3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 591

Index

Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures; numbers followed by “t” indicate tables; “CF” indicates color figures.

Acoustic neurinoma. See Vestibular schwannomas Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome, 168 Acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS) Amifostine and neuroprotection, 407 lymphomatous and, 376 Amputation and cancer pain, 506–7 Acromegaly, 210 Amyloid neuropathy, 402 Acroparesthesia, 398 Analgesics. See also Cancer pain Acute radiation syndrome, 574–75 adjuvant drugs, 517t–518t, 524–25 Addiction and opioid analgesics, 523 nonopioid, 510–11, 510t Adenocarcinoma of anterior skull base, 316 opioid. See Opioid analgesics Adenohypophysis, 208. See also Pituitary tumors Anemia and behavioral changes, 560 Adenoid cystic carcinoma of anterior skull base, 316 Aneurysms, neoplastic, 457 Adenoma sebaceum and tuberous sclerosis, 96 Angiography, cerebral, 282–84, 283f Adenomas. See also Pituitary tumors Angiomas, cavernous, 20–21 imaging, 11, 14f Antibodies and paraneoplastic neurologic disease, 424, 425t Adjustment disorders, 578–79. See also Psychological issues Anticonvulsants, 576. See also , treatment for cancer pain, prevalence, 573 524–25 Adjuvant drugs. See also specific medications neurobehavioral changes, 560 adverse effects of, 559–60 Antidepressants, 579–81, 579t analgesic, 517t–518t, 524–25 Antiemetics Adrenal dysfunction after cancer treatment, 540 and , 441 Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and syncope, 448 after cancer treatment, 538 Antihistamines and brain tumors, 259 measurements of, 212 Antipsychotic medications, 575–76, 576t neurotrophic effects, 406–7 Antoni type of schwannomas, 302 paraneoplastic, 538 Anxiety disorder, 578 and pituitary tumors, 209–10. See also Pituitary tumors pharmacotherapy for, 581–82, 581t treatment of, 223–25 Aphasia, 474 Advance directives, 583 Apoptosis in meningiomas, 274 Aggression, 575 Arrhythmias and neuropathy, 399 Alpha lipoic acid and neuroprotection, 407–8 Arterial spin tagging (AST), 44–46 Alpha-subunit-secreting adenomas, 219 Aseptic necrosis and , 508 Altered mental status, 543–56. See also Psychological issues L-asparaginase and cerebral infarction, 464 brain edema, 544–47, 545f and hemorrhage, 457, 459–60 causes, 543–44 Aspergillus and cerebral infarction, 463, 465 examination for, 544 Astrocytes. See also herniation syndromes, 549–50, 549t histology, 85, 87f , 547, 553–54 Astrocytomas. See also Astrocytomas, cerebral increased , 547–49, 548t cerebellar pathophysiology, 543–44 diffuse infiltrating, 180 rehabilitation and, 473–74 pilocytic, 177–80, 177f–179f treatment, 550–54 malignancy and genetic alterations, 247, 247f corticosteroids, 552–53 optic pathway. See , optic pathway hyperventilation, 551 p53-MDM2-p14ARF-p21 proteins and, 245, 246f osmotic diuretics, 551–52 pineal region, 205

591 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 592

592 INDEX

Astrocytomas (Continued) Balance abnormalities, rehabilitation of, 473 spinal Balance Master System, 473 clinical presentation, 150–52 “Balanced analgesia,” 497 epidemiology, 149–50 Barbiturates and brain tumors, 259 imaging, 150 Beer and brain tumors, 255–56 outcome, 155 Behavioral changes, 575. See also Cognitive function; Psychological radiotherapy, 154 issues surgical treatment, 152–54, 153f Benzodiazepines for anxiety, 581–82, 581t Astrocytomas, cerebral. See also Astrocytomas; Gliomas, cerebral Bereavement preparation, 583 anaplastic Betalactams and seizures, 442 characteristics, 91 Bisphosphonate drugs for bone pain, 509–10 chemotherapy, 110, 110t–111t Bladder management, 472, 476, 482–83 in adults, 120–22, 121t Bleomycin and hemorrhage, 457 in children, 119–20 Blood–brain barrier (BBB) combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy, 117–19, 117t, chemotherapy and, 334–36 118t dynamic susceptibility contrast and, 42, 52f radiotherapy, 112–17, 113t–115t Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast, 54–55 desmoplastic cerebral, 97–98 Bone infiltration and cancer pain, 498–500, 509–10 gemistocytic, 91 Bourneville’s disease, 96–97 histologic grading, 84–85, 86–90, 87f, 88t, 89f Bovine brain gangliosides, 406 hypothalamic, 158–67. See also Gliomas, optic pathway Bowel management, 472, 476, 482–83 imaging Brachial plexopathy, 415, 416f brain stem, 8, 10f and cancer pain, 502–3 “butterfly” pattern, 6f, 7 rehabilitation for, 477, 477t hypothalamic, 8, 9f Brachytherapy, interstitial, 114–15, 115t spinal, 22, 24f for meningiomas, 290–91 infiltrative Brain edema and altered mental status, 544–47, 545f. See also characteristics, 90–91 Hydrocephalus; Increased intracranial pressure imaging, 4–8, 4f–7f Brain stem tumors, 171–92. See also Posterior fossa tumors juvenile pilocytic imaging, 8, 10f characteristics, 94–96, 96f Brain tumors. See also Brain tumors, metastatic; Brain tumors, chemotherapy, 111–12 primary; Pineal region tumors; Posterior fossa tumors imaging, 7 cerebral hemorrhage from, 456–57, 458f radiotherapy, 110–11 treatment, 460 surgical treatment, 102–3 cerebral infarction from, 463–64 low-grade diagnosis, 466 chemotherapy, 109–10, 110t–111t treatment, 467 radiotherapy, 105–9, 106t, 110t–111t complications of, 471–74, 471t neurofibromatosis and, 25 etiology and epidemiology of, 252–66 outcome variables, 99 cellular telephones, 254–55 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas drugs and medications, 259 characteristics, 97 electromagnetic fields, 253–54 surgical treatment, 103 food and dietary factors, 255–56 subependymal giant cell genetic susceptibility, 259–62 characteristics, 97 industry and occupation, 256–58 imaging, 10–11, 13f ionizing radiation, 252–53 surgical treatment, 102–3 viruses, 258–59 tuberous sclerosis and, 96–97 imaging Atherosclerosis and cerebral infarction, 464–65 intraoperative, 78 Atrophy and neuropathy, 399 metastatic, 26–27, 29, 30f–36f Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, 172–73 primary, 4–22 Autoantibodies and paraneoplastic neurologic disease, 424, 425t single-photon emission computed tomography and, 61–65, Autonomic disorders. See Dysautonomia 62f, 64f–66f Avascular necrosis and rehabilitation, 479 neurobehavioral changes with, 557–58 Axonal pathophysiology, 400 neuropsychiatric effects of, 573–75 Axonal transport and neuropathy, 401 primary. See Brain tumors, primary rehabilitation for, 471–74, 471t and syncope, 449 b-factor value, 49 Brain tumors, metastatic, 321–40 Back pain and spinal metastases, 342, 344t, 500–501 chemotherapy, 334–36 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 593

