krishna basin were used as the inputs to the statisticaldownscaling model. Observed meteorological data provided by Indian MeteorologicalDepartment (IMD) are used for calibration and validation of models. The scenarios consideredin fifth assessment report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) arebeing considered for the present work. With the good predictor and predictand correlation thework moves on to investigate the application of the transfer function in the form of statisticaldownscaling. Keywords: Climate change, Statistical Downscaling, GCMs, Weather generator, Regression models and Weather Classification.

Session 2.2: Environmental Engineering/ Construction Management

Title: Distribution and Migration of Heavy Metals in and around Bangalore City

Prashanth.Na, C. R. Ramakrishnaiahb aSchool of Civil Engineering, REVAUniversity, Bengaluru aDepartment of Civil Engineering, BMS College of Engineering, Bengaluru

Abstract: The present study is aimed to investigate the distribution and migration of the heavy metals in both ground water and soil profile in Bangalore city. The Bangalore city is considered to be one of the fastest growing city in the world. Hence in this research work studies are carried out to know the level of heavy metals in ground-water, and soil profile, degree of pollution due to different activities and water quality index of the study area. In this study a total number of 330 ground water samples were collected from different locations and analyzed for various Physical and Chemical properties such as pH, Alkalinity, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium, Total dissolved solids, Total hardness and Nitrate in the Laboratory using analytical methods. The concentration of heavy metals viz. Iron, Chromium, Nickel, Copper, Cadmium and Lead were analyzed using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer).Water quality of the study area is determined using a tool known as Water Quality Index (WQI). The total numbers of 330 Soil samples were collected to investigate both distribution and migration of heavy metals in soil profile. The concentration of heavy metals viz. Iron, Chromium, Nickel, Copper, Cadmium and Lead in soil were analzsed by Mehlich-I extraction method and determined using AAS. Keywords: Heavy metals; distribution; migration.

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Title: A Study of the Impact of ISO 900:2000 on Quality Management Practices in Selected Construction Industries in Karnataka

S. R.Rajiv a ,Dr. S. Harinathb a Department of Civil Engineering,Moodlakatte Institute ofTechnology, Kundapura-576201 b Professor,Department of Civil Engineering,REVAUniversity, Bengaluru-560064, India

Abstract: The highly demanding and ever-changing business environment, especially after the liberalization, privatization and globalization, has necessitated the organizations to be astute in the competitive market, offering products and services of superior quality. Such products and services enable them to attract new customers and strengthen their relationship with the existing ones. Timely adoptions of technological innovations have served to break the geographical boundaries, resulting in more informed and demanding customers than in previous years. Increased pressure from the customers, competitors and the environment are forcing the managements to implement strategies for lowering the operating costs and improving efficiency, without compromising quality.Especially for the large scale construction projects, it is much essential to implement the TQM. From the review it can be concluded that the application or adoption of QMS in the construction industries increase the productivity and efficiency. Some of the papers conclude that, the ISO adoption is needed to improve the quality, but some of the papers concludes that, it increases the paper work, leads to wastage of time and money. The study focuses on to interpret these findings and finally to arrive with correct result of adopting ISO standards. The study focuses mainly to study the main impact of ISO standards on the private construction sector in Karnataka.According to literature review,the adoption of ISO standards may benefit the construction industries of long term and for high investment projects. Keywords: Construction Productivity, ConstructionEfficiency,Total Quality Management, Liberalization,Globalization,Construction Management

Session 2.3: Geo-technical Engineering/ Transportation Engineering Title: Performance Analysis of Reinforced Soil

BidishaChakrabartya, P. Shivanandab aSchool of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India bSchool of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: Stability of Slope is one of the most important sector which should be addressed properly in the area

240 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com of Geo-technical engineering. The main purpose of this study to determine the comparative study of performance analysis of reinforced soil. In this work the possibility of different method of reinforcement for the stabilization of soil has to be investigated. In order to achieve the economy and proper performance, it is necessary to improve the strength of the soil. A full scale test on soil has to be conducted. The use of the finite elements in calculations of stability has to overcome the weakness of the traditional methods. An analysis of stability was applied to a slope, of complex geometry, composed of using finite elements and limit equilibrium methods. Various calculations carried out illustrate perfectly benefits that can be gained from modeling the behavior by the finite elements method The simulation behavior here can be carried out using either PLAXIS finite element 2D programme or by GEOSTUDIO or by another software suitable for this analysis. More details of parameters such as choice of finite element and consecutive models as well as the validation of finite element results against the benchmark solution has to be considered. Here the FE analysis or SRM analysis can be particularly useful for identifying the mechanism of failure and also for indicating the performance of reinforcing material substantially improve the stability of soil embankment. With the simulation analysis a detailed Laboratory experimental study also be conducted with proper soil model.In short it will provide an analytical approach to derive lower bounds to the required reinforcement strength and embedment lengths for slopes. Quantitatively investigate the beneficial effect of cohesion on soil stability. Quantitatively investigate the influence of soil tensile strength and the presence of the required level of reinforcement. Also the influence of water pore pressures will be investigated. The purpose of the present research study is to an understanding of actual and potential roles of typical reinforcement with or without the combination of the other material like hybrid reinforcementor along with this different reinforcing method act as a reinforcement which plays in regulation the strength in soil. The prime aim of the present investigation is to assess the usefulness and the performance analysis of soil reinforcement for stabilization purpose. Keywords: Slope stability, Finite element method, Reinforced soil, Displacements, Comparative analysis, Load tests, Experimentation.

Title: Utilization of Dredged Sediments for Sustainable Development

Channabasavaraj.Wa, Dr.P.Shivanandab aResearchScholar,School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, bProfessor, School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India-

Abstract: Bengaluru, the state capital of Karnataka undergoes flooding every year during monsoon. The reason for floods is due to depletion in storage capacity of water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers and sea). The depletion is due to the deposition of enormous amount of sediment at the bottom of the water

241 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com bodies.One of the solutions for this problem would be De-Siltation of water bodies (Removal of sediments). De-siltation of any water bodies can be carried out by a process called Dredging. However, huge quantity of dredged material (sediments) is resulted from this process which is generally considered as waste and requires special handling. Further, dredged sediment (DS) cannot be used for construction because it exhibits high water content, high compressibility and low strength. This project aims to reuse such DS as a sustainable material for construction activities in an economical way. To justify this, Hebbal Lake, Tungabadra reservoir (TB reservoir) has been selected as a case study, Hebbal lake is one of the biggest lake in Bengaluru city and TB dam is most problem facing reservoir in Karnataka. However, in the present study, attempts were made to stabilize the DS for uses such as embankment construction, subgrade construction and filling material. DS is stabilized using Granite Dust (GD) and Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag (ABS) respectively which are also waste material, to improve its geophysical properties. Also, the stabilized sediments are characterized for its properties and it is expected that these sediments after stabilization satisfy the required properties of construction material. Keywords: Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag, Characterization, Dredged Sediment, Granite Dust, Stabilisation.

Title: Integrated Transportation Planning and Modelling

C Prathyushaa, Dr. P Shivanandab aResearch Scholar, School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, India bDr. P Shivananda, Professor, School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, India

Abstract: The project mainly focuses on intermodal integration of both public and private transportation within the metropolitan areas. There is a need to improve the transportation network within the city which includes several operational levels like composed of layout, schedule and information, fare and ticket integration of different modes of transportation. The present construction of new metro system is one of the measure to reduce the traffic congestion problems which needs a transit network with bus rapid transportation system within the city. The existing transportation network of city can be improved using GIS, VISSIM and VISUM software’s system for transportation planning and travel demand modeling with travel time network coverage by that passenger transfer waiting time can be reduced at major terminals by means of shifting regular services at peak hours. Intelligent transportation system mainly focused to maximize the opportunities to increase transportation facilities understanding future transport and technology. It mainly focuses on land use, parking, active and public transport, roads and freight. In order to reach transfer seamless, comfortable, reliable and frequent we have to integrate the different modes of transportation where commuters switch over.

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Keywords: Integrated transportation, intelligent transportation, transfer seamless

Title: Laboratory Investigation on Influence of Multilayer Dry Lean Concrete on Pavement Quality Concrete

Pradeepkumar B Ka, Dr.Y.Ramalinga Reddyb & Dr.S Harinathc aSchool of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064,India bSchool of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India cSchool of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: In actual practice rigid pavements consist of Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) as a bottom layer and Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) as a top layer. An attempt to study the experimental investigation to understand the behavior PQC- DLC slab subjected to static load. The load deflection pattern for multi-layered slabs appear to be equally ductile when compared with PQC slabs but are less rigid in terms of load carrying capacity. By considering the DLC multilayer as a part of the pavement, a composite and economical cement concrete pavement maybe designed. Also attempt to study structural interaction between multilayer DLC with PQC. Keywords : DLC, PQC, MDLC

Title: Performance Evaluation of Reinforced and Stabilized Soil Slopes

Vinod B Ra, Dr.P. Shivanandab a School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560012 b Professor ,School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560012

Abstract: The stability of the embankments is exceedingly defenseless against the nearness of powerless water- stable clay aggregates that may bring about disintegration amid wet season. Along these lines, highways, railways and other designing structures established on soft soils may endure an over the top settlement in wet season if satisfactory change measures are not looked for. Luckily there are various revealed and very much reported soil stabilization/reinforcement methods that can relieve the unfavorable impact of problematic soils. Lime, fly ash and cement are among the conventional soil stabilizing out operators that are generally prominent between rehearsing geo- engineers to stifle the swelling properties and increment the compressive quality of expansive soils. Reinforcement of slope is a usually utilized strategy to guarantee the stability and safety of designing slopes associated with mining, expressway, railway and hydropower ventures. A limit analysis

243 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com confinement investigation approach is connected to decide the measure of fortification important to avoid collapse of slopes because of reinforcement rupture. This theoretical and engineering issue has not been impeccably unraveled yet. Since not just the on location geologic foundation and slope property is normally difficult to research, yet in addition a sensible and capable analysis approach is pending to develop. As far as possible traditional technique is still generally utilized so far because of its relative effortlessness and the experience which geotechnical engineers have gathered over years. Nonetheless, its basic suspicion is that the slant ought to be partitioned into slides, what more regrettable is, the component, shape, and location of the disappointment surface was artificially pre- expected. Keywords: LEM, Reinforcement, soil stabilization, slope.

Title: A Study on the Performance of Pavements on Stabilized and Reinforced Soils Chetan C Patila, Dr.P. Shivananda B School of Civil Engineering, Reva University, Bengaluru- 560064 School of Civil Engineering, Reva University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Traffic volumes on the major highways especially in urban roads significantly increased over the past years which leads to an earlier than expected need to repair and reconstruction of pavements. One of the preferred types of road construction in India is Flexible pavements because of smooth riding surface and easy and fast construction methods. Since flexible pavements consists of different layers and load transfer is due to point to point contact of materials differential settlements are observed hence there is need to find out a pavement which is more durable and performs better when constructed on stabilized and reinforced soils. Pavement rutting and differential settlement is one of the most commonly observed form of pavement distresses and is a major safety concern to transportation agencies in India. Research into behavior of different pavements on stabilized and reinforced soils can provide the knowledge to extend pavement life and significant cost savings in pavement maintenance and repair. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of different pavemets under different loading conditions using suitable FEM software and identify the reasons for failures. The outcome of this research will highlight the improvements needed to enhance the performance of pavements. Keywords : FEM ; Flexible Pavement ; Traffic Volume

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Title: Performance Evaluation of Flexible pavement for stabilized soil as Sub grade material

Nandini D Na&Dr. Y Ramalinga Reddyb aDepartment of school of Civil Engineering, REVA university Bengaluru- 560078 b Department of school of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560091, India

Abstract: In developing countries like India, the population growth has created a need for better and economical vehicular operation which requires good highway having proper geometric design, pavement condition and its maintenance. Therefore Roads have to be properly maintained so as to provide comfort, convenience and safety since the cost effective roads are being an economical part of any country. Now a day the commonly used construction materials are depleting which led to an increase in construction cost. Hence, the search for new materials and improved techniques to process the locally available materials has to be adopted. This led to an arise of stabilization of soil which alters the properties of soil so as to fulfill the design requirements of pavements. In order to improve the strength and durability, many chemical additives are used. Bio-enzyme is one among them used to improve the strength and stability of sub grade of pavements. The investigation of viability of using Hypo sludge an industrial waste generated from the paper mill in soil stabilization is also examined. Once after stabilizing the soil sub grade, designing the various layers of Pavement by using IRC Guidelines and evaluating the performance of Flexible Pavement by using KENPAVE software. Keywords: Bio enzyme;Hypo sludge; Stabilization ;KENPAVE

245 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com School of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Session-I Title: Performance Analysis of 64x64 bit Multiplier Designed Using Urdhva Tiryakbyham and Nikhilam Navatashcaramam Dashatah Sutras

Sai Venkatramana Prasada G Sa, Dr.G Seshikalab & Dr.Niranjana Sampathilac aResearch scholar, School of E&C REVA University,Bengaluru-560064 bProfessor, School of E&C REVA University, Bengaluru -560064 cAssociate Professor-Senior Scale Manipal Institute of Technology,MAHE, Manipal

Abstract: In VLSI systems like microprocessors and application-specific DSP architectures, the arithmetic operation which is extensively used is ‘Multiplication’. The overall performance of most of the systems is determined by the multipliers. The power efficient, faster and low area multiplier design decides the performance of the system. This paper focuses on the comparison of the 64x64 bit multipliers based on the Urdhva Tiryakbyham and Nikhilam Navatashcaramam Dashatah sutras of Vedic mathematics. Keywords: vedic mathematics; sutra; multiplier; DSP; verilog.

Title: Development and Verification of Low Power Analog Front End CMOS Circuits for Biomedical Applications

Sushma P.Sa., Dr. S.Y. Kulkarnib aDepartment of Electronics & Communication, NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte - 574110 bSchool of Electronics & Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: In biomedical system, the task of signal acquisition and preprocessing is done by the Analog Front End (AFE). The bioelectric signals picked up by the sensors and electrodes are given to the AFE circuits for analog preprocessing. As the AFE circuits need to remain on all the time to sense the signals continuously, low power AFE circuits which produce useful digital outputs are essential to reduce overall power consumption of the system. A basic AFE consists of a low-noise pre-amplifier (LNA), filter, variable gain amplifier and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with slow operating speed. The LNA is designed with high CMRR, good range of ac voltage gain, maximum output swing, low input offset voltage and high input impedance. As the range of frequency of biomedical signals vary from few Hz to kHz, active filters with very low cutoff frequencies ranging from DC to

246 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com less than 2 kHz are designed. After analog preprocessing, signal with only useful information is obtained which is digitized using low frequency Analog to Digital Converter(ADC). Keywords: Analog front end, low noise amplifier, active filter, analog to digital converter.

Title: Development And Implementation Of Mppt Algorithms For Non-Conventional Hybrid Energy Sources

Gangadhariaha, Prashanth Joshib aSchool of Electronics and Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Electronics and Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Present days renewable resource is used to generate energy required for most of the applications, like solar and wind energy is used to generate the power. Lot of research work is going on to utilise the efficient energy from hybrid energy systems for power generation. In power generation hybrid energy system is taking vital role. This work is done to get the maximum power from the hybrid energy sources by studying different MPPT algorithms and designing an efficient algorithm which can get maximum power. Further analysis is done in FOCV MPPT algorithm and observed that all the different control algorithms like PI, PID, and PD. Found that PID controller also can be used as a control algorithm. Keywords: Hybrid Energy Systems, MPPT algorithms, PID controller.

Title: Machine learning Approaches for Efficient High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC/H.265) Raveendra Gudodagia, R. Venkata Siva Reddyb aSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. bSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru

Abstract: In pursuit of efficient coding to satisfy the ever-increasing demand for real-time video calling and video streaming, many coding architectures have emerged. ‘H.265/HEVC’, which is a next generation video coding standard recently gained huge momentum in the field of video processing. The superior coding efficiency of HEVC is achieved at the expense of very complex encoders, where Rate-Distortion (RD) optimization is one of the contributors. Therefore to address the above shortcoming our work aims to avoid RD and embrace Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for intra- prediction mode decision. Deep Learning (DL) has attracted huge research community and with the initial results, we are optimistic that DL approaches provide superior results for classification problems by utilizing deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). If ML-based approaches are successfully implemented for intelligent intra prediction, the industry may embrace this for power

247 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com and thermal management of video coding on various multimedia devices, including multiprocessor system on chips (MPSoCs). Keywords: High Efiiciency Viedeo Coding (HEVC), Rate Distortion (RD), Intra Prediction, Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN).

Title: Self-Sustained Smart Ultra Low Power Circuits for IOT Application

Anna Merine Georgea& Dr. S.Y Kulkarnib aSchool of Electronics & Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Electronics & Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: Wireless Sensor nodes form an important part of Internet of Things (IOT) devices and integrates a power source, sensor unit, processing unit and communication unit. Extending the battery lifetime and reducing the power consumption using ultra low power sensor nodes and energy harvesting systems is essential to realize one trillion IOT devices. Systems require different power levels as they combine Intellectual Property from analog, digital and mixed signal vendors thereby necessitating efficient power management circuits. Shrinking of transistor size also causes power management a critical aspect of the design flow. The selection of device structure (FINFET, planar) and device material (HiK, SOI) play a vital role in power savings. A nano timer plays an important role in reducing the sleep mode power consumption of battery powered IOT devices. The work aims to tackle some the challenges imposed on the semiconductor industry like system integration, ultra low power design and operation of networks without compromising on the Quality of Service. This proposal addresses optimization of various low power techniques for IOT devices, intelligent prediction of power consumption and lifetime of sensor nodes and design of efficient power converters for voltage scaling and energy harvesting. Keywords: Ultra Low Power Technique; Power converters; Energy harvesting; lifetime prediction.

Title: Patient Adaptive FPGA Implementation Approach To Diagnose Heart Disease

Bhagyalakshmi Va, .Ramchandra V Pujerib ,Geeta D.D.c aV.V.P Institute of Engineering & Technology, Solapur. bScholar,School of Electronics & Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 cSchool of Electronics & Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: The arrhythmia classification is the prominent area as the world is reporting the risk rate of the cardiac-related diseases at the highest rate and the need to classify the ECG signals is insisted with

248 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com good accuracy. Since the existing methods of classification consumed huge time and less accurate in case of considerably similar ECG signal, the paper proposes an effective method termed as Genetic Bat optimization algorithm for training the Support Vector Neural Network (GB-SVNN). The proposed method of arrhythmia classification is based on the features that are extracted from the ECG signal. For feature extraction, multi-resolution wavelet-based approach and the Gabor filters are used that extracts the wave interval features and other texture features. Based on the features, the SVNN classifies the ECG signal as the affected arrhythmia or no arrhythmia signal. The performance analysis and comparative analysis are carried out to learn the performance and prove the effectiveness of the proposed method compared with the existing methods. Keywords: Arrhythmia classification, Genetic algorithm, Bat optimization, ECG signals, ECG wave intervals.

Title: Pin Communication Between Integrated Circuits For Interchip Data Transfer Using Surface Waves Communication.

Mahaveer Pennaa, Dr. Prasanth V Joshib aPh.D Scholar, Department of E&CE, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064, India. b Department of E&CE, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064, India.

Abstract: The main motto of this proposal is to design and develop a novel scheme to perform chip to chip wireless communication within the printed circuit board (PCB) limit. The printed circuit board was serving as the platform for the assembling and accumulation of various components for any electronic device. The main issue in the PCB is the interconnection between the components, the wired interconnection in the PCB is feasible to the present day requirement with respect to the power consumption and data rate, but the future need of increasing scalability of number of components in the PCB and the increasing data rates are pointing the need of updating the present day communication between the integrated circuits of the PCB. The proposal mainly focus on establishing inter chip wireless communication of PCB in order to reduce the wire routing issues, interference problems and data or signal loss, eventually to give a new PCB technology for the industry. Keywords: Surface wave communication, PCB, Wave guide.

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Title: Development And Implementation Of A New Topology For Power Factor Correction (PFC) Circuit.

KM Sudharshana, Dr. B P Divakarb aDepartment of ECE, REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: The application of power electronics circuits is accompanied by current distortion, lower power factor and increased size of the neutral conductor in buildings. In order to alleviate these problems regulatory agencies proposes schemes to comply harmonic regulations. Of the several methods, active power factor correction technique has proved to be cost effective for complying harmonic regulations. This research work investigates different topologies for single stage and two stage power factor correction (PFC) circuits that suit high power application. A new topology will then be developed combining the advantages of single and two stage power factor correction circuits. Appropriate method will be adopted to control the operating voltage of the dc bus capacitor with a view to reducing the capacitor size, and its overcharging. Investigation into FPGA/PSoc implementation will also be carried out for the final design. Keywords: PFC, dc bus voltage, single stage PFC, Two stage PFC

Title: Design and Implementation of Digital Circuits using Reversible Logic

Nayana D.Ka., Sujatha B.K.b a School of ECE, REVA University, Bangalore 560064 bDepartment of Telecommunication, MSRIT., Bangalore.

Abstract: In the recent years, the reversible logic design attracting more interest due to its low power consumption. Reversible logic is very important in low power circuit design. Reversible logic has extensive applications in quantum computing, low power VLSI design, nano technology and optical computing. The classical set of gates such as AND, OR and EXOR are not reversible. This work proposes a new 3 * 3 reversible gate called “SN “reversible gate. The proposed gate is used to design efficient combinational and sequential circuits. The proposed gate can be used to implement AND, XOR, XNOR and NOT gates. It is demonstrated that the adder/subtractor,ALU and counter architectures designed using the proposed gate are much better and optimized, in terms of reversible gates and garbage outputs. Thus this work provides the initial threshold to building of more complex system which can be execute more complicated operations using reversible logic. Keywords- Reversible Logic, Garbage Output, New SN Reversible Gate, Reversible Binary Half

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Adder/Half Subtractor, Binary Full Adder/ Full Subtractor, ALU and counter.

Title: Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Approaches for Early Detection of Lung Cancer

C Rangaswamy1, G T Raju2 , G Seshikala3 1Research Scholar, REVA University, Bengaluru, 1AssistantProfessor, Dept. of ECE,Sambhram Institute of Technology, 2Professor,Dept. of CSE, RNSIT, Bengaluru, 3Professor, School of Electronics & Communication Engineering REVA University, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

Abstract: Cancer is the most familiar disease that affects both men and women. The time factor is very important to discover the abnormality issues in target images, especially in various cancer tumors such as lung cancer, breast cancer etc., the survival rate of lung cancer is extremely poor. To increase the survival rate of cancer patient, recently, image processing techniques have been used widely for earlier detection and treatment stages with reduced risk. This research work proposes Neuro-Fuzzy inference approaches for early detection of lung cancer from raw CT-Scan images. Lung cancer detection and diagnosis system is a real-time health care application which requires automated processing, where in, the images are captured and processed through computer. Although various automated systems are already in place for this application, precise automatic lung cancer detection still remains a challenging task for researchers because of the unwanted signals get added into original signal during image capturing process which may degrade the image quality that intern resulting in degraded performance. In order to avoid this, image preprocessing has become an important stage with the key components as edge detection, image resampling, image enhancement and image denoising for enhancing the quality of input image. Enhancing the image quality, improving the accuracy in predicting the presence of lung nodules and clustering them into one of the four stages of lung cancer are the core factors of this research work. Keywords: Fuzzy Possibilistic, FPCM, EFPCM, intensity-based, classification, Convolutional neural network, Eccentricity, Skewness, Kurtosis etc.

Title: Design Considerations and Performance Analysis of Low Power Successive Approximation ADC using Split Capacitive Network Technique Savitha Ma, Venkat Siva Reddyb aDepartment of Electronics and communication KVG College of Engineering Sullia-574327 bSchool of Electronics and Communication, REVA University Bangalore-560064

Abstract: This research is dedicated to design and analyses a performance of successive approximation ADC

251 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com design methodology with better linearity, relatively high speed operation with minimum power dissipation and with moderate resolution. In this proposal, the overall ADC specifications, such as resolution, sampling rate, voltage supply and input signal range, etc. are considered for design, and performance will be analyzed in terms of speed, area utilized and linearity values. Improved switching capacitance concept with split capacitive will be adopted for analysis which may lead to reduced power consumption and may reduce the area occupied by design. .Also in this work linearity studies will be carried by finding the Integral non linearity (INL) and differential non linearity (DNL). In addition this, the noise performance and effective number of resolution will be analyzed . Title: Performance evaluation of Sensor less Vector Control for 3-phase Induction Motor at low speed

Savitha PRa, Dr B P Divakarb aDepartment of ECE, REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: Induction motor speed control can be achieved with conventional Scalar control or Vector control method. These methods require sensors to measure speed or other dynamic quantity, which is essential to generate an input to the controller. A physical speed encoder mounted on the shaft adds cost and reliability problems to the drive in addition to the need for shaft extension for mounting it. In the proposed research work a detailed comparative analysis of different Sensorless vector Control strategies for three phase induction motor will be carried out at various range of speeds exposing the limitations of earlier methods. Furthermore a precise model that aids online parameter estimation for sesorless speed control at low speed will be developed. Keywords :Induction motor. Sensorless, Vector Control

252 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Session-II Title: Design and Development of Application Specific Modules of Software Defined Radio in Base Band Processor Nataraj Urs H Da, Dr. R. Venkata Siva Reddyb aSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA Uni versity, Bengaluru- 560064, India bSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru

Abstract: Software Defined Radio is a new technology to use programmable hardware in wireless communication systems where various protocols can be easily supported by software. While technologies enable new services the wireless environment and wireless devices set new requirement for security and its realization. The primary focus of this research would be on development/implementing a design for the application specific modules of an SDR in the base band processor and its evaluation on the suitable platform. The proposed work addresses the issues of energy efficiency, architectural efficiency, flexibility and portability in designing software defined radio with an efficient low power reconfigurable architecture. Keywords: SDR, Baseband Processor, Modulation Techniques

Title: Secure and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

Ajaykumar Notoma, Dr. Mrinal sarvagyab aSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- bSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru-

Abstract: The exponentially demand of Quality of Service (QoS) communication has made wireless Communication as an inevitable technologies. Amongst major at hand technologies, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been found an a potential solution to meet major real-world requirements, Including monitoring and control, surveillance, healthcare, traffic surveillance and defense systems. Facilitating QoS demands, energy-efficiency and secure communication has always been an open Research area for academia-industries. The lack of security not only forces network to undergo Compromised situation but also makes it energy exhaustive. On the other hand, providing delay Resilient, energy-efficient, higher throughout and secure communication makes WSN robust and Efficient. Recently, the use of cryptographic techniques has played vital role towards energy efficient And secure communication. However, enabling robust solution with optimal security techniques in Conjunction with improved routing model is an open research area. With this motivation, in this

253 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com paper Some of the key literatures discussing cryptographic techniques and routing approaches for energy Efficient and secure communication for WSN. This study revealed that the use of a time and Computation efficient cryptography system in conjunction with enhanced routing protocol can ensure Secure and energy-efficient communication over WSNs. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network; Energy Efficiency; Network Security; Cryptosystems; Routing.

Title: QoS Oriented and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Cooperative MIMO Based Mobile WSN: QE2RPC

Kummathi Chenna Reddya, Dr.Geetha D Db & Dr.Thippeswamy M Nc aResearch Scholar, Electronics and Communication, REVA University , Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Electronics and Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 cDepartment of Computer Science, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

Abstract: The high pace increase in the demand of wireless communication techniques have motivated academia-industries to achieve Quality of Service (QoS) oriented and energy-efficient routing protocols. Amongst major wireless communication systems, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have played vital role to meet wireless communication demands; however it requires further optimization to improve throughput, reliability, delay, and energy consumption. In this paper, a robust mobility assisted WSN routing protocol named QoS oriented and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Cooperative MIMO based mobile WSNs (Q-E2RPC) has been developed that exploits the efficiency of network partitioning, Fuzzy Clustering Mean (FCM) and Expectation Maximization (EM) based clustering, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) based cluster head (CH) selection and mobile sink based data gathering to meet QoS demands and energy efficiency. Unlike classical clustering methods FCM and EM as a cumulative solution enables optimal clustering, which is followed by the multiple network parameters based CH selection. The use of single mobile sink avoided multi-hop transmission and signaling overheads that eventually reduced energy consumption. QE2RPC protocol exhibited timely data delivery, low energy consumption, and reduced signaling overheads. The results exhibited that Q-E2RPC outperforms other state-of-art techniques in terms of higher throughput, low delay and energy consumption, and higher network efficacy. Keywords: Cooperative MIMO; Fuzzy Logic Controller; Expectation Maximization; Clustering Enhancement; CH selection; Mobile Sink; WSN.

254 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Design And Modeling Of Ieee 802.15.4 Based Medium Access Control (Mac) Protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks

Manjunath G Asutia, Prabhugoud I Basarkodb aSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru b School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru.

Abstract: The IEEE 802.15.4 is the standard for broad range of applications inspired by the advent of WSNs, along with the different performance requirements of these applications, have enticed the research community to focus on Enhancing IEEE 802.15.4 MAC to mitigate its shortcomings.IEEE 802.15.4 has been under the scope of research interest for more than a decade, with different objectives motivating the different research groups. The objectives include mainly reducing power consumption, improving channel utilization /Throughput, improving packet delivery ratio, reducing the probability of collision and reducing end-to-end delays etc.Therefore, new strategies and algorithms are needed to mitigate shortcomings of IEEE 802.15.4 such that a more efficient performance is achieved. These parameters can be improved by clear channel assessment and guaranteed time slot allocation. Keywords: IEEE 802.15.4, clear channel assessment, guaranteed time slot allocation.

Title: Design of signal processing algorithms for millimeter wave MIMO channels in 5G Networks

Abdul Haq Na, Mrinal Sarvagyab aSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- b School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru-

Abstract: Wireless data traffic is expected to increase 10000 fold in next 20 years. To meet this ever increasing demand of increased wireless traffic, the fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems are getting prepared to be deployed by 2020. 5G cellular systems are most likely to operate in millimeter wave (mm- wave)frequency bands. Communication at mm-wave is setting a new era of wireless communication. The mm-wave frequencies offer higher bandwidth channels up to 2 GHz. Signal processing techniques are critical for implementing in the next generation mm-wave communication systems. Millimeter wave technology enables the use of large antenna arrays at the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). Along with high operating frequency and mixed signal power constraints, incipient multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication signal processing methods are essential. Due to large bandwidths, designing low complexity transceiver algorithms becomes critical. Millimeter

255 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com wave technique provides enough opportunities to utilize the signal processing techniques such as compressed sensing technique in channel estimation and beamforming (BF). This article presents an overview of efficacious signal processing methods and challenges in using mm-wave technique, with an incremented fixate on MIMO technology in achieving larger data rates and issues with limited availability of frequency spectrum. There is an immense interest in mm-wave BF predicated for 5G networks. An important aspect in mm-wave communications is to exploit the increased number of deployable antennas at both Tx and Rx to combat high path loss, to tackle increased interference due to higher user density and to tackle multipath effects in frequency selective channels. Keywords: 5G,beamforming, channel model, millimeter-wave, MIMO techniques, spatial multiplexing. Title: Clock Synchronization and Localization of nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks

Nikhath Tabassuma, Geetha D.D.b aSchool of Electronics and Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 aDepartment of Electronics and Communication, HKBKCE, Bengaluru- 560045 bSchool of Electronics and Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a spatially distributed network of sensor nodes which communicate with each other wirelessly to perform a specific task. All the sensor nodes have in built clocks which are ideally expected to have the same time period. But the clock time periods of all the nodes are not equal. The objective of the clock synchronization protocol is to remove the clock offset and clock skew between the sensor node clocks. The sensed data from the sensor nodes is more meaningful if the location of the sensor node is known. Therefore the objective of localization protocol is to find the position of sensors either relatively with respect to other sensors or absolutely by mapping their co-ordinates in a network. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Localization, Clock Synchronization, Clusters

Title: Modeling Of Miniaturized, Multiband And Metamaterial Loaded Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna For Wireless Applications

Tanweera, Rajashekhar C. Biradarb aSchool of Electronics and Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Electronics and Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: In recent years, with the rapid development of wireless technology, the wireless communication system has also flourished, and the applied range in the market is increasingly wide. Wireless

256 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com communication systems generally require two-way sending and receiving data in a fast, high- efficiency and reliable way, which is reflected in the antenna subsystem. The antenna is an important part of the wireless communication system. Modern society has entered into the information age, and people present higher requirements for the antenna, that is, the antenna not only has a wider frequency band, smaller size and is easier to install, but also has a high radiation efficiency and anti- interference performance, and other characteristics. Due to the aforementioned reason, the demand for multifunctional components has increased tremendously in the recent years. Advancement in integrated technology has provided researchers with ample capability to fit diversified applications operating at different frequencies in one wireless device. Integration of multiband antennas in conjunction with frequency re-configurability offers an optimal antenna design. Compared with the traditional microwave antenna, the multiband reconfigurable antennas are low profile, small size, low cost and light weight, which can meet the demands of miniaturization. In addition, the incorporation of metamaterials yields controllable and promising radiation properties. This research contributes uniquely to the field of antenna design in two ways. First, it provides the domain and technical aspects associated with multiband, frequency reconfigurable, and metamaterial antennas. Second, it provides a technical simulation and practical validation by making a prototype of the designed miniaturized, multiband and metamaterial loaded frequency reconfigurable antenna. Keywords: Multiband, Meta-material, Fractals, Frequency Reconfigurable, Slots

Title : Design And Development Of Digital Automatic Gain Control For Wireless Receviers

Bharath H Pa, P I Basarkodb aSchool of Electronics and Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Electronics and Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 Abstract: Modem is a device that modulates baseband signals at the transmitter and demodulates received signal at the receiver. One of the important blocks of the receiver is the AGC. The AGC is a closed loop system that maintains its output signal at constant amplitude even if input of the AGC may vary substantially. The AGC is needed because Several modules within the receiver use amplitude thresholds to make their decisions. These threshold levels must remain constant over entire dynamic range of input signals. In this proposed work AGC implemented in digital domain, which is very much essential for SDR platforms due to change in the modulation scheme based on the incoming traffic. The Automatic Gain Control (AGC) is integral blocks for wireless communication receivers, where receiver should handle incoming signal with a large dynamic ranges. AGC loop is needed to tune the receiver gain setting to adjust the output signal form the analog front end to required dynamic ranges of Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) to improve the signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).

