The Life Cycle Assessment of the Milazzo Peninsula (North-Eastern Sicily, Italy) : Geochimical Impact Assessment of Water and Soils Morgane Mey
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The life cycle assessment of the Milazzo peninsula (north-eastern Sicily, Italy) : geochimical impact assessment of water and soils Morgane Mey To cite this version: Morgane Mey. The life cycle assessment of the Milazzo peninsula (north-eastern Sicily, Italy) : geochimical impact assessment of water and soils. Earth Sciences. Université de Strasbourg; Uni- versità degli studi (Messine, Italie), 2013. English. NNT : 2013STRAH005. tel-01018983 HAL Id: tel-01018983 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01018983 Submitted on 7 Jul 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG Laboratoire d’HYdrologie et de GÉochimie de Strasbourg (UMR7517) THESE Pour l'obtention du diplôme de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG Spécialité : Environnement Présentée par Morgane Mey Analyse du Cycle de Vie des activités anthropiques de la Péninsule de Milazzo (Nord-Est de la Sicile, Italie) : étude des impacts environnementaux sur les eaux et les sols Soutenue le 23 avril 2013 devant le jury constitué de : Joëlle DUPLAY EOST-LHYGES Strasbourg Directeur de thèse Gaetana QUARANTA EOST-LHYGES Strasbourg Co-Directrice de thèse Antonia MESSINA Università di Messina Co-Directrice de thèse Marie-Noëlle PONS Université de Lorraine Rapporteur externe Benedetto DEVIVO Università di Messina Rapporteur externe Alessandro TRIPODO Università di Messina Examinateur ANNÉES 2010-2012 Riassunto La penisola di Milazzo, Sicilia nord-orientale, in Italia, è il sito di impianto potenzialmente inquinanti delle attività antropiche. Tra questi, una raffineria e una centrale termoelettrica. Uno studio epidemiologico ha mostrato una diminuzione della qualità della salute umana nella zona, ma non c'era ulteriori ricerche per quanto riguarda le ragioni di questa osservazione. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è quello di capire meglio come le emissioni delle attività antropiche della penisola di Milazzo impattano la salute umana e gli ecosistemi locali. La Valutatione del Ciclo della Vita (LCA) è un typo di calcolo che è stato scelto al fine di studiare le conseguenze delle emissioni provenienti dalle seguenti attività locali antropiche: la centrale termoelettrica, la raffineria, il traffico stradale, la combustione illegale dei rifiuti domestici. L'Impact 2002+ e la ReCiPe 2008 su scala globale soni i modelli stati scelti, oltre a un sito-specifico approccio. Al fine di condurre questo sito-specifico calcolo, terreni e campioni di acqua di mare Milazzo sono stati raccolti e dei parametri specifici della zona sono state dedotte dalle loro analisi. Gli risultati da scala globale hanno evidenziato le emissioni della combustione e della centrale termoelettrica come le cause principali della diminuzione della qualità della salute umana, mentre la centrale termoelettrica è stato sottolineato come l'attività antropica che ha causato il più danni ambientali. Il sito-specifico studio applicato al terreno e l'ecotossicità acqua di mare hanno confermato il ruolo importante delle emissioni della centrale termoelettrica nei danni sull'ambiente, in particolare l'acqua di mare. Inoltre, il sito-specifico studio ha anche corretto i punteggi ecotossiche impatto del suolo, mostrando l'importanza sia centrale termoelettrica e contributi della combustione illegale dei rifiuti al danneggiamento dell'ambiente. In conclusione, lo studio LCA nel suo insieme illumina e spiega le precedenti osservazioni della salute umana e danni agli ecosistemi nel sito di studio mentre il sito-specifico studio ha dimostrato adeguata nel settore peculiare di Milazzo. ii Abstract The Milazzo peninsula, North-Eastern Sicily, Italy, is the implantation site of potentially polluting anthropogenic activities. Among them, a refinery and a thermoelectric plant. An epidemiological study has shown a decrease of human health quality in the area, but there was no further research as to the reasons of this observation. The aim of this work is to better understand how the Milazzo peninsula's anthropogenic emissions impact the local human health and ecosystems. The Life Cycle Assessment calculating approach was chosen in order to study the consequences of the emissions resulting from the following local anthropogenic activities: the thermoelectric plant, the refinery, the road traffic, the illegal combustion of domestic waste. The Impact 2002+ and the ReCiPe 2008 global-scale models were chosen, as well as a site-specific approach. In order to conduct this site-specific calculation, Milazzo soils and seawater samples were gathered and the specific local parameters were deduced from their analyses. The global-scale results pointed out the waste combustion emissions and the thermoelectric plant as the main causes of the human health quality decrease, while the thermoelectric plant was pointed out as the anthropogenic activity causing the most environmental damages. The site-specific study applied to the soil and seawater ecotoxicity confirmed the important role of the thermoelectric plant's emissions in the damages upon the environment, especially the seawater. Moreover, the site-specific study also corrected the soil ecotoxic impact scores, showing the importance of both thermoelectric plant and illegal waste combustion contributions to the damaging of the environment. As a conclusion, LCA study as a whole enlightens and explains the previous observations of human health and ecosystem damages in the site of study while the site-specific study proved relevant in the peculiar area of Milazzo. iii Table of contents General introduction and state of knowledge.......................................................... 1 1 Presentation of the site............................................................................................. 6 1.1 Physical and geochemical presentation.................................................................................7 1.1.1 Climate and sea currents...........................................................................................7 1.1.2 Geological and geomorphological presentation....................................................... 8 Geological and geormorphological presentation...............................................................9 A geosite...........................................................................................................................12 1.1.3 Geochemical background....................................................................................... 13 The Mediterranean Sea.................................................................................................... 13 Influence of the Eolian Islands.........................................................................................14 The spring water in North-Eastern Sicily.........................................................................15 The Milazzo Peninsula..................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Anthropogenic activities presentation.................................................................................17 1.2.1 Petrochemical areas................................................................................................ 18 1.2.2 Road traffic............................................................................................................. 20 1.2.3 Illegal combustion of domestic solid waste............................................................20 1.2.4 Other activities........................................................................................................20 1.2.5 Global knowledge regarding the pollutants of the area..........................................20 2 Material and methods............................................................................................ 22 2.1 Sampling and analysis methodologies................................................................................ 23 2.1.1 Sampling methodologies........................................................................................ 23 2.1.2 Analyses methodology............................................................................................25 Water samples.................................................................................................................. 25 Soil samples..................................................................................................................... 26 2.2 Impacts assessment methodology....................................................................................... 27 2.2.1 Conceptual approach of Life Cycle Impact Assessment........................................27 Goal and scope................................................................................................................ 28 Inventory of the pollutants, collection of data.................................................................. 29 Inventory classification by the Life Cycle Inventory........................................................29 Characterization by the Life Cycle Impact Assessment...................................................