Index 593

clinical presentation, 326, 326t opsoclonus--ataxia, 431 imaging, 26–27, 29, 30f–36f, 326 post-mastectomy pain, 505–6 immunostaining, 324–25 Bromocriptine incidence, 321–22 for -secreting adenomas, 221 pathology for prolactinomas, 216 microscopic features, 323–25, 324f Brown-Roberts-Wells frame, 77 sites, 322–23, 322f–323f Brown-Séquard syndrome, 344 pathophysiology, 325–26 Bulbar , paraneoplastic, 429 radiotherapy, 327–32 Bupropion for depression, 579t, 581 fractionation schemes, 328–29 “Butterfly” pattern of astrocytomas, 6f, 7 malignant melanoma, 330 postoperative, 328–29 Cabergoline prophylactic, 331 for adrenocorticotropin-secreting adenomas, 224 radiation sensitizers, 328 for growth hormone-secreting adenomas, 221 radiosurgery, 329–30 for prolactinomas, 216–17 re-irradiation, 330–31 Calcitonin for bone pain, 510 renal cell carcinoma, 330 Calcium channel blockers and neuroprotection, 408 side effects, 331–32 Caloric testing, 544 surgical treatment, 332–34 Cancer-associated retinopathy, 431–32 treatment, 327–36 Cancer pain, 493–535 Brain tumors, primary. See also specific tumors analgesic adjuvant drugs, 517t–518t, 524–25 choroid plexus papillomas and carcinomas, 131–34, 133f assessment, 495–98, 496t, 498t gliomas, 84–99. See also Astrocytomas; Gliobastoma multiforme; barriers to optimal treatment, 494–95 Gliomas increased intracranial pressure and, 550 pathology, 84–94 knowledge deficits, 495 radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 105–28 management of, 508–16 stereotactic-guided volumetric resections, 77, 99 bone pain, 509–10 surgical treatment, 76–84 COX-2 enzyme inhibitors, 510t, 511 biopsy, 76–77, 99 general principles of, 508–9 frameless navigational resection devices, 77–78 nonopioid analgesics, 510–11, 510t functional mapping-guided resection, 78–84, 80f–86f opioid analgesics, 511–16, 512t. See also Opioid analgesics impact of, 99–105 routes of analgesic delivery, 516–19, 517t–518t intraoperative localization, 78, 79f mechanisms of, 496–98, 496t outcome variables, 99–105 from metastases or trauma reoperation, 100 brachial plexopathy, 502–3 imaging, 4–22 leptomeningeal metastases, 504 primitive neuroectodermal tumors, 128–31 lumbosacral plexopathy, 503–4 symptoms and signs, 75–76 Pancoast tumors, 503 BrdU peripheral nerve, 501–4 labeling index, 91 neurosurgical and anesthetic approaches, 526–30 radiotherapy and, 107, 119 intrathecal/epidural analgesia, 528–29 Breakthrough pain, 497 nerve blocks, 527, 528t Breast cancers neurosurgical procedures, 529–30, 529t brachial plexopathy, 415 physical medicine approaches, 525–26 and cerebral infarction, 462, 463f prevalence, 493 and hemorrhage, 457, 458f rehabilitation for, 476, 484 and meningiomas, 272–73 specific syndromes, 498–501, 499t metastatic to brain bone infiltration, 498–500 histology, 323–24f cervical spine metastasis, 500 imaging, 35f lumbar spine metastasis, 500–501 incidence, 321 sacral metastasis, 500–501 sites, 322–23, 323f skull metastasis, 501 metastatic to leptomeninges, 376 therapy related, 505–8 metastatic to spine chemotherapy, 507–8 classification, 341, 343t post-amputation, 506–7 imaging, 30–31, 38f–39f post-mastectomy, 505–6 paraneoplastic neurologic disease and, 423 post-neck , 506 cerebellar degeneration, 430 post-throacotomy, 505 dermatomyositis and polymyositis, 433 radiotherapy, 508 encephalomyelitis, 429 undertreatment, 493–95 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 594

594 INDEX

Candida and cerebral infarction, 463 and cerebral hemorrhage, 457–58 Cannon’s rule, 399 and cerebral infarction, 464 Capsaicin for cancer pain, 525 iatrogenic neuropathy and, 403–6, 403t Carbamazepine for seizures, 446 treatment, 406–8 Carboplatin and iatrogenic neuropathy, 403t, 404 and neurobehavioral changes, 559 Carcinomatous , 376 neuropsychiatric effects of, 574 Cardiac disease and syncope, 448–49 and seizures, 440–42 Caregiver support for neurocognitive deficits, 567–68 and syncope, 448–49 Caregiver support in rehabilitation, 567–68 Chiasmal tumors. See Gliomas, optic pathway; Optic pathway tumors Carotid artery rupture, 464 Chief cells in paragangliomas, 312 Cavernous angiomas, imaging, 20–21 Chlorpromazine, 576, 576t Cavernous sinus meningiomas, 278 Chondrosarcomas of skull base, 308–10, 310f CDKN2A gene, 243 Chordomas Cell cycle dysfunction and gene alterations, 245–46, 246f imaging, 30, 37f Cellular telephones and brain tumors, 254–55 skull base, 310–12, 311f Central neurocytoma, 99 Choriocarcinoma, 195. See also Germ cell tumors Cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas, 177–80, 177f–179f Choroid plexus papillomas Cerebellitis, 429 and carcinomas, 131–34, 133f Cerebellum fourth ventricle, 187, 187f brain stem gliomas, 180–84, 181t, 183f imaging, 8 ependymomas, 184–86, 184f Chromophobe adenoma, imaging, 11, 14f pilocytic astrocytomas, 177–80, 177f–179f Chromosomal changes Cerebral hemorrhage, 454–60 etiology and epidemiology of brain tumors, 261–62 brain tumors, 456–57, 458f in meningiomas, 274–75 coagulopathy, 455–56, 456f tumor suppressor genes and, 244–45 diagnosis, 459 Ciliary neurotrophic factor, 407 hypertension, 458–59 Cisplatin pathophysiology, 454–59, 455t and hemorrhage, 457 treatment of, 460 and iatrogenic neuropathy, 403t, 404–6 treatment related, 457–58 and seizures, 440–41 Cerebral infarction, 460–68, 461t Clonazepam, 581t, 582 atherosclerosis, 464–65 Coagulopathy brain tumors, 463–64 cerebral hemorrhage from, 455–56, 456f coagulopathy, 461–63, 462f–463f diagnosis, 459 diagnosis, 465–67 treatment, 460 infection related, 463 cerebral infarction from, 461–63, 462f–463f pathophysiology, 461–65 diagnosis, 465 treatment of, 467–68 treatment, 467 treatment related, 464 Codeine, 513 Cerebral infiltrating astrocytomas. See Astrocytomas Cognitive function, 557–71 Cerebral intravascular coagulation, 462 changes Cerebral lymphoma, imaging, 16, 18, 18f diagnosis, 561–63 Cerebral neuroblastomas, 128–31 due to brain tumors, 557–58 Cerebral tumors. See Brain tumors; Brain tumors, primary due to treatment, 558–61 . See also Increased intracranial pressure management, 563–68. See also Rehabilitation and altered mental status, 547 deficit vs. handicap, 562 leptomeningeal metastases neuropsychological assessment, 562 examination, 378–80, 379t and opioid analgesics, 521 flow studies, 381–83, 382t quality of life assessment, 562–63 , 454–569 rehabilitation for, 473–74, 565–66, 583. See also Rehabilitation cerebral hemorrhage. See Cerebral hemorrhage Colloid cysts, imaging, 8, 10 cerebral infarction. See Cerebral infarction Colorectal carcinoma metastatic to brain and seizures, 443–44 histology, 323–24, 24f and syncope, 449 incidence, 321–22 Cervical plexopathy, 413–15, 414f Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), 240, CF 9–2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and neuropathy, 404 Computed tomography (CT). See also Diagnostic imaging Chemicals and brain tumors, 256–58 intraoperative, 78 Chemotherapy. See also specific tumors meningiomas, 280 “8-in-1” regimen, 120 role of, 3–4 and cancer pain, 507–8 single-photon emission (SPECT), 62–65, 62f, 64f–66f 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 595

