Air Pollution Control Considerations for Biomass Firing of Existing And
WPCA/FirstEnergy Biomass Seminar
Akron, Ohio December 3, 2009
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SOUTHERN 2 2 2 2 Air Pollution Control Systems O + O + 2 2 O)n + H O)n + H 2 2 INC. s Solar Storage Battery) s Solar Storage Battery) ’ Photosynthesis ’ Photosynthesis O + photons = (CH O + photons O + photons = (CH O + photons 2 2 + 2H + 2H 2 2 carbohydrate + oxygen water into cellulose, lignin, oils, etc. carbohydrate + oxygen water into cellulose, lignin, oils, etc. environmental Carbon Dioxide + water light energy = Cellular metabolism converts simple sugars CO CO Carbon Dioxide + water light energy = Cellular metabolism converts simple sugars (Nature (Nature
SOUTHERN 3 3 Air Pollution Control Systems Heat Heat = = Heat Heat heat heat Extracting the Extracting the – – = CO2 + H2O = CO2 + H2O heat heat INC. Stored Energy Stored Energy Carbon Dioxide + Water Carbon Dioxide + Water environmental Carbohydrate + Oxygen (CH2O)n + O2 + (CH2O)n + O2 + Carbohydrate + Oxygen Combustion Combustion
SOUTHERN 4 4 Air Pollution Control Systems INC. Combustion Sources Combustion Sources environmental Air Pollution from Biomass Air Pollution from Biomass
SOUTHERN 5 5 Air Pollution Control Systems 0.1% (Unless sulfur 0.1% (Unless sulfur - - 0.0 0.0 – – INC. (typical) (typical) typically not a significant typically not a significant 2 2 – – containing additives) S in fuel Stoker type boilers < 0.03 lb/mmBtu SO containing additives) S in fuel Stoker type boilers < 0.03 lb/mmBtu SO Combustion Sources Combustion Sources X X source source environmental SO SO Air Pollution from Biomass Air Pollution from Biomass
SOUTHERN 6 6 – – scale scale - - 2 2 NO NO – – Air Pollution Control Systems in the combustion air in the combustion air 2 2 INC. Oxidation of the Nitrogen in fuel Oxidation of the N 2800 degF and higher Fuel content typically <0.5% Lower combustion temperatures Lower combustion Oxidation of the Nitrogen in fuel Oxidation of the N 2800 degF and higher Fuel content typically <0.5% Lower combustion temperatures Lower combustion – – – – – – – – combustion processes: 2 primary ways NOx is formed in industrial Typically, not a significant source Stoker type boilers , 0.05 lb/mmBtu (typical) combustion processes: 2 primary ways NOx is formed in industrial Typically, not a significant source Stoker type boilers , 0.05 lb/mmBtu (typical) X Combustion Sources X Combustion Sources environmental NO NO Air Pollution from Biomass Air Pollution from Biomass
SOUTHERN 7 7 Air Pollution Control Systems Primarily functions Primarily functions – – INC. Combustion Sources Combustion Sources CO & VOC CO & VOC of boiler design & operation of boiler design & operation environmental ¾ ¾ Air Pollution from Biomass Air Pollution from Biomass
SOUTHERN 8 8 Air Pollution Control Systems INC. 5% ash content; less than coal 5% ash content; less than coal - - Combustion Sources Combustion Sources 1 1 Lower Btu content than coal due to moisture Lower Btu content than coal due to moisture environmental Particulates ¾ ¾ Particulates ¾ ¾ Air Pollution from Biomass Air Pollution from Biomass
SOUTHERN 9 9 over over - - Air Pollution Control Systems fired with fired with - - high LOI, embers high LOI, embers – – generally co generally co low LOI, possible high grain low LOI, possible high grain – – – – INC. loading due to media carry fossil fuels; emissions loading due to media carry fossil fuels; emissions Stoker Fired Fluidized Wall fired Stoker Fired Fluidized Wall fired dominate dominate Combustion Sources Combustion Sources Particulate Emissions from Particulate Emissions from biomass combustion sources biomass combustion sources environmental ¾ ¾ Air Pollution from Biomass Air Pollution from Biomass
