DOCSLIB.ORG

Enterocyte Proliferation and Intracellular Bacteria in Animals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Enterocyte Proliferation and Intracellular Bacteria in Animals Gut 1994; 35: 1483-1486 1483 PROGRESS REPORT Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.35.10.1483 on 1 October 1994. Downloaded from Enterocyte proliferation and intracellular bacteria in animals S McOrist, C J Gebhart, G H K Lawson Considerable proliferation of enterocytes, candidates for the bacteria involved.2 Recent forming adenomatous growths within the work shows that the intracellular bacteria are a intestinal mucosa, is a consistent feature of a new genus of obligate intracellular bacteria, number of enteric conditions in animals, now living within enterocytes. This report describes referred to under the general heading of pro- recent advances in the taxonomic status of the liferative enteropathy. These were originally bacteria and its association with disease patho- described in pigs as adenomas ofthe ileum and genesis in animals, focusing on how this can colon1 and this condition was found to have a aid an understanding of enterocyte prolifera- worldwide occurrence.2 Similar conditions tion. were subsequently described in a number of other animal species, again under the general heading of proliferative enteropathy or Intracellular bacteria enteritis. The degree, however, of mucosal The intracellular bacteria in proliferative proliferation, corresponding to a description of enteropathy in animals have been closely hyperplasia, through adenoma to a more studied in the pig and hamster species, in carcinomatous form, varies between species. which the disease is common and widespread. Occasional reports of the condition in the fox,3 Clinical diagnosis of infection and disease is, horse,4 and guinea pig5 describe a hyperplastic however, difficult2 and the disease might be condition of the mucosa whereas hamsters6 7 recognised more widely if diagnostic tools develop adenomatous lesions similar to the became available. Morphologically, the pig, and the rat8 and ferret9 can develop an bacteria have a wavy trilaminar cell wall and http://gut.bmj.com/ apparently carcinomatous condition with true granular protoplasm typical of Gram negative metastases to local lymph nodes. Study of the bacteria.10 They tend to be curved bacilli, disease was revolutionised in 1974 by the sometimes sigmoid, with ends tapering to a discovery that these lesions in pigs had the con- rounded extremity.14 They divide by trans- sistent presence of intracellular bacteria lying verse septation. Healthy and dividing bacteria free in the cytoplasm of proliferating entero- have only been seen within mammalian entero- cytes.'0 These bacteria were not detected in cytes. Some degenerate forms have been on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. normal animals or in unaffected portions ofthe seen in mucosal macrophages.2 The healthy intestine. The disease is infectious and is trans- bacterial forms seem similar morphologically mitted by oral exposure of animals to diseased in all variations of host species and pathology. mucosa. Antigenic studies of these bacteria in several The wide variety and occurrence of these host species including pigs, hamsters, ferrets, lesions in animals prompted comparisons with rats, guinea pigs, fox, horse, and deer some ileocolic conditions in humans, such as show that they also share outer membrane Department of studies of the antigens.15 16 These antigens are distinct from Veterinary Pathology, Crohn's disease. Comparative University of lesions, however, and serological testing,'1 12 those of other curved bacteria found in the Edinburgh, Veterinary including a study by Crohn himself,'3 showed gut.'7 Preliminary and more definitive studies Field Station, Easter that proliferative enteropathy in animals had of the DNA of these bacteria show that they Bush, Midlothian delta S McOrist no clear counterpart in humans. There may be form a distinct new genus within the G H K Lawson some mechanistic comparisons with the food group of Proteobacteria.'8 19 Porcine strains of sensitive enteropathies, including coeliac the bacteria have been designated an ileal Division of Their relation to Comparative disease, in which primary crypt cell hyperplasia symbiont intracellularis.'9 Medicine, Medical is thought to play a part in pathogenesis. "l This strains from other hosts is not yet known, but School, University of still leaves open the question of how an enteric results of preliminary antigenic and DNA Minnesota, show that they are almost identical. Minneapolis, USA bacterium, albeit one living inside enterocytes, analyses C J Gebhart can change host cell metabolism to induce a These DNA studies showed a 91% hyperplastic or even carcinomatous state. homology of the 16S rDNA portion of the Correspondence to: Dr S McOrist, Department Previous exploration of this phenomenon was genome to Desulfovibrio desulfuricans.'9 These of Veterinary Pathology, by a lack of knowledge of the are one of the predominant sulphate reducing University of Edinburgh, hampered Veterinary Field Station, bacterium involved. Many early studies bacteria in the colon and can use molecular H2 Easter Bush, Midlothian considered the bacteria morphologically as an electron donor.20 This may point to some EH25 9RG. similar to vibrio or campylobacters and several distant evolutionary or functional relation, or Accepted for publication 12 January 1994 campylobacter species were proposed as both, to the intracellular bacteria. 