Index 595

spinal metastases, 346–47, 348f Diabetes mellitus stereotactic CT-coupled frames biopsy, 77 and neuropathy, 401, 405 Contracture of joints, 479 and pituitary tumors, 211 Contrast medium Diagnostic imaging, 3–57 blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD), 54–55 acoustic neurinoma, 15–16, 16f delayed imaging, 27 astrocytomas dynamic in magnetic resonance imaging, 46–47, 49, CF1–47 brain stem, 8, 10f intraoperative tumor localization, 78 cerebral infiltrating, 4–8, 4f–11f role of, 3–4 hypothalamic, 8, 9f and seizures, 442 pilocytic, 7 triple dose, 36f spinal, 22, 24f Contrast sequences and magnetization transfer, 40 subependymal giant cell, 10–11, 13f Convexity meningiomas, 278 blood vessel origin tumors, 19–21 Cordotomy for cancer pain, 504 brain tumors Corticosteroids. See Steroids etiology of, 252–53 Cortisol measurements, 212–13, 212t metastatic, 26–27, 29, 30f–36f, 326 COX-2 enzyme inhibitors for cancer pain, 510t, 511 primary, 4–22 Cranial nerve tumors cavernous angiomas, 20–21 imaging, 15–16 choroid plexus papillomas, 8 rehabilitation for, 472–73 chromophobe adenoma, 11, 14f schwannomas, 307–8 colloid cysts, 8, 10 Cranial neuropathy and chemotherapy, 403 computed tomography. See Computed tomography (CT) Craniopharyngiomas, 168–69 cranial nerve tumors, 15–16 imaging, 14–15 craniopharyngiomas, 14–15, 168 Crow-Fukase syndrome, 402 dermoid tumors, 18, 20f–21f Cryoglobulinemia and neuropathy, 402 developmental origin tumors Cushing’s disease and pituitary tumors, 211, 223–25 cranial, 18–19 Cyclosporin and seizures, 441 spinal, 25 Cytogenetics, 239–40. See also Genetics and molecular basis ependymomas, 8, 12f–13f, 22–23, 25f epidermoid tumors, 18, 19f epidural tumors, 29–31 Daunorubicin and syncope, 449 germinomas, 15, 15f Deconditioning and rehabilitation, 480 glioblastoma multiforme, 4–8, 5f–10f Deletion mapping, 240 metastatic, 29 Delirium, 573–74 hemangioblastomas management of, 575–77 primary cerebral, 19–20 rehabilitation for, 484–85 spinal, 23 , 574–75 hydrocephalus, 554 management of, 575–77 intradural extramedullary tumors, 24–26 rehabilitation for, 484–85 intramedullary primary tumors, 22, 24f Depression, 577. See also Psychological issues intrasellar and suprasellar tumors, 11–15 prevalence, 573 intraventricular tumors, 8–11 treatment, 576–77, 579–81, 579t leptomeningeal metastases, 380–83, 380t, 382t Dermatomyositis, 433 lipomas, 19, 22f Dermoid tumors lymphoma, 16, 18, 18f imaging magnetic resonance imaging. See Magnetic resonance imaging cranial, 18, 20f–21f (MRI) spinal, 25 medulloblastomas, 8, 11f posterior fossa tumors, 188, 188f meningiomas, 21, 23f, 24, 279–84 Desmoplastic cerebral astrocytomas, 97–98 optic nerve, 167–68 Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, 98–99 mesodermal origin tumors, 21, 23f Desmoplastic medulloblastoma, 172, 173f neurofibromatosis, 25, 28f–29f Dexamethasone oligodendrogliomas, 7 for increased intracranial pressure, 552 optic pathway gliomas, 162 suppression test, 224 pineal region tumors, 15 Diabetes insipidus. See also Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic pineoblastoma, 15 hormone pineocytoma, 15 after cancer treatment, 540 pituitary tumors, 11, 213–14 and hypothalamic gliomas, 159 plexopathy, 34, 43f, 420 and pituitary tumors, 210, 213 positron emission tomography, 65–68 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 596

596 INDEX

Diagnostic imaging (Continued) posterior fossa tumors, 171 limbic, 429 radiation damage, 35–40, 44f–50f and seizures, 443 radionuclides in, 60–72. See also Nuclear medicine Encephalomyelitis, paraneoplastic, 428–30, 428t reticuloendothelial system tumors, 16, 18, 18f antibodies, 426 schwannomas, 24–25 Encephalopathy, 573–74 trigeminal, 16, 17f Endocarditis, nonbacterial thrombotic, 461, 462f vestibular, 15–16, 16f Endocrine abnormalities. See also Neuroendocrine function scintigraphy, 62–65, 62f, 64f–66f and optic pathway gliomas, 159 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 62–65, Endodermal sinus tumors, 195. See also Germ cell tumors 62f, 64f–66f Ependymoblastomas, cerebral, 128 spinal tumors Ependymomas metastatic, 29–31, 37f–42f, 344–47, 344f–349f cerebral primary, 22–25, 150, 151t characteristics, 94 teratomas, 18 chemotherapy, 127–28, 127t Diazepam, 581t, 582 radiotherapy, 125–27, 125t “Diencephalic syndrome,” 95, 159 surgical treatment, 104–5 Dietary factors and brain tumors, 255–56 vs. choroid plexus carcinomas, 132 Diffusion imaging in magnetic resonance imaging, 49–52, 53f–54f imaging, 8, 12f–13f, 22–23, 25f Dilantin for seizures, 445–46 neurofibromatosis and, 25 Discharge planning, 486–87 posterior fossa, 184–86, 184f Disconnection syndromes, 574 spinal Disinhibition, 575 clinical presentation, 150–52 Disseminated intravascular coagulation, 455 epidemiology, 149–50 treatment, 460 imaging, 150, 151t Diuretics outcome, 155 and brain tumors, 259 radiotherapy, 154 and syncope, 448 surgical treatment, 152–54, 153f Docetaxel and iatrogenic neuropathy, 403t, 404 Epidemiology. See also specific tumors Dorsal root ganglionitis, 430 of brain tumors, 252–66 Down’s syndrome and brain tumors, 260 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, 242 Doxorubicin and cerebral infarction, 464 Epidermoid tumors Drug interactions and opioid analgesics, 523–24 imaging Drugs and brain tumors, 259 cranial, 18, 19f Dynamic contrast in magnetic resonance imaging, 46–47, 49, spinal, 25 CF1–47 Epidural metastases Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC), 41–42, 44, 51f–52f leukemia and lymphoma functional imaging and, 53–54 clinical features, 363 Dysautonomia diagnosis, 363–64, 364f and neuropathy, 399–400, 404–4 incidence, 362–66 paraneoplastic neurologic disease and, 430 initial management, 364–65 rehabilitation for, 476 treatment, 365–66 Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, 98 plexopathy and, 420 Dysesthetic pain syndrome, 399 Equipment and orthosis needs, 486 Dysarthria, 474 Esthesioneuroblastomas, 314 Estradiol measurements, 212–13, 212t Eddy currents in magnetic resonance imaging, 52 Estramustin and syncope, 449 Edema of brain. See Brain edema Estrogen and meningiomas, 271, 292 EGFR gene, 242 Electrical stimulation for cancer pain, 526 Electrocorticography F-wave potential and neuropathy, 400–401 functional mapping-guided resection, 79 Facial nerve schwannomas, 306 seizure control, 101–3 Falx meningiomas, 278 Electromagnetic fields and brain tumors, 253–54 Familial aggregation syndromes, 260 Electromyography and plexopathy, 420 Family interactions and rehabilitation, 486 Embolic and seizures, 443 Farming and brain tumors, 256–58 Embryonal cell carcinomas, 195. See also Germ cell tumors Fentanyl, 515–16 Employment Fisch classification, 313t and rehabilitation, 489 Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), 40 supported, 567 Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 239–40, CF 9–1 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 597