257 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

In this work main focus is on designing and implementation of Digital AGC for different wireless applications such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Receiver, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) receiver and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) WiMAX receiver. The work is concentrated towards design of AGC algorithm for different digital modulation technique based radio receivers, such as Gaussian Frequency Shift Key(GFSK), Differential Quadrature Shift Key (DQPSK) modulation scheme for BLE receivers, 16, 64 (Quadrature Amplitude Multiplexing) QAM modulation scheme for WLAN receivers and 128, 256–QAM modulation scheme for WiMAX. At the end of this work we will proposing a reconfigurable single AGC structure for above mentioned wireless application receivers. Keywords: Wireless Receivers, AGC, QAM

Session-III

Title: Liquid crystal polymer substate based microstrip patch antenna for MIMO

Imrana, K.R. Sudhindrab, Geeta D.Dc. aGovt. Engg. College, Ramanagar, Bengaluru- 560064 bBMS College of Engg., Bengaluru- 560064, India cSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru-

Abstract: The request of little size electronic systems have been growing for many years. The physical size of structures is lessened due to movements in composed circuits. As the system moves to higher frequencies, and as the enthusiasm for upgraded compromise plot grows, microwave originator scans for the best in class time of microwave materials with improved versatility. With reducing in size of electronic systems, there is moreover a growing enthusiasm of little and insignificant exertion antennas. Fix gathering mechanical assemblies are a champion among the most charming antennas for fused RF front end structures as a result of their closeness with microwave facilitated circuits. To fulfill the demand of fused RF front end structures, a layout of micro strip patch antenna for multiband applications will be inspected. The framework could be connected with layout other planar gathering devices that exhibit in like manner. Multiband application is one of the latest forms of smart antenna technology to improve communication performance. Multiband systems employing smart antennas are a promising candidate for future mobile communications due to their tremendous spectral efficiency. RF engineers have to find new antenna solutions for multiband applications; especially the integration of multiband antennas into small handsets is a challenging task. The acquaintance of multiband innovation demonstrated with be one of the best strategies to improve the channel limit inside the accessible data transfer capacity and power. Off late, micro strip antenna

258 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com fashioners likewise utilize multiband innovation, where they utilize at least two emanating patches in the outline for transmission. In the previous decade, a few multiband antennas have been recommended that exist in the writing, out of which a couple are intended to work in the recurrence run appropriate for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) applications. Keywords: Antenna, Multiband, MIMO, Ultra-Wideband.

Title: Design and Development of Antenna for Effective and Efficient Data Transfer for Multi- Band Communication For Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)/Near Field Communication (NFC) M Shailesh Kumara, P. I Basarkod.b aSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. bSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru.

Abstract: In the research, it is proposed to design and develop smart antenna and associated electronic circuitry capable of operating in mobile electronic devices with a decent footprint supporting secure wireless communication over a wide band. The resolution of the problem may require non-conventional materials associated with unique/novel antenna pattern design. The aim is to achieve miniaturization and at the same time meet the (desired) performance of a conventional antenna. The percolation of IT and data in the society has necessitated research and development of new kinds of Antennas and associated circuitry which can support multiband communication for effective and efficient transfer of Power and Data. A mobile electronic device has components like WiFi, Bluetooth, WiMAX, ZigBee, NFC etc to communicate and exchange data over the air. These services operate on many different frequencies spread over a wide band. The technologies have evolved over a period and a few generations. Each of them has their own advantages and drawbacks. The research proposes to combine multiple technologies with an aim to reduce the requirement of real estate in a mobile electronic device and at the same time carry out all the intended functions of the existing services. The research will give impetus to various digitization programs drawn up by the Govt of India to be implemented. The development also will assist in Medical Electronic field for patient health monitoring, appointment and visits. The compact antennas will also give a boost to wearable technology applications and encourage deployment of cost effective technology for the masses. Keywords: RFID, NFC, Patch Antennas, Multi-substrates, Electromagnetic Bandgap, Superstrates, Resonating Structures.

259 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Design and implementation of Interoperable Framework for heterogeneous Health care devices and Prediction of Heart Disease Risks & Alerts through IoT. Venkateswara Raju Ka, Manjula R Bharamagoudrab aSchool of E C E, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India bSchool of E C E, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: Significant advancement in the Internet of Things (IoT) has generated a large number of opportunities for innovation across both academic and industrial communities, particularly the field of healthcare. Due to the exponential growth of wearable, portable devices and mobile applications, a promising trend in health care appears that the IoT enabled technology is transforming the traditional hubs of health care, such as hospitals and clinics, to the personalized healthcare systems and especially the mobile environment. First we would like to study the interoperability challenges in IoT enabled Health care devices/sensors like dynamic heterogeneous resource discovery, integration of intelligence, context-awareness, etc. Second focus on IoT enabled healthcare devices/sensors generated heterogeneous raw data for Analysis to predict the risks and alerts. The successful utilization of IoT Interoperability and Predictive analytics by applying Machine Learning techniques in healthcare data can enable faster and safer cure, low costs, personalized treatment, improved doctor-patient relationships and enhanced sustainability. Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT); Health Care; Interoperability; Predictive Analytics; Machine learning(ML); Data Analytics; Cloud.

Title: Design and Analysis of Thermal Imaging Techniques for Agriculture Aryalekshmi B Na& Dr. R.C.Biradarb aSchool of Electronics & Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Electronics & Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: Thermal imaging innovation has turned into a valuable strategy in all fields because of its non- ruinous, non-contact strategies to decide thermal properties and highlights of any object/zone of intrigue. Visible pictures that are shaped from the undetectable radiation patterns of objects are known as thermal images. Thermal imaging can be used in agricultural applications such as agricultural plastic waste estimation, irrigation scheduling, crop yield estimation, evaluating maturity of crop, plant disease detection. This proposal addresses identification and mapping of suitable thermal imaging techniques for selected agricultural application, crop maturity analysis using thermal imaging techniques and identification of sectors of land-vegetation, dry land, drought area etc. Keywords: Thermal imaging, agriculture, radiation pattern, satellite thermography

260 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Computational Intelligence for Routing in Internet of Things Chandrashekhara B Ga& Dr. Veena K Nb aResearch Scholar, School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bAssociate Professor, School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India. Abstract: The unification of the sensor networks, Internet and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems has introduced the idea of Internet of Things (IoT), which is able to connect daily things, making them smart through sensing, thinking, and collaborating with other devices. The IoT frame work tries to connect anybody with anything at anyplace, in spite of the fact that the internet of things becoming a key framework for the improvement of smart IoT network. IoT network has the potential for the extensive variety of applications related to healthcare, atmospheric, transportation and so forth. To transfer this IoT visualization into actuality, routing protocols are essential to aid the communication between these things in a decentralized, self-composed and changing infrastructure. Many numbers of nodes in the IoT may undergo constant mobility that may result into asymmetrical interconnectivity between the devices which may results in the frequent topology changes. Because of this frequent topological variations and constraint resources available in the IoT become great challenge of routing in IoT. Huge Energy consumption in IoT enabled devices reduces the life time of the entire network. Each device consumes energy for different functionality such as data collection, finding the route, transmitting the data and security of the data. So an efficient method to reduce the energy consumption at different level is mandatory to improve the life time of the entire network. In our work we are aimed to reduce the energy consumption at data collection and routing level. To achieve this aim in our work we are going to propose an energy efficient clustering model based on Kohonen Model and Fuzzy logic technique. Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT); sensor; RFID; Layers; Routing; Kohonen; fuzzy logic.

Title: A Highly Robust and Efficient Hybrid RF-FSO Transmission System for Next- Generation 5G LTE-A Communication

Warsha Balania, Dr.Mrinal Sarvagyab aSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The exponential rise in communication systems and associated applications has revitalized the academia-industries to develop more efficient and robust wireless communication systems. Amongst

261 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com major available communication systems or transmission paradigms, radio frequency (RF) based communication has gained significant attention and interest to serve major application demands. However, realizing the up-surging demands of low cost, high data rate, high reliable and minimal complex transmission systems, optical communication systems have gained equally attention across industries. Optical communication system being less vulnerable than RF transmission system can ensure high data rate transmission up to tens and hundreds of Gbps. Exploring in depth it can be found that both these paradigms, RF as well as Free Space Optical (FSO) communication undergo different adversaries such as attenuation, scintillation or fading, losses due to various channel conditions. These adversaries result into depletion of transmission rate as well as range and reliability. On contrary, the next generation technologies such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 4G/5G requires higher data rate transmission and reliable communication to meet QoS centric demands. Recently, FSO systems have gained immense attention to deliver high data rate transmission. Considering the significance of these communication systems, a few researches have been done in last few years, however majority of the researches either emphasize on attenuation control or reduction, noise suppression, wavelength frame selection, transceiver localization to achieve better performance; however a very few efforts have been made on exploring these two distinct topology together to enable augments communication systems (to facilitate high data rate, reliability and range). Undeniably, the distinct functional characteristics of these transmission systems are the dominating reason behind less focussed effort. Considering it as motivation, in this research proposal an optimistic model is proposed to incorporate both RF technologies as well as FSO technologies with enhanced coding, channel design, and strategic transmission control to meet higher Rate, Range and Reliability. This research proposal intends to develop a highly robust and efficient “Hybrid RF-FSO Transmission system for Next-Generation 5G LTE-A Communication”. Unlike classical approaches where for FSO communication single carrier modulation (QAM, QPSK, OOK-RZ and OOK-NRZ) is proposed, this proposal intends to exploit multiple carrier modulation (MCM) technique for high data rate transmission. In addition, it is intended to augment overall processing comprising coding optimization, modulation enhancement, channel sensitive transmission control etc to achieve high data rate and reliable data transmission. Summarily, it is proposed to develop a joint transmission system with RF and FSO technologies to achieve more efficient communication for 5G LTE/LTE-A systems. The proposed hybrid RF-FSO system has been proposed to be make it reliable by alleviating the issue of atmospheric turbulences, scintillation or fading, etc. To achieve the mentioned objectives proposed research work intends to exploits efficiency of the key technologies, such as adaptive combining technology, MCM assisted enhanced OFDM, channel coding, channel state information (CSI) sensitive transmission scheduling and control. Unlike traditional approaches where transmission scheduling under predefined state conditions has been done, in this research work an adaptive modulation technique with efficient combining approach is proposed that as a result could enhance spectral efficiency as well as rate and reliability of the transmission system. The

262 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com efficiency of the proposed model could be assessed for Point-to-Point communication or even Point- to-Multi-Point (P2MP) topology. As application specific scenario, the proposed system intends to exploit RF transmission and FSO to assist both unicast as well as multicast transmission. Realizing the significance of Visible Light Communication (VLC) based FSO system, the proposed model exploits the developed hybrid RF-FSO model to exhibit both line of sight (LS) as well as Non-Line of Sight (NLS) communication at high data rate and with enhanced transmission range. Summarily, the proposed research work intends to contribute enhanced coding, enhanced modulation approach, robust attenuation or channel loss alleviation strategies, and better wavelength frame selection to achieve high rate, range and reliability for 5G LTE /LTE-A systems. The overall research work contribution could enable a low cost and efficient communication system for QoS centric transmission (high rate, range and reliability) for LS as well as NLS communication for 5G systems.. Keywords: Hybrid free-space optical (FSO)/radio-frequency (RF), f ree-space optical communication.

Title: A Novel Spectrum Management Framework for Cognitive Radio Networks

Madan H.T.a, Dr. P I Basarkodb aSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru bSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru

Abstract: The continuous evolution of wireless communication technology has developed many new paradigms like IOT, M2M communication and 5G. All these future wireless technologies are focused on providing connectivity between physical objects. Due to the continuous deployment of wireless devices, radio spectrum has become one of the scarcest resources in wireless networks. Current IOT and WSN’s are operating under ISM band along with the coexistence of other communication networks. However it is observed that, current spectrum utilization in the licensed spectrum bands is very less. Cognitive radio technology enables the transmission of unlicensed secondary users in licensed spectrum bands, while preventing incumbent transmission from harmful interference. Cognitive radio enabled communication is a promising technology towards effective spectrum utilization for future wireless communication networks. The competition for unoccupied spectrum bands often results in the misuse of the spectrum resources, thus causing interference with existing networks (PNs and other CRNs) and unreliable spectrum sharing due to security threats such as Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA). Therefore, to enable efficient CRN communication, CRNs should address several coexistence issues, security threats, location privacy problem and resource sharing. Considering the above challenges, we propose a spectrum sharing framework to focus on effective use of cognitive radio in D2D communication and IOT. Keywords: PU, SU, CRN, D2D.

263 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Optimization and Design Of Optical Biosensors For Human Blood Analysis

Rashmi Priyadarshinia, C K Narayanappab aSchool of ECE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Medical Electronics, MSRIT, Bengaluru, India Abstract: The conventional tests and the technologies used in diagnosis of various diseases require a huge and costly machine setup as well as time consuming. Thus, there is a need for sensors which can carry out the human blood analysis on the fly and without using invasive technique. Optical biosensors are rapidly replacing the conventional diagnosis tools and techniques because of their high sensitivity, compact size, low cost, label free technology and ease of use. There are various types of biosensors available in the field, each having benefits one over the other. In this study, we present two different novel technologies namely, 1. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) based Optical Biosensor 2. Photonic Crystal (PHC) based Optical Biosensor to aid the fabricator. We explore both the technologies SPR and PHC (open source) , compare with respect to various parameters such as sensitivity, quality factor, wavelength, transmission power etc., and provide the easy, most efficient and less expensive design for fabricator. In both the technologies Sensors are designed which respond with respect to the refractive index value of the bio sample and material used. The proposed work is based on the optimization, design and development of SPR and Photonic Crystal based optical biosensor for human blood analysis. Keywords: Biosensor; SPR; PHC; Refractive index; Quality factor; Sensitivity; wavelength.

Title: Data Aggregation and Routing for Pest Infection Detection in Coffee Plantation using Wireless Sensor Networks

1Roshan Zameer Ahmed, 2Rajashekhar C. Biradar 1,2School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru - 64

Abstract: Coffee production stands an important asset in developing the economy of various countries. Coffee White Stem Borer (CWSB) pest poses a serious threat to Coffea Arabica since it consumes the food and water utilized by the plant and kills it internally. The population control of the CWSB pest is done by capturing it and blocking its exit. This plays a vital role in knowing the further plant survival rate. By adopting Ultrasonic Active Sensor (UAS) nodes over the coffee field provides an ease in CWSB identification and removal of it results in high-yield productivity. Energy conservation is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) which can be solved efficiently by clustering

264 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com the network, redundancy elimination and providing the best possible path for the data to reach the Base Station (BS) through an integrated approach. Keywords: Redundancy, Clustering, Energy conservation, Integrated.

Session-IV

Title: Extraction of Foreground Objects Using Background Subtraction Model in Video Systems

U Pavan Kumara, Bharathi S Hb aSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru bSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru

Abstract: With the growing measure of security in video, it becomes significant that video surveillance systems be able to support security personnel in monitoring and training activities. Most of the recent research in video surveillance systems focuses on developing algorithm for event detection from multiple sources. The ability of detecting moving objects from video sequence is a daunting task. In this study, we have proposed a background subtraction model that reconstructs the background pixel to extract the foreground objects. Mode filtering algorithm is used for constructing the background pixels from most frequently occurred pixels. Once the background frame is constructed, the background subtraction model is applied to extract the foreground frame. Experimental analysis is carried out in three sorts of videos, namely, heavy traffic videos, normal traffic videos and traffic video in rain which proves the efficiency of our proposed model. Keywords: Security, Surveillance systems, Video sequences, Background subtraction model, Mode filtering, and Foreground objects extraction.

Title: Exploration For A Robust Audio Watermarking Scheme That Encompass Analog And Digital Inter Conversions

Electa Alice Jayarani.Aa, Mahabaleswara. R. Bhattb& Geetha D.Dc aSchool of Electronics & Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Medical Electronics, BMS College of Engineering, Bengaluru- 560019 cSchool of Electronics & Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: In recent years, there is a rapid growth in information technology and multimedia. At the same time

265 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com information security and copyright has become an issue as piracy and malice manipulation is common. Watermarking is commonly used technique to solve the above mentioned issue. By embedding a watermark in the host audio signal the copyright problem can be solved. As a result the biggest debate in the current era is digital audio watermarking. More affordable the watermarking should be to make the extraction easier. For live performance and live broadcast watermark embedding is done in real time not in digitally stored data. The challenge is to do the embedding in high speed so that there is no delay of music. In this regard, this paper mainly focuses on robust audio watermarking scheme that encompass analog and digital inter conversions. Keywords: Watermarking, audio, analog and digital conversion.

Title: Dwt Based Radar Signal Processing For Small Target Detection

N Muralidharaa, Dr Rajshekhar c Biradarb & Jayaramaiah G.Vc aResearch scholar, School of E&C REVA University, Bengaluru-560064 bProfessor, School of E&C REVA University, Bengaluru -56006 cProfessor Department of ECE, Dr. AIT, Bangalore-560072

Abstract: This research problem includes the study of existing Doppler and wavelets based techniques for Radar signal processing, study and develop the advanced algorithm to enhance the signal to noise ratio for small targets for better detection in the presence of clutter to provide more confidence for detection and tracking of small targets even though they may be lost either through occlusion or in noisy signal. One of the most difficult goals of Automatic Target Recognition using Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) instrument is to spot incoming small targets at long range and hence Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is poor. Also to be able to detect such targets at long distance to identify the target is approaching in an aggressive manner. Matched filter has a strong anti-noise ability for Pulse Doppler Radar where it can achieve accurate pulse compression in a very noisy environment, and Wavelet based processing for Continuous Wave (CW) Radar. This research takes us one step further in understanding our Nation’s Radar user problems in-turn to make sincere attempt to identify and solve our Radar problems. To strengthen our armed forces to survive and save our country, our Radars should have better target detection capability before any damage take place by the enemy targets. Now it is very important to have advanced techniques in our Radars for better detection performance in terms of SNR, Pd and Pfa. Improve the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for better target detection and help better tracking. Maintain the maximum Pd and Pfa throughout the Radar range irrespective of RCS. Keywords: Radar, Doppler, Pulse Doppler radar, continuous wave radar, RCS, Discrete wavelet transform, signal to noise ratio, FFT.

266 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Design and Development of Algorithm For Speech Disfluency Using Enhanced Correlative Method

Vinay N.Aa, Bharathi S Hb aSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru bSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru

Abstract: Speech is an important mode of communication for humans with them as well as with machines in real time applications. In many interactive applications machines or systems has to process and recognize the speech signal as a source of data and it has to respond accordingly. This speech recognition will be handled by Automatic Speech Recognition system. These ASR will recognize the fluent speech, but if it is a disfluent speech the ASR requires more time or it may not be able to recognize the disfluent speech. Disfluency is a speech disorder includes blockages, prolongations, repetitions, apraxia & interjections, also known as stuttered voice or stammering voice. In order to recognize the stuttered voices different features are extracted using MFCC,LPC,LPCC,DTW techniques and it will classified using ANN,HMM,KNN,SVM techniques. Keywords: Blockages, Prolongations, Repetitions, Apraxia & Interjections.

Title: Character extraction and recognition of Kannada script in historical documents

Sachin Bhata, Seshikala Gb aDepartment of ECE, SMVITM, Udupi bDepartment of ECE, REVA University, Bengaluru

Abstract: Epigraphs are important sources for reshaping our culture and history. They have a remarkable importance to mankind. But modern epigraphists find it difficult to interpret the information in scripts. It is mainly because inscriptions are eroded over a period of time due to natural calamities, presence of different types of noise and degradations. Also scripts of ancient times are largely unknown and character sets used have changed from one form to another over the centuries. Therefore, for reading ancient scripts the characters have to be extracted first. In this work, a model for extraction and recognition Kannada script in historical epigraphs is proposed. This model consists of binarization and extraction model using phase congruency, EM algorithm based background

267 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com elimination algorithm. In binarization, phase based features are used with specialized filters. Adaptive Gaussian filters are used to smoothen the output images and foreground text is extracted using Gaussian mixture model based Expectation Maximization algorithm. A large database of Kannada characters belonging to 4th century to 12th century is created. Specialized SVM classifier is used to recognize the characters with database characters. Proposed method is tested on different datasets of inscriptions and epigraphs. Obtained results are compared with the existing classical algorithms. Keywords: Inscriptions, Phase congruency, Expectation-maximization algorithm, SVM classifier.

Title: Image Processing Techniques for Breast Cancer Detection

Madhukar.B.N.a, Bharathi.S.H.b aDepartment of ECE, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru- 560103 bSchool of ECE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as well as to diagnose and treat diseases. The topic of research chosen here is that of Breast Cancer Detection. There are basically two types of breast cancer, viz., benign cancer and malignant cancer. This research envisages on the development of newer algorithms using signal processing and machine learning techniques that are intended to be applied on these various types of breast cancer images that have been acquired by using different imaging modalities like Ultrasound, CT, MRI, fMRI, and Mammography, for efficient diagnosis of diseases for better prognosis and treatment of the patient. This involves mathematical analysis and algorithmic design and validation based on different performance metrics. Also, the validation of the results would be corroborated by the breast cancer specialist w.r.t the veracity of the results. Keywords: Transform: Benign: Ultrasound; MRI.

268 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Design And Implementation Of Brain Tumor Detection System Using Artificial Intelligence

Kavya B Sa, Dr S Y Kulkarnib & Dr S N Prasadc a School of Electronics and Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 b School of Electronics and Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 c School of Electronics and Communication, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, INDIA

Abstract: Brain tumor is considered one of the fatal disease amongst many individuals. In medicalimage processingbrain tumor diagnosis and categorization is one of the most exigent tasks. At present by looking into the differences in the cells morphology helps to classify tumor , which do not always guarantee a clear distinction of all the subtypes. This may have a major impact on the diagnosis required to cure a patient effectively. Manually analyzing the brain tumors using brain MRI scan forms a large part of human intervention per patient. Therefore, the automation in the method of analysis of brain tumor using brain MRI is of utmost importance. The Image Pre-Processing, Image segmentation, Feature Extraction, and Classification are the four stages used for the whole process of detection and classification. Image pre-processing is carried out to remove the noise present in the input signals by using suitable filters. The outcome of this step is obtaining an enhanced image for further analysis. Segmentation is done using the method of thresholding to get the binarized image with grey level intensity and the features are extracted by using the gray level co-occurrence matrices (GLCM) to differentiate the normal and abnormal regions of the brain. In the final stage, the classifier based on backpropagation neural network will be used to categorize the MRI brain images into malignant or benign tumor. Detecting and extracting the required signal from scanned MRI images of the brain is done with the help of the MATLAB. This automated analysis system has to be made applicable for further classification of images with different pathological condition, types and disease status. The combination of Image processing and neural network techniques improve the performance and accuracy, thus reducing the diagnosis time of detecting and classifying brain tumor in MR images. Keywords: Artificial neural network, Thresholding, GLCM .

269 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: A Novel Face Emotion Recognition System for Pose, Illumination Variation and Occlusion Objects Using Adaptive ANN

Yenumaladoddi Jayasimhaa, Dr R V Siva Reddybz aDepartment of ECE, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560064 bSchool of ECE, REVA University, Bangalore – 560064

Abstract: Approach intended to be adopted in the execution of the researchis described as follows. This proposal, an effective face recognition system is developed by considering the face pose, illumination variation and occlusion attributes to detect the face emotions (mainly for detecting autism disorder) for a given video data. The proposed method mainly contains four phases. They are,  Video Frame conversion  Preprocessing  Facial feature extraction  ANN Facial emotion classification Initially, the input video will be converted into number of frames. Then, the video containing frames with face image will be preprocessed by using Gaussian filter. In the feature extraction phase, the unique features (key points) such as texture and shape features were extracted from the images.The shape feature can be extracted by Active Appearance Model (AAM). Also, the texture features were extracted using Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) feature extraction method. In the final stage, adaptive ANN (Artificial Neural Network) classification technique will be to classify the face emotions. In adaptive ANN, the layer neuron will be optimized using Krill Herd Optimization technique. Moreover, the level of Autism is also calculated for both genders. The proposed approach will be implemented in working platform of MATLAB and evaluated using various performance measures with existing methods. Keywords: video frame conversion; feature extraction; emotion classification; adaptive ANN.

Title: Agent Based Trust Management Solutions for Handling Some Attacks in VANETs

Shrikant Tangadea, Sunilkumar S. Manvib aSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- bSchool of Computing & Information Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560097

Abstract: An increasingly large number of cars are being equipped with GPS and Wi-Fi devices, forming vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) and enabling vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication with the goal of providing road safety and reduce traffic congestion. However, dishonest (malicious)

270 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com peers (vehicles) in a VANET many send out false information to maximize their own utility, e.g. for gaining access to a particular lane. Also how to trust the information transmitted, when the neighboring vehicles are rapidly changing and moving in and out of range. Detecting misbehavior (such as transmissions of false information) in VANETs is a very important. Due to the ephemeral (short-lived) nature and often very large of vehicular networks, reputation schemes for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) cannot be applied to VANETs. Current trust management schemes for vehicular networks establish trust by voting on the decision received by several nodes, which might not be required for practical scenarios. It might just be enough to check the validity of incoming information. In practice, however, trust cannot be established, maintained or retrieved unless a reliable route is available, which is also one important reason why trust is hard to establish in a highly dynamic VANET environment. The objective of the research is to apply computational intelligence and agent technology to handle some of attacks by designing an effective, distributed, scalable and robust trust management scheme. Keywords : VANET; Security; Trust Management; Privacy; V2I; V2V.

Title : Iterative Receiver Design for Underwater communication using MIMO-OFDM, Channel Estimation and Efficient modulation Schemes

Ravi Kumar M Ga, Dr. Mrinal Sarvagyab aDepartment of Electronics and Communication, Atria Institute of Technology,Bengaluru- 560024 bDepartment of Electronics and Communication, REVA University,Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: Since the Underwater acoustic channels are time varying multipath channel achieving the high data rate, a low latency and a high throughput which often is a very difficult objective. In this work, we are designing aMIMO OFDM transceiver system which is suitable for underwater acoustic communication with limited bandwidth to enhance the data rate at the receiver. To enhance the data rate at the OFDM receiver we have used efficient modulation schemes like QPSK, DPSK and 16- QAM which is best suited for adaptive techniques based on the SNR of the Rayleigh fading channel, channel estimation using Kalman filter and Extended Kalman filter which minimizes the mean squared error and gives us the best estimation even in the presence of noise and channel coding schemes like Turbo codes and LDPC codes for UWA communication. The simulation results shows that the performance of the OFDM system with the use of Adaptive modulation, Channel estimation and channel coding is better when compared to the OFDM system without these schemes. From the simulation results, we have found that these modulation techniques, channel estimation and channel

271 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com coding schemes are best suited to achieve high data rate for underwater acoustic communication. Keywords: underwater acoustic communication, Kalman Filter, Channel Estimation, Channel Coding, MIMO-OFDM.

School of Electrical And Electronics Engineering

Title: Development of Hybrid Multilevel Inverter

K.Narayana Swamya, Divakar B.P.b ab School of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Multilevel inverters (MLIs) are special kind of inverters having several advantages over conventional inverters. By virtue of their structure, MLIs generate step like output waveform with less THD when compared to classical inverters. Furthermore at medium and high voltage applications, MLIs provide safe operating voltage stresses thereby extending the reliability of switches. However an improved voltage quality from the family of multilevel inverters is achieved at the cost of large number of switches and associated complex control strategies. In this research work, a generic control & modulation technique for the control of MLIs is proposed to simplify pulse steering circuits for any topologies. Enhancement of voltage quality of MLIs is further possible through controlled switching of various switches. However this controlled switching involves calculating switching instants or angles for all the switching devices using complex nonlinear equations. To overcome this, an EXCEL based tool is developed to calculate switching instants of any MLI at any level and operating at any modulation indices. This Excel based tool enables calculation of switching angles to improve THD, for any modulation index without the need for complex solvers.The current research work also focuses on the development of a novel multilevel inverter topology for medium, high power industrial and drive application. The hybrid topology enables sine wave output generation without filters and with fewer switches. Keywords: Multilevel Inverter; THD; DC-DC Converter; SPWM

Title: Performance analysis of Bidirectional Integrated Battery Charger with EV-Grid Transaction capability Gopinath Aa, Divakar B P b abSchool of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The depleting oil reserves and environmental concerns has compelled the transition to Electric and

272 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) with the necessity for a better fuel economy and further reduction in emissions. The battery charger that ensures proper charging of batteries is one of the most critical components in the development of an EV. Its energy density, charging time, lifetime and cost are the restricting practical applications. Since the built-in power electronic drive circuit is idle during charging, the same drive circuit could be used as a charger when the vehicle is at rest. This concept of dual operation, named as integrated charging, is gaining popularity in recent times permitting EV- Grid transactions. The design of onboard charger has to meet several specifications and meet the demands of the industry for efficient and compact drive. The current research focuses on the performance evaluation of a bidirectional integrated charger with ev-grid transactions features, and active power regulation & reactive management capabilities.

Title: Enhanced Energy Efficiency of a Distribution System through Better Control and Standardization of LVDC Microgrid Pratima Gakhara, Dr. Rajashekar P Mandib abSchool of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Due to increase in renewable energy resources and distributed generation, a need for micro grids is emerging. LVDC grid can be more efficient than an AC system for local loads as AC micro grids has drawbacks of reactive power compensation, synchronization issues, skin effect in conductors, etc. A lot of research is needed for the operation and control of a LVDC grid and its integration with the main utility grid. Advanced control strategies are vital components for realization of micro grids. A critical review of various control techniques applied to DC micro grids comprising Droop control, Hierarchical control, Power Injection control, Fuzzy control,Multi-Agent System (MAS) based control etc. has been done so far in this work There is a need of further research to enhance the performance of DC micro grids reliability, system stability cost effectiveness and power quality. The main objective of this work is to identify the most efficient voltage levels and power control strategies of LVDC system and to address various standardization aspects like voltage levels, adaptors, communication protocols, fault detection etc. of LVDC systems to enhance overall energy efficiency. Keywords: DC micro grids; LVDC; Droop control; Hierarchical control; Power injection control; Fuzzy control; Multi-Agent system.

273 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Battery Modeling and SOC based Charge Equalization for Battery Pack of Electric Vehicles

Sagar B Sa, Dr. Rajashekar P Mandib abSchool of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Today’s world is making advancements in electric vehicle technology. Many research activities is happening to improvise the electric vehicle technology to be more reliant, safe and make as convenient as the fuel powered vehicles. The successful employability of this electric vehicle needs a proper mechanism that indicates the complete status of the electric vehicle as similar to that of fuel powered vehicles. The major concern with electric vehicles is to know the remaining capacity of the battery pack at any given instant of time. Battery Management system (BMS) is concerned with aspects like determining charge levels of individual batteries, SOC and SOH of batteries, temperature of battery pack, loading capacity and communicating all the information to a user interface. Although many techniques are available, the research work aims at having simplified management scheme to monitor the battery pack thus providing a reliable and efficient mechanism to ensure safe operation of battery pack. Keywords: Battery; SOH; SOC; Electric Vehicle.

Title: Enhancing Energy Efficiency and operational optimization of MicroGrids using A Computational Intelligent Technique

N Himabindua, Dr. Rajashekar P Mandib abSchool of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 Abstract: Electrical energy is essential to increase productivity and ensure a high quality life. Smart grids play a significant role for the sustainable use of energy in smart cities. It is necessary to develop new technologies and tools for energy management in which different components should be integrated: renewable resources, distributed generation, storage systems, active loads, and plug-in electric vehicles (EV). The main objective of the system is to have a better performance with reduced costs, enhancement in availability, reliability and stability of the power system when different components are integrated to the traditional grid. These goals can be achieved through optimal modeling of the system. The objectives we consider are to minimize peak to average ratio, enhance energy efficiency, minimize electricity purchase cost and minimize carbon emission. The proposed work focuses on designing Energy Management Controller which includes a novel computational intelligent technique to achieve the objectives and ensure the sustainable use of energy for a smart city. Keywords: smart grids; renewable energy resources; sustainable; plug-in EV; energy management;

274 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Advanced Speed Control Method for Boost-VSI Fed Induction Motor to Enhance the Energy Efficiency of the Drive System

Sudharani Potturia, Dr. Rajashekar P. Mandib abSchool of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: This work proposes a Direct Torque Control (DTC) of a Boost-VSI fed 3-Ph Induction motor drive. DTC is an improvised vector control scheme in which the direct control of stator flux linkage and the electromagnetic torque is achieved by optimum selection of Boost-VSI Inverter switching vectors. The Space Vector Pulse width Amplitude Modulation (SVPWAM) technique is chosen as the modulation technique for Boost -VSI, since it can reduce the switching loss and the harmonic distortions to a greater extent. An algorithm is to be developed to generate switching signals for Boost VSI using SVPWAM based on the torque and flux error values obtained for the speed control which minimizes the losses and enhances the efficiency of the Drive system. The performance analysis of three phase induction motor fed by Boost- VSI in terms of speed and torque is to be simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The experimental results are also to be presented and compared with the simulation results for the proposed work.

Title: Development of Advanced Evolutionary Computing Based Parameter Estimation for Photovoltaic Systems

Ashwini Kumari Pa, Dr. P Geethanjalib a School of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India bSchool of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore- 632014, India

Abstract: Solar energy being eco-friendly source offers the low cost solution with minimal maintenance which motivates researchers towards photovoltaic cells based energy harnessing methods. Majority of conventional PV systems suffer from low energy conversion ratio due to improper selection of the PV parameters and maximum power point tracking algorithm. Energy conversion ratio is adversely affected under varying environmental conditions. Therefore, accurate estimation of PV parameter can be of paramount significance for efficient PV model design. The development of a robust MPPT algorithm in conjunction with the effective PV design parameter can enable optimal ECR achievement.An enhanced evolutionary computing algorithm has been attempted for photo voltaic design parameter extraction using Adaptive Genetic Algorithm. Two objective functions are used to fit the I-V curve namely least mean square error and Pearson residual error optimization. The

275 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Cumulative fitness function is derived using both objectives that alleviate computational complexity, local minima and convergence issues. Pearson residual error optimization optimizes least mean square error reduction by alleviating the probability of under/over-fitting ensuring optimal PV design parameter identification Keywords : Energy conversion ratio (ECR); Pearson residual error optimization (PRO); least mean square error (LSE); Maximum power point tracking (MPPT); Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (AGA).

Title: Situational Analysis of Distributed System and its Effectiveness in Area of Power System

G.Raghavendraa,Manjunath Ramachandrab, a School of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bJain University, Bengaluru, India

Abstract: With the rising need of the power supply in the various parts of the world along with growing usage of power driven devices, the area of power sector is on constant look out of an effective solution. In this arena, distributed power system has evolved as a great boon to cater the needs of the power supply and thereby avoid the occurrences of power outage. Compared to the conventional power generation system, distributed generation system reduces the cost as well as complexities that occur in power generation and transmission network. A situational analysis of the existing system of the distributed power system is carried out and a review of some of the frequently adopted techniques along with the brief discussion of existing system to extract the research gap in this area is performed. The outcome of the study will assist the researcher to have better visualization of the contribution of the past studies.