SOUTHERN 10 10 Air Pollution Control Systems 40% typical 40% typical - - up to 75%, 20 up to 75%, 20 INC. – – Based Fuels Based Fuels (N/A fluidized bed) Can have high silica content (sand from logging, transport, & storage) Can have high sodium or potassium salts content (log transportation in brackish or saltwater) Can have high phosphorus content (fertilizer or phosphate soils) Light and Flaky Low Resistivity High LOI (N/A fluidized bed) Can have high silica content (sand from logging, transport, & storage) Can have high sodium or potassium salts content (log transportation in brackish or saltwater) Can have high phosphorus content (fertilizer or phosphate soils) Light and Flaky Low Resistivity High LOI environmental ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ Ash Characteristics of Wood Ash Characteristics of Wood
SOUTHERN 11 11 Air Pollution Control Systems SEM Image of K295-15-5 of Image SEM INC. Based Fuels Based Fuels environmental Ash Characteristics of Wood Ash Characteristics of Wood
SOUTHERN 12 12 Air Pollution Control Systems INC. SEM Image of Coal Flyash Based Fuels Based Fuels environmental Ash Characteristics of Wood Ash Characteristics of Wood
SOUTHERN 13 13 Air Pollution Control Systems clone) clone) - - INC. Moderate Pressure Drop Suitable for >10.0 micron particles Excellent as spark arrestor Moderate Pressure Drop Suitable for >10.0 micron particles Excellent as spark arrestor (Cyclone, Multi (Cyclone, Multi environmental Mechanical Collector Mechanical Collector Technologies for Biomass Technologies for Biomass Existing Particulate Control Existing Particulate Control
SOUTHERN 14 14 Air Pollution Control Systems INC. High Pressure Drop Suitable for >2.5 micron particles Requires water treatment system Not susceptible to fires High Pressure Drop Suitable for >2.5 micron particles Requires water treatment system Not susceptible to fires Wet Scrubber Wet Scrubber environmental Technologies for Biomass Technologies for Biomass Existing Particulate Control Existing Particulate Control
SOUTHERN 15 15 Air Pollution Control Systems micron particles micron particles - - INC. Fabric Filter (Baghouse) Fabric Filter (Baghouse) environmental Technologies for Biomass Technologies for Biomass Existing Particulate Control Existing Particulate Control Moderate to High Pressure Drop Suitable for sub Temperature limited <400degF Susceptible to pinhole leaks Susceptible to fires (Stoker) Best suited for fluidized bed boilers Moderate to High Pressure Drop Suitable for sub Temperature limited <400degF Susceptible to pinhole leaks Susceptible to fires (Stoker) Best suited for fluidized bed boilers
SOUTHERN 16 16 Air Pollution Control Systems - - 2 2 micron micron - - INC. environmental Dry Electrostatic Precipitator Dry Electrostatic Precipitator Technologies for Biomass Technologies for Biomass clone for spark arrest Low Pressure Drop Suitable for sub particles Suitable for all types of boilers Susceptible to fires (O should be <6%) Typically used with multi clone for spark arrest Low Pressure Drop Suitable for sub particles Suitable for all types of boilers Susceptible to fires (O should be <6%) Typically used with multi Existing Particulate Control Existing Particulate Control
SOUTHERN 17 17 Air Pollution Control Systems $$$ $$$ - - micron particles micron particles - - INC. environmental Moderate Pressure Drop (when combined with scrubber or saturator) Suitable for sub Requires saturated flue gas (wet scrubber or saturator) Requires water treatment system Materials of Construction Moderate Pressure Drop (when combined with scrubber or saturator) Suitable for sub Requires saturated flue gas (wet scrubber or saturator) Requires water treatment system Materials of Construction Technologies for Biomass Technologies for Biomass Wet ESP Wet ESP Existing Particulate Control Existing Particulate Control
SOUTHERN 18 18 Air Pollution Control Systems INC. New techniques are being applied to the existing Particulate Control Devices to greatly improve their performance New techniques are being applied to the existing Particulate Control Devices to greatly improve their performance New Particulate Control New Particulate Control environmental Technologies for Biomass Technologies for Biomass