Index 597

5-Fluorouracil general management, 196, 198–99 and seizures, 441 pathology, 193–96, 194t–195t, 195f and syncope, 448 radiotherapy, 201–2 Follicle-stimulating hormone recurrence management, 203 measurements of, 212–13, 212t surgical treatment, 199–201 and pituitary tumors, 210–11. See also Pituitary tumors tumor markers, 195t, 196 treatment, 219–21 Germinomas. See Germ cell tumors Food and brain tumors, 255–56 Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), 128 Foramen magnum meningiomas, 279 Glioblastoma multiforme Formaldehyde and brain tumors, 258 characteristics, 91–92 Fourth ventricle chemotherapy, 110, 110t–111t choroid plexus papillomas, 187, 187f in adults, 120–22, 121t dermoid tumors, 188, 188f in children, 119–20 subependymomas, 186–87, 186f combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy, 117–19, 117t, Frameless navigational resection devices, 77–78 118t Frontal lobe EGFR gene and, 242 brain tumor symptoms and, 76 histologic grading, 87–88 herniation syndromes, 550 imaging, 4–8, 4f–7f, 29 Functional Independence Measure, 488f, 489 optic pathway, 158 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 52–55 radiotherapy, 112–17, 113t–115t Functional mapping-guided resection, 78–84, 80f–86f vs. anaplastic astrocytomas, 92 Furosemide and increased intracranial pressure, 552 Gliomas brain stem, 180–84, 181t, 183f Gabapentin, 406 cerebral. See also Glioblastoma multiforme; specific types for cancer pain, 525 astrocytomas. See Astrocytomas for seizures, 447 central neurocytoma. See Central neurocytomas Gabitril for seizures, 447 desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, 98–99 Galactorrhea and pituitary tumors, 211 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, 98 Gangliogliomas, cerebral ependymomas, 94 characteristics, 98 surgical treatment, 103–5 desmoplastic infantile, 98–99 ganglioglioma, 98 surgical treatment, 105 glioblastomas, 91–92 Gangliogliomas, spinal, 149 gliosarcomas, 92 Gastrointestinal symptoms of brain tumor, 75 histologic grading, 84–85, 86–90, 87f, 88t, 89f Gemistocytes, 85, 91 infiltrative Gene therapy for leptomeningeal metastases, 390 characteristics, 90–94 Genetic and molecular basis of brain tumors, 239–51 general features, 84–88, 87f cell cycle dysfunction, 245–46, 246f grading systems, 88–90, 88t chromosomal regions, 244–45 pathology of, 84–94 classification of cancer genes, 241–45, 241t radiotherapy for, 105–10, 106t comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), 240, CF 9–2 surgical treatment, 100–103 etiology and epidemiology, 259–62 juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas. See Astrocytomas fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 239–40, CF 9–1 mixed neuronal-glial tumors, 98–99 future research, 247–48 noninfiltrative gene alterations, 245–46, 246f characteristics, 94–99 high-grade malignancy and, 247, 247f pathology, 94–99 linkage analysis, 240 surgical treatment, 102–3 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, 240–41 oligoastrocytomas, 93–94 methods, 239–41 oligodendroglial tumors, 92–93, 93f oncogenes, 242 outcome variables, 99–103 therapeutic implications, 248 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas. See Astrocytomas tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), 242–44 radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 105–10, 106t, 110t–111t Germ cell tumors subependymal giant cell. See Astrocytomas imaging, 15, 15f surgical treatment, 100–105 metastatic, 29, 33f tuberous sclerosis, 96–97 pineal region, 193–203 optic pathway, 158–70 biopsy, 200 chemotherapy, 165–66 chemotherapy, 202–3 clinical presentation, 159–60, 160t clinical presentation, 196, 197f–198f complications, 166–67 epidemiology, 193–95 diagnosis, 162 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 598

598 INDEX

Gliomas (Continued) Herpes virus and brain tumors, 259 imaging, 8, 9f Hodgkin’s disease. See Lymphoma management, 162–66 Homer-Wright fibrillary rosettes, 128 pathology, 158–59 Hormones prognosis, 160–61, 161t and meningioma radiosurgery, 164–65 chemotherapy, 291–92 radiotherapy, 164–65 etiology, 271–72, 271t surgical treatment, 162–64 neuroendocrine function and. See Neuroendocrine function; seizures and, 438 specific hormones Gliosarcomas, cerebral Horner’s syndrome, 415 characteristics, 92 “Hot dry foot,” 418 surgical treatment, 104 Human Genome Project, 247–48 Glomus jugulare tumors, 312, 313t Hyams’ grading system, 314t Glomus typanicum tumors, 312 Hydrocephalus Glomus vagale tumors, 312 altered mental status and, 547, 553–54 Glucocorticoids in cancer treatment, 538 germ cell tumors, 199–200 Glutathione and neuroprotection, 407 imaging, 554 Glycerol for increased intracranial pressure, 552 juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas, 95 Gonadotropin-secreting adenomas, 219–21 leptomeningeal metastases, 376 Gradient subsystem changes in magnetic resonance imaging, 40–41 rehabilitation and, 472 Grading of tumors. See names of specific tumors and grading schemes subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, 96–97 Granulomatous angiitis and cerebral infarction, 465, 468 Hydrocodone, 513 Growth hormone Hydromorphone, 514 after cancer treatment, 539 Hypercalcemia, 536–37 and hypothalamic gliomas, 159 Hypercortisolism, 538 measurements of, 212–13, 212t Hyperfractionated radiotherapy, 114 and pituitary tumors, 209–10. See also Pituitary tumors Hyperleukocytosis and hemorrhage, 457 treatment of, 221–23 Hyperpathia, 398 Hyperprolactinemia after cancer treatment, 540 Haloperidol, 575–76, 576t Hypertension and cerebral hemorrhage, 458–59 for anxiety, 581t, 582 Hyperthermia and increased intracranial pressure, 548 “Head Start 1” chemotherapy regimen, 131 Hyperthyroidism and pituitary tumors, 211 Hyperventilation for altered mental status, 551 brain tumor symptoms, 75 Hypocalcemia and seizures, 443 leptomeningeal metastases, 376 pituitary tumors, 211–12 after cancer treatment, 537–38 Heart failure and syncope, 449 and seizures, 443 Hemangioblastomas and syncope, 448 cerebral, imaging, 19–20 Hypogonadism after cancer treatment, 539–40 spinal Hypomagnesemia clinical presentation, 150–52 and iatrogenic neuropathy, 405 epidemiology, 149–50 and seizures, 443 imaging, 23, 150 Hyponatremia, 537 outcome, 155 increased intracranial pressure and, 551 radiotherapy, 154 and seizures, 442 surgical treatment, 152–54 Hypophysectomy for bone pain, 510 tumor suppressor genes and, 244 Hypopituitarism. See also Neuroendocrine function; Pituitary tumors Hemangiopericytoma, 276, 277f craniopharyngiomas and, 168 Hemolytic uremic-like syndrome, 457, 459 optic pathway gliomas and, 164 Hemorrhage cerebral. See Cerebral hemorrhage increased intracranial pressure and, 551 and seizures, 444 orthostatic Hereditary syndromes and brain tumors, 260–61. See also Genetic and neuropathy, 399 and molecular basis of brain tumors rehabilitation for, 480 Herniation and syncope, 447–48 cerebral Hypothalamic dysfunction after cancer treatment, 537t, 538–41 altered mental status and, 549–50, 549t Hypothalamic obesity after cancer treatment, 540–41 imaging, 5, 5f Hypothalamic tumors, 158–70. See also Gliomas, optic pathway; metastatic brain tumors, 326 Optic pathway tumors of disc, imaging, 34, 35f Hypothermia and increased intracranial pressure, 548 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 599