Title: The Suppression of Current Harmonics using Shunt Active Power Filter through an Indirect Current Control Technique

G S Mahesha, Dr H M Ravi Kumarb a School of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartmentof EEE, NMIT, Bengaluru- 560063, India Abstract: The industrial sector in this world is going through a remarkable period of growth and this can be attributed to the power utility and researcher’s commitment. From the developments of semiconductor technology, the industrial sector has shown a great improvement in building the economy of the country. This industrial growth is directly connected to power sector and it is necessary to provide a constant power supply to balance the power demand. At the same time it is important to maintain the power quality to a great extent. Since most of the industries are using

276 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com various drives as Adjustable Speed Drives or Variable Frequency Drives, Switching Power Supplies, Arc furnaces are treated as nonlinear loads and these contribute to deterioration of power quality. Also, these nonlinear loads are connected to the distribution system and responsible to affect the power quality of the neighboring loads. In the field of electrical power quality, the events like harmonics have larger impact on the power systems, only 60\% of the power quality problems are solved, an optimal solution is still an issue. Most of the power system studies are associated with harmonic studies, where the impacts of the poor power quality are examined. Identifying and controlling PQ problems in a distribution network is most critical task. As the distribution networks are directly connected to industries, the commonly used switching converters in industries are uncontrolled or controlled rectifiers with SCR’s, IGBT’s MOSFET’s as semiconductor switches. These switching devices operate at very high frequencies and thus they are integrated with fundamental frequency, which results in generation of harmonics. These harmonic content impacts the operating conditions like speed and torque values. For example in AC drives, the loading conditions and system impedance, thus the magnitude on $5^{th}$ harmonics increases significantly. Most of the steel manufacturing industries uses Adjustable Speed Drives and they inject harmonics directly in the grid system, also it affects the motor imbalance, over heating of the transformer, light flicker, power line carrier signal interference and dominant resonance excitation. The IEEE 519-1992 and IEC have reported various standards on harmonics at different voltages, but not on inter harmonics. It is found that the most of industries are ignoring inter harmonic component. But, this inter harmonic component is a major concern in the IT or semiconductor industries where adopts centralized cooling atmosphere, Air Handling Units (AHUs) are used to supply cold air through ducts. To optimize space temperature or cooling, the 3 phase induction motors are used as prime movers for the air blowers with combination of DC link are used. To enhance the PQ events, control the speed of these motors and also, to automate the speed control process VVVFDs are normally employed. Being power electronic equipment these VVVFD normally generate harmonics and gets injected into the LT side of the distribution system, as it is generated at the load side. The different possible solutions like Harmonic passive filters and Shunt Active Filters, popularly known as Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) are proposed to reduce the harmonic content. The mathematical modeling of indirect current control technique is designed to estimate the reference currents for the generation of PWM pulses to the switches used in VSI to compensate the harmonics. The impacts of inter harmonic frequencies on power system are presented, also an technique called Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Technique (ESPRIT) based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is proposed to estimate the inter harmonic frequency components, and thus, the digital band pass filter is used to mitigate such frequency component, such that the THD of system is improved. The entire analysis and estimation of inter harmonic frequency component are developed using MATLAB software. The VVVFD operated under different frequencies are studied and, the effect of harmonics,

277 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com inter harmonics and the power demand are noted. It is so noted that the pressure of air duct is inversely proportional to the Volume Air Valve and so the speed of motor. The other case studies on UPS, Lighting loads are presented, proposed ESPRIT algorithm is implemented on VFD and the effect of inter harmonics are studied and the digital harmonic passive filter is suggested to reduce the harmonic reduction and connected in parallel to the non-linear loads.

Title: Performance Evaluation of Battery and Distributed Ultra-Capacitor configured Drive- train for Electrical Vehicle

Nagesh B Ka, B R Lakshmikanthab a School of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064,India bDepartment of EEE, Dayananda SagarAcademy of Technology and Management , Bengaluru- 560082, India

Abstract: Due to the recent increase in worldwide gasoline prices, as well as ongoing public and governmental pressure for a more environmentally friendly and fuel efficient means of transportation, automotive manufacturers are developing product lines that incorporate true alternatives to the gas-powered drive trains that are the hallmark of the industry. Energy storage systems (ESS), which include both batteries and ultra capacitors (UC), have been widely studied in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and electric vehicle (EV) applications Employing ultra capacitors relieves the high-energy density battery unit from the peak power transfer stress due to their higher specific power and efficiency. This extends the battery life span and greatly reduces the required battery size. This is possible because ultra capacitors supply and absorb sudden bursts of energies required by the automobile during acceleration and deceleration respectively there by helping the battery banks to supply a constant base load. Batteries and ultra capacitors have significantly different energy storage and power delivery capabilities. Electrical traction motors in hybrid electric vehicles have characteristic power and energy demands, and a single energy storage technology may not be optimized to meet both the component minimum power and energy demands. This work will investigate the development of a high efficiency bidirectional energy system comprising batteries and ultra capacitors for EVs and HEVs. An efficient algorithm to maintain sufficient charge in the ultra capacitors based on the velocity of the vehicle will also be developed and implemented.

278 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: DSP Based Embedded controller Design for Bidirectional buck-boost converter

Viswanatha Va, Venkata Siva Reddy Rb a School of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Controlling of Bidirectional Buck-Boost converter using DSP Controller has advantages: it’s highly flexible and it is not affected by noise. This controlling is accurate and its failure rate is less. When converter is controlled properly, it can provide uninterrupted power to the load, despite the intermittent availability of sunlight. It aims at providing better steady state using Digital signal Processor (DSP) controller by adopting the direct digital design method which provides superior performance. This has the advantage that the poles and zeros of the digital controllers are located directly, resulting in a better load transient response, as well as better phase margin and bandwidth for the closed loop power converter. It also aims at realizing better transient state by limiting effects of quantizes like Analog to Digital (ADC) & digital pulse width modulation (DPWM) which can cause undesirable limit cycle oscillations which degrade the performance of the converter. In order to improve the dynamic response and reduce these effects, adaptive filter is used .While reducing resolution of both ADC & DPWM, noises get increased. The filter aims at eliminating the noises, limit cycle oscillations and quantization etc. Keywords: Bidirectional DC-DC buck boost converter; DSP; Direct digital design; Digital filter.

Title: Coordinated FACTS Device for Enhancing the Stability of Power System

Divya B Va, Dr.Archana N Vb aSchool of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bHOD, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIEIT, Mysore

Abstract: Designing of modern day power system is very important for high reliability and to operate efficiently to supply demand to various load centers. Often the generating stations are located at distant locations for economic, environmental and safety reasons. Thus a HV grid or an EHV grid is required to transmit power from generating stations to load centers and also power system is highly interconnected for economic reasons. A majority of power transmission lines are AC lines operating at different voltages. This will cause an adverse effect on the power system as the disturbances initiated in a particular area can spread and propagate over entire system resulting in major blackouts. This problem can be effectively tackled by introduction of high power electronic

279 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com controllers for the regulation of power flows and voltage in AC transmission system. It allows flexible operation of AC transmission system without stressing and easily accommodating the changes. These static equipments which provide controllability of power flow and voltage are termed as FACTS controllers or FACTS devices. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, including static var compensator (SVC), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and so on, possess the rapid and reliable regulation property. Since the construction of modern power grid demands the improvement of power flow distribution, system stability and transmission capacity in a flexible and reliable way, FACTS devices have been put into practical application and achieved satisfying control effects either act by modulating the reactive power or the active power or both. FACTS controllers are located in the network where the controllability and observability of the inter- area oscillations are better. Generally speaking, FACTS devices exist in the power system are individually designed and installed for different targets due to local control and lack of coordination. Accordingly, a coordinated action among various FACTS devices is needed for the damping of inter-area oscillations and how to coordinately control the multi-FACTS devices to achieve greater effectiveness and at the same time, avoid adverse interaction that may occur between FACTS controllers have become an research topic. Keywords: FACTS; SVC; TCSC; STATCOM.

Title: A Detailed Study on Ageing Properties ofrtv Coated Ceramic Insulators

Rajini.Ha, Dr.K.N.Ravib &Dr.Vasudev.Nc aSchool of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bProfessor& HOD,Department of EEE, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bengaluru cAdditional Director, CPRI,Bengaluru – 560080

Abstract: Ceramic insulators are widely used as suspension and post insulators in substation. Insulators even after it has been polluted will not pose any problem till it absorbs moisture from the ambient condition and once it becomes wet leakage current start flowing which causes dry band formation. Most of the voltage appears across dry band which in turn causes scintillation. This scintillation is dynamic and hence they appear in cascading causing high leakage current resulting in complete flashover of insulators. RTV coating on insulators is one of the method to prevent flashover of Insulators.Ageing of RTV is one of the serious problems with the material and it is hindering use of

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RTV on the insulators. Therefore, it is intended to have a detailed study on ageing properties of RTV coated ceramic insulators. As the weather and climatic condition changes worldwide, so it is desirable to conduct accelerated ageing test on RTV coated ceramic insulators to indicate life of insulators expected to perform for long term. The result of the study will give an idea of how RTV coating material on ceramic insulator will age in the ambient conditions. Keywords: Scintillation; Flashover; RTV

Title: Analysis AndDesign Of An Efficient Algorithm For Non-Conventional Hybrid Energy Sources H.S.Gangadharaiaha, Dr.Prashant.V.Joshib. abSchool of EEE,REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: Present days renewable resource is used to generate energy required for most of the applications, like solar and wind energy is used to generate the power. Lot of research work is going on to utilize the efficient energy from hybrid energy systems for power generation. In power generation hybrid energy system is taking vital role. This work is done to get the maximum power from the hybrid energy sources by studying different MPPT algorithms and designing an efficient algorithm which can get maximum power. Further analysis is done in FOCV MPPT algorithm and observed that all the different control algorithms like PI, PID, and PD. Found that PID controller also can be used as a control algorithm. Keywords: Solar PV Power; MPPT algorithm; PID Controller.

Title: Communication Infrastructure in Smart Grid

Latha Na, Dr Usha Surendrab a School of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of EEE, NIE Institute of technology, Mysuru -570018India

Abstract: Power generated is transmitted to local distributed centers in which there will be transmission losses and stability problem .To overcome this distributed generation technology was introduced in which generation of power takes place at consumers site itself. Smart grid was established to co-ordinate the contradiction between the large power grid and distributed power supply. It also improves the power supply reliability. Communication is one of the major factors that are transforming the traditional grid into a set of smart grid.The use of communication technologies reduces energy consumption, optimal operation of the smart grid and coordination between all smart grids' components from generation to the end users. It presents existing communication technologies along

281 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com with their implementation in smart grid, advantages and disadvantages. Also shows the comparison of Existing grid with Smart gird and provides Smart grid standards. To establish safe and efficient operation of distributed power generation unified communication network is required which will be discussed. Keywords: Smart Grid; Distributed Generation; Communication Technologies; Reliability; Optimal Operation; Smart Grid Standards.

Title: Empirical and Optimized framework for Load shedding for integrated voltage and frequency stability factor

Raghu C.Na, A. Manjunathab a School of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064India bPrincipal, Sri Krishna institute of technology, Bangalore, India

Abstract: The research on load shedding issues dates back to 1972 and till date many studies were introduced by the research community to address the issues. A closer review of existing techniques shows that still the effectiveness of load shedding schemes are not yet benchmarked and majority of the existing system just considers the techniques to be quite symptomatic to either frequency or voltage. With an evolution of smart grids, majority of the controlling features of power system and networks are governed by a computational model. However, till date not enough evidences of potential computational model has been seen that claims to have better balance between the load shedding schemes and quality of power system performance. Hence, we review some significant literatures and highlights the research gap with the existing techniques of load balancing that is meant for assisting the researcher to conclude after the selection process of existing system as a reference for future direction of study. Keywords: Load Shedding; Contingency; Power System; Under Voltage Scheme; Under-Frequency Scheme

Title: Power Management Strategies for Multi Microgrid System

Seema Magaduma, Dr. Archana N Vb a School of EEE, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of ECE, NIE IT, MYSURU, India

Abstract: The smart grid projects are gaining much importance due to its more reliable and flexible options for power system operation. As smart effort to reduce transmission losses and stability issues of the

282 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com central grid, micro grid concept is attracting much importance. The main focus of the work is to connect cluster of micro grids to main grid through suitable tie lines. The operation of coordinated systems should be able to monitor the voltage, frequency and stability of entire grid. Self healing property is one of important feature of smart grid that needs attention. The synchronization and disconnection of the micro grid or part of the grid needs suitable control strategies to make the system operate more efficiently. The main objective of the work is to analyze the stability issues and various power management strategies of multi micro grid system. The cluster of hybrid AC/DC micro grid which forms multi micro grid with suitable tie lines will be coordinated to operate either as self controlled entity or in tie up with utility grid.

Title: Design of Control Strategy for Effective Integration of Solar and Wind Energy System to the Grid

K. Latha Shenoya, Dr. Rajashekar P Mandib & Dr. C. Gurudas Nayakc aDepartment of E&E Engg, NMAMMIT, Nitte - 576117 bSchool of E & E Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560 064 cDept of I&CE, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal- 576104

Abstract: The proposed work consists of design, modeling, and performance analysis and simulation studies of hybrid renewable energy system comprising of solar photovoltaic and wind energy which is applicable for an isolated remote area both in standalone and grid connected mode of operation. Efficient present state of art PV panels and wind mills is proposed in the design. The main scope of work is integration, control and coordination aspect of the micro grid in grid interactive mode. Suitable design, modeling and analysis of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is also proposed in this work. The formation of DC grid available from solar and wind mill is important issue. Apart from this, DC grid had to be connected to the Voltage Source Inverter with precise control schemes. The proposed control scheme focus on two aspects, a) develop precise algorithm to generate reference voltage and current quantities in order to ensure efficient exchange of active and reactive power between the micro gird, storage and the three phase four wire load system, b) developing suitable switching control strategies for sustainable voltage source inverter topology in order to trim down switching losses of the converter used in the micro grid. Additionally importance is given to design suitable DC- DC flexible interface with common DC grid. Keywords : PV, DFIG, grid. VSI

283 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com School of Mathematics

Title: Analysis Of Effect Of Magneto Hydrodynamics And Couple Stress Of Steady And Dynamic Characteristics For Porous Secant Slider Bearings

Kavitha L a, HanumagowdaBN b Department of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Analysis of the combined effect of MHD and couple stress for the porous secant slider bearings is presented in this paper. The relevant modified Reynolds equation is obtained for porous secant slider bearing with MHD and couple stress fluid. The inferences of steady and dynamic characteristics on the Steady film pressure, Steady load capacity, Dynamic stiffness and Damping coefficient are presented in the graphical form. It is observed that Steady film pressure, Steady load capacity, Dynamic stiffness and Damping coefficient decreases with increasing values of permeability parameter. Keywords : Porous secant slider bearings, Magneto hydrodynamics, Couple-stress fluid, Steady and Dynamic characteristics.

Title: Binary Logistic Regression Model To Assess The Health Effects Of Air Pollutants And Inferential Risk Age Group Among Children Exposed To Pollution

A Mala a, R Murugesan b aRegional Occupational Heakth centre (S), ICMR, Bangalore 562110

bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract:

There is no study performed on binary logistic regression on health effects of air pollutants. A study was carried out to assess the relationship between levels of air pollutants and childhood morbidity. A total of 17178 subjects involved in this study. Generally Binary logistic regression (BLR) is a common statistical technique that could be used to predict the likelihood of binary outcome variables. The binary logistic regression equations were used to predict the relationship between air pollutants and respiratory illnesses of children. From this study it was found out that there was a statistically significant positive correlation (r=0.227, p<.01) between the levels of pollutant PM10 and the respiratory illnesses of children. BLR model was employed to explore the various other risk factors for causes of respiratory illnesses as the pearson correlation revealed that it had a significant association with the levels of air pollutant. This model showed the pollution level PM10 significantly

284 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com more influencing on the respiratory illnesses (p<.001, OR=.993 95% CI (.993, .994)). Female children were highly significant in the respiratory illnesses (p=.001, OR=.901 95% CI (.847, .959)). Overall explanatory variable age group less than 5 years (p<.001 OR=.549 95% CI (.504, .598)) and 6-10 years (p<.001, OR=.810 95% CI (.734, .894)) showed highly significant with this illness. On the basis of this model monsoon and winter season showed highly significant (p=.002, OR=.881 95% CI (.813, .995)), (p<.001, OR=.831 95% CI (.762, .906)). Form this study, it was concluded that children morbidity conditions of respiratory illnesses were strongly associated with the pollution levels. This study demonstrated that binary logistic regression is an effective model for profiling the greatest risk of air pollutant affected by different explanatory variables.

Keywords : Binary logistic regression Respiratory illnesses, Particulate matter PM10, Confidential Interval CI.

Title: Distance Between Bipolar Fuzzy Sets M.Rajeshwari a, R Murugesan b aSchool of Engineering, Presidency University, Bangalore.

bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: An geometrical representational of bipolar fuzzy set is a point of going of our proposition of distance between bipolar fuzzy sets. Acquainted another definition furthermore compared those methodology utilized on fuzzy set also intuitionistic fuzzy set. Keywords : Fuzzy set, Intuitionistic fuzzy set, Bipolar fuzzy set.

Title: Effect Of Mhd And Couple Stress Between Curved Annular Plates.

Salma A a, HanumagowdaBN b a,bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The squeeze film characteristics of a curved annular plates in presence of couple stress and applied magnetic field for an electrically conducting fluid is discussed in the present analysis. Using continuity equation and the MHD motion equations, a modified Reynolds-type equation are mathematically formulated and applied to predict the curved annular squeeze film behaviours. A closed expressions for film pressure, load supporting capacity and response time are obtained. As per the results obtained, in presence of applied magnetic field there is an increase in the squeeze film pressure, load supporting capacity but decrease in response time for larger values of the curved shape parameter of the curved annular plates. Keywords : Curved annular plates, Magnetic field, electrically conducting fluid, MHD.

285 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: AStudy on Heuristic Algorithm in Multi Objective Subtask Scheduling Problems and It’s Applications

Suma T a, R Murugesan b aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bangalore – 560064, India bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The current generation of manufacturing industry requires an intelligent scheduling model to achieve an effective utilization of distributed manufacturing resources, which motivated us to work on an Artificial Immune Algorithm for subtask robot scheduling in cloud manufacturing. This scheduling model enables a collaborative work between the industrial robots in different manufacturing centers. In this research the scheduling of sub task input to robot referred as antigen and Antibody referred to candidate solution. To measure the performance of the scheduling, simulation experiments have made and results are obtained using MATLAB and to validate we compare with existing Algorithms. Keywords :Subtask, AIS, Antibody, Antigen, Solution Library.

Title: The Effect OfBrownian Motion And Thermophoresis On NanoFluids Stretching For Jaffrey Fluid Model

Sushma V Jakati a, Raju B T b aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bangalore – 560064, India bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

286 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: On the K-Metro Domination of Square of Certain class of Graphs

Lakshminarayana S a, Vishukumar M b a,bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Let G = (V, E) be a graph. A set S V is called resolving set if for every u, v V there exist w V, such that d (u, w) d (v, w). The resolving set with minimum cardinality is called metric basis and its cardinality is called metric dimension and it is denoted by β (G). A set D V is called dominating set if every vertex not in ‘D’ is adjacent to at least one vertex in D’. The dominating set with minimum cardinality is called domination number of G and it is denoted by (G). A set ‘D’ which is both resolving set as well as dominating set is called metro dominating set. The minimum cardinality of a metro dominating set is called metro domination number of G and it is denoted by (G). In this paper we determine k-metro domination number of square of certain classes of Graphs. Keywords :Power graph, Landmarks, Domination, Metric Dimension, Metro Domination.. Title: Minimizing the Earliness and Tardiness of Automated Guided Vehicles Using Neural Network Algorithm

Mahalakshmi a, R Murugesan b aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bangalore – 560064, India bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: This paper regards with the job shop environment problem for multiple Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) in the manufacturing process. As the earliness of the AGVs results in waiting and tardiness of AGVs results in temporary storage of the products in the shop floor, it is essential to minimize the earliness and tardiness of AGVs. A mathematical model is formed based on some initial assumptions such as number of jobs, number of AGVs, Processing time of all jobs, Velocities of AGVs etc. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm is used to study the proposed model. The results are obtained by simulating into MAT Lab and compared with the other existing algorithm. The result shows that, the proposed algorithm yields a better result compare to other algorithm available in the literature. Keywords Automated Guided Vehicles, Earliness, Tardiness, Neural Network algorithm.

287 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Effects of Surface Roughness, MHD and Couple stress on Squeeze film characteristics between curved circular plates

Nagarajappa C S a, Hanumagowda B N b a,bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: In the present study, the theoretical analysis is carried out for understanding the combined effect of MHD, rough surface and couple-stress between two curved circular plates in the presence of transverse magnetic field. Modified Reynolds Equations accounting for rough surface using the stochastic model of Christensen are mathematically formulated. The close form expressions for pressure, load-supporting capacity and squeeze-film time are obtained. Our results shows that, the effect of azimuthal (radial) roughness parameter is to increase (decrease) the pressure, load- supporting capacity and squeeze film time as compared to the smooth case.Numerical values of the load capacity and the approaching time are provided in Tables for engineering applications. Keywords Rough surface; Squeeze Film; Curved Circular Plates; Couple-Stress Fluid; Magnetic Field.

Title: Rescheduling Of Generation Power In Deregulated Markets – A Goal Programming Approach

Praveena Kumar K M a, Harish Babu G A b a,bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: In deregulated electrical systems, production schedule for power plants is the result of an auction process. In the Spanish case, this schedule includes two main concepts, energy production (to be actually produced) and secondary reserve (to maintain available). The generation company faces the production of converting energy schedule into a power schedule respecting the reserve schedule as well as technical constraints and trying to accomplish different goals, to minimize the production costs, to obtain smooth shapes for the power schedules and optimize eventual compensation in schedules. A weighted goal mixed integer programming model with a real size application to deal with problem is presented. Keywords: Electricity markets, Power Generation Dispatch, Short term Scheduling, Goal Programming and Integer Programming.

Title: Achieving Quality and Reliability Targets of Gas Turbine Engine Prototypes through

288 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Total Quality Management Approach

Ravi Georgea, Murugesan Rb aGas Turbine Research Establishment –DRDO,Bengaluru, India bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The research work is aimed at harnessing Total Quality Management and reliability concepts during production and metrology phases in achieving Quality and Reliability targets of a Gas Turbine Engine prototypes. It involves studying the existing system of manufacturing and quality assurance processes and identifying areas for implementing TQM and reliability concepts. TQM concepts were proposed to be implemented by configuring appropriate methods and inspection techniques during production and metrology processes. Data gathered before and after implementation of concepts would be analyzed and the resultant improvements in terms of time, quality and reliability would be summarized. Keywords: Quality Management, Reliability, Metrology, Measurement Techniques, Inspection time.

Title: Squeeze Film Behaviour of Rough Elliptical Plates With Micro Polar Fluids

RoopaRajashekhar Anagod a, J.Santhosh Kumar b a Scholar, REVA University, Bangalore-560064,India bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The effect of the surface roughness on the squeeze film elliptical plates with micro-polar fluid is theoretically presented in the present analysis. Based upon the Christensen’s Stochastic model, Stochastic Reynolds-type equation is derived. The closed form solutions are derived for squeeze film pressure, load carrying capacity and squeeze film time. The present analysis describes how the roughness influences the squeeze film characteristics of elliptical plates lubricating with micro polar fluid. Keywords: Squeeze film, Elliptical plates, Micro polar fluid, Reynolds equation, Roughness.

289 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: A Goal Programming Model for Paddy Fields

K Sandeep Kumar a, Harish Babu G Ab a Scholar, REVA University, Bangalore-560064,India bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The Goal programming is used for formulization of the problems which have multiple goals. Paddy fields usually have the ability of producing different crops. Multiple goals are considered for producing different crops in a high level of programming. In this paper the Goal Programming model is considered for identifying the optimal compound of agriculture product in the Paddy fields of Gangavathi, Karnataka. Keywords: Goal Programming, Paddy Fields, Crops.

Title: Goal Programming approach for portfolio optimization

Sridevi Pa, Harish Babu G A b a,bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The mean variance model of portfolio optimization that was introduced by Markowitz includes two conflicted objective functions. These two criteria, risk and return does not encompass all of the information about investment. The portfolio selection is a usual multiobjective decision making (MODM) problem. This paper will provide the optimum portfolio selection based on particular criteria. In this paper we classify the model with consideration of conflict between objective functions. Then we solve this model which was constructed by prioritizing objectives, with Goal Programming (GP). Finally we determine the goals, and illustrate our proposed GP model by an example. Keywords: Goal Programming (GP), portfolio selection.

290 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Effects of non-uniform temperature gradients on triple diffusive Marangoni convection in a composite layer

Manjunatha Na , Sumithra R B aDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

bDepartment of Mathematics, Government Science College, Bangalore-560 001

Abstract: The problem of Triple diffusive Marangoni convection is investigated in a two layer system comprising an incompressible three component fluid saturated, sparsely packed porous layer over which lies a layer of the same fluid. The lower rigid surface of the porous layer and the upper free surface are considered to be insulating to temperature and salinity perturbations. At the upper free surface, the surface tension effects depending on temperature and salinities are considered. At the interface, the normal and tangential components of velocity, heat, heat flux, mass and mass flux are assumed to be continuous. The resulting eigenvalue problem is solved exactly for Linear, parabolic and inverted parabolic temperature profiles and analytical expressions of the Thermal Marangoni Number are obtained. Effects of variation of different physical parameters on the Thermal Marangoni Number for both profiles are compared. Keywords: Triple diffusive; Temperature profiles; Marangoni number.

Title: The combined effect of pressure viscous dependent and non-Newtonian couple stress in porous annular plate

Vasanth K R a , Hanumagowda B N b aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bangalore bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Squeeze film investigations focus upon film pressure, load bearing quantity and the minimum thickness of film. The combined effect of pressure viscous dependent and non-Newtonian couple stress in porous annular plate is studied. The modified equations of one dimensional pressure, load bearing quantity, non dimensional squeeze time are obtained. The conclusions obtained in the study are found to be in very good agreement compared to the previous results which are published. The load carrying capacity is increased due to the variation in the pressure dependent viscosity and also due to the couple stress effect. Finally this results in change in the squeeze film timings.

Keywords: Couple stress fluids, Porous Annular plates, Squeeze film, pressure dependent viscosity.

291 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Edge Domination In Some Image Brick Product Graphs

Vijaya Chandra Kumar.U a , R.Murali b aDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Mathematics, Dr. AIT, Bengaluru-560068

Abstract:

Let G  (V, E)be a simple connected and undirected graph. A set F of edges in G is called an edge dominating set if every edge e in E-F is adjacent to at least one edge in F. The edge domination number  ' (G) of G is the minimum cardinality of an edge dominating set of G. the Shadow graph of ' G ,denoted D2 (G)is the graph constructed from by taking two copies of itself and G and joining each vertex u in to the neighbors of the corresponding vertex u'in G' . Let D be the set of all distinct pairs of vertices in and let D (called the distance set ) be a subset of D .The distance s graph of , denoted by D(G, D ) is the graph having the same vertex set as that of and two s vertices u and v are adjacent in whenever d(u,v) D . The image graph of a connected s graph , denoted by ( ), is the graph obtained by joining the vertices of the original graph to the corresponding vertices of a copy of . In this paper, we determine domination number of the Shadow distance graph of the image brick product Graphs C(2n,m,r), where m=1 and r be a odd and grater than one, with specified distance sets. Keywords Dominating Set, Edge domination, Image graphs, Shadow distance graphs, Distance graph.

Title: Effect of Pressure dependency viscosity and couple stresses in Annular Plates

Noorjahana ,Hanumagowda B N b aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bangalore bDepartment of Mathematics, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: In this article, the Effect of Pressure dependency viscosity and couple stresses on Annular Plates have been carried out, with help of stokes microcontinuum theory along with the exponential variation of viscosity with pressure. An approximate analytical solution is found using a small perturbation method. The solution for pressure and load capacity with distinct values of viscosity- pressure parameter are calculated and compared with iso-viscous couple stress and Newtonian

292 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com lubricants and the results reveals that the effect of couple stresses and pressure-dependent viscosity variation enhances the load-carrying capacity and lengthens the squeeze film time. Keywords : Couple stress fluids, Annular plates, Squeeze film, pressure dependent viscosity.

School of Physics

Title: Structure property relations in Al-Te chalcogenide glasses

P.T. Wilso1,2, M. Madesh Kuma1, K. Ramesh3 1Department of Physics, REVA University, Bangalore-560064, India 2NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India 3Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India

Abstract: Chalcogenide glasses, based on Group VI elements - sulphur, selenium or tellurium find applications in many areas. Due to the large atomic mass of these elements compared to oxygen, such glasses have large IR transparency window. These glasses can transmit light from visible to mid infrared range up to 30 μm depending upon the composition. Numerous chemical or bio-chemical species in atmosphere have absorption bands above 11 μm. Detection of CO2(absorption band located around 15μm) in the earth’s atmosphere is very important in the context of global warming. With respect to space applications, development of new infrared materials is important for extra terrestrial exploration because CO2produced by living organisms can be detected and it can serve as one of the ways to identify living beings in telluric exoplanets. Chalcogenide glasses can be prepared over a wide composition range. This feature offers the possibility of tailoring their interesting optical and electrical properties to many applications by adjusting the chemical composition. Many of these properties depend on the local structures of these glasses. Hence, studying their structural evolution as a function of composition is an important materials science task.

We have prepared bulk Al20Te80glass by melt quenching method at different conditions. The amorphous nature was confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and the local structure was studied by modern solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques by probing 27Al. The thermal stability of the prepared glasses was estimated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Electrical switching and phase change properties were also studied. Keywords: Chalcogenide Glasses; IR Transmission; Thermal Stability; NMR Spectroscopy;

293 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells annealed by Microwave Processing

S.BharatiDevia#, Dr.S.NareshKumara aSchool of Physical Sciences,REVA university,Bangalore-560064 # Corresponding author email id: [email protected]

Abstract: This research aims at combining the advantages of renewable energy conversionthrough fabrication of DSSC’s by microwave processing. Natural dyes will be used as light sensitizers to fabricate

DSSC’s. A wide bandgap semiconductor TiO2will be used for charge separation and transport. The titanium oxide spin coated ITO / FTO coated glass plates are annealed under microwave oven.Structural and morphological studies will be carried out on microwave annealed titanium oxide coated FTO glass plates using X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Dye solutions is extracted from natural pigments. DSSCs will be fabricated by simple method of sandwiching the essential components between anode and cathode. Photovoltaic parameters i.e. open circuit voltage

(VOC), short circuit current (ISC), fill factor (FF) and efficiency (η) will be measured. The effect of processing conditions on the performance of DSSCs will be thoroughly investigated. Processing conditions and selection of dyes for preparing DSSC with higher efficiency will be optimized. Key words: Dye sensitized solar cell, natural pigments, microwaveprocessing.

Title: Exploring the Soil Micro-biome from Various Farming Systems for Sustainable Soil Management

Anupam J Dasa, N Ramesha, Sushil Kumar Middhab aSchool of Physical, Chemical and Biological Sciences, REVA University, bDepartment of Biotechnology, Maharani Lakshmi Ammani College for Women, Bangalore

Abstract: Soil constitutes a major component of the agro-ecosystem. Unrestrained use of chemical pesticides and increased human activities have contributed to unprecedented changes in soil microbial communities.The objective of the proposed study is to investigate soil microbial communities from various farming systems and explore their metabolic potential for Punicagranatum fruit. Certain farming practices such as organic farming have proven to be more effective over conventional farming practices in terms of better soil nutrient status, enzyme activity and enhanced richness of soil microbial diversity. Modern metagenomics has proven to be an indispensable tool to understand soil microbes and their beneficial applications. In the present study, we will be employing the state-of- the-art techniques by integrating modern ultra-high-throughput metagenomics and bioinformatics tools to explore the soil microflora in various farming systems. This study may provide valuable

294 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com insights into achieving sustainable soil management for enhancing the yield and productivity of Punicagranatum.

Title: Structure Property Relations in Metal Doped Chalcogenide Glasses

Wilson P.T. (R17PPH03)a,Dr. Madhesh Kumarb aDepartment of Physics, REVA University bAssociate Professor, Department of Physics, REVA University

Abstract: Chalcogenide glasses are semiconducting in nature and find wide range of applications in many areas such as optical amplifiers, thermoelectrics, infrared detectors and sensors, electrical and optical memory devices, etc [1]. The present day optical data storage devices like CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs are made of chalcogenide glasses. These glasses are being explored for electrical memories due to their huge contrast in electrical resistivity between the amorphous and crystalline states [2-8]. The local structure of the chalcogenide atoms determines the physical properties. The important aspect of chalcogenide glasses is that unlike in their crystalline counterparts, their composition can be varied continuously over a wide range. This gives flexibility in fine tuning the required properties to a desired level. Hence, the study of compositional dependence of properties on some selected glass compositions shall be explored. In the field of metal doped chalcogenide glasses there are many contrasting reports. Few reports say that the ratio between 4- and 6- fold coordinated Al is high, while others say that the ratio is less[9- 12]. 5- fold coordinated Al, which is common in oxide glasses has also been observed in Al-Te and Al-Te-Sb glasses [13-15]. The presence of 5- fold coordinated Al influences many of the physical properties to a larger extent. Similarly, Cu affects the electrical properties of As-Se in a large way but not understood well. In this work, we intend to study these reported anomalies in metal doped chalcogenide glasses. particularly on Cu-As-Se, Al-Te and Al-As-Te glasses. The local structure of Al, Cu, Se and Te will be studied using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with varying compositions. This will provide an insight into the structure property relations in chalcogenide glasses which will be useful to evolve a common structural model to understand the largely varying physical properties in the metal doped chalcogenide glasses.

295 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Low temperature green-synthesis of V2O5 nanobelts for electrochemical and forensic applications

G..R.Navyashreea, D.V.Sunithaa*, K.Hareesha aSchool of Physical Sciences, REVA University, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560064, India (Corresponding author: [email protected])

Abstract:

Pure V2O5nanobelts were prepared via hydrothermal green synthesis technique by making use of cymbopogon citratus grass extract as a reducing agent. Synthesized nanobelts were thoroughly analyzed, structural analysis was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Morphology was analyzed with scanning electron microscope and Transmission Electron Spectroscopy. Orthorhombic phase of nanobelts was confirmed by X-ray diffraction pattern. Grain size of V2O5nanobelts calculated by Debye Scherrer’s formulae and W-H plot methods was found to be nearly equal to 29 nm. SEM micrographs depicts nanobelts with large suface area. DRS spectra shows noticeable absorption at 630 nm. Tauc relation was used to estimate the energy gap (Eg) value and was found to be 2.35 eV. Thus well characterized sample was used in cyclic voltammetry test. The CV curves recorded up to 10 cycles, the electrochemical property and durability reveals good performance, which means that V2O5 nanobelts are promising candidates as the cathodicmaterial in a lithium-ion secondary battery.

Title : Irradiation induced effect on structural and morphological properties of Sm3+ doped

SrTiO3 nanophosphors

S.Yashodammaa, D.V.Sunithaa*, K.Hareesha aSchool of Physical Sciences, REVA University, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560064, India (Corresponding author: [email protected])

Abstract :

SrTiO3has developed the keen interest of material scientistsdue to its variety of applications in various fields such as mechanics, optics, optoelectronics, radiationdosimetry, etc. It is also a promising host for high performance composite materials due to its high chemical durability and thermalstability. The structural evolution of the material in a controlled way could be done by inducing electron irradiation. There is variety of synthetic routes for the development of nanomaterials. Amongst, solution combustion technique stands as a safe, nontoxic, cost effective 3+ methods. In the present work (1 -11 mol %) Sm ions dopedSrTiO3 nanophosphors were synthesized by solution combustion technique using urea as a fuel. The final product was well characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV-Vis etc. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern

296 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com shows sharp and high intense diffraction peaks which confirms the formation of highly crystalline nanophosphors. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of Sm3+ doped

SrTiO3nanophosphors show various morphologies with variation of concentration fuel. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) shows the characteristic absorption peaks of SrTiO3 nanomaterial. Further, studies are in progress.