SOUTHERN 19 19 Air Pollution Control Systems s s ’ ’ INC. VI characteristics tailored to each field VI characteristics VI characteristics tailored to each field VI characteristics • • SEI/ELEX RS opposed & staggered SEI/ELEX RS opposed & staggered Rigid Discharge Electrodes New Particulate Control ¾ Rigid Discharge Electrodes ¾ New Particulate Control environmental New techniques for Dry ESP New techniques for Dry ESP Technologies for Biomass Technologies for Biomass
SOUTHERN 20 20 Air Pollution Control Systems s (cont.) s (cont.) ’ ’ ph with ph with - second - second - - 45% 45% - - INC. second vs. milli second vs. milli Mode Power Supplies Mode Power Supplies - - - - ph with 0.94 pf vs. 1 5% ripple vs. 35 ph with 0.94 pf vs. 1 5% ripple vs. 35 - - - - New Particulate Control 0.63 pf = energy savings Up to 30% better performance compared to conventional TR set. Smaller, lighter vs. TR set 3 response 3 Micro 0.63 pf = energy savings Up to 30% better performance compared to conventional TR set. Smaller, lighter vs. TR set 3 response 3 Micro New Particulate Control environmental Technologies for Biomass Technologies for Biomass – – – – – – – – – – Switch Switch New technologies for Dry ESP New technologies for Dry ESP
SOUTHERN ” ” 21 21 new new “ “ +) +) ” ” Air Pollution Control Systems s (cont.) s (cont.) ’ ’ field voltages = higher field voltages = higher INC. corona currents (charging) = higher power corona currents collection efficiency Greater clearances = higher corona currents (charging) = higher power corona currents collection efficiency Greater clearances = higher Wide Collecting Electrode spacing (16 Marriage of the 3 previously mentioned Dry ESP technologies results in a synergy that provides performance comparable to fabric filter without the associated O&M costs New Particulate Control Wide Collecting Electrode spacing (16 Marriage of the 3 previously mentioned Dry ESP technologies results in a synergy that provides performance comparable to fabric filter without the associated O&M costs New Particulate Control environmental New techniques for Dry ESP New techniques for Dry ESP Technologies for Biomass Technologies for Biomass
SOUTHERN 22 22 s s ’ ’ Air Pollution Control Systems s s ’ ’ proof polypropylene felt proof polypropylene felt - - INC. Mode Power Supplies Mode Power Supplies - - aggressive Rigid Discharge Electrodes aggressive Rigid Discharge Electrodes - - Continuous flushing Less $ than metal CE Corrosion Continuous flushing Less $ than metal CE Corrosion – – – – – – Switch Polymer Membrane Collecting Electrodes Super Switch Polymer Membrane Collecting Electrodes Super New technologies for Wet ESP New technologies for Wet ESP New Particulate Control New Particulate Control environmental ¾ ¾ Technologies for Biomass Technologies for Biomass
SOUTHERN 23 23 Air Pollution Control Systems INC. New Particulate Control New Particulate Control environmental Technologies for Biomass Technologies for Biomass
SOUTHERN 24 24 Air Pollution Control Systems INC. New Particulate Control New Particulate Control environmental Technologies for Biomass Technologies for Biomass
SOUTHERN 25 25 Air Pollution Control Systems possibly a possibly a – – INC. making process making process Conclusions Conclusions - - environmental Air Pollution Control cannot be an When deciding on which APC Air Pollution Control cannot be an When deciding on which APC afterthought, but must be an integral part of the Biomass decision technology to use, the latest proven techniques of each should be considered combination of technologies afterthought, but must be an integral part of the Biomass decision technology to use, the latest proven techniques of each should be considered combination of technologies ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
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