Index 599

Hypoxia Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, 432–33 and radiotherapy, 119 antibodies, 426 and seizures, 443 Lamictal for seizures, 447 Lamotrigine for seizures, 447 Ifosphamide and seizures, 441 Landry-Guillain-Barré-Strohl syndrome, 400, 404 Imaging. See also specific tumors Language function tests, 79–84, 84f–86f diagnostic. See Computed tomography (CT); Diagnostic imaging; Lanreotide for thyroid-stimulating hormone adenomas, 226 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Laser vaporization, stereotactic, 77 intraoperative, 78 Leptomeningeal metastases, 375–93 Imipenem/cilastatin and seizures, 442 and cancer pain, 504 Immunotherapy chemotherapy for leptomeningeal metastases, 389–90 intrathecal, 385–87, 386f for meningiomas, 291 new approaches, 387–90, 389t neurobehavioral changes and, 559 systemic, 384–85 In vivo spectroscopy, 55–57, 56f clinical presentation, 376–78, 376t–377t “Incidentalomas,” 220 diagnosis, 378–83 Increased intracranial pressure. See also Hydrocephalus cerebrospinal fluid examination, 378–80, 379t altered mental status, 547–49, 548t imaging, 380–83, 380t, 382t headache and, 75 imaging, 29, 34f, 368f leptomeningeal metastases, 376 incidence, 375–76 meningiomas, 273 leukemia and lymphoma, 376 metastatic brain tumors, 326 chemotherapy, 370–71, 370t neuropsychiatric effects of, 574 clinical features, 366–67, 367t posterior fossa tumors, 172 diagnosis, 367–69, 368f Indomethacin for increased intracranial pressure, 552 incidence, 366, 366t Industry and brain tumors, 256–58 initial management, 369 Infarction, cerebral. See Cerebral infarction neurotoxicity, 372 Infection outcome, 371–72 and cerebral infarction, 463 radiotherapy, 369 and seizures, 443 pathology, 322–23, 322f Influenza virus and brain tumors, 259 plexopathy and, 420 Insulinoma radiotherapy, 383–84 and seizures, 443 rehabilitation for, 478 and syncope, 448 treatment, 383–90 Interferon and seizures, 441 Leukemia Interstitial brachytherapy. See Brachytherapy, interstitial coagulopathy and, 455 Intradural extramedullary tumors, imaging, 24–26 and hemorrhage, 459 Intramedullary spinal tumors and lymphoma metastases, 362–74 imaging epidural, 362–66. See also Epidural metastases metastatic, 24, 26f–27f leptomeningeal, 366–72. See also Leptomeningeal metastases primary, 22, 24f Levorphanol, 514–15 Intrasellar tumors, imaging, 11–15 Lhermitte’s sign, 405 Intrathecal/epidural analgesia, 528–29 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 260–61 Intraventricular meningiomas, 278–79 Lidocaine for cancer pain, 525 Ionizing radiation and brain tumors, 252–53 Limb postures, 544 Iproplatin and iatrogenic neuropathy, 403t, 404 Limbic encephalomyelitis, paraneoplastic, 429 Isaxonine, 406 Limited-field radiotherapy, 112–14 Isoniazid and iatrogenic neuropathy, 404 Linkage analysis, 240 Jefferson’s type of schwannomas, 304 Lipomas, imaging, 19, 22f Joint contractures and rehabilitation, 479 Lithium for depression, 579t, 581 Jugular foramen schwannomas, 306–7, 307f Lorazepam, 581t, 582 Jugular foramen syndrome, 301t Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, 240–41 Juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas. See Astrocytomas Lumbosacral plexopathy, 416–18, 417f and cancer pain, 503–4 Karnofsky Performance Scale, 487–89, 487t rehabilitation for, 477–78, 477t Karnofsky performance status (KPS), 107 Lung cancers Kernohan’s notch phenomenon, 549 brachial plexopathy, 415 Ketamine for cancer pain, 525 and cerebral infarction, 464 Ki-67 antigen labeling, 91 metastatic to brain Kyphoscoliosis, 154 hemorrhage and, 456 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 600

600 INDEX

Lung cancer (Continued) Massage therapy for cancer pain, 526 imaging, 32f Mastectomy and cancer pain, 505–6 incidence, 321 Medroxyprogesterone and meningiomas, 272, 292 site, 323–24, 323f Medulloblastomas, 172–77, 173f metastatic to spine in adults, 177 classification, 341, 343t chemotherapy, 175–77 paraneoplastic neurologic disease and, 423 imaging dermatomyositis and polymyositis, 433 metastatic, 34f encephalomyelitis, 429 primary, 8, 11f Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, 432 presentation, 173–74 opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia, 431 radiotherapy, 175 sensory neuronopathy, 430 staging, 174, 174t Luteinizing hormone surgical treatment, 174–75 measurements of, 212–13, 212t tumor suppressor genes and, 244 and pituitary tumors, 209–10. See also Pituitary tumors Medullomyoblastoma, 172 treatment, 219–21 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, neurotrophic effects, 406–7 Lymphedema and plexopathy, 419, 419t Melanoma. See Malignant melanoma Lymphomas Meningeal gliomatosis. See Leptomeningeal metastases brachial plexopathy, 415, 416f Meningeal hemangiopericytoma, 276, 277f and hemorrhage, 459 Meningiomas, 269–99 imaging angiogenesis, 273–74 cerebral, 16, 18, 18f apoptosis, 274 spinal, 31, 42f clinical presentation, 277–79 metastatic. See Leukemia and lymphoma metastases etiology, 270–73, 271t paraneoplastic neurologic disease and genetics, 274–76 cerebellar degeneration, 430 history, 269 encephalomyelitis, 429 imaging, 21, 23f, 24, 167–68, 279–84 subacute motor neuronopathy and, 432 cerebral angiography, 282–84, 283f and seizures, 442 computed tomography, 280 magnetic resonance imaging, 280–82, 281f Macroadenomas. See Pituitary tumors plain radiographs, 279–80 Mafosfamide, 388 incidence, 269–70 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) location, 270 acquisition rates in magnetic resonance imaging, 40–41 malignant, 292–93, 292t advanced techniques, 40–57 medroxyprogesterone, 272, 292 contraindications to, 4 optic nerve, 167–68 diffusion imaging, 49–52, 53f–54f pathology, 276–77, 276f–277f dynamic contrast, 46–47, 49, CF1–47 skull base, 300, 302 functional, 52–55 treatment, 284–92 functional mapping-guided resection, 80–84, 80f–81f, 83f–84f chemotherapy, 291–92 intraoperative, 78 observation, 284 meningiomas, 280–82, 281f preoperative embolization, 282–84, 283f perfusion imaging pulse sequences, 41–46, 51f–52f radiotherapy, 287–91, 288t–289t radiation damage and, 37–40, 44f–50f surgical treatment, 284–87, 285t, 286f role of, 3–4 Meningitis “shine-through,” 50 neoplastic. See Leptomeningeal metastases spinal tumors and seizures, 443 metastatic, 347, 349f Meperidine, 513 primary, 150, 151t and seizures, 441 in vivo spectroscopy, 55–57, 56f Merlin and meningiomas, 275 Magnetization transfer contrast sequences, 40 Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas, 309 Malignant melanoma Mesodermal origin tumors, imaging, 21, 23f lumbosacral plexopathy, 417, 417f Metabolic susceptibility to brain tumors, 261 metastatic to brain “Metabolite maps,” 55, CF1–53, CF1–54 hemorrhage and, 456 Metastasis(es). See also specific tumors and locations imaging, 34, 43f brain. See Brain tumors, metastatic incidence, 321 glioblastoma multiforme and, 7, 7f, 29 sites, 322, 322f intracranial, 321–40 metastatic to leptomeninges, 376 leukemia and lymphoma, 362–74 Mannitol for increased intracranial pressure, 551 spinal. See Spinal tumors, metastatic Mapping-guided resection, 78–84, 80f–86f Methadone, 515 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 601