School of Commerce

Title: GST AND its Impact on the Indian Economy - With Special Reference to Retail Sector

Mrs. G.R. Shobharani,a, Dr. A. Shubha b a.Research Scholar, b.Research Supervisor School of Commerce REVA University,

Abstract: One of the reasons for the government to go for GST is to facilitate seamless credit across the entire supply chain and across all states under a common tax base which was not available in the previous tax regime. GST would introduce a uniform taxation law across states and different sectors in respect to indirect taxes which would make supply of goods and services hassle free throughout the country. This would help in removing economic distortions, promote exports and bring about development of a common national market which in turn would certainly give a boost to India’s tax-to-gross domestic product ratio and thus help in promoting economic efficiency and sustainable long term economic growth.When Government of India, in July 2017 implemented GST after 17 long years of deliberations and discussions since its conception, the entire nation welcomed it with lot of expectations and reservations. In a country like India with its complex social, political, economic and cultural issues, bringing in any kind of changes or reforms is not an easy task. This is particularly more so in case of GST. The sheer amount of work involved in moving the entire indirect taxation system (barring few) to a new era calls for mammoth efforts. GST is considered to be the single most significant tax reforms in the history of Indian tax system. It is expected to accelerate the growth rate of the economy. However, one can expect lot of obstacles, hurdles and glitches during the course of its implementation. Almost all sectors of the economy are affected by GST directly or indirectly. This research hopes to throw light on the effect of GST on the Indian economy by focusing mainly on retail sector. Key words: GST, Indirect tax, Stakeholders, Indian economy, GDP

297 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Corporate Governance Disclosure Practices and Corporate Performance In Selected BSE Listed Companies In India

Shalini.Ba, Dr. M.Subramanyam b a.Research Scholar, b.Research Supervisor School of Commerce REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Every study regarding CG gives an outlay about the relativity of CG and the firm’s performance. This study is trying to bridge the identified research gap between the actual disclosure practices in the ‘Group A’ BSE listed companies and their impact on the performance of the companies. In the light of above circumstances, many suggestions have been made. But no study has been carried out so far relating to Corporate Governance Disclosure Practices and CG performance in select BSE listed ‘A’ group companies in India. That too, the studies in the sphere of corporate governance surveyed hitherto appeared to have focused attention on general aspects without covering any specific problem of corporate governance disclosure practices and corporate performance. Moreover, it does not seem to have existed any research study so far which covers all the related aspects of corporate governance disclosure practices in general and corporate performance select BSE Group ‘A’ companies’ in particular and as such no specific efforts have been made so far. Hence, the present study “Corporate Governance Disclosure Practices and Corporate Performance in Select BSE Listed Companies in India” focuses on various Corporate Governance mechanism, practices and its disclosures and performance. Thus a modest attempt to fill the gap has been made. Keywords: Corporate Governance, Disclosure Practices and Corporate Performance.

Title: Impact of Government Policies on Poverty and Unemployment Eradication- A Study With Reference To Karnataka

M.Shivananda, Dr. Harani B b a.Research Scholar, Department of Economics, b.Research Supervisor School of Commerce REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: India is a developing nation, poverty and unemployment are the two major problems (two faces of the coin) which are constraints for the growth of the economy. The primary factors that can cause poverty and unemployment are overpopulation, unequal distribution of recourses in the global economy, the inability to reconcile the personal income to the cost of living, lack of education, and at the same time - employment opportunities, that are largely shaping the county’s sustainable development. It is clear that unemployment and poverty have a direct impact on the growth of

298 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com crimes. Government of India every year implementing various poverty and unemployment alleviation programs but after 69 years of independence also still India is facing the problem of poverty & unemployment. This study is making an attempt to identify the impact of government policies on poverty and unemployment eradication, and also aims to identify the reasons for the failure of the policies in eradicating poverty and unemployment. Keywords: Poverty and Unemployment, Polices, Eradication.

Title: A Study on Role of Rural Women Empowerment on The Economic Development

Mrs. B.Parvathi Devi,a, Dr. M. Lokanadha Reddyb a.Research Scholar, b.Research Supervisor School of Commerce REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Women empowerment and the movement towards gender equality is a modern phenomenon that continues to develop around the world. To be precise, women empowerment refers to a process of empowering women with all the denied aspects of life. Reforms undertaken in the early 1990s have made India one of the world’s fastest growing economies. However, it is interesting to note that this economic growth had bypassed the poor and vulnerable, especially, rural women. This study seeks to examine the role of rural women empowerment on the economic development. Access to economic freedom can enable women to start and expand small businesses, find opportunities for employment, education, social freedom, the study has the following objectives like to show the current status of Rural Women empowerment in India, To analyze the nature of economic empowerment of rural women, To evaluate the changes in economic status of rural women after getting economic empowerment. To examine the role of rural women empowerment on the economic development. To investigate the above objectives and verify the hypothesis’s at field level, the study will be based on primary data which will be supported by other analytical and empirical studies concerning the topic. Apart from primary data, other relevant data will be adhered from various sources such as books, journals, reports published by the government of India and Karnataka, financial institution, articles, dailies and publications. Keywords: Women Empowerment, Economic Development and rural women.

299 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Financing of Agriculture

Vinayak Laxminarayan Hegdea, Dr. M. Lokanadha Reddyb a.Research Scholar, b.Research Supervisor School of Commerce REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Finance is the life blood of an industrial and commercial undertakings and agriculture as well. In a sense, the words viz., credit, finance, debt and loan are synonymous; money or credit or finance is the lubricant that facilitates the operation of machine. Financing of Agriculture means the use of capital to meet the financial requirements of the people engaged in various agricultural activities. Thus, agriculture finance refers to the process of arranging finance for agricultural activities, viz; crop loans, minor irrigation, land development, farm mechanisation, plantation and horticulture, dairy development, poultry, sheep and goat rearing, fishery, forestry and others. In this study effort has been taken to measure the gap between demand and supply of agricultural credits. The strategy of agricultural finance by the banks are to take note of various imbalances in the agricultural development and to take measures to correct them, to give a big push to agricultural development in terms of investment, management and policy and to develop un trapped potential in the neglected regions. Key words: Agriculture, Financing, Growth, Demand and supply of Credits.

Title: International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) impact on financial performance of Indian Companies

Jagannath S a, Dr. M. Lokanadha Reddyb a.Assistant Professor, b.Associate Professor School of Commerce REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The International Financial Reporting Standards the "IFRS" aims to make international financial reporting comparisons as easy as possible because each country has its own set of accounting rules. For example, U.S. GAAP is different from Canadian GAAP and both are far apart from India GAAP. Synchronizing accounting standards across the globe is an ongoing process in the international accounting community.A set of international accounting and reporting standards that will help to harmonize company financial information, improve the transparency of accounting, and ensure that investors receive more accurate and consistent reports were attempted by International Accounting Standards Board (ISAB) between 1973 and 2001 and are designated as" International Accounting Standards". Let me analyse how IFRS is brought changes in listed companies of India.

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Key words:IFRS, GAAP and Financial Performance.

Title: Environmental Accounting and Sustainability Reporting, University, Competency-Based Education, Curriculum.

Musarrat araa, Dr. Harani B b a.Research Scholar, b.Research Supervisor School of Commerce REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: However, the technical percept of accounting is seen in educational process as well as in our professional life but there is need to do more additions in both the areas. Education to an individual is to make him able to adopt changes, to develop his skills and helps him to get updated by replacing it with new skills. There is need of introducing updated theoretical and practical basis for the new generation accountants either as a separate subject or as a part of current Accounting theories (Mathews, 2002). This study is proposed to find out all the possibilities of bringing Environmental Accounting and Reporting in commerce and management curriculum through case study of those universities who have already integrated it. The expected findings will bring a ‘Competency-Based Education’ by integrating EAR in university curriculum which could be called as a small step towards sustainability through higher education. Key words: Environmental Accounting and Sustainability Reporting, University-Education.

Title:“Foreign Exchange Risk Management Practices of Indian Service Sector - A study on currency derivatives”

Pundareeka Vitalaa, Dr. M.Subramanyam b a.Research Scholar, b.Research Supervisor School of Commerce REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 Abstract: The role of the currency derivatives market has been lately assuming greater importance in emerging market economies in general and India in particular. In India, by default, the currency derivatives market referred to the forward market in after introduction of currency futures namely INR-USD. The latest development in the currency derivatives market has come as a pleasant surprise to many in the country – the regulator has permitted options on currencies. In this changing scenario Corporate FERM TECHNIQUES has to be realigned.The researcher intends to collect the data pertaining to international operations such as exchange earnings and outflow, exchange difference, currencies used, derivatives employed from 93 companies which represent 10 industries. For this purpose stratified systematic sampling technique is used to collect the data. To have equal representation, companies were chosen on the basis of market capitalisation ranging from large cap to small cap.

301 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Appropriate Descriptive statistical tools like percentage, average, standard deviation and modal value will be used in line with the nature of the data for effective analysis and interpretation. Hypothesis testing will be done based on ANOVA, F-test, multiple regression based predictive analysis model. The study concludes with development of models for each service industry chosen for the study, for assessing the impact of transaction exposure on exchange losses for estimating hedging proportion, Choice of derivative based on exchange losses & exchange exposure, Minimization of exchange losses by using currency derivatives. Key words: Currency derivatives, FERM Practices, service sector, exchange exposure, exchange difference.

Title:Empowerment of Women through Micro Enterprises: A comparative study in Ramanagara and Kolar Districts.

Mamatha Prakasha, Dr. M.Subramanyam b a.Research Scholar, b.Research Supervisor School of Commerce REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the role of Micro enterprises in women empowerment which helps in developing their confidence in their financial decision. It helps in removal of income in equalities and reduces the gap between rich and poor. It shows how the women pooling their small savings and with the help of other financial assistance how they develop their capital and bring their passion as their entrepreneurial dream to make their financial position better to earn regular income. It measures their growth and strategies to meet competitive stance. It also measures the financial and non-financial stability of women enterprises and shows a consistent link between financial sector development and economic growth compared with Ramanagar and Kolar districts in Karnataka. Key words:Women Empowerment and Micro Enterprises.

Title: Strategic Training and Development Human Resource Management practices in IT Services

Santhosh Kumar K L a, Dr. M. Lokanadha Reddyb a.Research Scholar, b.Research Supervisor School of Commerce REVA University,

Abstract: Strategic human resource management (SHRM) is the proactive management of people. It requires thinking ahead, and planning ways for a company to better meet the needs of its employees, and for the employees to better meet the needs of the company. This can affect the way things are done at a

302 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com business site, improving everything from hiring practices and employee training programs to assessment techniques and discipline. SHRM deals with the macro-concerns of the organization regarding structure, quality, culture, values, commitment, matching resources to future needs and other longer term people issues. SHRM provides direction on how to build the foundation for strategic advantage by creating an effective organizational structure and design, culture, employee value proposition, systems thinking, an appropriate communication strategy and preparing an organization for a changing landscape, which includes downturns and mergers & acquisitions. SHRM emphasizes the need for the HR plans and strategies to be formulated within the context of overall organizational strategies and objectives and to be responsive to the changing nature of the organization’s external environment. Key words: Strategic Training and Development, Human Resource Management practices, IT Services

Title: Twin Balance sheet Problem In India – A Study With Reference To Indian Banks And Nifty 50 Companies.

Shashidhar yadav J a, Dr. M.Subramanyam b a.Research Scholar, b.Research Supervisor School of Commerce REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: In this study companies borrowed capital for an assets or projects which fail to generate an adequate rate of return results on the assets (i.e., investment) not performing well in the balance sheet of borrowers, this is one Balance Sheet problem. This failure results in increase of defaults in payment of interest on the borrowed capital to the lending banks. Hence, the banks' loans and advances (a particular of banks' balance sheets) fail to receive the interest income from their borrower- corporate – again leading to non-performing loans (NPLs or NPAs). This is another Balance Sheet problem. These problems are categorized as twin balance sheet (TBS) problems. To address and resolve this TBS problem, the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India have formulated/ enacted a few schemes/Acts such as The Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI Act, 2002); Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) and Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs); Lok Adalats; Joint Lenders' Forum (JLF); Corporate Debt Restructuring (CDR, 2001); Strategic Debt Restructuring (SDR, 2015); Flexible refinancing under 5/25 Scheme, S4A, etc. However, these Schemes have not been able to resolve the TBS problem. Hence, the GoI, in the Economic Survey, 2016-17, mooted the idea of setting up of a new central agency called, Public Sector Asset Rehabilitation Agency (PARA) to address the largest and the most difficult cases and to take politically tough decisions to reduce the debt of public sector which in turn enable the banks to reduce their NPAs. In this backdrop, this paper makes an attempt to

303 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com present the magnitude of NPAs of SCBs, an overview of schemes formulated by the GoI/RBI to address NPA problem, nature of TBS and different facets of the proposed new agency, PARA. Keywords: Twin balance sheet; SARFAESI Act, 2002; Public Sector Asset Rehabilitation Agency; Lok Adalats; Joint Lenders' Forum.

School of Bio-Chemistry & Bio-Technology

Title: Addition of tochopherol to ejaculated semen preparation increases the motility in cryopreserved human spermatozoa Ashwini.L.Sa, T.S Muralidhar ab, N Ramesha a Department of Biotechnology, REVA University, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560064

Abstract

To study the effect of addition of tochopherol to ejaculated semen preparation result to the increase in motility of frozen-thawed spermatozoa.Semen samples of men visiting the infertility clinic (n = 100) were Cryopreserved using glycerol-egg yolk-citrate buffered cryoprotective medium in liquid nitrogen. After a period of two weeks, the semen samples were thawed and the motile spermatozoa were extracted by swim-up supplemented with tochopherol (10 nM) and pentoxifylline (1 mM). The post-wash motility was observed up to 4 h after wash and incubation. Both tochopherol and pentoxifylline supplementation resulted in significant increase in total motility (p < 0.05), progressive motility (p < 0.001) and rapid progressive motility (p < 0.05 v/s only with biotin addition and p < 0.01 v/s pentoxifylline) compared to the control at 1 h post-incubation period. Significantly higher percentage of total (p < 0.01, p < 0.05 in tochopherol and pentoxifylline respectively), progressive (p < 0.001) and rapid progressive motilities (p < 0.01) were observed in these two groups even at 2 h compared to the control. In the control group at 4 h after incubation, ~11% decline in total motility and ~8% decline in progressive motility was observed. However, in both tochopherol and pentoxifylline group the motility was significantly higher than control (p < 0.001). No significant difference in the motility was observed between tochopherol and pentoxifylline groups at any of the time intervals studied. Tochopherol can enhance the sperm motility and prolong the survival of frozen-thawed semen samples which may have potential benefit in assisted reproductive technology field.

304 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: “Synthesis of 1, 3-Dielectrophilic three Carbon Building Blocks: Their Further Application for the Synthesis of Aromatics and Biologically Important Heterocycles”

Charanraj T Pa, Ramachandra Pb & Junjappa Ha aChemistry Research Unit, REVA Institute of Science and Management,Bangalore bDepartment of Chemistry, REVA Institute f Technology and Management ,Bangalore-

Abstract: The α-oxoketenedithioacetal of general formula 1 have been extensively investigated in the past 5 decades, although the first basic experiments were reported in the beginning of later century. O SCH3 R 1 R SCH3 1 Figure 1 Among other studies in this area, the general synthetic applications have largely been concentrated exploring these intermediates as 1,3-dielectrophilic building blocks that the vast majority of heterocycles, aromatics2 have been extensively covered in the literature (Figure 1). Thus it was considered of interest to examine introduction of fluorine in the α-position and study its stability so that the new class of fluoro building blocks are available for the construction of the corresponding heterocycles and aromatics. Thus it was confirmed that fluorine in α- oxoketenedithioacetal at α-position is stable and serve as fluorine containing α-fluoro-α- oxoketenedithoacetal as 1,3-dielectrophilic building blocks for the construction of variety of fluoroheterocycles and fluoroaromatics etc. O D D3C

H3CS SCH3 2 Figure 2 The building block 5 has been examined for the synthesis of deuterated pyrazoles, Deuterated isoxazole, deuterated pyrimidines, deuterated aromatics and fluoro substituted deuteroketene dithioacetals as a new 1,3-dielectrophilic building block for the synthesis of fluorine containing deuterated heterocycles Keywords : α-oxoketenedithioacetal, α-fluoro-α-oxoketenedithoacetal, deuterated pyrazoles, deuterated aromatics

305 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title :A study on the status of Lipid Profile, Antioxidant Enzymes with Lipid Peroxidation and cell membrane changes (Echinocytes) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Limatemjen Amri a, Dr. V. Veeraraghavan b aScholar, School of Bio-chemistry, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India. bProfessor,School of Bio-chemistry, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India.

Abstract: Diabetes is a chronic and progressive metabolic disease characterized by impaired beta cell function and reduced insulin sensitivity and secretion. In diabetic patients, increased production of oxygen free radicals has been reported because of the persistence of hyperglycemia, which could induce oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs because of increased level of lipid peroxides and free radicals and decreased level of antioxidants. In the present study, my aim is to investigate the clinical correlation between the status of Lipid Profile, Antioxidant Enzymes with Lipid Peroxidation and cell membrane changes in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The study will be carried out in 100 patients, both male and female, suffering from Type 2 Diabetes. Various parameters like serum lipid profile, blood sugar level, Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a product of lipid peroxidation, various Antioxidant Enzymes like Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Reductase (GR), Catalase (CAT) and Reduced Glutathione (GSH) will be measured and compared. Correlation between Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemiawill then be analysed and changes in the ultrastructure of cell membrane will be studied. The expected outcome could be high level of Lipid Profile, low level of Antioxidant Enzymes and high level of Lipid Peroxidation with the changes in cell structure too (Echinocytes). Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Malondialdehyde, Antioxidant Enzymes, Echinocytes.

Title :Exploring the Soil Microbiome from Various Farming Systems for Sustainable Soil Management

306 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com farming practices such as organic farming have proven to be more effective over conventional farming practices in terms of better soil nutrient status, enzyme activity and enhanced richness of soil microbial diversity. Modern metagenomics has proven to be an indispensable tool to understand soil microbes and their beneficial applications. In the present study, we will be employing the state-of- the-art techniques by integrating modern ultra-high-throughput metagenomics and bioinformatics tools to explore the soil microflora in various farming systems. This study may provide valuable insights into achieving sustainable soil management for enhancing the yield and productivity of Punica granatum. Key words:Punica granatum, metagenomics, bioinformatics, communities, Soil Management

Title :The Effect Of Insulin And Growth Hormone Seen In Individuals With High Fasting Blood Glucose And Low Post Prandial Blood Glucose

Daisy k.La, Dr.V Veeraraghavan b a School of Biochemistry, REVA University bProfessor, School of Biochemistry, REVA University, Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka Bangalore – 560064, Karnataka, India.

Abstract: Normal healthy individuals with a pattern of fasting blood sugar levels higher than the post prandial is taken for the study. The effect of insulin and growth hormone(GH) for the above mentioned pattern is tested. Insulin is the primary controller of the glucose homeostasis, which lowers postprandial plasma glucose by increasing glucose uptake and usage from peripheral tissues and it also reduces gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Growth hormone(GH) being the counter regulatory hormone increases glucose levels in the body. Here in this study an attempt is made to identify the role GH in the fasting levels and role of Insulin in the post prandial glucose levels. A brief history of the subjects are taken in order to identify any of the other pre disposing factors that can infuence the results and based on that an exclusion criteria is made. The probable cause of high fasting sugar can be the increased levels of growth hormone in the early hours of the day. Similarly the insulin levels can influence the post prandial levels. The study also gives an opportunity for the identification of probable pattern of prediabetic individuals. Key words: Growth hormone (GH), Insulin, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis

307 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title :Structural Elucidation And Physiochemical Characterisation Of Lenvatinib Chloro[Ltb- Cl]

Deepa .H.Na .Lekhana.M.Ub , Muralidharan.Kb aSchool Of Biochemistry, REVA University bAPI Unit,CIPLA Pvt.Limited ,Bangalore

Abstract: Lenvatinib (trade name Lenvima) is an anti-cancer drug for the treatment of certain kinds of thyroid cancer, and potentially for other cancers as well. It was developed by Eisai Co. and acts as a multiple kinase inhibitor against the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors 1,2& 3 kinases. Since 2015 Lenvatinib is approved for the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer that is either locally recurrent or metastatic, progressive, and did not respond to treatment with radioactive iodine (radioiodine).Also the US FDA approved it in combination with everolimus to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma. The different physicochemical characterisation were carried out in Lenvatinib through analytical techniques such as Liquid chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (LCMS) Infrared(IR)Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, X-Ray diffraction, Thermo gravimetric analysis, Microscopy and Hygro scopicity to know the application at the molecular level. Key words: Renal cell carcinoma, Spectroscopy, Lenvatinib, Cancer

Title :Correlation Of Biochemical Parameters And Their Significance In Diabetic Complications

Jayashree Sa, Mary Roopa Ca , Javeriya Shafia, K.Vijayalakshmib aSchool Of Biochemistry, REVA University bBharathi Women’s college,Chennai. Abstract The main aim of our project is the significance and correlation of biochemical parameters of diabetes in Indian population. Our study correlates 11 parameters of Diabetic patients by keeping different ranges of age as 25 -70 ; 25 -40 ; 40-55; 55-70 as a factor and by correlating them we found out the significant results produced in the range of 25-40 years.The main parameters included are Fast Blood Sugar, Post Prandial Blood Sugar, Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HBA1C) and Cholesterol. Key words: Fast Blood Sugar, Post Prandial Blood Sugar, Glycosylated Hemoglobin

308 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title :Correlation Of Biochemical Parameters And Their Significance In Bone Disease

Jayasri.Pa, Joshitha Ra, Navitha J Ca, Supritha Ra and Suresh D b. aSchool Of Biochemistry, REVA University bELBIT Diagnostics Laboratory

Abstract: The main aim of our project is the significance and correlation of biochemical parameters of bone diseases in Indian population. Our study correlates 11 parameters of patients infected by bone disease by keeping difference ranges of age(25-55yrs),(25-35),35-45),(45-55) including calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, ALP, ASLO, CRP, RF factors and thyroid profile. Age group of 35-45yrs shows the significant results. Key words: magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, bone disease

Title :To Study The Effect Of Antiglycemic, Antihypercholesterolemic Of Selective Herbal Plants Extract On Type II Diabetes Mellitus And Ischemic Heart Disease.

Lavanya.La, Dr.V.Veeraraghavanb, Dr. Renuka Sriharic a School of Biochemistry REVA University Bengaluru- 560064 b Professor, Department of BioChemistry, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 cHOD Department of Biochemistry, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bengaluru- 560003, India.

Abstract: We have glorious history of the utilization plant derived compounds for the treatment of various health problems as they exert beneficial effects with very minimal side effects on various disorders. The aim of the study is to investigate the medicinal potential of Abutilon indicum (A.indicum) through its antimicrobial activity. The methods include the solvent extraction (methanol) and analysis of the extract against the pathogenic strains (E. coli and S.aureus).The results showed that the A. indicum has the medicinal properties, since the observations clarified that the extraction of the sample could significantly inhibit the growth pathogenic strains. (S.aureus). Hydrolysis of starch by pancreatic α-amylase and uptake of glucose by intestinal α-glucosidase causes sudden rise in blood glucose levels or hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients. Inhibition of these enzymes is an effective strategy for type 2 disease. Keywords: Abutilon indicum, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, Type II diabetes mellitus

309 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title : Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Detection of Pesticide Residue in grapes

Mahadev C. Khetagoudar1* and Mahadev B. Chetti2 1 Ph.D Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Reva University, Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenahalli, Yalahanka, Bangalore - 560 064 2 Assistant Director General (HRD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Pusa, New Delhi - 110 012 * E-mail: [email protected], Cell: 9731324900

Abstract In India, cultivation of grapes receives large amount of pesticides for the management of various diseases and pests. Due to the stringent rule set by the various developed countries on food safety standards and the regulations on quality parameters, nowadays residues of the pesticides in food is becoming a major concern. Keeping in view the problem of residues of pesticide, the present study was conducted on grape (Vitis vinifera L.) of Bijapur District for qualitative and quantitative analysis of pesticides by GC-MS/MS (Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry). The QuEChERS-dSPE (Dispersive Solid phase Extraction) method was used for the extraction of residues of pesticide. The NIST library was employed for the compound identification by matching the spectra in full-scan mode for the criterian of pesticide confirmation, which is on the basis of European Commission Decision (2002/657/EC). Recoveries were ranged from 70-100% with 14% RSD (Relative Standard Deviation). Other parameters like precision, recoveries, linearity, LOQ (limit of quantification), LOD (limit of detection) were also studied. Finally, the proposed analytical method has been successfully employed for the determination of residues of pesticide in grape samples. Analytical data revealed that most of the residues in grapes were above the MRLs prescribed by EU norms. Key words: Residues of pesticide, QuEChERS-dSPE, GC-MS/MS

Title : Invitro study of selected plants (Nigella sativa and Lantana canara) on cancer cell line(HCT 116, Hep G2)

Meghana M V 1 Chaithra C1 ,Varsha K S1 , School of Biochemistry ,REVA University

Abstract: The plant Lantana camara and Nigella sativa are well known for its medicinal values and are commonly used in traditional medicine by many Asian and Middle Eastern countries to treat wounds and skin allergy, ulcer and many other diseases. The extracts of leaves and seeds are found to have antioxidant and anti-cancerous activity. The aim of the present study was to check the Invitro

310 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com antioxidant and anti-tumour activity using selected plants. We found that the Methanol extracts of leaves and seeds have phytochemical components which act as an inhibitor, scavenging free radical with some amount of anti-cancerous activities.

Title : Myricetin: A Natural Anti-Cancerous Dietary Agent

Prashanth Kumar H P1,2, Sushil Kumar Middha3, Ramesh.N4 1 – Research scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Reva University 2-Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore – 560057 3- Professor, Department of Biotechnology, MLACW, Bangalore 4- Professor & Dean, Training & Placement, Reva University

Abstract : Flavonoids comprise the most common group of plant polyphenols and provide much of the flavor and color to fruits and vegetables. More than 5000 different flavonoids have been described. Myricetin belonging to the subclass of flavonol shows possible health benefits by their potent antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities observed in vitro. Myricetin treatment on cancer cells exhibited anti-proliferative effects by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells via the activation of caspase-3 and 9 is observed. It induces apoptosis of human bladder carcinoma cell line T-24 with activation of caspase-3 after DNA cleavage and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase by a down-regulation of Cyclin B1 and CDC2. It inhibits the phosphorylation of Akt but increases the phosphorylation of p38 and decreases MMP-9 expression. The above mechanisms prove the potentiality of myricetin as a natural apoptotic & anti-cancerous dietary agent. Keywords : Flavonoids;Myricetin;Apoptosis; Caspase; Anti-cancer

311 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title :Investigation and Conformation of Sheep Pox Viral Disease Based On Clinical Symptoms and Molecular Based Methods.

Kiran Kumar Burranboinaa, Manjunatha Reddy Gundallahalli Bayyappab*, Kumar Kalavathi Muruganc*, Sunil Abrahamc, 2Revanaiah Yogisharadhyab, Gajendragad Raghavendrab aDepartment of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bengaluru, India. bNational Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, India .cGeniron Biolabs Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru, India

Abstract : Sheep and Goats are important economic livestock species in India contributes to the agrarian economy. They play an important role in the livelihood of a large percentage of small and marginal farmers and landless labourers engaged in sheep and goat rearing. The disease is caused by a virus, a member of Capripox virus genus of the Poxviridae family.The genus Capripoxvirus are comprisesis goatpox virus (GTPV), sheeppox virus (SPPV), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), cause disease in sheep, goats, or cattle, respectively. Capripox viral disease is a notifiable disease under world animal health organization (OIE). In addition Capripox viruses are listed by the United States department of Agriculture select Agent Registry and sheep pox virus has been grouped in Risk Group II viral agent by centers for Disease Control (CDC) and prevention, Atlanta. The clinical signs vary from mild to severe, depending on host factors and viral factors like age, breed, sex, immunity and virulence of viral strains. Inapparent infections also occur. In early clinical signs shows the rise in temperature, pulse and respiratory rates, edema of the eyelids, nasal discharge, inappetence, arched back, lacrimation, coughing, salivation, nasal discharge leading to crust formation, hypersensitivity, constipation and scanty urine pneumonia, enlargement of udder and abortion may occur in severe cases. Death may occur at any stage of the disease, with peak mortality occurring about 2 weeks after the appearance of lesions, mortality may reach 50% in adults and approach 100% in young animals. Capripox viruses are antigenically related but genetically distinct, their differentiation requires analysis at molecular level. SPV isolates were PCR amplified and sequences are genetically and phylogenetically analyzed. The present study was aimed to characterize sheep pox viruses based on P32 gene sequence and comparison between these isolates to already published P32 gene sequences of Sheep and Goatpox viruses isolated from various field outbreaks in Karnataka state. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on the P32 showed samples tested were closely related in sequence alignment with NCBI-BLAST capripoxviruses: sheeppox virus envelope protein P32 gene. The present study may helps the prospect for future evolutionary studies as well to understand the clinical forms of sheep pox disease in different disease outbreak. Key words: Clinical symptoms, Molecular methods, Capripox virus, Goatpox virus, Sheeppox virus, and Lumpy Skin Disease virus.

312 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title :Biomedical Utilization Of Insect Protein Derived From Organic Waste For Cancer Treatment Nisha Rajasekhara, Azam Ghouseb aDepartment of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDr.S Azam Ghouse, Deeksha centre for learning ,Bangalore

Abstract: This study is a major breakthrough in reducing the major organic solid waste with the help of Black Soldier Fly larvae. The larvae can be commercially utilized to solve a number of environmental problems. The larvae’s appetite is capitalized and developed into the method of developing high value protein derivatives. The circular approach of organic waste management is very much required wherein waste is reduced and the remnant is captured and returned as productive resource inputs in our economy. This provides a complete carbon cycle. It is a waste reduction and value production system.The possibility of extracting protein by separating, purifying and characterizing in order to tailor them for specific pharma products has been researched in this work. There are huge variety and forms of protein which expresses different functions which include defending against diseases. This paper focusses on the potential for protein generation from organic solid waste and exploring avenues for improving waste management through green productive approaches. A conceptual framework for upgrading the technological aspect is also provided by converting the protein from waste for humans use in biomedical industry for the treatment of cervical cancer. We need to meet the challenges by incorporating innovative solutions in the field of biomedical industry. Key words: Fly larvae, protein derivatives, carbon cycle, green productive

Title :Docking and Dynamic Simulation Analysis of P-glycoprotein pumps - Responsible for Chemotherapeutic Resistance post-treatment with Urea and β–mercaptoethanol

Proma Chakrabortya, K M Kumarb*, Mani Ramakrishnanb, Vivek Chandramohanb a* Reva University, Department of Biotechnology, Bangalore, India bPresidency University, Department of Biology, Bangalore, India bSiddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India

Abstract: The designing of cancer chemotherapy has become increasingly sophisticated over years, against disseminated cancer. With increasing advances in research, resistance to these therapies has also been reported over years. Resistance to treatment with anticancer drugs results from a variety of factors including polymorphic variations in patients and genetic differences in tumours. The most common reason for resistance to a broad range of anticancer drugs is influenced by the expression of one or more energy-dependent transporters (p-glycoprotein pumps) that detect and eject anticancer drugs

313 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com from cells. Deactivating these pumps can help to overcome such resistance. Thus in this current study lead compounds urea and β–mercaptoethanol has been used to alter the structural confirmation of these P-gp (pump proteins) by using molecular docking and dynamic simulation analysis. Urea & β–mercaptoethanol can bind to the target protein with best docking scores of -15.5995 &-10.0501 respectively. Binding of β – mercaptoethanol caused a considerable perturbation in the backbone of the target protein with RMSD value eventually deviating to approximately 1.3 and urea further deviate the value to approximately 1.6. Furthermore decrease in the intra-molecular hydrogen bonds over the simulation period confirms the secondary structural change thus ceasing the biological activity of the target protein. Key words: p-glycoprotein, β–mercaptoethanol, Urea, cancer chemotherapy, anticancer drugs

Title :Metagenomic Analysis Exploring Microbial Diversity In The Rhizosphere Of Punica Granatum

Renuka Ravinatha, N Ramesha, Sushil Kumar Middhab aSchool of Physical, Chemical and Biological Sciences, REVA University, bDepartment of Biotechnology, Maharani Lakshmi Ammani College for Women, Bangalore

Abstract: Soil microorganisms play a very important role in enhancing the crop productivity and plant health in agroecosystems. Root-associated microbiomes vary by soil and host genotype, but the contribution of these factors to community structure and metabolic potential has not been fully addressed as most of these microbes are non-culturable. The proposed work is focused to explore the role of plant microbiomes in host adaptation and productivity through metagenomics approach. The abundance and diversity of root associated microbes is determined by soil and host genotypes. Through metagenomic approaches involving Fourth Generation Sequencing, comprehensive analysis of microbial composition with respect to taxonomic and functional diversity in the rhizosphere of Punica granatum would be investigated. The identification of predominant beneficial bacterial taxa in the rhizosphere through phylogenetic and metabolomics studies would help in enhancing the crop productivity by the application of the beneficial bacteria in the form of biofertilisers. The hypothesis of the proposed research work is that the microorganisms present in the rhizosphere are beneficial in promoting the growth and enhancing the productivity of Punica granatum. Key words:Punica granatum, biofertilisers, rhizosphere, metagenomic

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Title : Longitudinal Analysis Of Soil Microbiome And Its Influence On The Growth Of Punica Granatum Shilpa BRa, N.Ramesha, Sushil Kumar Middhab aMr. Shilpa BR, Department of Biotechnology,REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 a Dr.N.Ramesh, Dean of Faculty of Science and Technology, REVA University, Bengaluru- bDr. Sushil Kumar Middha, MLACW, Bengaluru – 560003

Abstract: In this study soil samples will be analyzed for its physicochemical and microbial characteristics followed by metagenomic analysis. Metagenomic is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. The study gives an insight into large microbial community present in the soil ecosystem including the organisms which cannot be cultured in the laboratory condition. The existing genomic studies rely on cultured organisms whereas vast majority of microbial load remains as unknown to the world. Hence, metagenomics is a powerful and emerging technique which gives an unbiased picture about all the genes and organisms based on which one can attribute to see the effect of abundant microbial load in a particular sample and its effect on overall plant growth. Probably there is a scope to target a particular expressive pathway which contributes to improve the plant growth or yield. Keywords : Soil characterization, Microbial analysis, Metagenomics

Title :Production Of Value Added Products From Distillery Yeast Sludge

Doijode Supriyaa, Reddy Sreedhar a*, Ishwar Chandrab aDepartment of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bangalore-560064 aDepartment of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bangalore-560064 bDepartment of Biotechnology, Sir. M.Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology

Abstract: Distillery yeast sludge (DYS) is produced as solid waste in the brewing industry. It contains a high amount of protein (21%) and is also rich in essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, glycine, arginine, leucine, and histidine, which are essential for the growth and health of animals. Moreover, dried distillery grains are also sold as cattle feed and due to their abundant availability, it can also serve as an ideal substrate for microbial processes for the production of single cell protein. In our study we are focusing on cultivation of mushroom using DYS. Preliminary results shows significant increase in the growth of mushroom (Oyster) when the paddy straw was supplemented with DYS. maximum growth was observed when the DYS was supplemented at the rate of 75% wt/wt.

