They Didn't Just Move Stone. They Also Were Part of a Social Network That

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT MEDICINE AGRICULTURE How Babies Rapidly Nanotech That Threat to Olives Learn Language Diagnoses Disease from Bacteria? NOVEMBER 2015 ScientificAmerican.com Master Builders They didn’t just move stone. They also were part of a social network that changed the world © 2015 Scientific American NOVEMBER 2015 VOLUME 313, NUMBER 5 40 ARCHAEOLOGY AGRICULTURE 23 The Pyramid Effect 25 The Battle of Olives The workers who built Egypt’s As a nasty bacterium threatens most famous structures did not Italy’s olive groves, growers just drag stone blocks. They were and scientists fight about a highly organized, elite labor force what to do. that used extensive trade networks By Barbie Latza Nadeau to acquire building supplies. TECHNOLOGY By Zach Zorich 60 Robots with Heart COSMOLOGY Before we start sharing our lives 40 Seeing in the Dark with robots, we must teach An extraordinary camera that them to understand and mimic can map 200 million galaxies human emotion. By Pascale Fung will help astronomers in the CHILD DEVELOPMENT Dark Energy Survey explain 64 Baby Talk why the universe seems to be An infant is a natural-born expanding at an ever faster pace. linguist capable of mastering By Joshua Frieman any language. By Patricia K. Kuhl ON THE COVER MEDICINE PHYSICS Recent archaeological discoveries are providing Fermilab 84 Disease Detector 07 Where Is Here? insights into the people who erected Egypt’s Tiny new devices promise to Our sense of the universe as Great Pyramid. The trade and labor infrastruc- diagnose infectious diseases an orderly expanse where tures developed to build the monument, which within minutes instead of days— events happen in absolute would serve as Pharaoh Khufu’s tomb, ushered in a centuries-long period of prosperity for Egypt saving lives in the process. locations is an illusion. that also benefited its trading partners abroad. By Shana O. Kelley By George Musser Photograph by Shanna Baker, Getty Images. HAHN REIDAR OF COURTESY 2 Scientific American, ovemberN 2015 © 2015 Scientific American 6 From the Editor 8 Letters 12 Science Agenda Superpowers: Stop dodging a pact to keep weapons out of space. By the Editors 14 Forum The first step to reducing racial bias in medicine is to recognize its existence. By Rachel Pearson 17 Advances How similar are mad cow disease and Alzheimer’s? The rise of fake marijuana. Black hole births witnessed. 14 28 The Science of Health Many children diagnosed with food allergies turn out not to have them after all. By Ellen Ruppel Shell 30 TechnoFiles Relax. Cybercriminals are not about to take control of your car. By David Pogue 74 Recommended Amazing infographics. Did dark matter kill the dinosaurs? Why we believe conspiracy theories. A doctor’s reflections on prejudice in medicine. By Clara Moskowitz 75 Skeptic Do we perceive reality as it is? By Michael Shermer 27 76 Anti Gravity Chimp with willow makes flying drone weep. 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Follow her on Twitter @mdichristina Pyramids, actly how—or even whether—the bacterium is actually at fault for Olives and damaging the trees of Puglia. “Hard data are scarce,” writes Barbie Latza Nadeau in “The Battle of Olives,” starting on page 52, “so the Young Minds scientists and local authorities tend to stay silent, which many growers interpret as a cover-up for ulterior motives.” Perhaps it’s natural, given the scale of these massive Egyptian As scientists, farmers and officials struggle to bridge a gap in icons of stone, that archaeologists have long focused on the con- perception and shared understanding about a shared problem struction methods and engineering used to create the Giza pyr- in the absence of sufficient data, I reflect on the paradox pre- amids. Now we are at last learning that behind the heavenward sented by “Baby Talk,” by Patricia K. Kuhl, beginning on page 64: movement of the looming tombs, there is an equally remarkable that kind of communication is child’s play ... for youngsters. We rise: that of an intricate and far-flung social network. are born with a fleeting ability to understand and master any of New discoveries are revealing the real secrets of success for the world’s 7,000 languages. Infants of just a few months of age the pharaohs: government, labor and trade infrastructures that can pick up the unique acoustic properties of languages from not only got the pyramids built but also set the stage for centu- around the globe and speak in full sentences just a couple of ries of Egyptian prosperity and shaped the growth of civilization. years later. After the age of seven, fluency in a second language The trade networks drew wealth to Egypt and powered the econ- becomes more elusive. As always, I find myself marveling at the omies of its trading partners abroad. Turn to page 32 for our cov- power of children to give us adults a lesson; see the accompany- er story, “The Pyramid Effect,” by Zach Zorich. ing box for more on that. Modern trade—in olives and their precious oil—is thought to be under threat from a bacterial scourge, Xy - lella, being ferried by insects across Google Science Fair Winners groves in southern Italy. Whereas Now in its fifth year, the Google Science Fair draws entries by students ages 13 to 18 from around the some have called for the seeming re- globe. Scientific American’s $25,000 Innovator Award, for projects in biology, chemistry, physics or the liability of mass cuttings as a solu- behavioral sciences, went to Krtin Nithiyanandam. We also recognized Lalita Prasida Sri pada Srisai tion to prevent further spread, sci- with a $10,000 Community Impact Award. Both honors come with a year of mentoring and access to entists remain uncertain about ex- our 170 years of digital archives for the winners’ schools (ScientificAmerican.com/education). —M.D. BOARD OF ADVISERS Leslie C. Aiello Kaigham J. Gabriel Christof Koch Martin A. Nowak Terry Sejnowski President, Wenner-Gren Foundation President and Chief Executive Officer, President and CSO, Director, Program for Evolutionary Professor and Laboratory Head for Anthropological Research Charles Stark Draper Laboratory Allen Institute for Brain Science Dynamics, and Professor of Biology and of Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, of Mathematics, Harvard University Salk Institute for Biological Studies Roger Bingham Lawrence M. Krauss Harold “Skip” Garner Robert E. Palazzo Co-Founder and Director, Director, Origins Initiative, Michael Shermer Director, Medical Informatics and Dean, University of Alabama at The Science Network Publisher, Skeptic magazine Systems Division, and Professor, Virginia Arizona State University Birmingham College of Arts and Sciences Arthur Caplan Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Morten L. Kringelbach Michael Snyder Carolyn Porco Professor of Genetics, Stanford Director, Division of Medical Ethics, Director, Hedonia: TrygFonden Michael S. Gazzaniga Leader, Cassini Imaging Science University School of Medicine Department of Population Health, Research Group, University of Oxford Team, and Director, CICLOPS, Director, Sage Center for the Study of Mind, NYU Langone Medical Center and University of Aarhus Space Science Institute Michael E. Webber University of California, Santa Barbara Co-director, Clean Energy Incubator, Vinton Cerf Steven Kyle Vilayanur S. Ramachandran David J. Gross and Associate Professor, Chief Internet Evangelist, Google Professor of Applied Economics and Director, Center for Brain and Cognition, Professor of Physics and Permanent University of California, San Diego Department of Mechanical Engineering, George M. Church Management, Cornell University University of Texas at Austin Member,

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