Index 601

Methotrexate and seizures, 440 vs. primitive neuroectodermal tumors, 128 Methylphenidate, 576–77, 579t, 580 spinal, 149 and seizures, 442 Neuroendocrine carcinomas of anterior skull base, 316 for neurocognitive deficit, 567, 567t Neuroendocrine function, 536–42 MIB-1 labeling index, 91 behavioral changes and, 560 Microadenomas. See Pituitary tumors effects of systemic therapy, 536–38 Microarrays and genes, 247–48 following treatment, 537t, 538–41 Microwave hyperthermia, 115 hypercalcemia, 536–37 Mifepristone and meningiomas, 272, 292 hypercortisolism, 538 Mirtazepine for depression, 579t, 580 hypoglycemia, 537–38 Mitoxantrone and syncope, 449 hyponatremia, 537 Mixed neuronal-glial tumors, 98–99 surveillance after treatment, 537t, 541 Molecular genetics, 240–41. See also Genetics and molecular basis Neuroepithelial tumor, dysembryoplastic, 98 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 579t, 581 Neurofibromatosis Monoclonal antibodies for leptomeningeal metastases, 389 imaging, 25, 28f–29f Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance syndrome and optic pathway gliomas and, 159–60, 162 peripheral neuropathy, 402 and schwannomas, 302 Mononeuritis multiplex and cryoglobulinemia, 402 skull base, 308 Morphine, 514 tumor suppressor genes and, 244 and seizures, 441 Neurofibromin and meningiomas, 275 Motor evoked potential (MEP) in spinal surgery, 152 Neurofibrosarcoma and neurofibromatosis, 25 Motor mapping, 79–81, 80f–83f Neuronal-glial tumors, mixed, 98–99 Motor neuropathy, 399 Neurontin for seizures, 447 and cisplatin, 405 Neuropathy(ies), peripheral. See Peripheral neuropathy(ies) and paraproteinemias, 402–3 Neuroprotective drugs, 406–8 Moyamoya and radiotherapy, 167 Neurosurgical procedures for cancer pain, 529–30, 529t MR spectroscopy (MRS), 55–57, 56f Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and tumor suppressor genes, Multiple melanoma metastasis, imaging, 30f, 32f–33f 244 Multiple myeloma, metastatic, 31 NF1 gene, 244, 275 Musculoskeletal rehabilitation, 478–80 NF2 gene, 244, 275 Mutagen sensitivity and brain tumors, 261 Nimodipine and neuroprotection, 408 Myelin pathophysiology, 400–401 Nitrosation and brain tumor etiology, 255 Myelitis and paraneoplastic neurologic disease, 429 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. See also Leukemia and lymphoma Myelography metastases; Lymphomas role of, 3–4 metastases, 362–74 spinal metastases, 344, 347f Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis and cerebral infarction, 461, Myelopathies and rehabilitation, 474–75, 475t 462f Myopathy, corticosteroid-induced, 478–79 Nongerminomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCT). See Germ cell tumors Naming tests, 79–84, 84f–86f Nonopioid analgesics for cancer pain, 510–11, 510t Narcotics. See also Opioid analgesics Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer pain, for neuropathy, 406 509–11, 510t and seizures, 441 Nuclear medicine, 60–72. See also Diagnostic imaging Nasal cavity schwannomas, 308 for bone pain, 509 Neck pain and spinal metastases, 342, 344t cerebrospinal fluid flow studies, 381–83, 382t Neck surgery and cancer pain, 506 positron emission tomography, 65–68 Necrosis radionuclide therapy, 68–69 grading classification, 88–89, 89t scintigraphy, 62–65, 62f, 64f–66f glioblastoma vs. anaplastic astrocytomas, 92 in vitro vs. in vivo studies, 60–61 radiation-induced, 37–40, 44f–50f Null cell adenomas, 209. See also Pituitary tumors Nefazodone for depression, 579t, 580 Nutrition and rehabilitation, 483–84 Nelson’s syndrome, 225, 229 Neoplastic meningitis. See Leptomeningeal metastases Occupation and brain tumors, 256–58 Nerve blocks for cancer pain, 527, 528t Octreotide Nerve growth factor, 407 for growth hormone-secreting adenomas, 221 Neurinomas. See Schwannomas for pituitary tumors, 219 Neuroblastomas, olfactory, 314–16, 314t, 315f for thyroid-stimulating hormone adenomas, 226 Neurocognitive function, 557–71. See also Cognitive function Oculocephalic reflex, 544 Neurocytomas Olanzapine, 576, 576t central Olfactory groove meningiomas, 277–78 characteristics, 99 Olfactory neuroblastomas, 314–16, 314t, 315f 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 602

602 INDEX

Oligoastrocytomas, cerebral encephalomyelitis, 428–30, 428t characteristics, 93–94 historic considerations, 424, 425t chemotherapy, 124t, 125 incidence, 423–24 radiotherapy, 122–24, 123t Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, 432–33 Oligodendrogliomas, cerebral, 7 myelitis, 429 characteristics, 92–93, 93f paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, 430–31 chemotherapy, 124–25, 124t paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia, 431 grading schemes, 90 and paraproteinemias, 403 radiotherapy, 122–24, 123t pathogenesis, 424, 426 Oncogenes polymyositis, 433 etiology and epidemiology of brain tumors, 242 retinal degeneration, 431–32 in meningiomas, 275–76 seizures and, 440 Opioid analgesics, 511–16, 512t subacute motor neuronopathy, 432 complications of, 522–24 subacute sensory neuronopathy, 430 depression and, 577 tumors associated with, 427–28, 427t equianalgesic dosing, 519, 520t Paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia, 431 guidelines for use, 519–22, 520t antibodies, 426 side effects, 520–21 Paraproteinemias “strong,” 514–16 paraneoplastic syndromes and, 403 “weak,” 512–14 peripheral neuropathy and, 401–3, 402t Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia, paraneoplastic, 431 Parasagittal meningiomas, 278 Optic neuropathy and platinum, 408 Parinaud’s syndrome, 181 Optic pathway tumors and rehabilitation, 485 craniopharyngiomas, 168–69 Patient outcome goals for rehabilitation, 487–89, 487t, 488f gliomas. See Gliomas, optic pathway Pegvisoment, 221 meningiomas, 167–68 Perfusion imaging pulse sequences, 41–46, 51f–52f pituitary tumors, 211 Perineal pain syndrome, 501 Organic mental syndromes, prevalence, 573 Peripheral neuropathy(ies), 397–412. See also Paraneoplastic Ormaplatin and iatrogenic neuropathy, 403t, 404 neurologic disease (PND) Orthostatic hypotension. See Hypotension and cancer pain, 501–4, 508 Orthotic needs, 472, 486 clinical features, 398–400 Osmotic diuretics for altered mental status, 551–52 demyelinating, 400–401 Ossification, heterotopic, 479–80 iatrogenic, 403–6, 403t Osteoporosis and rehabilitation, 479 treatment, 406–8 Osteosarcoma metastatic to brain, 324, 324f incidence, 397 Ototoxicity morbidity, 397–98 and cisplatin, 405 motor nerve symptoms, 399 and platinum, 408 paraproteinemias and, 401–3, 402t Oxycodone, 513–14 pathophysiology, 400–401 rehabilitation for, 478 p16-cdk4-pRb-cyclin D proteins, 245–46, 246f sensory nerve symptoms, 398–99, 398t p53-MDM2-p14ARF-p21 proteins, 245, 246f small fiber nerves, 399–400 Paclitaxel Personality changes, 575. See also Psychological issues and iatrogenic neuropathy, 403–4, 403t Pesticides and brain tumors, 257 and seizures, 441 Petroclival meningiomas, 279 Pain. See Cancer pain Phantom limb, 506–7 Pancoast tumors and cancer pain, 503 Phenobarbital for seizures, 446–447 Panic attacks, 578 Phenytoin Papillary meningiomas, 276, 277f adverse effects of, 560 Paragangliomas of skull base, 312–14, 313f, 313t for cancer pain, 525 Parametric maps in magnetic resonance imaging, 49, CF1–47 depression and, 577 Paranasal sinus schwannomas, 308 for seizures, 445–46 Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, 430–31 Physical medicine approaches for cancer pain, 525–26 antibodies, 426 Pilocytes, 95 Paraneoplastic neurologic disease (PND), 423–37 Pilocytic astrocytomas. See Astrocytomas antibody clinical uses, 425t, 426 Pineal region tumors, 193–207 cerebellitis, 429 astrocytomas, 205 classification, 426–28, 427t biopsy, 200 dermatomyositis, 433 germ cell tumors, 193–203, 194t–195t, 195f. See also Germ cell dysautonomia, 430 tumors 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 603