Key words:Distillery yeast sludge, Oyster, value added products, ideal substrate

315 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title :Banana peel waste for microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production

Rayasam Vijaya, Tarika Kumarb aDepartment of Biotechnology, REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Bangalore- 560064 bParul Institute of Applied Sciences (PIAS), Parul University, Post Limda, Vadodara, Waghodia, Gujarat- 391760

Abstract: Various microorganisms produce polyester compounds that have wide range of applications and has attracted researchers worldwide. These compounds arecalled as polyhydroxyalkanoates and are biodegradable, renewable, biocompatible and eco-friendly. In this study we have attempted at reducing the production cost by introducing inexpensive raw materials as carbon sources for microbial growth. Polluted soil and water samples were used to isolate fourteen different bacterial isolates out of which four bacteria showed the ability to produce good amount of Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Banana peel was used as sole carbon source in different ratios in combination with nitrogen source (C:N). PHA producers were determined by 16s rRNA studies. Cupriavidus necator, a reference bacterium for PHA production served as a positive control and the results obtained were 79.73%, 75.94% and 74.69% with C: N ratio of 3:1, 1:1 and 4:1 respectively up to 96hours of incubation. The summary of best results obtained by various isolates with different time intervals are as follows:-Geobacillus stearothermophilus R- 35646 produced 84.63%, 71.58% and 62.68% of PHA with C: N ratio of 4:1, 3:1 and 2:1 respectively up to 96hours of incubation. Bacillus subtilis JCM 1465 accumulated 71.78% and 62.23% of PHA with C:N ratio of 4:1 and 3:1 at 24hours of incubation. Bacillus siamensis PD- A10 accumulated 77.55% at 24hours, 69.70% at 72hours and 65.75% at 72hours of incubation with C: N ratios of 3:1, 3:1 and 4:1 respectively. While Staphylococcus aureus JH1 showed PHA accumulation of about 70.02% at 24hours and 52.74% at 48hours of incubation with C: N ratio of 2:1 and 4:1 respectively. Keywords: Biopolymers, Biodegradable, Inexpensive carbon sources, Polyhydroxyalkanoates, Microbial polysaccharides

316 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com School of Management Studies

Title: The future workplace: Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Human Resource Management Functions

Prof .Gayathri.Ra, Dr.Revathy Shivashnkaranb, &Dr.Urmila Itamc aResearch Scholar, School of Commerce and Management Studies, Dayananda Sagar University Bengaluru-560078, bAssistant Professor,School of Commerce and Management Studies, Dayananda Sagar University,Bengaluru-560078 cAssistant Professor,School of Management Studies, REVA University,Bengaluru

Abstract: Through the years, with the improvements in social and market dynamics, also the dramatic moves intechnology influenced HR managers to adopt new ideas in managing the workforce. Some of these innovations were based on information technology, such as HRIS, payroll management, time management and many more. However, organization’sbelief towards the tangible assets and considered as the most important factors in its success, but leaders strongly argue that an organization’s workforce –its human resources are more crucial in the overall success. Therefore, acquiring people with best suitable skill sets is the toughest challenge for leaders and managers. With global talent war at its peak, organizations are now looking at harnessing Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities to use search optimization tools, data analytics, and talent mapping. The role of AI in talent acquisition and business decision making goes beyond finding the right talent with skills and experience, to meet the organizational fit. AI tools and technologies have empowered recruitment and talent acquisition efforts by researching through data and gathering insights about a potential candidate for senior management roles. As the technologymatures, expect more seamless integration between the HR functionalities. Sourcing of profiles to the matching of jobs and finally to the selection of the candidate will be able to flow within continuous functions, but it won’t come from any single silver bullet software provider. Expect instead that the interconnectivity allows for more widespread plug and plug capacity. Therefore, the study attempts to identify the HR functions where the role of AI is high which in-turn benefits the organizations to attract, manage and retain the workforce better. Keywords: Information Technology, HRM Competitive advantage, Artificial Intelligence, talent acquisition, Recruitment.

317 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Impact of Corporate Governance on listed Public sector undertakings and Private sector undertakings in India: A comparative study

Mahalakshmi Va&Dr. P. Narayan Reddyb aResearch Scholar, Reva University,Bengaluru- 64 bVisiting Professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University,Bengaluru- 64

Abstract: Corporate governance pertains to the system of rules businesses use to direct their decisions and justify their actions. It acts as the foundation through which corporations determine and go after their goals within the social, legal and market environment. This plays an important role in determining how a company fulfils its corporate governance policies. In this study an effort is made to access the impact of quality corporate governance on the performance in terms of accountability, transparency and board constitution in listed public and private sector undertakings (PSUs and PVT.SUs) in India. In private limited companies it is an often-ignored topic as it is not mandatory by law. The Companies Act and SEBI Listing Agreement focus on corporate governance aspects of public listed companies. The reason for excluding private limited companies is that they do not have numerous shareholders hence the risk is minimal. But in the present business context private companies have out grown than public companies in respect of contribution to economic growth , healthy practices which are contributing to development of overall growth in the economy, even though private companies are not so serious about CG practices there should be some practice which keeps them growing even though their investments are not as big as public companies, therefore comparison of practices followed generally by all the companies are taken as criteria for comparison in this study. In the private sector, the most kind of enterprise is governed by the Corporations Law. In the public sector, but the form of entity and the context in which public sector organizations operate is much more complex the guidelines issued by SEBI and Ministry of Company affairs are followed by all companies.In most cases the elements of both private and public sector governance models referring to the governance structure of organizations, the underlying principles, values and ethics of an organization, the relevant law, and the theories held by different disciplines about good governance mechanisms are the theory for impact of CG.The study concentrates on companies with above 1000 crores of Capital in case of public companies and companies with 500 crores of capital and above in case of private companies for this study. The study and comparison of impact of CG on public and private listed companies in India will be based on the elements given in the following table. Keywords: Corporate Governance, Public sector, Private Sector.

318 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: A Study on innovative rural marketing strategies of mobile telecom services on rural area of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

Shashikantha Reddy Y a, Dr. Geetha M Rajaramb& Dr. Shubhashree Karc aResearch Scholar, REVA University, School of Management Studies, Bangalore – 560064. bProfessor, Indian Business Academy, Bengaluru cAssociate Professor, School of Management Studies, CMR University, Bangalore

Abstract: The Indian Rural Market has been prospering since last decade due to increasing purchasing power, literacy level, disposable income, infrastructure development and increasing media exposure and resulting into substantial growth of rural consumption backed by continuous decline of poverty ratio. Over the last few years, the companies recognized the fact that it is imperative to penetrate rural markets to secure long term profit sustainability in hyper competitive saturated urban markets in general and for mobile telecom sector in particular. It is also important to note that doing business in rural areas seems to be challenging due to lack of infrastructure facilities, unstable demand, improper supply chain, high distribution cost and distinct rural consumer psychology as compared to urban counterparts. The mobile telecom sector, there is a disparity between urban (147 per cent) and rural tele density (49 per cent) coupled with over saturated urban tele density, declining average revenue per user per month (ARPU), minutes of use per connection per month (MOU), and hyper competition with existence of various service providers. The study critically examines the rural marketing approach and offers an integrated, innovative and inclusive framework for rural mobile telecom services. The integrated approach stresses on improving the access of telecom services through public-private partnership and relationship marketing; the innovative approach stresses on leveraging local solutions and diffusion of innovation by developing firm, product, market or consumer oriented innovation and measuring consumer innovativeness; and inclusive approach empowers rural people by promoting entrepreneurship. Keywords: Rural Marketing, Integrated-Innovative-Inclusive approach, rural telecom, Public-Private Partnership, Consumer Innovativeness and Rural Entrepreneurship.

319 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Temporal Changes In Demand And Supply Of Livestock Products In Karnataka – Strategies To Bridge The Gap

Reshma. Ma, Dr. P. Narayan Reddyb & Dr. Lalith Achothc aResearch Scholar, Reva University,Bengaluru- 64 bVisiting Professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University,Bengaluru- 64 cFormer Professor and Head, Dairy Science College, Hebbal, Bengaluru – 24

Abstract: This study is a modest attempt to estimate the demand for the five major livestock products viz., milk, poultry meat, sheep and goat meat, pork and beef in Karnataka and the factors influencing the demand for the same to gain an idea on the demand for these products in the state. Demand and Supply estimates are needed for planning and for the policy makers for decision making in Agri- Business and also it will pave way for agripreneurship. Data on food consumption will be collected through a survey of approximately 1000 households from 10 agro climatic zone, for estimating the demand. For the purpose a questionnaire is developed to elicite information on the household characteristics and expenditure on food more particularly on livestock products like milk, meat etc. The prepared schedule will be pre tested before employing on the field. The data collected out of the test sample will be analysed for its suitability, and the questions will be validated. The AIDS model will be used to estimate the elasticities. These estimated elasticities will be used as the basis to project the demand for livestock products for all the 30 districts of Karnataka to the year 2031. Hitherto there are no reliable estimates of demand and supply of livestock products in Karnataka, despite being an important item of production in the agriculture sector accounting for a share of around 30%. This will be juxtaposed against the extrapolated trend in the production of these foods to gain an understanding on the supply demand balance for each type of food. Strategies to correct the adverse pressures of the demand supply imbalance will be drawn up based on these results. The contribution of these foods on the nutritional status of the people with special reference to the poor will also be assessed. Keywords: Livestock products; Demandand Supply; AIDS model.

Title: A study of Globalization strategies of selected Small and Medium sized Enterprises in Emerging and Advanced Economies with special reference to India, China and Germany

Sandeep Hanasogea& Dr. Geetha M Rajaramb aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bengaluru–64 bProfessor, Indian Business Academy, Bengaluru

Abstract: Technology is causing the world to change at a very rapid pace. What was impossible 20 years now has become a routine affair. Globalization is a concept that was prevalent right from the evolution of

320 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com civilization. The 1980’s saw a spike in companies going global. As literature mentions this could be because of saturation of domestic market, get more market share of the global market, etc. It has also been observed that some companies are successful in their attempts to globalize and some fail. More so, companies from particular countries globalize faster than companies from other countries. This research study will look into the globalization strategies between emerging and advanced economies in order to find out why companies in advanced market globalize better than companies in emerging economies. Germany from advanced market and India and China from emerging markets have been selected for this study. This research will compare the globalization strategies of small and medium sized enterprises in India, China and Germany in order to find the similarities and differences. This study will also compare the government policies of these different countries in order to find how the government is aiding the SME’s in their country to globalize. Finally a general frame work of globalization would be developed which would help SME’s in their globalization pursuit. Keywords: Globalization, Strategy, Small & Medium Sized Enterprises, Emerging Economies, Advanced Economies

Title: An Enquiry into the Problems and Prospects of Pursuing Personal Financial Planning (PFP) as a Profession in India with Special Reference to Bengaluru City

Vinod Krishna M Ua, Dr. Ruchi Guptab & Dr. U N Lakshmanc aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bengaluru–64 bAssociate Professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru–64 cProfessor, University of Mysore, Mysuru

Abstract: In this study, explores the feasibility of personal financial planning as an independent profession in the changing demographic and socio-cultural environment of India, with special reference to Bengaluru city. It is intended to be helpful for the huge graduate and post graduate qualified citizens of India, financial services distribution houses, mutual fund companies, life insurance companies, and financial advisors. Financial Planning for individuals, families and small business owners is popularly known as Personal Financial Planning (PFP). Today it is rapidly growing as a profession with over one lakh Certified Financial Planners (CFPs) worldwide. India is emerging as a developed country and one of the global superpowers. The journey started with liberalization, privatization and globalization initiatives introduced in 1991. The present study has been undertaken at a time when there is a lot of focus on Make In India, Skill India programs which aims to boost self-employment, entrepreneurship and also enhance employability.This study exploring the role of Behavioral Finance when making investment decisions. Findings will be helpful to understand the behavioral pattern of investors towards financial assets and non-financial assets which may be of great value for the investors and marketing companies. According to Arundhati Bhattacharya, former Chairman of State

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Bank of India, with huge young earning population and increased awareness level amongst investors, the potential for growth of Financial Planning profession in India is immense. This research enquires into the challenges and opportunities faced by personal financial planners who are certified financial planners (CFPs) and evaluates whether it can be a lucrative career option providing self-employment similar to chartered accountants, company secretaries, or advocates. Keywords: Personal Financial Planning; CFP; Career opportunities; Self-employment

Title: A study on the influence of Digital Marketing Channels on buying behavior of online customers Asha Na& Dr. Chithambar Gupta Vb aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bengaluru–64 bAssociate Professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru–64

Abstract: The customers are today exposed to various faster digital marketing communication channels, wider networks and new devices and their connectivity with marketers is increasing every day and everywhere in the world. Now a days, digital marketing communications are becoming more prevalent and efficient.As the world is moving towards digital era, the digital channels play a vital role in increase of sales of any firm’s products. The purpose of the study is to investigate the implications of digital marketing in customer buying behavior and to find out if the customers are attentive to digital marketing and whether digital channels influence their purchase decisions. The data will be collected through primary as well as secondary sources from the customers in Bangalore city who buy products through online shopping. Key Words: Digital Marketing, Digital Channels, Online Shopping & Customer Behavior

Title: A Study on Impact of E-Commerce Strategies in rural Market with Reference to Chikkaballapur District, Karnataka, India

Rajesh P Sa& Dr. Chithambar Gupta Vb aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bengaluru–64 bAssociate Professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru–64

Abstract: In the modern times e-commerce is giving a tough competition to the traditional trade and business. Due to the advancement of technology the world has become a global village. E-commerce has reached most of the consumers in the urban sector but the challenge lies in front of the companies so that it reaches the rural sector also. The rural population of India has to go at distant places or nearby cities to purchase luxury products. Here e-commerce can come to their help by widening its area of operations. The e-Commerce is prospered and stands for booming growth in

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Rural India. Their success depends on the understanding of the market, quantity of consumers and offering various features. This research studies the impact of digital India in the future of e- Commerce in Rural India; represent the various opportunities for vendors, consumers, e-Commerce Industries and factors influencing trust in rural Indians. It was found that the Overall e-Commerce will increase drastically coming years in the emerging market. While rural area availability of internet or broadband is lower as compare to urban area but Government’s dream project Digital India will control or fixed this gap which increases the mass of consumers for e-Commerce world through spreading business using online trading, social commerce, mobile commerce etc. The present study has been undertaken to analyze the present trends of e-commerce in India & examine the challenges & opportunities of e-commerce in Rural India. Keywords: e-Commerce, Rural India, e-tailing, Internet Access, Government, Mobile Wallet.

Title: A Study on impact of CRM strategies on Consumer Behavior in Automobile Industry

Sunilkumar Ka& Dr. Chithambar Gupta Vb aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bengaluru–64 bAssociate Professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru–64

Abstract: In the latest period customers have become more knowledgeable and experienced and they are using and enjoying various alternative brands which are available. Hence Giving satisfaction to the customer can only be possible and attained by continuously following and adapting the changing needs and preferences, desires and wants of customers. And by providing them with right solutions which can greatly fulfill their desires. "Customer relationship management (CRM)" is regarded as one of the best approaches in accomplishing goals of Customer satisfaction and loyalty. Whereas Consumer behavior is a study to understand how a consumer purchases, uses and finally disposes the product. However "there are contradicting views of researchers, in the literature regarding the impact CRM strategies but Unfortunately, very little empirical data is there to prove the impact of CRM strategies in Automobile industry mainly Four wheeler segment. The purpose and main objective of this research is to check how CRM affects consumer behavior in the Automobile industry where switching cost is low. A well-structured questionnaire will be used for data collection. Data will be collected from 400 respondents and they are car buyers located in Bangalore city. Keywords: Customer Relationship management, Consumer behavior, Customer satisfaction, Word of mouth, Car dealers.

323 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: A study on process of identifying, developing and managing high potential employees in IT Industry

Supriya P Inamdara& Dr. Shinu Abhib aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bengaluru–64 bProfessor, RACE, REVA University, Bengaluru–64

Abstract: An employee who learn from experience, those with the highest potential tend to be interested to face the challenges and meet key result areas under tough conditions. High potential employees are the top performers in the organization and they are recognized as role players, decision makers, team worker who works to meet company vision and goals.with reference to conceptual and empirical papers, we have come to the conclusion of identifying, managing, developing High Potential employees (HIPO) and also with reference to employee recognition models. Aim of this paper is to help readers to understand the criteria for identifying the talent based on the knowledge level, skill behaviour, certain measures are taken to manage them, based on the key performance indicators framed by the managers and also measures taken on improvising training, coaching, high- performance work system, and finally developing them through career planning and talent development to retain high potentials. Keywords: Key result area, employee recognition models, key performance indicators

Title: Green Marketing-A study of customers’ attitudetowards Green Products

Lavanya Ka& Dr. Santosh B Rb aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bengaluru–64 bAssociate Professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru–64

Abstract: The main rationale behind this study is to know green marketing and customers attitudes towards Green products in India with special reference to target market Bangalore district only.The study is purely based on the interest I evinced on this new phenomenon and how to contribute towards addressing sustainability issues.The data will be collected through Primary as well as secondary source from the customers as well as companies who have adopted green marketing practices and are producing green products.The need to study Green Marketing and customers attitude towards green products was a personal interest as this phenomenon /practice is already followed by developed countries, which are addressing sustainable issues as a concern on their development and growth .The intent is to study if this is practiced in India by choosing a target market /selective area (Bangalore) as a sample and acknowledge the new area of research.The environmental issues are a

324 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com major concern which is addressed by all nations today in order to have a green world.So this study aims at Social –Relationship marketing issues too and the impact on future generations in the long run.Primary Data is planned to be collected through a structured Questionnaire.Sampling technique adopted is non-probability quota sampling method for data collection. Approach consumers and also companies for information.Primary pilot testing will be carried out.The purpose of the research is to study Green Marketing, its positive or negative impact, the relationship between Green Products and attitude and purchasing Behaviour of consumers towards environmental friendly products.The other perspective is to study the corporations producing green products and how they are tackling sustainability issues.The impact on the 4 p’s while delivering such products to green consumers Keywords: Green marketing, Green Products, Ecological concern, sustainability, Green marketing practices, social relationship marketing.

Title: Critical analysis of employee cynicism – An empirical approach

Nandini M Ha& Dr. Meenakshi Vermab aResearch Scholar, REVA University, Bengaluru–64 bAssistant Professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru–64

Abstract: Employee Cynicism is an attitude of individual which can be characterized by disillusionment, frustration, hopelessness, diffuse feelings of hate, envy, and hostility; a sense of powerlessness; and continual re-experiencing of these feelings. This research uses the practical situations and previous literatures to study, understand and identify the possible situations, characteristics, moderators, drivers and controllers for employee/Organization Cynicism. Here the research will include identifying the factors in origin of Employee Cynicism and also to arrive at the best working models to the organizations in balancing the emotional intelligence and completely eliminating the employee Cynicism from an organization. Cynicism can increase the attrition, grievance and fear in a workplace. Many researches have studied and proved that employee Cynicism is a very important factor for any organization which cannot be ignored and retained internally as it does not let the organizational development. But unfortunately many organizations have not realized the importance of that and are been continuously failing to reach their organizational goals and making wrong decisions.However, the relationship of empowering leadership with subordinate’s emotions was not significant. Examination of potential moderators, including rating sources, nationality of sample, gender, and industry, did not explain much of the heterogeneity in the results. In sum, findings, we highlight the potential benefit of empowering leadership for individual, emotional bonding, building trust and expected organizational outcomes. Thus, gaining more knowledge about what causes empowering employees and the benefits of that.

325 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Keywords: Employee Cynicism, Employee empowerment, Emotional intelligence, Effects of social media, IT Industries and Business Units

Title: A Study on Business Correspondent Model of Financial Inclusion – Experience from the Selected Districts of Karnataka

Shylaja H Na& Dr. H N Shivaprasadb aAssistant professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru, India- 560064 b Professor, Dr. D. Veerendra Heggade Institute of Management Science and Research, Dharwad

Abstract: In spite of India’s swaggering economic growth rates higher than most of the developing and the developed countries in recent years, majority of the country’s population still remains unbanked. Total Financial Inclusion comprises of rural as well the financially backward areas of the urban areas is deemed to be essential to all the parties involved. Business Correspondents are those entities who provide the services that banks otherwise provide at the doorstep of the left out rural population. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the development of the landscape of financial inclusion in the country. The study specifically aims to measure the progress made in terms of both access and usage of financial services. The research specifically measures the progress made in terms of both usage and access dimensions. The research also focusses on two additional aspects, being the experiences of the Business Correspondents before and after the implementation of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana. The BCs being the very important link which brings the banks and the beneficiaries together, their role towards deepening the financial access across the length and the breadth of the country, more so the hinterland is crucial. The empirical nature of this investigation offers a more in-depth understanding of the issues and challenges faced by the Business Correspondents while working in the field.The study investigates the issues and the challenges that the BCs face in the course of providing the services to the unbanked. The BCs related information is gathered by the corporate business correspondent Agency with the due permission from the related banks. The statistical analysis has been conducted through various tests like Descriptive analysis, Levene’s Test of Homogeneity, Tukey’s multiple comparison test, ANOVA, Correlation, t test and such other tests. The present study’s contribution lies in bringing out analyzing the progress of financial inclusion in various dimensions and also has brought out the extent of financial inclusion as measured from the perspective of access and usage per se. By focusing on the pre PMJDY implementation stages, the study also has tried to uncover the major issues and challenges that the BCs in the field are facing. The study also has made contribution to literature by analyzing the post PMJDY experiences of the BCs. Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Business Correspondent, Jan Dhan Yojana

326 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Determinants of ‘electronic word of mouth Equity’ Model for consumer electronic products in India.

Anshu Rania&Dr. H N Shivaprasadb aAssistant professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru, India- 560064 bProfessor, Dr. D. Veerendra Heggade Institute of Management Science and Research, Dharwad.

Abstract: Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) communication is an integral part of World Wide Web and e- commerce. With high growth rate of Internet users and their adoption of eWOM for product information in India, it has become important to study the factors responsible for effectiveness of electronic word of mouth communication in India.The study investigates literature to explore the status of eWOM. The systematic review gives a comprehensive model of eWOM communication. This model can be further tested with help of a research instrument developed by the researcher. Finally, the eWOM equity can be conceptualized by getting a determinate eWOM model. This quantitative study will make marketers understand where and how they can direct their resources to create electronic word of mouth communication and derive significant advantage out of that. Keywords :Electronic word-of-mouth; eWOM; eWOM Model; eWOM equity

Title: A Study of emerging Trends in Cash Crop Production in Jharkhand in era of Globalization

Anuj Vermaa&Dr. A K Chattorajb aAssistant professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064 bProfessor, Ranchi University, Ranchi

Abstract: India is basically an agrarian based economy though with the growth of ITES and manufacturing sector the contribution of agriculture into the GDP has been decreasing steadily. However the fact is that 70% of the population of the country resides in village and the major source of income from them is still derived from agriculture. Agrarian sector has witnessed dramatic change with advent of globalization which has opened new markets across the globe and has led to change in cropping pattern. With private sector like ITC and Mahindra chipping in the focus has now shifted from producing traditional crops to cash crops. Farmers are now adopting scientific mode of cultivation by utilizing better seeds and fertilizers which has increased the productivity of the farmers and now their production is being guided by the demand in overseas market. States like Punjab and Gujarat have set a road map for the farmers of the other states to learn and adopt the best practices of production and export of cash crop. It has become imperative for the state government to spread the knowledge

327 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com of cash crop production as it leads to uplift the social and economic status of the farmers. This paper tries to explore the present status of cash crop production Jharkhand and the emerging trends which can be tapped for adoption of best practices in cultivation and increasing the export of agrarian products. Keywords: Cash Crops, Globalization, Agriculture

Title: A study on Impact of HRM Practices on Organized Retail Sector …in selected retailers

Venkat Swamy Pa&Dr. Mahesh Kb aAssistant professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064 bProfessor, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

Abstract: Retail sector is second biggest occupation in the world and it contributes to growth of national economy and generates employment opportunities in the recent scenario of Retailing, HRM practices are most significant and play a vital role in enhancing the profitability of the retail organizations. More competitors in the market have elicited the Retailers to give more focus on HRM practices. Organized retailers are adopting HRM practices like Training, Performance appraisal and development activities in order to increase the skills of employees in retail stores and results in increase of profitability. Bangalore being a metropolitan and silicon city has many organized retail stores which are ensuing HRM practices. This research will explore the different HRM practices that will create competitiveness and profitability in Retail sector. Keywords: HRM practices, Retail sector, profitability

Title: A Study on Performance of Index Futures with Special Reference to Indian Derivatives Market

Srikanth Reddy Da&Dr. Suryachandra Rao Db aAssistant professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064 bProfessor, Dept of Business Management, Krishna University, Machilipatnam

Abstract: Derivative contracts and their trading have got much significance in today’s global economy. The past one and half decade has witnessed the growth in the volumes of business due to the price discovery, risk minimisation, high liquidity and low investment with higher returns. The participants in Derivative market face considerable risk due to fluctuations in prices of stocks traded in the equity market. It is important that equity market should function smoothly and efficiently so as to ensure stability. To manage it efficiently, proper risk management techniques need to be implemented. This study tries to analyse growth of derivatives and its trend from 2010-11 to 2016-17

328 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com and index futures impact on their underlying stocks. Stock index futures such as Nifty futures can be used for perfect hedging which could minimize the risk of investors against the adverse price movements of stock prices in the equity market. In fact index futures have been widely used by the mutual fund houses to hedge their positions in the stock markets over the years. However, not much research carried out in this field. Keywords: Derivatives market, Stock Market, Index Futures, Underlying asset, Risk Management.

Title: Effectiveness of Advertising in Creating Brand Equity of Product Based e-tailers

Arijit Roya&Dr. Kiran Reddyb aAssistant professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064 bProfessor, AIMS IHE, Peenya, Bengaluru

Abstract: The Indian ecommerce market has seen an exponential growth in the last couple of years. Even though the share of e-tailing is currently at a miniscule percentage of the total retail market, it is expected to experience constant growth with favourable forces on both the demand and supply side. The massive valuations of the domestic players and the entry of foreign players in the Indian market clearly points to the fact that the market is sure to see some tough competition. Online retailers have started investing massively in advertising in order to acquire customers. On the 13th of October 2015, the top three e-tailers spent a staggering, Rs. 12 crore only on Times of India advertising. Unfortunately, all these advertisement expenditures have failed to create a distinct image for these e- tailers and the e-tailers have not been able to create a favourable brand image that ensures a long term competitive advantage, and the market has slowly started to look commoditised with everyone looking similar in terms of their offering. This research intends to explore how advertising may play a role in creating a distinct and favourable image in the minds of the consumers. It studies the various drivers of customer based on-line retailer equity, using the drivers identified by George Christodoulides1a, Leslie de Chernatonya, Olivier Furrerb, Eric Shiua and Temi Abimbolac in 2006 and investigates the role of advertising while creating favourable brand equity. Keywords: E-tailing, Advertisements, Brand Equity, Word of Mouth, Celebrity Endorsements

329 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Development of Outsourcing Model for Logistics and Supply Chain Information System Efficiency in an Automobile Industry

Shivasharanaa&Dr. Nijagunab aAssociate professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064 bProfessor, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

Abstract: The logistics and SC is vibrant across the world/globe irrespective of the industry in particular the Automobile Industry in which the efficient and effective performance of all the network shareholders is determined by an Outsourcing Model.The AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY(AI) is mainly characterized by several spares and components , vehicles flow as material right from input suppliers to the automobile manufactures and finished vehicles will be distributed through channel partners to satisfy customers keeping the minimum lead time for which the need of hour is outsourcing model hence the purpose of this research would be to develop and demonstrate the outsourcing model for logistics and supply chain information system efficiency for an automobile sector mainly that would respond to changing consumer demand. More ever the businesses need to improve the efficiency of logistics and supply chains in order to maintain both cost and competitive effectiveness or the advantage in other words. The principles of lean manufacturing ,just-in time (JIT), inventory control and warehouse management that were renowned for helping companies like Tata,Mahindra, Suzuki, Toyota, Dell and Walmart to rise to the top of their respective industries are no longer adequate. The companies now should be guided through applying new technologies and sophisticated analytics to make their logistics and supply chain more responsive to customer demand through outsourcing for the most demand driven environment. Keywords: Automobile industry Logistics, Supply Chain, Systems, Outsourcing.

Title: A study on gaps between employer expectations and employee capabilities in IT Industry

Madhusudhan Sa, Dr. Subhasree Karb, &Dr. Nagaraj Hc aResearch Scholar, School of Management Studies, REVA University Bengaluru-560064 bAssociate Professor,School of Management Studies, CMR University, Bengaluru cAssociate Professor, CMRIT,Bengaluru

330 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com in economic growth. The Indian IT industry has grown almost tenfold in previous decade both in domestic software and software exports, but since IT is a highly knowledge based and competitive industry where technology in a span of time is obsolete due reason it is always a challenge to meet the expectations of employer towards organization growth. Considering the above fact, underlying research investigates the expectation-capability gap in the development of generic skills for employability offered by IT industry.To answer the research question, this research, adopted the theoretical framework of ‘expectation-capability gap’ by Christopher Hill, 1993 and analyzed it within the context of Indian IT Industry. This theoretical framework implies the evaluation of three elements as research objectives; the ‘expectation gap’ (projecting the differences in the employer’s expectations), the ‘constraints gap’ (limiting factors to develop generic skills into the employee skill development) and the ‘capability gap’ (projecting the ineffectiveness of training activities). In fact, there is a fourth objective, that is, to evaluate the suggestion given to bridge expectation-capability gap considering the context of India IT industry. This research adopts the survey method of a questionnaire with closed-ended questions to collect the data. But to achieve the refined content of the questionnaire for relevance to the context of India IT Industry there are also cognitive interviews were conducted. Thus, this research entails a mixed- method approach. Considering the originality of the adopted theoretical framework (expectation-capability gap by Christopher Hill, 1993) there was related quantities of literature employing it for empirical investigation using the questionnaire based approach. Therefore, this research provides such theoretical ideas to this framework, which enables it to be used within the questionnaire based Approach. Further this research has drawn all the generic skills used in this study from the IT industry perspective and highlights the constrain factors that are assumed to limit the ability of employee. This research also provides pragmatic suggestions, which could be used as a reference point for new employee to the IT job-market and employer towards organization growth. Keywords: Strategic Focus, Talent management, Leadership style, Employee empowerment, Organizational development, Self-management, Internal communication, Learning progression.

Title: Retailer brand extension in financial services – Perceived fit, risks and trust

B. Diwakar Naidua&Dr. H N Shivaprasadb aAssociate Professor, School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru, India- 560064 bProfessor, Dr. D. Veerendra Heggade Institute of Management Science and Research, Dharwad.

Abstract: The study examines the customer fit, risk and trust perceptions towards the provision of financial services by organized retailers. The data were collected from the customers of selected organized retailers those who are offering financial services. Using purposive sampling method a total of 502 respondents living in Bangalore, India were involved in the survey. Analysis of variance and T-Test

331 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com was used to study the fit, risks and trust perceptions and compared with four groups of customers namely loyal vs. non-loyal, aware of financial services of retailers vs. un-aware, user vs. non-users of financial services and intended to buy vs. non-intended to buy financial services from retailers to find out whether there are any dissimilarities in terms of fit, risk perception and brand trust among these groups. The study found that occupational status and marital status has effect on fit, trust and risk perceptions of customers towards the financial services. Respondents’ educational qualification, annual income, frequency of visit to retail outlet and average purchase per visit at retail outlet has effect on fit perception of customers. Respondents’ educational qualification, annual income and average purchase per visit at retail outlet have effect on trust perception of customers. Respondents’ gender and frequency of visit to retail outlet has effect on risk perception of customers. Results showed that fit perception was associated with customers who are non-loyal, un-aware, non-user, and non-intend to buy financial services. Risk perception was associated with non-loyal and customers who are aware of the financial services. Trust perception was associated with non-loyal customers. The article benefits organized retailers and the like in their brand extension decision and implementation. The article contributes to retailer brand extension literature, brand extension in low involvement product, perceived fit, risks and trust perceptions in retailer brand extension. Keywords: Organized retailers, Retailing, Brand extension, Financial Services, Perception.

Title: A study on gaps between employer expectations and employee capabilities in IT Industry

Madhu Sudhan.S - Scholara, Dr.H.Nagaraj - Guideb & Dr.Subhashree kar - Co-guidec School of Management Studies, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India Department of Commerce and Management, St.Joseph College, Bengaluru- 560025, India Department of Commerce and Management , CMRIT, Bengaluru – 560037, India

Abstract: IT Industry being a knowledge based industry are always looked at as the fasttechnology changing industry, due to this IT Industry is always directed to enable employees withlatest skills and be on par with the latest technology requirement. This approach in scaling theemployee capabilities through the views of employer expectations reflects the growth inorganization performance resulting in economic growth.The Indian IT industry has grown almost tenfold in previous decade both in domestic softwareand software exports, but since IT is a highly knowledge based and competitive industry wheretechnology in a span of time is obsolete due reason it is always a challenge to meet the expectations of employer towards organization growth. Considering the above fact, underlyingresearch investigates the expectation-capability gap in the development of generic skills foremployability offered by IT industry.To answer the research question, this research, adopted the theoretical framework of‘expectation-capability gap’ by Christopher Hill, 1993 and analyzed it within the context of IndianIT Industry. This theoretical framework implies the evaluation of three

332 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com elements as researchobjectives; the ‘expectation gap’ (projecting the differences in the employer’s expectations), the‘constraints gap’ (limiting factors to develop generic skills into the employee skill development)and the ‘capability gap’ (projecting the ineffectiveness of training activities). In fact, there is afourth objective, that is, to evaluate the suggestion given to bridge expectation-capability gap considering the context of India IT industry. This research adopts the survey method of aquestionnaire with closed-ended questions to collect the data. But to achieve the refined content ofthe questionnaire for relevance to the context of India IT Industry there are also cognitiveinterviews were conducted. Thus, this research entails a mixed- method approach.Considering the originality of the adopted theoretical framework (expectation-capability gap byChristopher Hill, 1993) there was related quantities of literature employing it for empiricalinvestigation using the questionnaire based approach. Therefore, this research provides suchtheoretical ideas to this framework, which enables it to be used within the questionnaire basedApproach.Further this research has drawn all the generic skills used in this study from the IT industryperspective and highlights the constrain factors that are assumed to limit the ability of employee.This research also provides pragmatic suggestions, which could be used as a reference point fornew employee to the IT job-market and employer towards organization growth. Keywords – Strategic Focus, Talent management, Leadership style, Employee empowerment, Organizationaldevelopment, Self-management, Internal communication, Learning progression.