Index 603

imaging, 15 tumors, 171–92 pineocytomas/pineoblastomas, 203–5, 203f–204f brain stem gliomas, 180–84, 181t, 183f surgical approaches, 200–201 cerebellar diffuse infiltrating astrocytomas, 180 Pineoblastomas, 128–31, 203–5, 203f–204f cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas, 177–80, 177f–179f imaging, 15 choroid plexus papillomas, 187, 187f Pineocytomas, 203–5, 203f–204f dermoid tumors, 188, 188f imaging, 15 ependymomas, 184–86, 184f Pituitary dysfunction after cancer treatment, 537t, 538–41. See also medulloblastoma, 172–77, 173f, 174t Neuroendocrine function meningiomas, 279 Pituitary tumors, 208–36. See also Neuroendocrine function subependymomas, 186–87, 186f apoplexy and, 230 Precocious puberty and hypothalamic gliomas, 159 classification of, 209 Pregnancy clinical presentation, 210–12 diagnostic imaging and, 4 depression and, 577 and meningiomas, 272 gonadotropin-secreting adenomas, 219–21 Pressure ulcers, 482, 482t imaging, 11, 14f, 213–14 Primary cerebral tumors. See Brain tumors, primary laboratory investigations, 212–13, 212t Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) malignant, 226–30, 227f–228f “Head Start 1” chemotherapy regimen, 131 natural history, 210 cerebral, 128–31 pathology, 208–10, 209f spinal, 149 prolactinomas, 216–19 Progesterone and meningiomas, 271–72, 271t skull base, 302 Prolactin specific types, 216–26, 216t after cancer treatment, 540 adrenocorticotropin-secreting adenomas, 223–25 measurements of, 212–13, 212t clinically nonfunctional adenomas, 219–21 and pituitary tumors, 209–10. See also Pituitary tumors; growth hormone-secreting adenomas, 221–23 Prolactinoma thyroid-stimulating hormone secreting adenomas, 225–26 Prolactinomas, 14f, 209f surgical approaches, 214–15 treatment of, 216–19 treatment, 214–15 Propoxyphene, 513 Plasmacytoma and neuropathy, 402 and seizures, 441 Platinum and iatrogenic neuropathy, 403–6, 403t Prostate carcinoma Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas metastatic to brain, 323–23 characteristics, 97 metastatic to spine surgical treatment, 103 classification, 341, 343t Plexopathy(ies), 413–22 imaging, 30–31, 40f–40f brachial, 415, 416f Proton density-weighted (PDW) acquisitions, 40 cervical, 413–15, 414f Protons and helium ion beams in radiotherapy, 116–17 chemotherapy and, 419 Protooncogenes in meningiomas, 275–76 diagnosis, 420 Pseudodementia, 575 differential diagnosis, 418–20, 419t Pseudorheumatism, steroid, 508 imaging, 34, 43f Psychiatric issues. See Psychological issues lumbosacral, 416–18, 417f Psychological intervention for cancer pain, 526 prevalence, 413 Psychological issues, 572–89. See also Altered Mental Status; radiation vs. tumor, 418–20, 419t specific disorders rehabilitation for, 476–78, 477t adjustment disorder, 578–79 treatment, 420–21 anxiety disorder, 578 PNET. See Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) assessment of cognitive function, 562 POEMS syndrome, 402 for cancer survivors, 587 Poliovirus vaccination and brain tumors, 258–59 delirium, 573–74 Polycythemia vera and cerebral infarction, 465 dementia, 574–75 Polymorphisms, 240 depression, 577 etiology and epidemiology of brain tumors, 261 for families, 584–86 Polymyositis, 433 for medical staff, 586–87 antibodies, 426 mood and anxiety disorders, 577–82 Polyvinyl chloride and brain tumors, 258 prevalence, 572–73 Positron emission tomography (PET), 65–68 psychotherapy for, 582–87 radiation damage imaging, 36 and rehabilitation, 485–86 Post-herpetic neuralgia, 508 relaxation therapy, 583 Posterior fossa for spouses, 584–86 herniation syndromes, 549–50 Psychosocial issues. See Psychological issues 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 604

604 INDEX

Psychostimulants, 576–77, 579t, 580 family interactions, 486 Psychotherapy, 582–87 inpatient programs, 565 PTCH gene, 244 leptomeningeal metastases, 478 PTEN/MMAC1 gene, 243 musculoskeletal, 478–80 Pupillary light reaction, 544 neuropathy, 478 nutrition, 483–84 Quality of life pain, 484 assessment, 562–63 parkinsonism, 485 behavioral changes and, 560–61 patient outcome goals, 487–89, 487t, 488f and rehabilitation, 489, 489t pharmacologic strategies, 567, 567t Quinagolide for prolactinomas, 216 plexopathy, 476–78, 477t Quinolones and seizures, 442 problems with, 563–64 psychological issues, 485–86 Radiation damage. See also Radiotherapy purpose of, 470–71, 471t basis for, 35–36 quality of life, 489, 489t. See also Quality of life brain tumor etiology and, 252–53, 261 sexual dysfunction, 486 imaging, 35–40 skin and wound care, 481–82, 482t brain, 37–40, 44f–50f spasticity, 480–81, 481t moyamoya, 167 speech deficits, 473–74, 583 myelopathies, 475, 475t tumors, 474–76, 475t neurobehavioral changes and, 558–59 traditional approaches, 564–65 plexopathy, 418–20, 419t venous thromboembolism, 480 Radiosurgery. See also Radiotherapy vocational, 566–67 brain tumors, primary, 77, 116 Relaxation therapy, 583 for meningiomas, 289–90, 289t Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to brain, 321–22 optic pathway gliomas, 164–65 Respiratory depression and opioid analgesics, 521–22 for prolactinomas, 218 Restless leg syndrome, 398 Radiotherapy. See also Nuclear medicine; Radiation damage; Reticuloendothelial system tumors, imaging, 16, 18, 18f specific tumors Retinal degeneration, paraneoplastic, 431–32 accelerated fractionation radiotherapy, 114 antibodies, 426 brain tumor etiology and, 252–53 Retinoblastoma and p16-cdk4-pRb-cyclin D proteins, 245–46, 246f and cancer pain, 508 Ring lesions, imaging, 5f–6f, 29 cerebral hemorrhage, 457–58 Ringertz’s system of grading, 88–90, 88t cerebral infarction, 464 Risperidone, 576, 576t dose-escalation radiotherapy, 114 Ritalin. See Methylphenidate hyperfractionated radiotherapy, 114 Romberg’s sign, 398 neuropsychiatric effects of, 574 seizures and, 440 Salk vaccine and brain tumors, 258–59 skin and wound care after, 481–82 Schwann cell and neuropathy, 400–401 stereotactic, 165 Schwannomas stroke and, 443 cranial nerves III, IV, VI, X, 307–8 ras pathway and meningiomas, 274 facial nerve, 306 Rathke’s pouch and craniopharyngioma, 14, 168 imaging, 24–25 Recombinant DNA, neurotrophic, 407 jugular foramen, 306–7, 307f Recoverin, 432 nasal cavity, 308 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 497 paranasal sinuses, 308 Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), 41, 51f pathology, 302 Regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), 41, 51f skull base, 302–8, 303f–305f, 307f Rehabilitation, 470–92 trigeminal balance abnormalities, 473 diagnosis and treatment, 304–6, 305f benefits, 471, 471t imaging, 16, 17f bowel and bladder management, 472, 482–83 vestibular for brain tumors, 471–74, 471t diagnosis and treatment, 302–4, 303f–304f cognitive, 473–74, 565–66 imaging, 15–16, 16f cranial nerve deficits, 472–73 Schwannomin and meningiomas, 275 deconditioning and, 480 Scintigraphy, 62–65, 62f, 64f–66f delirium and dementia, 484–85 Sedation for diagnostic imaging, 4 discharge planning, 486–87 Seizures employment, 489 behavioral changes and, 560 equipment and orthosis needs, 486 brain tumor symptoms, 76 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 605

Index 605

as cancer complication, 438–47 metastatic, 341–61 chemotherapy, 440–42 and cancer pain, 500–501 diagnosis, 444–45 classification, 341, 342t–343t etiology, 438–44, 439t imaging, 29–31, 37f–42f, 344–47, 344f–349f infection, 443 incidence, 341–42 metabolic causes, 442–43 leptomeningeal, 376t–377t, 377 paraneoplastic syndromes, 440 radiotherapy, 350–51, 350t–351t primary and metastatic brain tumors, 438–40 vs. surgical treatment, 347–48, 350 radiotherapy, 440 surgical treatment stroke, 443–44 approaches, 354–57 treatment, 445–47, 445f decompression and stabilization, 355–57, 355f–357f, 356t, intraoperative stimulation-induced, 81 358t–359t metastatic brain tumors, 327, 438–40 extradural tumors, 353 mixed neuronal-glial tumor and, 98 indications, 351–52, 352t pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas and, 97 intradural tumors, 352, 353f–354f rehabilitation and, 472 preoperative embolization, 354–55 surgical treatment, 101–3 strategies, 352–54, 352t, 353f–354f treatment, 445-46 symptoms and signs, 342, 344, 344t tuberous sclerosis and, 96 treatment rationale, 347 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 579–80, 579t primary, 149–57 for anxiety, 581t, 582 chemotherapy, 154–55 Sensorimotor polyradiculoneuropathy, 402, 402t classification, 149, 150t Sensory neuropathy, 398–99, 398t clinical presentation, 150–52 Sexual dysfunction and rehabilitation, 486 epidemiology, 149–50, 150t Shoulder pain and rehabilitation, 480 imaging, 22–25, 24f–25f, 28f–29f, 150, 151t Sickness Impact Profile, 564 outcome, 155 Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 62–65, radiotherapy, 154 62f, 64f–66f surgical treatment, 152–54, 153f Single voxel (SV) technique, 55, 56f St. Anne-Mayo system of grading, 88–90, 88t Skin and wound care, 481–82, 482t Starling equation, 546 Skull base tumors, 300–319. See also specific tumors treatment, 445 anterior, 316–17, 316t Stereotactic CT-coupled frames biopsy chondrosarcomas, 308–10, 310f brain tumors, primary, 77 chordomas, 310–12, 311f germ cell tumors, 200 classification, 300, 301t–302t Stereotactic-guided volumetric resections. See Radiosurgery location, 300, 301t Steroids meningiomas, 300, 302 for altered mental status, 552–53 neurofibromatosis, 308 depression and, 577 olfactory neuroblastomas, 314–16, 314t, 315f myopathies induced by, 478–79 paragangliomas, 312–14, 313f, 313t neurobehavioral changes, 559–60 pituitary adenomas, 302 rehabilitation and, 472 schwannomas, 302–8, 303f–305f, 307f. See also Schwannomas Stroke. See also Cerebral hemorrhage; Cerebral infarction Skull metastasis and cancer pain, 501 and seizures, 443 Somatomedin, measurements of, 212–13, 212t Subacute motor neuronopathy, 432 Somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) in spinal surgery, 152 Subacute sensory neuronopathy, 430 Somnolence syndrome, 384 Subarachnoid hemorrhage Spasticity and rehabilitation, 480–81, 481t pituitary tumors and, 230 Spectral karyotyping (SKY), 240 and seizures, 444 Spectral peak ratios, 55–57 Subdural hemorrhage Spectroscopy in vivo, 55–57, 56f and coagulopathy, 456 Speech deficits and seizures, 444 psychotherapy and, 583 Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas and rehabilitation, 473–74 characteristics, 97 Speech mapping, 79–84, 84f–86f imaging, 10–11, 13f Sphenoid wing meningiomas, 278 surgical treatment, 102–3 Spinal cord compression Subependymomas, fourth ventricle, 186–87, 186f rehabilitation, 474–76, 475t Sufentanil, 516 spinal metastases and, 344 Suprasellar tumors, imaging, 11–15 Spinal tumors Supratentorial tumors. See Brain tumors intramedullary, 149, 150t Sustentacular cells in paragangliomas, 312 3601_e28index_p591-606 2/19/02 9:09 AM Page 606

606 INDEX

SV40 virus and brain tumors, 258–59 Traction for cancer pain, 526 Sympathetically maintained pain, 497 Transport systems of axons, 401 Synaptotagmin, 433 Transthyretin immunoreactivity, 132 Syncope as cancer complication Tricyclic antidepressants diagnosis, 449–50 for cancer pain, 524 etiology, 447–50, 448t for depression, 579t, 580 treatment, 450 for neuropathy, 406 Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Trigeminal schwannomas after systemic treatment, 537 diagnosis and treatment, 304–6, 305f and neuropathy, 404 imaging, 16, 17f and opioid analgesics, 523 Tuberculum sellae meningiomas, 278 and seizures, 442–43 Tuberous sclerosis, 96–97 Tubulin and Vinca, 404 Tamoxifen for meningiomas, 291 Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) Taxanes and iatrogenic neuropathy, 403–4, 403t etiology and epidemiology of brain tumors, 242–44 Taxol in meningiomas, 275–76 and iatrogenic neuropathy, 403–4, 403t and seizures, 441 Ultrasonography Taxotere and iatrogenic neuropathy, 403t, 404 brain tumor biopsy, 77 Tegretol for seizures, 446 spinal, 152 Temporal lobe Urea for increased intracranial pressure, 552 brain tumor symptoms and, 76 language mapping, 82 Vaccination and brain tumors, 258–59 Teniposide and iatrogenic neuropathy, 404 Valproic acid for seizures, 446 Tentorial meningiomas, 279 Varicella virus and brain tumors, 259 Tep1 and tumor suppressor genes, 243 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and meningiomas, Teratomas, 195–96. See also Germ cell tumors 273–74 cranial, 18 Vasopressin, 213 spinal, 25 Vasovagal syncope, 449–50 Testicular cancer and paraneoplastic neurologic disease, 423 Venlafaxine for depression, 579t, 580 and brain tumor symptoms, 76 Venous sinus thrombosis and seizures, 444 Thermal discrimination and neuropathy, 399 Venous thromboembolism and rehabilitation, 480 Thiol compounds and neuroprotection, 407 Verocay bodies, 302 Thioridazine, 576, 576t Vestibular schwannomas Three-dimensional conformal photon , 116 diagnosis and treatment, 302–4, 303f–304f Throacotomy and cancer pain, 505 imaging, 15–16, 16f Thrombic stroke and seizures, 443 rehabilitation and, 473 Thromboembolism, venous, 480 VHL gene, 244 Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Vinca and iatrogenic neuropathy, 403–4, 403t after cancer treatment, 540 Vincristine and iatrogenic neuropathy, 403–4, 403t measurements of, 212–13, 212t Vinyl chloride and brain tumors, 258 and pituitary tumors, 209–10. See also Pituitary tumors Viruses and brain tumors, 258–59 treatment of, 225–26 Vitamins and brain tumor etiology, 255 Thyrotropin. See Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Vocational rehabilitation, 566–67 Tiagabine for seizures, 447 Volume of interest (VOI) in in vivo spectectroscopy, 55, 56f Tic douloureux and epidermoid tumors, 18, 19f von Hippel-Lindau syndrome Tinea capitis radiation and brain tumors, 271 hemangioblastomas and, 20, 23, 149 Tobacco and brain tumors, 256 tumor suppressor genes and, 244 Todd’s paralysis, 472 von Recklinghausen’s disease and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas, Tolerance and opioid analgesics, 522, 523 97 Topamax for seizures, 447 Topiramate for seizures, 447 “Winking owl” sign, 344, 345f–347f Topotecan, 388 World Health Organization (WHO) system of grading, 88–90, 88t Torcular of Herophilus meningiomas, 279 TP53 gene, 242 Xanthoastrocytomas, pleomorphic, 97