School of Architecture

Title :Impact of Heritage on the Vernacular settlement : A Case study of Aretipur

Vidya Srikanth Associated Professor, School of Architecture, REVA University, Bangalore-560064

Abstract: Nestled in the shadow of Bahubali at ‘Shravana Betta’ is Aretipur, a hamlet of about 200 households at close proximity to the site of archaeological excavations being carried out since 1997. The name finds mention in the 9th and 10century and was ruled by the Gangas and Hoysalas. Remains of 12 Jaina temples or ‘Basidis’ as they are referred to, were discovered on the hillock at Aretipur. There is proof that the place dates back earlier than Shravanabelagola. The hamlet that is rich in vernacular architectural details now faces a challenge in the face of impending tourism. The presence of Kokkrebellur, the bird sanctuary that is nesting ground for many migratory birds at a distance of 2km from Aretipur is both a threat and a potential. The paper presents documented evidence of Land use, street elevations, vernacular house typology, mapping of nodes and activity pattern, vegetation and socio-cultural study carried out in 2016 by the students and faculty members of the School of

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Architecture. The impact of projected tourism is studied with respect to other heritage locations that are in similar nature. It is suggested that tourism will have a negative impact on the settlement unless it is done in a controlled manner. It requires a team of Architects, conservationists and the Government to work in tandem with authorities like Archaeological survey of India (ASI) to make sure that the settlement with rich vernacular character is protected while ensuring economic growth for the inhabitants. Keywords:Vernacular, Typology, Conservation, Tourism

Title: Evaluating social inclusion in urban transportation

Shubhi S.a, Maitreyi Y.b aSchool of Architecture, REVA University, Bangalore, India b Milieu 5 Design Studio, Hyderabad, India

Abstract: Social inclusion has become one of the major goals of planning in today’s world. The broad goal of social inclusion necessitates learning to appreciate and accommodate the needs of diverse sections of the society across age group, gender, socioeconomic and physical barriers. The research paper aims to design a mechanism for evaluation of inclusivity of our public transportation systems in the form of a toolkit. This toolkit can be utilized by local authorities to make informed policy decisions. The issue of gender inclusivity is further selected and elaborated upon as a major part of the overall toolkit. The recent spurt of crimes against women raises concerns about safety and security of women in the public realm. It is necessary to sensitize urban transport policies towards the needs and concerns of women. In order to do so, we will first need to evaluate the existing gender inclusivity in our cities. This becomes the background of a gender audit of urban transport. Statistical analysis on Survey data was used to formulate an auditing tool GSI which reflects how close a city system is towards fulfilling the objectives of gender inclusiveness. This becomes an exemplary module of the overall social inclusion toolkit for urban transportation. The paper further suggests integration of all aspects of social inclusion into a computer or mobile based application for use by urban local bodies and the private sector. Similar social inclusion audits of cities can become a basis for resource allocation and targeted policy programs towards inclusive transport planning for the local governments. Keywords : Social Inclusion, Urban transportation, gender audit

334 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title:An investigation of origin and authenticity of Smart city revolution

Anup Kumar Prasad aSchool of Architecture, REVA University, Bangalore, India ( M)- 7349049007, Email – [email protected] Abstract: From early civilization - Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, human settlement always tends to advance living style by improvising road lines, housing arrangements, park positioning, working area etc. Often the evolution of city planning gets influenced by significant events of that era. For instance, the “First technological revolution” (1774) initiated the beginning of “Metropolis city”, the “second technological revolution” (1882) stimulated the origin of dreamy “Garden City” (1898) with the idea of segregated residential and industrial area to avoid pollution. Within three decades the food and job scarcity due to “First world war” (1914-1918) inspired the birth of “Brodacre city” (1935) to provide each family a one acre of land to grow their own food and survive in the period of crisis. The immediate “Second world war” (1939-1945) made people ponder and research towards achieving peace through appropriate neighbourhood designing and city planning. This resulted in connecting multiple Metropolis to generate “Megalopolis”. It is during 1970s when the world realised that the oil is limited and our ignorance has damaged the climate adversely. This very thought of ruining our planet made us take the reverse gear and move towards sustainable approach for city planning. The third technological revolution after 5 decades of invention of internet during 2000s was the foundation of “smart city”. Climate change and advances in urban technology advocates smart city as a perfect approach towards modernisation and achieving sustainable city. It promises smart living, smart people, smart mobility, smart government, smart economics and smart environment. As decision makers endeavour to find a technological fix, smart city strategies are often based on technological orthodoxies which are conceptually and empirically shallow. The author through this research attempts to insights from urban studies, infrastructure, informatics, and the sociology of the Internet to analyse the way the ‘smart city’ is taken forward. It is displayed to public that private firm’s smart city services and solutions are entirely based on an ideological legacy of ‘ubiquitous computing’, ‘universal infrastructure’, and ‘green technology’. However, based on a recent study at UK, it is argued that the underlying principle of future city strategies is to expand the market for new technology products and services to support ‘green growth’ with disregard for their wider impacts. For citizens, becoming a consumer of the technologies is often presented as progressive ‘participation’ or ‘empowerment’ with unknown or hidden consequences both political and environmental. The city systems become a digital marketplace where citizen-consumers' participation is increasingly involuntary and the domination of global technology firms is inflated. Furthermore, the city's ‘intelligent systems' are defined through a digital consumer experience that has inherent biases and without considering the city and its population. This renders the city less resilient in the face of future social and climatic risks. Based on

335 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com substantial research in criticization of smart city, authors also intended to suggest few strategies and scheme that can be adopted to achieve smart city for the common people for the sustainable future Keywords : Civilisation, Resilient City, Sustainability, Smart City, Climate change.

Title: Financial Framework for the Heritage Management in Commercial Areas Neeraja Jayana School of Architecture, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Ever since the human being began to find solutions to manage its surplus agriculture and animal husbandry products, the issue of trade and commerce emerged and its continuity led to formation of trading spaces or commercial spines in cities. Commercial spines are considered as the most important and main commercial-economic element, and integral part of each city, with artistic – cultural - social significance and other capabilities. Changanassery, in Kottayam district was a prominent centre of trade and commerce. The public market of Changanassery also known as Changanassery Chantha, is one of the oldest markets of central Travancore which was established in 1805 A.D. Changanassery market which is rich in heritage is a backwater edge and was once the hub of trade activities. Though the commercial spine is still here, it is less active and decaying. The main reason for this is the development of other commercial centers in the mainland and nearby villages or towns. The commercial spine which stretches up to approx. 1.30km has a good number of heritage structures which are not protected. The street is losing its heritage fabric due to unguided development trends,lack of awareness, lack of finance and inappropriate new functions. Majority of the warehouses, godowns and shops remain unused along the commercial spine. Because of the underutilization of buildings most of them are in a dilapidated condition. The paper includes a comparative study of traditional management system of commercial areas and existing management system, to understand the merits and demerits of the same, which helps in recommending a financial framework for the management of the historical commercial spines through renewal and economic regeneration. Keywords: commercial spine, framework, decay, development trends, management

336 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com School of Mechanical Engineering

Title :Edge Based Basis Functions in the BEM solution of Heat Conduction Problem Anand.S.N a, Dr. Sreerama Reddy .T.V b &aDr..D.Madhu

aAssociate Professor, School of Mechanical Egg, Reva University, Bengaluru- 560078 bProfessor, Department of Mechanical Engg, Bangalore Instiute of Technology, Bangalore cProfessor, Department of Mechanical Engg, Government college of Engineering, Ramnagar

Abstract Boundary element solution is developed for a heat conduction problem in this work. The basic functions are defined usually on the nodes that are created on the mesh. This method is followed in finite element method and boundary element methods traditionally. In this work, in contrast to the traditional finite element method and boundary element methods, the basic functions are defined on the edges rather than on nodes. By defining the basic functions on the edges, the solution improves since the number edges on the surface triangular mesh is always two times higher than that of nodes approximately for a closed body. The boundary element method is based on defining the basic functions on the edges that are resulted from triangular patch modeling. The numerical solution is tested with the exact solution. The exact solution is derived from the laws of heat conduction. The numerical results obtained are in well agreement with the exact solution for the case of sphere. The sphere is defined with a fixed temperature on the surface. Keywords: BEM,Edge Based Basis Functions

Title: Development and Characterization of Biodegradable Semiconducting Characteristic Biomaterial used for Bio-Sensing of Orthopedic implants

Avinash.Sa, Dr. Hanumantharaju H.G.b aDepartment of Mechanical, Reva Universoty, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Mechanical, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering , Bengaluru- 560001, India cDr.Premchandra Sagar Centre for Advanced materials, DSCE, Bengaluru – 560078

Abstract By studying various journal articles from above distinguished research author’s gives information’s such as while considering green polymers selection there should be more properties that are applicable such as degradation, biocompatibility, having medicinal properties and along with good curing abilities.

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Addition of natural fillers reinforcement’s should increase the strength of fabricated biomaterial with reduced weight and density, must be free from chemical additives, must have high stiffness and toughness, must have good wettability and should provide good environmental decomposition properties. Addition of natural reinforcements is not enough to get desired properties for biomaterials in various semiconducting materials and hence as a reason to enhance both electrical and antibacterial properties use of nano particles along with natural salt powder substitutes in a green polymer material as filler addition is necessary and adequate. From implant application is concerned, Green Polymer Composites are used in biomedical Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for creating scaffolds in bone tissue engineering and in orthopedic implants they often mimic the structures of the cell and tissues that are involved in the process by considering biocompatibility and sterilization. Devices constructed by using bio-resorbable materials have many roles in clinical medicine, ranging from drug delivery vehicles, active semiconductor devices and sensors. Components of this type can be implanted into the human body where they gradually dissolve into bio-fluids after their useful functional life, thereby eliminating unnecessary device load without the need for surgical extraction. A lot of research has been done on natural filler reinforced green polymer biomaterial but research on green polymer biomaterial containing chemically doped natural occurring salt powdered reinforced with fully degradable bio epoxy resin based along nano silver fillers are very unique and rare. Keywords: Agcl, degradable, sensor and orthopedic implant.

Title: Experimental Investigations And Heat Transfer Enhancement And Friction Factor Using Composite Nano Fluids M L R Chaitanya Laharia, Narayana Swamy K Sb aResearch scholar, School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University Bengaluru, bProfessor School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University Bengaluru

Abstract High thermal loads due to miniaturization in a wide variety of applications like microelectronics, transportation, lighting, utilization of solar energy for power generation etc., offers technological challenges in designing efficient thermal management systems. Traditional heat transfer fluids such as air, water, engine oil, and ethylene glycol (EG) have very low thermal conductivities of 0.03, 0.613, 0.145 and 0.253 W/mK respectively. The poor thermal conductivity of these fluids is an obstacle in improving heat transfer and compactness of the heat exchangers. Nano fluid is a new field of scientific research that has grown enormously in the past few years. Still, it is a field in its adolescence, and there are a number of issues which have not been fully investigated. Water is the most cost effective and widely used thermal fluid available with high heat transfer efficiencies and easy to control. However, its main limitation is that at a temperature above 100ºC it

338 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com starts to boil, become steam and hence can only be used as a pressurized. The introduction of nano- sized particles to heat transfer fluids (nanofluids) is an emerging thermal management concept to improve heat transfer coefficient with implications in many disciplines including power generation, transportation, micro-electronics, and chemical engineering, aerospace and manufacturing. Further composite nanofluids have the advantage of tuning thermal conductivity and viscosity with a proper choice of nano particles and concentration which will not be the case with conventional fluids. Hence this research work aims at evolution of composite nanofluids for enhancement of heat transfer. Keywords: Nano fluid, thermal conductivity, viscosity, heat transfer, heat transfer coefficient, composite Nano fluid

Title: Studies On The Role Of Laser Treatment Hvof Coating To Prevent Hot Corrosion And Oxidation On Gas Turbine Alloy

Dharamendara Ma, Jegadeeswaran Nb aSchool of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract

The major failure modes of high temperature application alloys are high temperature oxidation and hot corrosion of components in the hot sections of industrial gas turbines, boilers, industrial waste incinerators, metallurgical furnaces, petrochemical installations, etc. The present research work explores the possibility of use of HVOF sprayed cermet coatings on the materials used in gas turbine systems followed by LASER heat treated on the coatings. The coated samples, before and after LASER heat treated will be investigated for their resistance to hot corrosion and oxidation, under laboratory conditions. Feed stock powders will be sprayed on Titanium alloy (Ti-15) used in turbine related applications. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings will be characterized. It is followed by the investigation of their cyclic hot corrosion and cyclic oxidation of the coating behavior before and after LASER heat treated is compared with the uncoated substrate alloy by thermogravimetric method. The reaction products of the corroded and oxidized samples will be identified and gone through structural investigation made by means of Optical Microscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) techniques.

Keywords: HVOF; Hot Corrosion; Thermogravimetric; Oxidation; LASER treatment

339 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Mechanical Characterizations Of Hybrid Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites For Wind Turbine Blades

aGanesh Kalagi, bRajashekarPatil aResearch scholar, School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University Bengaluru bProfessor Mechanical Engineering Department Atriya Institute of Technology Bengaluru.

Abstract: Synthetic Fibers such as glass and carbon are using in wind turbine blades, they can offer higher stiffness and strength to weight ratio. Despite these advantages, the widespread use of synthetic Fiber reinforced polymer composites has a tendency to decline because of their high initial cost, adverse environmental effect and non-biodegradable.In recent years, the natural Fiber reinforced composites have attracted substantial importance among wind turbine blades, automobiles and electrical applications. Natural Fibers can be used as environmental friendly alternative to the conventional Fibers such as glass and carbon Fibers.Among all, the Flax and Sisal Fibers are identified as traditional plant Fibers and they exhibit good results on mechanical and physical strength. However, the hybridization effects of these Flax and Sisal Fibers along with synthetic Fibers or Nano material combinations is not yet explore plenty.The Scanning Electron Microscopy photographs of composites are indicated surface characteristics of fiber – matrix interface and fracture surfaces composites. In this research work it is also investigated that effect of hybridization of Flax and Sisal natural fiber into wind turbine blades on the power output and power coefficient of wind turbine with respect to wind speed and tip speed ratio respectively. It is found that Sic Filled Flax and Sisal fiber reinforced polymer composite small wind turbine blade (FSFRPCSWT) has power output 70 – 80W and power coefficient of 40 to 50% at wind speed of 1.8 to 4.8 m/s. Keywords: Flax, Sisal, SiC, E-glass, Multiaxial, SEM, Mechanical characterizations

Title : Frameworkto support Product Lifecycle ManagementImplementation in Manufacturing Enterprises

Gururaja Sharma Ta, Rajashekar Patilb aSchool of Mechanical Engineering., REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bProfessor&Head,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Atria Institute of Technology , Bengaluru.

Abstract Product lifecycle management(PLM) is the process of managing the entire life cycle of a product from its conception through design, manufactureto service, disposal and to some extent even

340 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com after disposal. PLM integrates people, data, processes and business systems whichprovide a product information backbone for companies and their extended enterprise. In the face of the turbulent dynamic global markets, manufacturing enterprises are forced in to collaborating with their customers and suppliers more tightly in order to produce high quality products in smaller batches, with shorter lead times and more varieties. PLM describes the engineering aspect of a product from managing descriptions, properties of a product through its development and useful life. PLM is not just about technology, it is a new wave in the production and it is a strategic business approach that includes innovation around products and processes. Utilizing PLM technologies in manufacturing enterprises is an efficient approach realizing the above object; product modeling during its entire lifecycle is recognized to be fundamentally critical to implementing PLM systems. Keywords: PLM; Lifecycle; Data processing.

Title : Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Usage of Methyl Ester of Chicken Fat Oil as Alternative Fuel in IC Engines

Jaikumar a, SharanappaGodiganurb aResearch scholar Reva ITM Bengluru-560064, [email protected] bProfessor, School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University Bengluru-560064, [email protected]

Abstract: Biodiesel (Methyl Esters) is a diesel replacement from vegetable oils. Chemically Biodiesel is mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feed stock like vegetable oils and animal fats. Most of the research that is taking place is mainly concerning the use of biodiesel. Biodiesel has higheroxygen content (i.e. biodiesel is 11% oxygen by weight andcontains no sulphur, reduces carbon di oxide emissions up to80%,) than petroleum diesel and its use in diesel engines haveshown great reductions in emission of particulate matter,carbon monoxide, sulfur, polyaromatics, hydrocarbons, smokeand noise. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to use chicken fat as low cost sustainable potential feed stock for biodiesel production by single step transesterification process. The fuel properties like Density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, cloud point, was estimated and was found to compare well with diesel. Chicken fat was found to be highly suitable to produce biodiesel with recommended fuel properties.Biodiesel produced can be used in its pure form or can be blended with diesel to form differentblends. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential of chicken fat oilmethyl ester and its blend with diesel from 10% to 80% by volume in a steps of 10% increase. Engine performance and exhaustemissions were investigated and compared with the ordinarydiesel fuel in a diesel engine. The experimental results show that the engine powerof the mixture is closed to the values obtained from diesel fuel and the amounts ofexhaust emissions are lower than those of diesel fuel. Hence, it is seen that the blendof chicken fat

341 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com oil ester and diesel fuel can be used as an alternative success fully in a diesel engine without any modification and in terms of emission parameters; it is an environmental friendly fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Chicken fat Methy Ester, Performance, Emission, Numerical Investigation:

Title: The Experimental Investigation of GOETZA Piston to Increase Mechanical Properties Using Plasma Coating Kalyana Kumar Ma, Dr. P.D. Sudersananb aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. T.T.I.T, K.G.F- 563115, India

Abstract Most of the internal combustion engines pistons are made of Aluminum based alloys and the melting point temperature of aluminum is around 650oc.Since the temperatures encountered in the internal combustion engines are around 1200oc to further increase the thermal behavior of the pistons it is coated with zirconium and magnesium based coating are coated which have higher thermal durability than metals. This study is carried out by using GOETZA made piston to increase its thermal behavior of the GOETZA piston are coated with graphite, tin and phosphate. The present study also involves thermal analysis, wear analysis and microstructure of GOETZA pistons without coatings are carried out and same analysis is done on coated piston and obtained results are compared. The overall performance of internal combustion engines are expected to increase by around 5 to 10% Key words: GOETZA Piston, Coating, Thermal Analysis, Wear Analysis, Zirconium and Magnesium Based Alloys.

Title: Fabrication And Experimental Analysis Of Vortex Tube By Varying The Geometry And Material K.Kiran Kumar Raoa, Dr. Sharanappa Godiganurb aResearch scholar, School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University Bengaluru bProfessor School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University Bengaluru

Abstract Vortex tube (VT) is non-conventional cooling equipment, without moving parts which are capable of separating hot air stream and cold air stream form an inlet compressed air with desired pressure tangentially passed into vortex tube without affecting the environment. This device suits for vital applications due to its light weight, simple and more importantly it is compact. This proposed work presents an experimental study of vortex tube to improve the cold performance and COP, are

342 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

1. To know the influence of varying the geometrical characteristics of the vortex tube and to find the optimum parameters for better performance. 2. The fabrication of Vortex tube using with different materials like I. Metallic II. II. Non-Metallic Keywords: Non-conventional, vortex tube, geometric characteristic, COP

Title: A Study And Working Towards Enhancing The Performance Of Solar Thermal System

KumaraswamyK.La, Dr. T. Krishna Raob aSchool of Mechanical Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Bengaluru-560098

Abstract: In India most of power generation is running by conventional energy sources which contribute heavy dangerous to greenhouse gas emission and are dependent on rapidly depleting resources. Renewable energy provides a permanent solution not only for meeting the ever increasing demand of energy but also for mitigating the adverse environmental effects till sun rise for next billion years. Amongst the various renewable energy sources like solar, biomass, geothermal, wind, tidal etc. the first one is a promising source not only at the global level but at the domestic level. From the present research is “A Study and Working towards Enhancing the Performance of Solar Thermal System” is carried out that with different thermic fluid with different filling ratios will have higher thermal efficiency. These systems are useful in reduction carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and bridge the gap between demand and supply of power during peak hours. Key words: Greenhouse gases, Thermal Fluids, Thermal System, and Solar Energy.

Title : Removal of Residual Stresses in TIG welded Modules by Using Ultrasonic Impact Treatment L R Jagadeesh,1 Dr.Ranapratap Reddy2 1 Faculty , School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, 2 Principal, Global Institute of Technology,

Abstract: The most common methods used for manufacturing modular assemblies in aerospace industry are TIG welding, electron beam welding (EBW) and laser beam welding. During welding process the material is heated up rapidly with high thermal gradients which results in thermal expansion, but expansion is restrained by the surrounding colder, stronger and bulk media which results in thermal stresses. Residual stresses are relaxed by thermal process including post weld heat treatment or by mechanical process including vibratory stress relief, hammering, shot peening and

343 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT). UIT is considered as one of the most promising techniques to relieve residual stresses for improving the fatigue strength of the welded component. UIT technique introduces beneficiary compressive stresses at the treated weld joint in order to reduce stress concentration by improving weld toy profile. Ultrasonic treatment was done on the TIG welded steel components and also on TIG welded Su 263 samples. The treated samples were tested for tensile and fatigue strength. The result shows improvement in tensile strength and enhancement of fatigue life. Key Words: Residual Stresses, TIG, Ultrasonic Impact Treatment

Title: Studies on Flow Properties in Convergent-Divergent Nozzle for Different Divergent Angles Madhu B P 1, MahendraMani G 2, 1Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru 2 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Ramanagara Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:A device used to control fluid flow out of a chamber. In rockets, specifically the nozzle is used to maximize the thrust. Expansion in C-D nozzle has been studied and analyzed experimentally as well as numerically by various researchers with an objective to optimize the overall performance under given conditions. In their experimental work, Schlieren images and shadow graphs have been the base for flow visualization to understand the flow separation as well as formation of Mach discs associated with nozzle expansion. Also, numerical analysis, due to few of its merits, has been done for various cases in conical and contour nozzles and has resulted in achieving compatible results with that of experimental. The possibility of changing the geometry of the contour nozzle gives rise to more permutations for further analysis, even though many have been undertaken. In the present work supersonic flow through the rocket nozzle has been simulated using numerical method. The parameters like Mach number, static pressure and shocks are observed for conical and contour nozzles using axi-symmetric model in ANSYS FLUENT 14® software. The occurrences of shocks for the conical nozzles were observed along with the other parameters for various divergent angles. The parameters under observation are compared with that of contour nozzle for respective divergent angles by maintaining the inlet, outlet and throat diameter and lengths of convergent and divergent portions as same. The convergent portion and throat diameter are kept constant across the cases. The phenomenon of shock was visualized and the results showed close resemblance in formation of Mach disk and its reflection. This numerical simulation will be validated from experimental data which will be conducted in IIT-Madras. Keywords: C-D nozzle, ANSYS FLUENT 14®, rocket nozzle, Mach disk

344 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Hvof Thermal Spray Coating To Resist Hot Corrosion And Oxidation For Power Plant Boiler Tubes

Madhu Ga, B.Somasundaramb aResearch scholar, School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University Bengaluru bProfessor School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University Bengaluru

Abstract The coal fired thermal power plant boilers are protected by HVOF thermally sprayed coatings of Ni and Co based superalloy to resist the boiler tubes for hot corrosion and oxidation at high temperature. During the service the boiler tubes are degrades due to presence of molten salts of fluorides, chlorides, nitrites, sulfates or carbonates are contributes for hot corrosion and oxidation. Hence protection of boiler tubes is essential part taken by the researcher from past decades. This article reviewed to understand the development of protective coatings and tests methods for measurement of corrosion and oxidation and morphology of the coating, chemical analysis of the corrosion products are carried by means XRD, SEM/EDX, etc., Keywords: HVOF Thermal spray, Hot corrosion; Oxidation; Protective coating powder

Title : Mechanical Characterization Of Aluminium-Cu Alloy Based Hybrid Composites

S.Madhusudhanaa, L.H.Manjunathb, J.N.Prakashb aResearch Scholar, School of Mechanical Engineering, Reva University, Banglore. b School of Mechanical Engineering, Reva University, Banglore. bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Netaji Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad

Abstract Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are becoming more and more attractive materials for industrial and aerospace applications since their properties can be tailored through the addition of selected reinforcements. MMCs have their own essence for the specific applications because of their specific strength and modulus at elevated and room temperatures. It is understood that the elastic properties of MMCs are strongly influenced by micro structural parameters of the reinforcement such as shape, size, orientation, distribution and volume fraction. The present work focuses on the study of mechanical properties of Al-Cu based metal matrix composites, commercially available Al-Cu alloy would be reinforced with naturally occurring Albite, a generic name and comprising predominantly

Sodium-Alumina-silicate (NaAlSi3o8) and Graphene. The reinforcing particulates in Al-Cu would be varied from 0-5% by weight. The composites would be prepared by adopting powder metallurgy technique. The components so produced would be

345 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com subjected to a series of mechanical tests preferably tensile, compression and hardness tests as per prevailing ASTM standards. The results would reveal the influence of Albite and Graphene particulates on the ultimate tensile strength, hardness and young's modulus, compressive strength and ductility. The composites so prepared by adopting powder metallurgy technique would be analysed and also try to probe the influence of sintering temperatures on the various properties. The research work would also probe the influence of pressure applied in preparing the green compacts and subsequent sintering of composites. An attempt would be made to give a comprehensive explanation on the influence of Albite as a primary reinforcement and Graphene on the properties of Al-Cu based composites fabricated by adopting the powder metallurgy technique. Keywords: MMCs, Al-Cu, Graphene, powder metallurgy technique

Title : Studies on Titanium Nitride Reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites

Mahesh La& J Sudheer Reddy b aAssistant Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, bProfessor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology and Management, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Abstract Aluminium (Al) reinforced with Titanium Nitride (TiN) Metal Matrix composites find its application for elevated temperature operating conditions. 5, 10 and 15 weight percentage of TiN particles was added to aluminium to prepare the composite through powder metallurgy technique. The mixed powder was compacted at two compacting pressure of 250 MPa and 300 MPa to produce the specimens having h/d ratio in the range of 1.1 to 1.2. The specimens were sintered in nitrogen atmosphere at two different sintering temperatures of 4000C and 5000C with sintering time of 4 hours for each. Physical properties namely, green density, sintered density and mechanical properties such as hardness, compression strength and surface roughness were studied. Keywords: Aluminium-TiN composites, compacting pressure, powder metallurgy, sintering temperature

346 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title : “Development And Characterization Of Al 6061 Reinforced Mw-Carbon Nanotube & Graphene Metal Matrix Composite Using Pm Technique”

Manjunath Naik H Ra, L H Manjunatha b aDepartment of Mechanical Engg, SJB Institute of Technology, Bengaluru- 560060 bschool of Mechanical Engg, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560065, India

Abstract The need to improve the mechanical properties in aluminum alloys has motivated the study of new materials and innovative routes to prepare them. Aluminum-based Metal Matrix Composites (MMC), are becoming popular because of their low density and high specific stiffness.Many engineering applications in the field of aerospaceengineering, automobiles, electronic equipment etc require very light material with good mechanical properties. Aluminium based metal matrix composites with carbonnonotube reinforcement can be a solution for such applications. Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT) is an ideal reinforcement since it possesses extremely high modulus of elasticity, strength, stiffness, low density and high specific surface area. It can satisfy the requirement of light weight and goodstrength. This study focuses on preparing aluminium metal matrix composite with CNT reinforcements by powder metallurgy and its material characterization. Powder metallurgy technique has emerged as promising route for the fabrication of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced metal matrix composite. In the present work Al6061 alloy as matrix and Multiwall Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) and grapheneas a reinforcement by maintaining constant weight ratio 0.8 of MWCNT and also I varies percentage of graphene 1, 2, 3, & 5 weight percentage, have been fabricated by powder metallurgy process.Sintered billets were hot extruded using hot extrusion set up. Samples were prepared for various compositions and the samples were investigated formechanical and tribological properties andmicrostructure. The results show that hardness of Al6061-MWCNT composite is greater than Al6061.The composite shows lower values of compression strength as compared the matrix alloy. The composite exhibited significantly lower wear rate than that of the matrix alloy. The present work attains significance in the context of development of Al-MWCNT composite and its material characterization for applications in aerospace and automotive industries. Keywords: Powder metallurgy technique, MMC, Aluminium, MWCNT

347 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Computer Aided Design Of Solar Heating Ventilation And Air Conducting System Using Air Recirculation System For Energy Efficiency

MooleKotiSuryama, Dr. SharanappaGodiganurb aResearch scholar, School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University Bengaluru, bProfessor School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University Bengaluru

Abstract: The development of renewable energy is on the rise worldwide because of the growing demand on energy, high oil prices, and concerns of environmental impacts. In recent years, progress on solar-powered air conditioning has increased as nowadays, air conditioning system is almost a must in every building, if we want to have a good indoor comfort inside the building. Below methods will be improving the energy efficiency in solar HVAC and my project i want to determine the Air recirculation system utilization in HVAC, instead of forced ventilation system. Aluminum foil insulation application instead of nitride rubber to avoid duct loss to save energy in solar heating ventilation and air conducting system. Keywords:HVAC, solar heating.

Title : Quality improvements in service organization by Lean embedded D3methodology

Nagasuresh babu N a, Prof.G.Padmanabhan b ,Dr Mallikarjun Koripadu c, a School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University Bangalore, Karnataka, 560064 bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,Sri Venkateswara University ,Tirupati c Quitile IMS,Bangalore 560032 Abstract Quality of the deliverables is a key and customers are ready to pay any amount to have the fine quality goods/services these days. There are too many competitors in the market and to survive in this competitive environment each and every organization is striving to produce high/good quality products in an efficient mode at a competitive price. To achieve this tools and techniques used in the manufacturing world may be suitable for these service organizations as well but may not be efficient with respect to addressing the issues prevailed in the service organizations. In the present work a new quality frame work called D3 framework was proposed to handle a variety of issues which crop up in the service organizations. This lean embedded D3 framework with the set of tool box was deployed in 50 bed health care unit to improve the patient and doctor relation and satisfaction. A substantial improvement was observed in reducing waiting time of a patient at a registration counter from 35 minutes to 8mins and similarly at the billing section also the waiting time was reduced from 50 minutes to 20 minutes with an improved customer satisfaction from 63% to 92% in a span of 3

348 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com months (considered a good sample). Keywords: D3 Tools, 5S concept, Ishikawa fish bone diagrams, Pareto Analysis

Title: Corrosion, Oxidation and Erosion studies on uncoated and HVOF coated superalloys used in industrial turbine applications

Prabhakaran Da, Dr.Jegadeeswaran.Nb aSchool of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bSchool of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064, India

Abstract: In this study, Cobalt base superalloys and Special steel MDN is used as uncoated material and coating with oxide and carbide alloy powder by using HVOF method with the above said superalloys. This high temperature application alloys which is used in an industrial turbines which are with high temperature oxidation, hot corrosion and erosion of components in the hot sections of gas turbines, boilers, industrial waste incinerators, metallurgical furnaces, petrochemical installations etc., the possibility of use of HVOF sprayed cermets coatings on the materials used in gas turbine systems will be investigated for their resistance to hot corrosion, oxidation and erosion under laboratory conditions(Thermogravimetric method). The reaction products of the corroded and oxidized samples will be identified and gone through structural investigation made by means of Optical Microscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) techniques. Keywords: HVOF;Superalloys;SEM; Photocatalytic activity; oxidation;corrosion;degradation

Title : Mechanical Characterization of Epoxy/Polyethylene fiber reinforced polymer composites

P.RajendraPrasada, L.H.Manjunathb, J.N.Prakashb aResearch Scholar, School of Mechanical Engineering, Reva university, Banglore. b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Reva university, Banglore. bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Netaji Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad

Abstract: Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber- reinforced Polymer composites are redundantly used in wide variety of commercial automotive, Aerospace, and Defense applications. The main technological advantages of these Composite materials are low weight, high specific strength and stiffness, environmental resistance and long life. The objective of this research work is to Synthesis of Epoxy/Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene woven fiber laminates by adopting

349 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com hand layup technique and Mechanical properties evaluation laminates of 200gsm and 240gsm fabric content. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis shows bonding between the fiber and matrix. From the results the Tensile strength and modulus of 240 gsm fiber reinforced polymer laminate is 28.6% & 33.6% better than 200 gsm FRP laminate. The impact and flexural strengths of 240 gsm are 34.6% & 27.4% better than 200 gsm FRP laminate. Key words: polyethylene, Polymer composites,SEM,Hand layup

Title: To Combat Hot Corrosion, Oxidation And Erosion Degradations By Hvof Cermet Coatings On Boiler Tube Applications

Rakshith Kumara, Dr Jegadeeswaran Nb aResearch Scholor,Department of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, bSchool of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University , Bengaluru – 560064

Abstract: The conventional boilers, where various grades of stainless steel are used as the base materials for their tubes, face the acute problem of degradation by high-temperature oxidation of hot-section components. Generally the boiler tubes are made up of superalloys, and special steels. The materials are used Ni-based, Co-based, Fe-based superalloys and Martensite steels. Boiler downtime is due to the following degradations. The following major degradations are, Hot corrosion, Oxidation, Erosion. To avoid the degradations of boilers andTBCproblems andTGO problems, cermets coatings are achieved to combat hot corrosion, oxidation and erosion degradation by HVOF process on boiler tube applications. The corrosion and oxidation studies will be carried out by thermogravimetric method of one hour heating at 700C and 20 mins cooling at air environment followed by weight gain using silicon tube furnace. The oxidized samples will characterized by XRD and SEM. Keywords : SEM; XRD;TGM and EROSION test , degradation

Title : Studies on Mechanical Properties of Graphene Based Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Kenaf/Glass Fiber

Ramesh Kumar S Ca, H K Shivanandb a Research scholar, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560064, India bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore-5600 001, India

Abstract: The polymer composites are developed with natural fibers and fillers as a alternate material for some of the engineering applications in the field of automobiles and domestic purposes are being investigated. The natural fiber composites such as banana, sisal, jute, coir , kenaf and hemp

350 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com polymer composites appear more effective due to their lightweight, higher specific strength, biodegradable and cost is low. The main objective is to prepare the Kenaf/Glass fiber hybrid composite filled with graphene as nano filler and to investigate the mechanical properties of hybrid composites. The different types of hybrid composites laminates are fabricated without filler, 0.5, 1 & 1.5Wt % of graphene by using kenaf and glass fiber as reinforcing material with epoxy resin. The specimen were prepared as per the ASTM standards and results shows that the mixing of graphene in epoxy resin improves the mechanical properties of hybrid composites. Keywords : Natural fiber, Nano filler, Hybrid composites, Hand layup technique

Title: Performance Analysis OF Deep Cryo-Treated Single Point M2 Tool Machining Through Regression AND Fuzzy Logic Santosh 1, Manjunatha L H 2, Lokesha M 3 1,2School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, India 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, MITE, Moodbidre, Mangalore, India Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract. Cryogenic treatment deals with heating and cooling tool piece in extreme condition so that the complete stress is relieved as to achieve zero entropy at absolute zero temperature. Exploration of the benefit of cryotreatment for achieving improvement in wear resistance of tool steel is a topic of current research interest. This work discusses the various cryogenic treatments used so far in a manufacturing process. Various advantages like increase in thermal conductivity, hardness, dimensional stability, toughness, by transformation of retained austenite to martensite, the metallurgical aspects of eta-carbides formation, precipitation of ultra-fine carbides, and homogeneous crystal structure. The optimization technique such as Taguchi method is reviewed. Further, we propose the use of regression model and fuzzy logic based approaches for efficient optimization of process parameters. This work will act as a primer for the researchers/Industrialists and students who enter into the world of cryogenic treatment. Key words: Deep Cryogenic treatment, Tool Life, Regression, Fuzzy logic, Surface Roughness.

351 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title : Synthesis And Characterization Of Silicon Nitride And Graphite Reinforced Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites

Sharan Teja Reddy.Ka, Manohar.H.Sb aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, SEA College of Engineering, Bengaluru- 560036

Abstract: To improvement the physical properties for the composites of Al/Si3N4+Graphite has been compared with pure aluminum. The uniform dispersion of Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) and Graphite in the Al7475 matrix will be carried out. The work is to fabricate and compare the mechanical and wear properties of Al7475-Silicon Nitride (Si3N4), Al7475- Graphite and the Hybrid Al/Si3N4+Graphite, reinforced Hybrid metal matrix composites. The composites were prepared using stir casting method

(Liquid Metallurgy route) in which amount of reinforcement such as Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) and graphite in a proposed ratio. The prepared composites of Al7475- Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) are characterized by microstructural studies, SEM and XRD analysis will be carried out to analyze the microstructure and the dispersion of the reinforced particles in the alloy matrix subjected to a series of tests to evaluate the mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength density, mechanical and tribological properties as per the ASTM standards. Keywords : MMC, SEM, Stir casting

Title : Novel Method for Structural Damage Identification Using Real-Time Monitoring Algorithms Shivasharanayyaswamya, Dr D MallikarjunaReddyb aSchool of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560065 bSchool of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India

Abstract: Condition monitoring in the Vibration based studies referring to use of non-destructive testing and investigation of system characteristics in time, frequency or modal domains for the purpose of identifying presence of damage or degradation. In scope of Mechanical and civil engineering application, condition monitoring or maintenance have the potential to make efficient economical management and maintenance of modernized infrastructure. Commonly literature predicts that there is no collective opinion as to the most favorable method for using measured vibration data of damage detection, location or quantification of presence of damage. Most particularly, due to localized damage the sensitivity and measurability of the vibration parameters shift is a matter of disagreement amongst the research community, also no algorithm has yet been proposed, which can be applied universally to identify or characterize any type of damage in any type of structure. Hence, no standard algorithm was developed for the prediction of the remaining service life of a structure, there

352 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com is a comprehensible challenge to the condition monitoring research domain for identification damage. This research work emphasis more on the state of the art in vibration based condition monitoring with particular emphasis on structural engineering applications. Keywords: Conditioning Monitoring; SHM; Non-destructive testing

Title: “Experimental Investigation Of Fatigue, Corrosion And Wear Response Of Hybrid Nano Composite” Sheryas P S1, Dr. B P Mahesh2, Dr. Rajanna S3 1Assistant professor, School of Mechanical EngineeringREVA University, 2 Professor and Head, Department of IEM, JSSATE, Bangalore, 3Associate professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,GEC, Kushalnagar.

Abstract: Different manufacturing techniques like powder metallurgy and stir casting greatly influence on mechanical properties and also influence on special properties like fatigue strength, bending and fracture toughness of Al2O3–ZrO2 hybrid nano composite.in the present research work the following objectives has to be carried out. The research work has to be carried out in mainly two stages.The

Fabrication of Al2O3-ZrO2 Metal Matrix Nano composite is done by powder metallurgy technique and then find the different material response using different machines or equipment’s. Keywords: stir casting, powder metallurgy, mechanical properties, hybrid nano composite

Title : Fabrication And Evaluation Of Mechanical Properties Of Al6061/Albite Composites

A Vamshi Krishna1 , L.H Manjunatha2 , J.N Prakash2 1 Research Scholar, School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 2 Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, 2 Professor, St Johns college of Engg & Technology, Kurnool(DT),Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract: The light weight, high strength to weight ratio , high temperature resistance and cost effective has been creating an interest in the developments of composite materials. Aluminium based metal matrix composites are the preferred materials in various engineering fields like automobile, aerospace, Defense etc. Al6061 is one of the most widely used alloys in 6000 series due to their distinct mechanical characteristics. In the present study an effort has been made to evaluate the effect of Albite on the mechanical properties of Al6061.Aluminum based composite materials have been fabricated by powder

353 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com metallurgy technique using Al6061 as a base matrix and Albite as a reinforcement. 1%,2%,3%,4%,5% weight percentage of Albite powder is added to the Al6061, are blended in the prepared ball mill for 45mins , compacted at 60KN in the special purpose punch and die . The green compacts are then sintered in the sintering furnace at a temperature 5000c for 6hrs. The test specimens were prepared as per ASTM standards and various mechanical tests like compression, Hardness and wear were carriedout.SEM Analysis is also carried out to study the distribution and homogeneity of Albite particles in Al6061. Keywords: Al6061,Albite,Compression,Hardness,SEM analysis.

Title:"Experimental Investigation On The Performance And Emission Characterstics Of Castor And Rice Straw Oil Edible And Non Edible Oil"

Varun Kumar Reddy Na, Dr S G Sangashettyb aAssistant professor, School of MechanicalEngineeringREVA University bPrincipal, Trinity college of Engineering, Telangana

Abstract With ever increase in fuel consumption and depletion of fossil fuels and stringent pollution norms resulted in use of biofuels in IC engines. The oil can be extracted from edible and non-edible seeds and also from green matter. However, the usage of biodiesel and its blends are associated with problems in atomization of fuel. The main reason is the high viscosity of oils extracted from green matter.The present work is related to experimental investigation on the performance and emission characteristics of castor oil, rice barn oil edible and non-edible biodiesel, ethanol blends-Biogas operated dual fuel diesel engine.In this work the effect of IOP, IT and nozzle geometry on the performance and exhaust emissions will be evaluated. Keywords: IOP-Injector opening pressure, IT-Injection timing, Castor oil, IC engine, Biodiesel.

Title : A Study On Experimental Investigation Of Milk Scum Biodiesel For Ci Engine Applications And Comparative Study With Other Biodiesel

Veerbhadrappa Telganea, Sharanappa Godiganurb aResearch Scholar, School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University Bengluru-560064 bProfessor, School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University Bengluru-560064

Abstract From survey it is found that India is the highest milk producer in the world. While processing milk, the huge quantity of scum is produced. This can be utilized for the production of Biodiesel and Glycerol. On this dairy waste, study has been carried out to use scum as fuel for a diesel engine. The

354 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com major problem with scum oil as fuel areviscosity, cloud point and free fatty acid. These properties are modified as that of diesel by transesterification process. The important fuel properties of scum biodiesel are compared with diesel properties. Various tests have been conducted such as performance, emission and combustion characteristics on single cylinder diesel engine for various blends from B0, B20, B40, B60 and B100 at various loads. From study it is found that the values of BSFC, BSEC, and BTE at B20 are closer to diesel. The emission parameters. CO, unburnt HC are decreased with increase in blend percentage and, NOx increases with increase in blend percentage. From study it is found that B20 results are very close to that of diesel. Similar tests are being conducted with various blends of other biodiesel such as pongamia and chicken fat biodiesel at various loads on the same engine. The results are compared for performance and emission with diesel and milk scum biodiesel. The results obtained are nearly matching and having same trend. Keywords : Transesterification, Milk Scum Methy Ester, Performance, Emission, Combustion, etc

Title: Studies on Mechanical properties of Bamboo and E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites

Venkatesha B Ka, Dr. R. Saravananb aSchool of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDept. of Mechanical Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore University, Bengaluru-560001

Abstract: The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on mechanical properties of bi-directional Bamboo/E-Glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites. This hybrid samples were prepared at different orientation (0/900, 300, 450, and 600) by usual hand lay-up method using HSC 7600 epoxy resin and HSC 8210. The mechanical properties such as tensile, compressive, and flexural strength were evaluated experimentally according to ASTM standards. Finally, the conclusions drawn on the basis of experimental findings are discussed. Keywords: Fiber orientation; bi-directional fibers; mechanical properties; ASTM standards.

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Title: “Performance, Combustion and Emission Study on an Engine Operated With Non Edible Vegetable Oil Methyl Ester Blended With Synthetic Antioxidants and Nano Additive”

Vinod Ra, Basavarajappa Y Hb aSchool of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, PES Institute of Technology and Management, Shivamogga- 577204, India

Abstract: Extensive research works on VOME is going on in many countries. VOME that is biodiesel is derived from both edible and non-edible oil seeds. So far, many numbers of seeds are considered for research and the biodiesel produced from these seeds work comfortably in IC engines. But at the same time the major problem with biodiesel is emissions, especially NOx emission exceeds the limit. The detail of the same is presented in many works. Many researchers have expressed that more amount of NOx emission is the action of oxidation (rancidity) in VOME, which can lead to the formation of insoluble materials such as, gums and sediments that plug fuel filters and injection system. Furthermore, the increase in acidity and the presence of hydro peroxides both arising from the onset of oxidative processes can cause the corrosion of fuel system components as well as attacking the elastomers. In order to avoid oxidation in turn to reduce the amount of NOx emission along with the reduction of other particulate matter and to improve the brake thermal efficiency many research works are going on, one such research is the addition of natural and synthetic antioxidants to VOME. Many research work suggest that the addition of antioxidants improves induction time of VOME. Parallely other research work that is going on in the field of alternative fuel is the addition of Nano particle in biodiesel to overcomes most of the problems that it exist with the use of biodiesel in IC engine. Few studies suggest that with Nano particle addition better atomization of fuel, which in turn results in efficient combustion process consequently low particulate emission. Keywords : Nanosize ; VOME, Antioxidants, Nano Additives.

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Title : “Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Al 7075 Matrix composites reinforced with Beryllium Aluminum Silicate and Graphene”

a b c d Shanawaz Patil ,Dr.MohamedHaneef ,Dr.ReddappaHN ,Dr.LHManjunath

a b c&d ResearchScholar ,Guide ,Co-Guide aGhousia CollegeofEngineering,Ramanagara,AffiliatedtoVTU–562159, India bGhousiaCollegeofEngineering,RamanagaraAffiliatedtoVTU–562159, India cDepartmentofIndustrialEngineering& Management,Bangalore InstituteofTechnology, Bangalore,India dSchoolofMechanicalEngineering,REVAUniversity,Bengaluru-560063,India

Abstract:In this present investigation, the hybrid aluminium metal matrix composite,which contains Al7075as a matrix material reinforced with beryllium aluminum silicate (beryl) and nanographene particles were fabricated by using liquid metallurgy route (stir castingprocess). Various weight fraction of nanographene particles of size 3nm (0.5,1,1.5and2%) and constant weightfraction of beryl o f particle siz e70 microns (6%).The effect to nanographene and beryl content on tensile strength, compression strength, hardness, density and wear rate is evaluated compared with its base alloy. The test results revealed that the increase in the strength, hardness and decrease in wearrate of AlMMC when compared to its basealloy. The microstructure and SE M analysis of the hybrid composites were studied to know the distribution oftwore inforcement in matrix. It has been observed that the uniform distribution of reinforcement significantly improves the properties of the Aluminum metal matrix composites. Keywords: Al7075,Nano Graphene, Beryl,Hardness,SEM

School of Performing Arts

Title: Spiritually Aesthetic: Traditionally Contemporary Priya Narayan

“I think of dance as a constant transformation of life itself.” Merce Cunningham (1919-2009) “ We dance with our bodies, but we finally forget them and transform them” Rukmini Devi Arundale (1904-1986)

Two artists of two different worlds left lasting impressions in the field of dance. Merce Cunningham developed the foundations of what we know to be Contemporary dance, being a pioneer in abstract dance. Rukmini Devi Arundale’s focus was on maintaining the purity of art to provide aesthetic

357 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com beauty while emoting the divine art to its fullest form. While their practices were very different, Arundale and Cunningham used their art transform from the physical body to a spiritual achievement. What that meant for each artist is inherently different. One being deeply rooted in maintaining the traditional arts and the other creating a path to physical emotion. In the following paper, the work of Cunningham and Arundale will be paralleled in their quest for the spiritual and the aesthetic.

Key words: aesthetic, transform, sensuality, spiritual, physical form.

Title: Kuchipudi Dance and its Contemporary transformation in the 20th and 21st Centuries: G. Anupama Raj, Guide: Dr Vasanth Kiran Research Scholar, School of performing Arts, Reva University, Bengaluru 560064. ,Professor & Director, School of Performing Arts, Reva University, Bengaluru 560064

Abstract: Dance in India has both mythological and cultural history. It is one of the earliest fine arts performed in the Temples as offering by the devotees and used as an icon for architectural settings of temples. Dance in India has evolved into an unmatched Art and has built up a long tradition. Kuchipudi is one the Classical Dance of India and is from Andhra Pradesh, and its speciality is that in requires talents in both Singing and Dancing. The story of Kuchipudi from its origin as a dance- drama and its emergence as a solo dance form is one of the most fascinating phenomena engaging attention of the gurus and the performing dancers. However the transformation of Kuchipudi from dance drama to solo and their simultaneous existence, broadened its repertoire and scope and at the same time brought in rapid changes in its technique and presentation. This paper hence forth focuses on the evolution of Kuchipudi in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Keywords: Classical Dance, Kuchipudi, Evolution, Perini, Vilasini.

Inter-Influence Of Acquired Life Skills And Bharatanatyam- With Specific Reference To The "VISUALLY CHALLENGED DANCERS" Sharath T S Research Scholar, school of performing arts, REVA University Abstract : No one is born with skills; it is only acquired through the process of observation, understanding and practice. Observation requires predominantly visual capacity and analysis of what has been seen which leads to understanding that could be translated to practice. In absence of Visual capabilities the situation becomes complex and limited. It’s further complicated when the Visually Challenged attempts to acquire skills enabling them to present a visual art with movement. Yet there are achievers in the field of Performing arts especially the art of Bharathanatyam.

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It is intriguing to understand how they develop the capabilities of movement when their sense of vision limits them to comprehend when compared to the life skills that are taught and trained during their academic pursuits. Has there been a influence of their life skills on the Dance movements or has there been a influence of their dance skills in their day to day activities. A inter influence of both skills calls for deeper understanding and appreciation. Similarly the physical postures and normal movements has been highly restrictive and limited due to external dependency and aids. The life skills acquired in the area of direction of movements, the stability of body has definite influence on the ability to copy movements as instructed. in When the blind starts practice of dance the sthanakas, the mandalas , the chaaris and finally the karnas ,the body flexibility increases several fold that in turn makes their daily movement more confident, precise and successful accomplishment of physical tasks. The spatial limitations experienced in their daily life drastically improves to expand their area of movement with confidence and without aids. However much the life skills acquired the blind has limitations in facial expressions. Many expressional reactions has been developed due to observance in daily life, and when the vision limits them, the facial contours remain frigid and non communicative. It is hear the dance helps them, in visualization of situation and associated experiences are related, to bring about effective facial features and movements. Thus it is a very interesting area, to understand the complexity and beneficial, influence of acquired life skills and dance techniques on each other. Keywords: Bharathanatyam, Mudras, Acquired life skill, visually challenged, Mandalas, Sthanakas, Chaaris.

Title: Interfacing Performing Arts into Digital Realm: A new age of freedom Nancy Abraham

Abstract: The term culture considered as broad anthropological sense: the manifestations of a society including its fine arts, handicrafts, traditions, beliefs, language, economics and social organization. Science and Technological transmission has made Performing arts possible to reach a wider diversity of audiences. In the field of performing arts the belief that the medium of lights, sound system, rhythmic structure, costumes, seating arrangements gradually provide aesthetic satisfaction comparable to that provided by media of earlier technology. Dance and Music in current scenario started utilizing wider range technical materials. It’s observed that the deeper relationships between performing arts and technology developed in recent past. Interaction between Artist and Technologist has its mutual benefits. However Digitalization in the field of performing arts brought wider audience, on the other end live performances and its audience start diminishing comparatively from the olden days Key words: Performing arts, Technology, Guru shishya parambara, Dance, Bharatanatyam

359 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com School of Arts And Humanities

Title: Issues of Women’s identity in the social landscape of Kerala with reference to the selected works of Lalithambika Antharjanam and Kamala Das

Jayapradha Na, Dr. Yoganand Raob & Co-guide: Dr. Chitra Goelc Department of Arts and Humanities, REVA Universty, Bengaluru-560064

Abstract: A theoretical project aiming at understanding the power structures in the society, where social practices and institutions play an instrumental role in assigning a marginalized position to women with reference to the selected works of Lalithambika Antharjanam and Kamala Das. It focuses on the issues of women’s identity in the social landscape of Kerala with reference to lalithambika Antharjanam’s novel Agnisakshi, which speaks about the life, customs, habits and culture of the Namboodiri community and a few selected stories in the collection, Cast me out If you will and Kamala Das’ Kept woman and other stories. It is an attempt to focus on how education plays an important role in understanding the society and the entire world when one learns about the most educated state’s traditional practices which suppress the women through rigid moulds. Keywords : Women’s identity, power, politics, society, education, practices, institutions, marginalization.

Title: History, Alterity And Normativity In The Fictional World Of Rohinton Mistry

Akhila Variyara, Dr. Abhisarika Prajapatib Department of Arts & Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064 Abstract: This research will focus upon the “: HISTORY, ALTERITY AND NORMATIVITY IN THE FICTIONAL WORLD OF ROHINTON MISTRY”. Rohinton Mistry’s short stories and novels has been chosen. My study will explore on History as the image of India in post-independence era and focused on social, ethnic and labourer issues. Alterity on the basis of gender, class, race and ethnicity. Normativity as tradition and ritual. This study explains the traditional values of Parsi community, social problems, political causes, subaltern issues, women empowerment in the community, the physical and mental depressions of aging and diasporic consciousness from the chosen works of Rohinton Mistry. The works chosen for the research are Such a Long Journey, A Fine Balance, Family Matters,Tales from Firozsha Baag and The Scream.

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Keywords: history, Alterity, normativity, community, culture, aging

Title:A Study of Afghan social and political experiences in the selected works of Khaled Hosseini andAtiq Rahimi

Anupama B.Na. Dr. Payel Dutta Chowdhuryb Department of Arts & Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064

Abstract The research will examine the correlation between fiction and real life experiences in Afghanistan. It will analyse the impact of wars and social norms/culture on the social and political conditions of Afghanistan. The researcher attempts to contextualize several historical moments to analyse various incidents from the primary texts. The major issues which will be taken up for study include oppression of women, changing image of women in Afghanistan, education in Afghanistan, relationship between various members inside and outside the family, the rules put forward by various governments in Afghanistan, the trauma and frustration of women and children in the war-torn land, ethnic diversity, diaspora, longingness to return to homeland, excruciating pain and violence due to multiple invasions. The researcher intends to explore the moral dilemma, guilt and redemption as experienced by various characters in the novels and how their bitter historical experiences do not restrain them from the longing for their returning home. The texts which are considered for study are Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner (2003),A Thousand Splendid Suns(2007),And the Mountains Echoed(2013) and Atiq Rahimi’s Earth and Ashes(1999), A Thousand Rooms of Dream and Fear(2006), The Patience Stone(2007). The researcher will attempt a comparative study of both the writers. Coincidentally, both the writers are born and brought up in Afghanistan and are presently not residing in their country . The authors have endeavoured to make known the culture and painstaking experiences of Afghans through their popular literature. Keywords: oppression, ethnic diversity, diaspora, historical experiences.

Title: Women and Society in the Novels of Tahmima Anam

Asma Fathima a Dr. Abhisarikab Department of Arts and Humanities, REVAuniversityBengaluru-560094

Abstract: This paper describes the sustenance and survival of women in extreme conditions. Sustenance and survival is a fact which cannot be ignored in the society. Individuals who are born in the society adept themselves to the norms of the society. A Good society ensures a blessing to the people with a

361 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com good atmosphere and living condition if they adhere to the norms, but the same society turns hostile when the individuals face turbulence and turmoils in their lives. Its living becomes a bare sustenance in search of identity and peace. In the novels of Tahmima Anam we see many characters struggle for their living. In the two novels A Golden Age and The Good Muslim, which are a sequel , Rehana Haque and Maya Haque, the two women characters live their lives by deriving satisfaction in rendering towards the society. We also see a picture of rape victims who suffered in war, are trying to make peace with their offenders and return with them to their homeland. As these minor characters struggle for their existence, the main characters Maya, Rehana and Sohail have a profound influence on these women as their well wishers. A kind of makeshift is provided to the women sufferers with a bare hope of living. Key Words: Sustenance, Survival, Suffering, Society, Turmoils, Peace.

Title:Feminism in The Novels of Shashi Deshpande

Jalaja.KN a Dr. Shalini Chandra b Department of Arts and Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064.

Abstract Shashi Deshpande is one of the finest women novelists in India. She paints the characters of women protagonists who are constantly at odds with the patriarchal order. Although Shashi Deshpande represent different social set ups, she deals with the similar problems faced by women in the society. The present paper seeks to examine the notions of motherhood, Man- woman relationship and defiance of protagonists against the patriarchal set up Shashi Deshpande is one of the famous women writers in India. She is the daughter of famous Kannada, playwright Sriranga. She was born in Dharwad in 1938 and was educated in Dharwad, Bombay, and Bangalore. She took a course in journalism and worked in a magazine for some time. Her writing career began in 1970 with Short stories. She has written seven novels and she has received Sahitya Academy award for her novel That Long Silence and She is also the receipt of Tirumathi Rangammal award for her other novel Roots and Shadows . A Matter of Time portrays a mature woman Sumi, who does not give up when her husband leaves her midway. Instead she handles the situation really well and becomes self – reliant. Shashi Deshpande’s novels capture the oppression of women in the male dominated society. She throws light on the plight of women who have to submit themselves to the whims and wishes of male dominated society. The protagonists of Shashi Deshpande made to realize their potential at a crucial juncture and self-realization helps them to rediscover themselves and emerge as a strong person at the end.It could be noted that the Deshpande very skilfully articulated the sufferings of women. The protagonists of the novelist subjected to extreme discrimination by the patriarchal order. Thus the life of these women leans towards tragedy, yet they

362 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com refuse to confirm to patriarchal norms and carve a new way of life for themselves. Hence, the protagonists of Deshpande could be termed as the ‘harbingers of change’. Key words: Man women relationship, male dominated society, identity refuse to patriarchal

Title: An Action Research on the Status of English Education of Girls in Ron (Dist. Of Gadag) Joji a Dr. Abhisarikab Department of Arts and Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064 Abstract Feminist movements have its impact on the overall development of women. Virginia Woolf, Simone de Beauvoir, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and many other writers have effected this change. In many of the developed countries like America, France and UK women have surpassed men in College education. To be precise, USA Today reports that almost 45% of women had a bachelor’s degree, compared to 32% of men, i.e., 58% of the bachelor degree holders were women as of 2014. But in the rural areas of India, nearly 4.5% of men and 2.2% of women completed graduation and above, i.e., 33% of the bachelor degree holders of rural India were women as of 2014! A vast majority of the people expect girls to mind domestic work or ‘home management’ and nothing beyond that. Girls are not motivated to pursue qualitative education for the sake of ‘home management’. The study intends to explore the reasons behind this social discrimination. This study will be an action research in the Taluk of Ron in the District of Gadag to explore the educational status of girl children in the light of Feminist Movement with special emphasis on the above mentioned writers. Key Words: Development, graduation, Discrimination.

Title:Gender and Identity in the selected novels of Kaveri Nambisan

Kaveri Mudaliyar a, Dr.Payel Dutta Chowdhury b Department of Arts and Humanities, REVA University,Bengaluru - 560064

Abstract This research will focus on Gender and Identity in the selected novels of Kaveri Nambisan. The novels which would be chosen are The Scent Of Pepper (1996),The Mango Colored Fish (1998),On Wings Of Butterflies(2002) and The Hills Of Angheri (2005).In brief ,the purpose of this proposal is to trace the identity of women in the society based on her gender . The women in Nambisan’s novels try to depict themselves as human beings with their own identity as independent women, professional women, political women and heads of the family. These women characters undergo varied problems and obstacles in their quest for identity. Men even though he is seen as a dominant figure in all her novel’s , Nambisan argues that there could be no women without men and no men without women . Women in Nambisan novels are blindfolded in tracing their identity. She urges men

363 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com and women to have mutual understanding which could eradicate patriarchy from the society. Nambisan through her novel’s projects a candid view of the current socioeconomic scenario and the role of women in modern India. Nambisan concentrates on traditional as well as modern protagonist’s of both pre- independence and post – independence India. This research will examine the concept of gender emphasizing women and her identity in the society. It throws limelight on men and their role played in the development and downfall of women as an individual in the society. It studies women and her identity in deep as all her women characters are the sufferers under male dominance which puts them in an cloistered atmosphere from fulfilling their goals. The researcher will also give importance to the minor women characters who play an important role in showcasing their role as women ,which holds good in talking about gender and identity. The study would also give importance to family and society which plays a pivotal role in the life of women. Portrayal of women as rebellious, assertive and accepting will be the major focus of this research .The hardships women face in drawing a framework for their life will be critically evaluated. The present work will discuss the psycho-social behavior of those women characters termed under ‘New Women’ fighting for their identity in the society. The research gives equal importance to culture when it highlights identity. The researcher’s main aim would be to identify the difference in gender especially women and to show the claustrophobic aspects that suppress her from self - discovery. The research would mainly focus on identifying women as a machine for production of children or does she have her own status in the society without men, society and family being involved in her life ?? Keywords : Women , male chauvinism , individuality, quest for identity

Title: Women in the Periphery: A Study on the Revisionist Works of Kavitha Kane

Radhika a. Dr. Payel Dutta Chowdhury b Department of Arts and Humanities, REVAuniversityBengaluru-560094

Abstract Revisionist literature aims at deconstructing the traditionally set concepts and visions. It emphasizes on unlearning a lot of conceived notions which we have been accumulating over the past several centuries. It involves lot of de-conditioning, re-structuring and de-believing. According to the revisionist perspective, one need not essentially understand various things as per the understanding of one’s predecessors. By giving voice and space to the suppressed, it fosters new imaginations and possibilities to reading. The retellings of epics and fairy tales have given new sensibilities of analyzing the originals. The heroes and heroines in the prominent texts are forgotten for a while as the characters in the margins amazingly evolve into a new shape in the new treatment. They may not be the embodiment of all virtues and perfections, may not have broad eyes, voluptuous lips and thick black tresses. The imperfections and silent sufferings of the lives in the peripherals become more important concerns in the revisionist texts which will definitely disappoint the readers who are

364 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com fascinated by the stories of damsels in distress waiting for handsome young princes on white horses to rescue them. This re-envisioning has gained its momentum as the centre can no more hold its position and the margin prefers displacement. The decentralization of power in politics and gender has contributed a lot to this change in focal point. Keeping the empowerment of the passive characters as the major aim, the revisionist writers cross the unexplored boundaries and assist their re-birth into incredibly powerful ones.There are numerous adaptations of the two great Indian epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata. These adaptations bring in various interpretations thereby making each revisit to the epics a unique experience. The revisionist literature as such becomes an interesting area of study due to the unequalled creative genius of the authors who have dared to see the epic situations in unimaginably different dimensions.The proposed study would involve an analysis of the lives of women in the periphery in the revisionist works of Kavitha Kane, based on the contemporary context of feminist revisionist mythology, Indian feminist theories and the works of Malashri Lal, Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Jasbeer Jain and other Indian feminist doctrinaires. This research will concentrate on the study of women in the periphery in the Indian epics – The Ramayana and The Mahabharatha, analyzing the staging of women characters in the revisionist novels of Kavitha Kane, viz, Karna’s Wife, Sita’s Sister, Menaka’s Choice, Lanka’s Princess and The Fisher Queen’s Dynasty. Key words: revisionist literature, periphery, decentralisaion of power, Indian feminist theories.

Title: Exploration Of Identity, Alienation And Exile In Jhumpa Lahiri's Selected Works.

V.Meenakshi a Dr.Premalathab Department of Arts and Humanities, REVAuniversity Bengaluru-560094 Abstract This research will focus upon the ‘Exploration of Diasporic identity’ in the selected works of Jhumpa Lahiri. All the novels which will be chosen for the research are based on the experiences of immigrants’ journey from their native (India) to different parts of America due to different circumstances. Such works can be labelled as ‘diasporic works ’and will focus on the emotional and psychological conflicts of the women characters related to cultural dilemma. The researcher will also analyze the quest for identity of these immigrant women due to other factors. This problem is due to first generation immigrants who are basically Indians who have difficulties in adopting to western culture. The researcher will also focus on the aspects of family bonding, a deep sense of alienation from their homeland in their lives. The cultural gap between the first-generation immigrants and that of the second-generation immigrants will be one of the main aspects of the research. The works chosen for the research are ‘The Namesake’, ‘Interpreter of Maladies’, ‘The Low Land’, Hell- Heaven` and ‘Unaccustomed Earth’. A complete study will be made on the similarities of ideas brought out in the above-mentioned works and thus highlight their diasporic identity. Key Words: Immigrant, western, generation.

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Title: A Study of India's Past And Its Omniscient Timeless Relevance To The World through the selected works of Shashi Tharoor

Nasreen Ghani Scholar a Dr.Premalathab Department of Arts and Humanities, REVAuniversity Bengaluru-560094 Abstract: The research will briefly dwell on the ancient, medieval, pre-colonial, postcolonial, and modern day history of India as portrayed in the works of Shashi Tharoor and bring out the fact that the idea of democracy is indigenous to India and being the largest democratic country in the world, India is offering individual freedom and spiritual equality as a solution to the present day perils of the world. From the dawn of history to today, India is a living example of how an ideal country where religious freedom and mutual respect of each others limits and boundaries, despite deep-seated differences and conflicts, can work miracles and presumably this passive approach of India is the most practical way of achieving universal peace and the wellbeing of one and all.Most of the works of Shashi Tharoor are passionate about exploring the mystery of what makes India so attractive to the world and why people all over the world love India in spite of its poverty, painful living conditions and pathetic political scenario pREVAiling in the country. India is the only country which through its age old non- alignment policy and innate passive outlook has maintained friendly relationship with almost all the countries. The study will seek to draw parallels from the works of Shashi Tharoor to the modern-day national socio-economic-political scenario and bring out the significance of the role of the artist in altering and projecting the true image of our country to the world. Key Words: Freedom, poverty, boundaries, limits.

Title: Earth and Fire: A Comparative Study of Sita and Draupadi in Selected Revisionist Texts

Noopur Srivastavaa, Dr. Payel Dutta Chowdhuryb Dept of Arts & Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru – 560064

Summary of Proposed Project: This research will focus on a comparative study of the two most important women in the Indian epics – The Ramayana and The Mahabharata – i.e. Sita and Draupadi. The study will focus on the presentation of these women in selected revisionist texts. The researcher proposes to closely analyze various revisionist texts on Sita and Draupadi to look into their positioning and roles in the epics.Keeping these proposed texts as its base, this study would involve a comparative analysis of the two queens in terms of their (i) birth, parentage and marriage; (ii) relationships with other primary characters in the epics; (iii) resistance patterns; (iv) feminist

366 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com symbols, like food, jewellery, hair, motherhood, etc. associated with them; and (iv) their roles in the epics. The primary idea of such an analysis would be to position Sita and Draupadi in the contemporary context of feminist revisionist mythology, vis-à-vis their original positioning by Valmiki and Ved Vyaas respectively. The research would also embark on an ambitious journey of looking at how these tales were instrumental in supporting the insidious patriarchal concepts as well as exposing the different dimensions of women’s oppression. The reworking, re-visioning and retelling of the myths will also be analyzed to understand how a revisionist text can operate from various perspectives, in many cases, resulting in creating an altogether fictional or utopian scenario not presented in the original texts. Thus, this research proposes to study the works of selected Indian writers to analyze the way ‘patriarchal’ and one-dimensional texts of the past layered with multiple meanings of women’s subjugation have been retold to transform meanings and identities of women, and have thus, begun the move towards self-perception, self-expression and self-determination, though slowly and not entirely against tradition. The study will be based on the growing body of Indian Feminist theories and the works by Malashri Lal, Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Jasbir Jain among others will be the base of the research to consider the positioning of Sita and Draupadi vis-à- vis contemporary Indian scenario. Key words: Determination, revision, myths

Title:Paradigm Shift In Representation Of Culture, Society And Women In Selected Novels Of Chetan Bhagat

Radha a Dr. Premalatha b Department of Arts and Humanities, REVAUniversity Bengaluru-560094

Abstract This research will focus on the theme of culture, society and woman elements incorporated by Chetan Bhagat in his novels. He manifested India in his works with great zeal a complete stranger to the literary establishment but derived a new genre of Indian writing in English. The research proposes to identify the change of culture, society and woman in his novels. Many writers are successful at expressing their life in the form of writings and get amalgamated with the youngsters. Chetan Bhagat is one among them. His writings offer India a mixed bag of ideas, tug of emotions and he says that India travelled much ahead since Independence and till this day had drastic changes in every field but attitude needs to be changed and that change is necessary for the growth of the nation and it is possible exclusively by the younger generation. Novels are entertainment tools and simultaneously it should express the opinion about the society and youth. His novels are much autobiographical with scintillating humor and profound understanding; he changed the landscape of India’s domestic publishing scenario by expanding the readership of collective group of audience.

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His novels are reached out to the unassuming urban middle class India and more importantly, to the youth of the nation. They read his novels as they can compare themselves with the characters and identify themselves as they experience the same amount of feelings and emotions which is depicted in the novels. This research proposes to identify the present generation, society and the woman and he provides concepts but expect the youngsters to find the solution to lead the happiest life. Further the research endeavors to illuminate on the aspects of post-modernist. The rapid transformation of our culture that can carry humanity, ideas and values and further to identify shift in the use of English and left an indelible impact on the readers, his novels are easy but it makes his readers think about life and its purpose. Key Words: New Genre, Young Generation, post modernist

Title: Enquiring the Exhibitionism: An Eco-critical exploration of the relationship between man and the nature in select works of Victorian Children’s Literature.

Ritushree Sengupta a Dr. Debarati Bandyopadhyay b Dept of Arts and Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064

Abstract: Ecocriticism as a developing school of critical theory attempts to understand the relationship between man and nature and how faithfully it is being reflected in literature. As an emerging school of criticism as well as activism, Ecocriticism merges anti-capitalist stances with a thorough reading of the nature or the representations of nature at large ranging from the domain of mainstream arts and aesthetics to avant garde productions of it. The degradation of nature had been a continuous process since the beginning of human civilization and it gathered an exuberant momentum with the advent of industrial revolution which contributed in the ushering of material development in Victorian England. The “Condition of England” novels have indomitably represented within the strong domain of literary realism the negative sides of heightened claims of human progress. In the process of addressing Victorian literature, what has been left at the margins is the huge oeuvre of children’s literature that grew to a considerable height of popularity which often is being credited to the lending libraries and the cult of middle class readership for whom reading was not just an act of leisure but also a symbolic manifestation of their social and cultural progress. The culture of reading had to be successfully transferred into the consciousness of the children and therefore the golden age of Children’s literature evolved in this period. A probing into the larger domain of Victorian children’s literature shall successfully provide us with an alternative picture of the aforementioned period. An Ecocritical approach shall be apt in revealing the latent politics of such a plural literary genre which would possibly identify and acknowledge significant human literary contributions in empowering the planet rather than harping upon the anthropocentric idea of human dominance over the order of the

368 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com world. Keywords: Ecocriticism, Victorian, Ecopolitics, Capitalism.

Title:Transcending Gender Stereotypes In The Autobiographies Of Select Women Writers. Amrita Pritam’s “The Revenue Stamp”, Kamala Das’s “My Story”, Shobha De’s “Selective Memory”, Mrinal Pande’s “Daughter’s Daughter” and Taslima Nasrin’s “My Girlhood Days”.

Sapna Gs a Dr. Chamundeshwari b Dept of Arts and Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064

Abstract Autobiography gives prominence to the worth of a human beings’ life in a milieu where people undergo pain and are victims of the large-scale global organization. Embracing diverse information pertaining to narrow-mindedness, peculiarity, authorship, intentionality, selfhood, splitting up amid truth and creative writing, autobiography becomes an imperative evaluation soil to mount significant inspection. Innovative in their techniques of writing, well-groomed, striking and gallant, REVAluing the experiences of women in patriarchy and subverting patriarchal principles writers like Amrita Pritam, Kamala Das, Mrinal Pande, Shobha De and Taslima Nasrin, who arrived on the literary scene in the 20th century, put an end to be passive, compliant like Gandhari Sati-Savitri or Kunti or Sita image and have acquired an self-regulating spot in the Indian and Bangladesh patriarchal way of life. Amrita Pritam, Kamala Das, Mrinal Pande, Shobha De and Taslima Nasrin go in opposition to society to find their own independent existence who were rational, valour, debonair in their techniques of writing. These women are victims of the tenets of patriarchal society, yet they fight their ways through it to emerge as worthy individuals. These autobiographies provide a peep into the social history of women which remained unrecorded but they also create a history which has its impact on the future. The autobiographies undertaken for the study clearly disclose that women auto biographers are persistently making efforts to de-centre patriarchal power structures and to reorganize the language of hierarchy to include the marginalized categories’ experiences. They voice their concerns on social traditions that bind women. They articulate their revolts aligned with the gender prejudice and wrestle adjacent to the societal taboos like child maltreatment, unfruitfulness love marriage and many other issues that alarm women aiming towards one objective-that good women are not subservient, secondary populace but distinctive and equivalent partners to men in the game of life. Key Words: Women, Patriarchy, Society.

369 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Activity Based Teaching: A Pedagogical Approach in Teaching English for Tertiary Level Students

Shanthi Joseph a Dr C. Chamundeshwari b Dept of Arts and Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064 Abstract: English language has gained utmost prominence around the world. It can be any field; whether political, social or economic the medium of communication is English. The study concentrates to enhance the English language skills of tertiary level students through Activity Based Language Teaching. It focuses on English for Specific Purpose (ESP) for the tertiary level students of urban region in Bengaluru. Using the background knowledge of the students the researcher plans to improve their caliber to possess advanced language skills for effective communication helping them to procure a job. A syllabus will be framed for English for specific purposes with activities for 45 hours as a course to the students which will be taught in a semester for their professional career. This study focus on teaching advanced language skills through Activity Based Language Teaching in the context of English for specific purposes. A pretest will be conducted to know the level of language skills among the students. After completion of the course a post test will be conducted to investigate the degree of efficiency acquired through Activity Based Language Teaching. A questionnaire will be given to the students to know their perception about the course whether it benefitted them in acquiring the advanced language skills. Keywords: Activity Based language Teaching, English for specific purpose, Language skills.

Title: Nation And ‘Imagined Homelands’: The Exploration Of Women’s Diasporic Identity In Selected Novels Of Chitra Benerjee Divakaruni

Sujatha Girish a Dr. Payel Dutta Chowdhuryb Dept of Arts & Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru – 560064 Abstract: The proposed project will focus on the exploration of women’s diasporic identity in selected novels of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni which are based on the stories of the immigrant women’s journey from India to the different parts of America under different circumstances. The research will examine the cultural clashes faced by the protagonists and their identity crisis issues. The researcher will also address the clash of identity of the protagonists with respect to their Nation and Imagined Homelands and the portrayal relationships from diasporic point of view as portrayed by the novelist. A thorough study will be done on similar instances projected in the novels of other major diasporic writers to understand and examine the ways in which Divakaruni projects her protagonists’ identity related

370 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com issues. The study will be based on the framework of Postcolonial Feminist theories of Julia Kristeva, Gayatri Spivak and Chandra Talpade Mohanty. The theory of ‘sisterhood’ will the related to the novels of relevant theme.

Title :Implementing Computer Assisted Language Learning To Promote Listening Skills Among Engineering Students.

Suzan Karkera a Dr C Chamundeshwari b Department of Arts & Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru-560094 Abstract: Listening skills are an essential part of language learning. The literature related to listening skills is in-depth and has been of increasing interest. However, research on how technology assists and improvises teaching and listening skills is still quite limited. This research aims to ascertain the magnitude of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) activities impact on engineering students listening skills in English. It also aspires to find out various ways in which digital technology can be implemented to teach listening skills and assess the degree to which students experience difficulties with listening skills. CALL is being globally accepted to bring in a unique learning experience. It is also said to be motivating and can make a remarkable difference in comparison to traditional paradigms. This research proposes to investigate the strategies and techniques to inculcate listening skills with the assistance of CALL among engineering students. It aims to unravel the extent to which CALL activities have an effect on the academic listening skills of an English Language learner. Keywords: digital technology, listening skills, CALL, strategies

Title: Tertiary Level Students’ Attitude and Perceptions towards Speaking Skills in Eastern Christian College Dimapur

Tiakaba Jamira, Dr. C. Chamundeshwarib Dept of Arts and Humanities, REVA University Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract In 1976, the Nagaland Assembly declared English as the official language of Nagaland. Since then it has been the medium of instruction in education in Nagaland. From the elementary level to the university level, the medium of instruction and learning is in English. English as a language, has the four skills (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing). In present scenario, most of the college students being in the degree level do not have the proficiency in speaking skills. Apparently, they

371 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com seem to be fair enough in other three skills but poor in speaking skills. The study comprises of 50 undergraduate students pursuing B.A in Eastern Christian College in Dimapur, Nagaland. This paper analyses to know the attitude and the perception on developing Speaking Skills. The results from the study reveal that the students give importance to speaking skills and the challenges faced by them. The findings prove that there is a necessity to develop some innovative methods in classroom learning and importance should be given to speaking skills. The study suggests that English language teaching in the colleges have to undergo some changes to make them good learners. Instead of teacher –centred approach, more emphasis can be laid on student-centred with speaking skill activities, use of audio-visual aids, encouragement to make them independent learners and use of innovative teaching methods. Key Words: Speaking Skills, Students Centred-approach, Innovative teaching methods

Title: Stature Of Metacognitive Awareness In Reading Strategies Among Divergent Learners

Vijayalakshmi Ra, Dr. C. Chamundeshwari b Dept of Arts and Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: Reading skills is one of the important skills in Language learning. It aims to develop the ability of the learners to engage in purposeful reading. The study proposes to incorporate innovative activities to the students to enjoy the process of reading with higher order of thinking. The researcher would integrate the kind of metacognitive reading strategies to the divergent learners of English. While reading a text, learners are needed to employ the reading strategies to understand the text better. This action research study will provide a detailed data-led understanding of how metacognition reading strategies could be promoted in university level students in India especially with respect to Karnataka, Bangalore. It also explores qualitatively the impact of the instruction on students’ awareness, use and regulation of the reading strategies introduced. The research supports, reinforces and extends findings in metacognitive reading strategies. The research outcomes would explicit the process of metacognitive reading strategy instruction in an ESL setting and offer practical insights of value to professional involved in teaching reading skills to university level students. Key Words: Language, Learning, reading

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Title: Transitions In Identity: A Critique Of Familial And Cultural Implications In The Evolution Of Self In Manju Kapur’s Novels

Violet McHardy a,Dr. Payel Dutta Chowdhury b Dept of Arts & Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru-560094 Abstract: This research attempts to focus on critiquing the familial and cultural implications in the evolution of women’s identity in the novels of noted Indian English writer, Manju Kapur. The study will analyze intense relationships, psycho-social behaviour, and role reversal of women in her novels. The aim will be to study, examine and analyse the changing face of feminism, as displayed by the women characters caught in an identity crisis due to cultural implications that are challenging in the current scenario. Domestic feminism, sexual freedom, intense man-woman relationships, as well as, alienation that Kapur’s women are subject to are the highlights of this research. The researcher will examine the changing concepts of feminist discourses with reference to Manju Kapur’s novels, keeping her primary focus on exploring women’s relationships and equations in the family and society. Her novelsDifficult Daughters(1998),A Married Woman (2003),Home (2006), The Immigrant (2008) and Custody(2014) will be the focus of primary study, while the aim is to restore a balance to a certain feministic state that could do, without extremities. The research will examine the projection of women’s identity in Kapur’s novels in conjunction with other women writers of the contemporary times. Thorough study will be done to understand how this changing notion of women’s identity has its bearing on the transitions in the cultural scenario of the Indian familial and societal space. Thus, this research proposes to analyze Kapur’s delineation of changing notions of culture and women’s identity through a close reading of her novels to understand the negotiation between experiential realities and essentialized identities of women in patriarchal roles.This research will use critical feminist theories, like Helene Cixous’ theory of “feminine language”, Adrienne Rich’s theory of common language, Elaine Showalter’s theory of Gynocriticism, Mary Daly and Bell Hooks’ concept of “sisterhood” and Simon de Beauvoir’s feminist existentialist theory highlighting her idea “One is not born a woman, but becomes one.” The study will be also be based on the framework of postcolonial feminist theories, specifically that of Spivak’s concept of the ‘subaltern’ as well as the growing body of Indo-centric feminist theories in the works by Malashri Lal, Chandra TalpadeMohanty, Jasbir Jain among others to consider the transition in the identity of Kapur’s women vis-à-vis contemporary Indian scenario. Key Words: Identities, women, Feminist

373 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Title: Myth, Society And Identity: A Study Of Githa Hariharan’s Novels

Yeshaswini a Dr. Premalatha b Department of Arts and Humanities, REVAuniversity Bengaluru-560094

Abstract This research is focused on the analysis of identity of women as well as men in a culture-centric myth-oriented society. It will also focus on the identity crisis much pREVAlent today. The study will look at how Githa Hariharan articulates the problems of Indian women by linking the plight of her characters with the Indian myths as described in various Indian epics and mythological tales. Myth is a powerful agent in both constructing as well as destructing the society. The researcher will examine the changing concepts of culture and myth with reference to Githa Hariharan’s novels, keeping her primary focus on exploring relationships and equations of myth, culture and identity in Indian society. Her novels The Thousand Faces of Night, The Ghosts of Vasu Master, When Dreams Travel, In Times of Siege and Fugitive Histories will be the primary sources. Systematic study will be done to understand how myths or different dimensions of myth play a pivotal role in constructing the society and identity of mankind through channelizing the culture. Key words: Myth,fugitive,culture

Title: Challenging Stereotypes: A Study On The Unexplored Voices In Selected Works Of Devdutt Pattanaik

Vidya Shankar Shetty a Dr Payel Dutta Chowdhury b Dept of Arts and Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru Abstract: This research will focus on the various ways the stereotypical gender images are challenged and reconstructed in the works of noted writer and mythologist, Dr. Devdutt Pattanaik. As of date my study on the writer has enabled me explore the way Pattanaik revises the portrayal of many characters from Hindu mythology and breaks the stereotypes, thereby, retelling the stories, as well as, bringing forth many unexplored voices. Since there is very little work done on Pattanaik, it is a challenge to study his works and focus on how he handles various rituals as seen in Hinduism as a religion and connects these rituals with the lives of the women he portrays in his writings. What counts then is the story and narrative that explores the logic behind the tradition in rich language and imagery. This research will focus on how stories are brought alive in language and symbols in Pattanaik’s work and associated with religion, relationships, rules and the gender roles in the society. As of date my study has enabled me explore how narrative techniques, imagery, and

374 International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science. ISSN 2249-3115. Vol.8, No.2, 2018 (Spl. issue) © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com symbols enable an understanding of these characters, their expression and transaction of thoughts and ideas. I wish to through my work investigate how Pattanaik breaks free from the archetypal images while ascertaining the essence and purpose of rules, rituals and relationships, of how these rules and rituals enable humanity to cope with diversity, gender, power and queerness in his writing. Special focus would be on works of Devdutt Pattanaik like Jaya: An Illustrated Reading of the Mahabharata (2010), Sita: An Illustrated Reading of the Ramayana (2013), Shikhandi and the Other Stories They Don’t Tell You (2014), 7 Secrets of the Goddess (2014) and The Pregnant King (2008) among others. The study will be based on the western gender theories of Judith Butler, Adrienne Rich, Simone de Beauvoir, Julia Kristeva among others as well as the growing body of Indian Feminist theories and the works by Malashri Lal, Nivedita Menon, Chandra Talpade Mohanty, and Jasbir Jain will be the base of the research to consider Pattanaik’s engagement in the exploration of gender stereotypes. Keywords: Myth, expression, ritual,stereotype.

Title: African American Popular Culture: Reading the Vernacular Tradition (Late 19th Century Onwards).

Lohith K.N a, Dr. Yogananda Rao b& Etienne Rassendren c. Dept of Arts and Humanities, REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064

Abstract: African American Popular Culture is part of American culture. American American culture is understood through African American identity and its representation, misrepresentation, abuse within popular culture from historical times. It is the larger run of social community culture. One has to understand its importance even today. It is asked from misinformation, misunderstanding of what has happened to African American environ. Keywords : African American; Society; traditional practices, cultural happenings.

Title : “Humorous Narratives on Death, Dying, and the Dead: An Inquiry through Popular Culture Frames”

Prasad Gowda T SaProf.Chitra Panikkar b

Abstract: The research intends to explore and examine the varieties of humorous narratives related to the subject of death and the dead in the realm of Popular Culture. This idea occurred to me while reading the essay, “Death, Dying, and the Dead in Popular Culture” by Keith F. Durkin which examines the phenomenon of death and dying in the era of post-war America in relation to Popular Culture.

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Durkin’s study is confined to American culture. I thought it could be extended to other cultures like Canadian, Australian, British as also the regional cultures in India. Durkin mentions the prevalence of jokes on death in American culture. I wish to use this idea as my point of departure and explore the humor produced in variant cultures on the theme and subject of Death. The examination will be along the lines of the possibilities of classifying this kind of humor, fun produced on a topic that is deep and serious, identification of narratives ranging from novelettes to jokes in different cultures, and also the gendering that is attached to the common understanding of comedy and humor. The research proposes to use frames of Popular Culture and Cultural Theory for analysis and study. Theories of humor shall also be consulted and made use of for analysis. Key Words: Humourous, Narratives, popular culture.

Title: Electronic Information Environment: An Evaluative study of Karnataka State Private University Library Services

Vasantha. Ba, Dr. M. Dhanamjayab & Dr. B. M. Meerac aResearch Scholar , REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 bRegistrar , REVA University, Bengaluru- 560064 cLibrarian, Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru – 560080

Abstract: The Research entitled, “Electronic Information Environment: An Evaluative study of Karnataka State Private University Library Services” high lights and provides an overview of the content, space, design and services of the Hybrid libraries of Private University which are adapting to e-environment.  This research aims to conduct a comprehensive study of collection management, physical/virtual space, information & services of library in the light of electronic information environment.  This research also aims to study the impact of Information and communication technology (ICT) on end user and their behavior and attitude.  Students, Faculty, and Research scholars are the target audience and their publication pattern is studied with respect to using Electronic Information Resources.  Usage analysis of Electronic information Resource is another aspect of this study. Keywords: Electronic Information Resources, Electronic resources services, Private University

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ತ್ರು. ಇ಴ರಿಬಬರೂ ಕಳ್ದﲂ಩ು ಮತ್ು ು ಶಿ಴ರಹಮ ಕಹರﲂದರ್ ಕು಴್ﲂತ್ೂೇರಿದ಴ರಲಿ ಿ ಅಗರಗಣಯರ್

ವತ್ಮಹನದ ಷಹಕ್ಷಿ಩ರಜ್ಞ್ಯಹ岿 ಶಿಕ್ಷಣದ ಮೌಲಯ಴ನುನ ಗರಹಿಸಿ ತ್ಮಮ ಷಹಹಿತ್ಯಷಹಗರದಲಿ ಿ

಩ರಚುರ಩蒿ಸಿದ಴ರು.

.ತ್ರು ಕನನಡ ಷಹಹಿತ್ಯ ಲ್ೂೇಕದ ಅನನಯ ಷಹಧಕರುﲂ಩ು ಮತ್ು ು ಶಿ಴ರಹಮಕಹರﲂಕು಴್

ಷೃಜನಶಿಲತ್ಯ ಩ರತಿನಿಧಿಗಳು. ಒಬಬರು ಮಲ್ನಹಡು ಩ರದ್ೇವದ಴ರಹ岿ದದರ್, ಮತ್ೂುಬಬರು ಕರಹ಴ಳಿ

಩ರದಹಯಿಕ ಸಹಗೂﲂತ್ನ್ಗಳೂ ವಿಭಿನನ. ಇಬಬರೂ ಷಹﲂ಩ರದ್ೇವದ ಹಿನ್ನಲ್ಯ಴ರು. ಇಬಬರ ಚ್ಚ

ತ್ರಯ ಩ೂ샍ೇತತ್ುರ ಘಟನ್ಗಳನುನ ಷಹಕ್ಷಿೇಕರಿಷು಴ﲂಆಧುನಿಕ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಩ಡ್ದ಴ರು. ಷಹಾತ್

ತ್ರ ಭಹರತ್ದ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣﲂರಹಯಭಹರಿಗಳಹ岿 ಬರಟೇ� ಭಹರತ್ದ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಩ದಧತಿ ಮತ್ು ು ಷಾತ್

ತ್ ಸಹಗೂ ಭವಿಶಯದ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣದ ನಿೇತಿಗಳﲂ಩ದಧತಿಗಳ್ರಡನೂನ ಗರಹಿಸಿ, ತಹ಴ು ಩ಡ್ದ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣದ ಕುರಿತ್

ತ್ನ್ಗಳನುನ ಮತ್ು ು ಅಭಿಪ್ಹರಯಗಳನುನ ಕಹಲಕಹಲಕ್ೆ ಷಹಹಿತ್ಯದ ಮೂಲಕﲂಬ峍್ ೆ ತ್ಮಮದ್ೇ ಆದ ಚ್ಚ

ತ್ಗತತ್಴ಹ岿ﲂ಩ುರ಴ರ ಷಹಹಿತ್ಯದಲಿ ಿ ವ್ೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ವಿಚಹರಗಳು ಸ್ಚುಿ ಅﲂ಩ರತಿಕರಯಿಸಿದ಴ರು. ಕು಴್

಩ುﲂತ್ರ ಷಹಹಿತ್ಯದಲಿ ಿ ಪ್ಹರಯೇ岿ಕ಴ಹ岿ಯೇ ಩ರಕಟ಴ಹ岿಴್. ಕು಴್ﲂ಴ಯಕು಴ಹ岿ದದರ್, ಶಿ಴ರಹಮಕಹರ

ತ್ನ್ಗಳ್ಲಹ ಿ ಭಹರತಿೇಯﲂತ್ರ ಅ಴ರ ಒಟುಿ ಚ್ಚﲂಬರಟೇ� ಮಹದರಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಩ಡ್ದಿದದರೂ ನ

ಭದ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ಴ನುನﲂತ್ರು ಪ್ಹರರﲂದಿದದ಴ು. ಕಹರﲂ಩ರಹಗತ್ ಮೌಲಯಗಳ ಬ峍್ ೆ ಒಲ಴ು ಸ್ೂﲂ಩ರ

岿ಿ� ಶಿಕ್ಷಣದ ಮಹದರಿಯನುನﲂತ್ನ್ಗಳ್ಲ ಿ ಇﲂ಩ರದಹಯಿಕ಴ಹ岿 ಩ಡ್ದಿದದರೂ ಅ಴ರ ಒಟುಿ ಚ್ಚﲂಷಹ

383 .ತ್ ಸ್ಚಹಿ岿 ಇ಴ರಿಬಬರ ವ್ೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಩ಥ಴್ೇ ಅಧಯಯನ ಮಹದರಿಯದಹದ岿ದ್ﲂಒಪ್ಪ಩ದುದಹ岿ತ್ು.ು ಎಲಿ咿ೆ

ಇ಴ರಿಬಬರ ಷಹಹಿತ್ಯದಲಿ ಿ ಩ರಷುುತ್ ಷಮಹಜಕ್ೆ ಅ಴ವಯವಿರು಴ ವ್ೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಮೌಲಯಗಳನುನ ಗರಹಿಸಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ

ಕ್್ೇತ್ರಕ್ೆ ಷೂಕ ು ಮಹದರಿಗಳನುನ ಕಟಿಕ್ೂಡು಴ ಷದಹವಯ ನನನದಹ岿ದ್.

ತ್ರ ಷಹಹಿ郍ಯ ರಚನ್ಯಹ岿ದದರೂ ಕೂಡ ಇ಴ರಿಬಬರುﲂ಩ು, ಕಹರﲂದ್ೇ ಕಹಲಘಟಿದಲಿ ಿ ಕು಴್ﲂಒ

಩ುﲂ蒿಴್. ಕು಴್ﲂತ್ನ್ಗಳು ಬ್ೇರ್ ಬ್ೇರ್ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕ್ೂೇನ಴ನ್ೂನಳ峍್ೂﲂ಩ರತಿಪ್ಹದಿಷು಴ ವ್ೈಕ್ಷಣಕ ಚ್ಚ

ತ್ನ್ﲂಡ ವ್ೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಚ್ಚﲂಷೃತಿಕ ಅಸಿಮತ್ಯನ್ೂನಳ峍್ೂﲂ಩ರಹಗತ್ ಷಹﲂಅ಴ರದು ಭಹರತಿೇಯ ಩ರ

ಡ಴ಹಳಶಹಹಿ ಩ರ಴ಹದﲂತ್ರದು ಬರಟೇ� ಮಹದರಿಯ ಬﲂದು ಅನಿಸಿದರ್, ಶಿ಴ರಹಮಕಹರﲂಎ

ತ್ನಹ ಕರಮಗಳಲಿ ಿ ಩ರಷುುತ್ ವ್ೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕﲂದು ಕಹಣುತ್ುದ್. ಸಹ峍ಹ岿 ಈ ಎರಡೂ ಚ್ಚﲂತ್ನ್ ಎﲂವ್ೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಚ್ಚ

ಬುದುﲂಷಮಷ್ಯಗಳಿ峍್ ಯಹ಴ುದು ಮಹದರಿ, ಯಹ಴ುದು ಅಥತ಩ೂಣತ ಸಹಗೂ ಴್ೈಶಿಶಿಯಮಯ ಎ

಩ರಷುುತ್ ಅಧಯಯನದ ಮೂಲ ಉದ್ದೇವ಴ಹ岿ದ್.

- ಎᢂ.ಪಿ ಮᢂಜಣ್ ಣ ಸᢂಶ ೋಧ್ನಾ ವಿ飍ಾಯರ್ಥಿ ಕನನಡ ವಿಭಾಗ ರ ೋ಴ ವಿವವವಿ飍ಾಯನಿಲಯ ಬ ᢂಗಳೂರು

384 Lakshminarayana Setty R15PHNO1 Reva University, Department of Hindi ÌuÉwÉrÉ MüÉ xÉÉU (ABSTRACT)

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387

“कमलेश्वर के कहानी साहह配यमᴂ नारी चररत्र”

सुधा कनकनवर, डॉ.एन.शंकरनारायण शास्त्री, डॉ.श्रीहनवास मूर्ती अनुसंधा셍थिनी, रेवा हवश्वहवद्यालय, बᴂगलू셁 आचायि, एम.इ.एस इह्टिट्यूि आफ मैनेजमᴂि, बᴂगलू셁 सह-आचायि, रेवा हवश्वहवद्यालय, बᴂगलू셁 स्त्री एवं पु셁ष मानव समाज के दो आधार टथंभ है। समाज की उन्नहर्त एवं हवकास के हलएदोनⴂही आव�यक है। आददकालीन भारर्तीय समाज इस स配य से भली-भााँअहर्त अवगर्त था। अर्तएव समाज मᴂ स्त्रीऔर पु셁ष को समान 셂प से देखा जार्ता था। परंर्तु कालांर्तर मᴂ समाज इस उहि को भूलने लगा। पु셁ष सत्ता配मक समाज नारी को हीन दृहि से देखने लगा फलर्तः समाज मे स्त्री अपना अहटर्त配व खोने लगी। हह्दी साहह配य मᴂ उन्नीसवीं शर्ता녍दी से नारी अहटमर्ता को अहभव्यहि हमलने लगी। र्तदुपरांर्त धीरे-धीरे स्त्री सबलीकरण के नारे सुनायी देने लगे। कुछ साहह配यकारⴂ की रचना䴂 के द्वारा इस नारे को बुलंदी दीहै। कमलेश्वर इस कोरि के कहानीकार है। इनकी कहाहनयⴂ मᴂ स्त्री के हवहभन्न टव셂प ददखाई देर्ते हℂ। इ्हⴂने मनोवैज्ञाहनक एवं सामाहजक धरार्तल पर नारी चररत्र का हचत्रण दकया है। यह चररत्र का쥍पहनकर्ता से दूर यथाथि की कसौिी परखरे उर्तरर्ते हℂ। इन चररत्रⴂ मᴂ आ配महवश्वास और टवहनणिय की छहव ददखाई देर्ती है। एक पु셁ष साहह配यकार की दृहि से उभरे नारी चररत्र को उजागर मᴂ लाने की इ楍छा से मℂने इस हवषय को अपने शोध के हलए चयन दकयाहै।

388

‘मैत्रेयी पुष्पा के उपꅍयासⴂ में परिलक्षित स्त्री-पु셁ष स륍बꅍध’

प्रस्ताक्षित शोध कायय का साि :

हमािे समाज में प्राचीनीस समय से लेकि ब तक बतत सी समस्याए िही है, जैसे कक ककसास ि श्रक्षमक िर्य कीसमस्याए , दक्षलत समस्याए , ंधक्षिश्वास, छुआछूत, भेदभाि, जाक्षतिाद, ककसास ि जमींदािो के बीचीन की समस्याए एिं सािी- पु셁ष के बीचीन की समस्या|

सािी की क्षिक्षभन्न समस्या䴂 जैसे की सािी शोषण, दहेज प्रथा, सती प्रथा, बाल क्षििाह, ग्रामीण क्षस्त्रयⴂ की समस्याए , शहिी स्त्री का मासक्षसक तसाि आकद सभी को साक्षह配यकािⴂ से पसे उपꅍयास, कहासी, स्त्री क्षिमशय आदी में क्षिस्तृत 셁प से दशायया| है मैत्रेयी पुष्पा से क्षधकति स्त्री समस्या䴂 को केंद्र में िखकिही पसे साक्षह配य की िचीनसा की है | इस पु셁ष प्रधासदेश में सािी का शोषण, पीडा, घुटस ,दबाि ि् 配याचीनाि सािी की ममता, 配यार्मयता उसका व्यक्षि配ि क्षिकास आकद व्यिहारिक 셂प में लाकि सािी के सेक 셂प मां, बहस, बेटी, बहू आकद को पृथक पृथक 셂प में मा셍मयक कथा साक्षह配य द्वािा क्षचीनक्षत्रत|उसी ककयाहै तिह मजबूि बाप, लालचीनी भाई एिं सूक्ष्म सोचीन िाला पक्षत आकद सभी को शोध किके क्षिस्तृत 셂प में दशायसे का प्रयास ककया जाएर्ा| | पु셁ष का 楍छा या बुिा व्यिहाि स्त्री की क्षस्मता |पि पडताहै मैत्रेयी जी के प्रािंक्षभक उपꅍयास औि आज के उपꅍयासⴂ में कुछ क्षभन्नता

389 कदखाई देती है| उस मुद्दⴂ को परिपेक्ष्य में िखकि स्त्री-पु셁ष क्षचीनत्रण किसे का भिसक प्रयास ककया जाएर्ा|

शोध का उद्देश्य:

शोध सए स配यⴂ के ꅍिेषण द्वािा ज्ञास के िेत्र को लुप्त कि, देताहै औि िह स配य हमें कायय किसे की उ配कृष्टति क्षिक्षधया औि श्रेष्ठ परिणाम प्रदास किते| हℂ

मैत्रेयी जी से समाज की क्षधकति स्त्री समस्या䴂 को ंककत ककया है| इस घूमते समय चीनक्र में सियप्रथम कािण पु셁ष को ही बताया| र्याहै

प्राचीनीस समय के पीछे पीछे भार्से िाला मासि का सफल प्रयत्न, उसमें जकडसे िाली भोली कमजोि सािी की दुव्ययिस्था पीडा का मा셍मयक क्षचीनत्रण प्रस्तुत ककया है|

शोधाथी का साम :यादि 쥍का SRN :R16PHN01 शोध क्षसदेशक : श्रीक्षसिास मुती

390 Abstract for the Research Proposal

भारत देश पुरातन काल से ककसी न ककसी प्रकार की सामाकिक समस्याओ ं से झुԁझता आया है । पुरातन काल की समस्याएԁ कु छ अलग थी । आधुकनक काल मᴂ अनेक समस्याएԁ िैसे मुԁह खोलकर बैठी है । पुरातन काल से अगर हम तुलना करᴂ तो आि समस्याएԁ बढ गई ही । आधुकनकता के चलते भले ही समस्याओं के समाधान उपलब्ध हो परंतु समस्याएԁ मूलत: नष्ट नहीं हो रही है । समाि के कहतैषी समाि सुधारक हल ढूԁढने का प्रयास करते है परंतु समस्याओं का सही समाधान नहीं कमल पा रहा है । इसकलए समाि मᴂ अनेक नई - नई समस्याएԁ अलग- अलग 셁प लेकर सामने आ रही है । समाि मᴂ घट रही कुरीकतयाԁ , कुप्राथाएԁ , कुकमम िैसी बातों को बढावा कमलता है । इन्ही समस्याओं को सुलझाने का कायम उस समय के तथाककथत साकहत्यकारों ने ककया है । अगर हम अन्य समस्याओं को देखे तो हमᴂ यह ग्यात होगा कक अन्य समस्याओं की अपेक्षा सामाकिक समस्याएԁ ककसी भी देश के कवकास मᴂ बाधक होती है । अत: कितने भी साकहत्यकारों ने सामाकिक समस्याओं को कᴂद्र मᴂ रखकर साकहत्य की रचना की है उनमᴂ मृदुला कसन्हा का नाम अग्रणी है । इसका कारण अगर देखे तो आपने ,अपने आप को हमेशा समाि से 셁ब셁 कराया है । समाि की हर एक समस्या से बडी ही नज़दीक से पररकचत है । और पररणामस्व셁प इन्हीं सारी समस्याओं को समाि के सामने लाने के कलए अपनी लेखनी चलाई । बाहरी 셁प से देखा िाए तो लगता है कक समस्या इतनी गहरी नहीं है परंतु उसकी गहराई तक िाने से उसकी गंभीरता का अहसास हो िाता है । लेखखका मृदुला कसन्हा ने किस प्रकार से अपने साकहत्य के माध्यम से सामाकिक समस्याओं को दशामया है उस प्रकार शायद ही ककसी अन्य साकहत्यकार ने दशामया है । अलग - अलग पा配ों के माध्यम से सामाि की समस्याओं को िैसे िीवंत ककया है । उनके साकहत्य का हर एक पा配 िैसे हमारे सामने खडा हो िाता है । लेखखका की उन्हीं 391 क셁ण भावनाओं को मुझ समाि के सामने लाने का प्रयास करना है । आि समाि मᴂ होनेवाला पररवतमन गकतशील होता िा रहा है । िो नैकतक मूल्य हमारे देश की बुकनयाद आ करती थी वे िैसे कहल रही है । इसी समाि मᴂ पुरातन काल मᴂ थोडी बत शांकत रहा करती थी । यह बात अब केवल बताने के कलए रह गई है । इसी 饃ष्टी से सामाकिक समस्याओं पर लक्ष कᴂकद्रत करने की आवश्यकता आ पडी है । अत: लेखखका मृदुला कसन्हा के साकहत्य को ध्यान मᴂ रखकर सामाकिक समस्याओं को कᴂद्र मᴂ रखकर उनका कवश्लेषण करना आवश्यक लग रहा है ।

392

“ शंकर सेष के नाटकⴂ मᴂ चिचित नारी िररि : एक अनुशीलन”

नागꥍपा अꥍपन्ना ससंगी ; डॉ. श्रीचनवास मू셍ति. के

शोधार्थी, कला एवं मानचवकी चवभाग,रेवा चवश्वचवद्यालय, बᴂगलु셁.

सह-आिायि, रेवा चवश्वचवद्यालय, बᴂगलू셁

वेदकाल से लेकर अब तक प्रतुत संसार नारी पर चनभिरहै, चबना नारी के उसका चवकासक्रम असंभव है, क쥍पनातीत है ! अतः इस संसार के चलए नारी की आव�यकता एवं उसका महत्त्व सवि चवददत है, प्र配येक साचह配यकार िाहे पद्य चवधा हो या गद्य चवधा हो, नारी को चवचवध 셂पⴂ मᴂ चिचित करने का चवधा देख सकते है| वतुतःसाचह配य प्रकारⴂ मᴂ नाटक के चलए चवशेष महत्त्व ददया गया है, नाटक श्रव्य-दृ�य होने के कारण उसका पूणि प्रभाव दशिकⴂ पर पड़ना वाभाचवकहै | नाटककारⴂ मᴂ अनेक सुप्रचसद्द नाटककार होते ए भी मंिन की दृचि से चितने सारी नाटक की कृचतयााँ की है उनमᴂ डॉ. शंकर शेष का नाम आदर से चलखा िा सकता है, यद्यचप आप के नाटक की वतु सामाचिक होते ए भी चमर्थकीयता की दृिी से सवि श्रेि कहने मᴂ संदेहनहीं है| करीब इक्कीस नाटक कृचतयााँ आप की कलम से मुखररत है, इन नाटकⴂ मᴂ चिस नारी पाि का िाररचिक 셂प से िो चििण दकया है, वर्त्िमान की सामाचिक दृिी से िीवंत पाि कहना समुचित होगा | नारी के प्रचत आप के दय मᴂ चनचहत आकुलता पािⴂ मᴂ प्रचतसबंचबतहै, नारी के चवचवध 셂पⴂ के सार्थ चभन्न-चभन्न िाररचिक गुणⴂ का आकलन आ है| इस दृिी से आप के नाटकⴂ मᴂ चिचित नारी पर शोध करने का संक쥍प दकया है |

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