1484 McOrist, Gebhart, Lawson The method of entry of the bacteria into affected crypts and normal mucosal crypts host enterocytes is probably by parasite regenerate. Despite the detection by others of directed endocytosis, with attachment of the enteric viruses and Chlamydia sp in some bacteria to the brush border surface, formation experimental inocula or animals,27 29 it is of an entry vacuole, and early release free into probable that ileal symbiont intracellularis Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.35.10.1483 on 1 October 1994. Downloaded from the cytoplasm, where multiplication and can act as a sole initiating agent of prolifera- division occurs.21 Some of these biological tive enteropathy.28 30 There seems to be some features are similar to that of some chlamydia host specificity in the ability to produce and rickettsia species. For example, R lesions. Although organisms derived from tsutsugamushi lie freely in the cytoplasm of lesions in the pig can produce lesions in orally infected fibroblasts.22 Intracellular bacteria are dosed hamsters,31 these tend not to be as characterised by a wide variety of entry and florid as lesions produced by hamster derived survival mechanisms.23 These mechanisms are isolates. Immunological and DNA analyses, not, however, indicative of any particular including 16S rDNA gene sequence data, evolutionary relation between bacteria that have shown that the organisms within pig and have similar modes of entry and survival.23 hamster enterocytes are almost identical. 16 There does seem to be some common ground Therefore the apparent differences in in the general scheme of regulation of attach- abnormal reactions upon oral transmission of ment, entry, and survival genes and their inocula to a separate host species may only products. Bacteria in the gut lumen must reflect a reduced ability of inoculated bacteria possess the ability to recognise features of their to compete with the differing gut flora of external environment, such as temperature, another host species and effect colonisation. osmolarity or anaerobiosis, to regulate the Dosing ofprimates has not been reported. The expression of genes active in attachment and exact relation of intracellular bacteria to the entry into enterocytes. Recent reviews24 25 carcinomatous lesions in rats has not been provide many examples, such as the detection clearly established, but further experiments of anaerobiosis postulated for the expression may clarify this. of the invasion phenotype of Salmonella Experiments and clinical data show that typhimurium for entry into mammalian cells. animals are most susceptible to infection just After entry into cells, intracellular bacteria after weaning from their mother.32 This may may detect environmental calcium or other reflect a greater proportion of permissive crypt signals24 25 regulating the action of genes epithelial cells within the intestine or a necessary for intracellular survival. more protective intraluminal environment for In some instances, we have found that bacterial colonisation, or both. Recent experi- the bacteria within enterocytes lie closely ments in germ free pigs, recently weaned pigs associated with mitochondria and rough with a normal gut flora, and pigs with a defined endoplasmic reticulum. Similar findings in gut flora of four non-pathogenic bacteria http://gut.bmj.com/ cells infected with other intracellular bacteria supported the concept that the degree of gut have led to the suggestion that these intra- maturity and luminal conditions attained at cellular bacteria may derive some benefit from weaning greatly enhances colonisation and triphosphates produced by the host cells,26 disease due to ileal symbiont intracellularis.28 30 possibly by incorporation of these into The evidence suggests that enterocyte bacterial respiration. proliferation in animals can be caused directly by a transmissible agent, identified as a delta on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. group Proteobacteria closely related to the Enterocyte proliferation sulphate reducing bacteria. Current knowledge The remarkable presence of intracellular of proliferative enteropathy is insufficient to bacteria within enterocytes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Developments in Goblet Cell Mucus Secretion and Function
    REVIEW nature publishing group New developments in goblet cell mucus secretion and function GMH Birchenough1, MEV Johansson1, JK Gustafsson1, JH Bergstro¨m1 and GC Hansson1 Goblet cells and their main secretory product, mucus, have long been poorly appreciated; however, recent discoveries have changed this and placed these cells at the center stage of our understanding of mucosal biology and the immunology of the intestinal tract. The mucus system differs substantially between the small and large intestine, although it is built around MUC2 mucin polymers in both cases. Furthermore, that goblet cells and the regulation of their secretion also differ between these two parts of the intestine is of fundamental importance for a better understanding of mucosal immunology. There are several types of goblet cell that can be delineated based on their location and function. The surface colonic goblet cells secrete continuously to maintain the inner mucus layer, whereas goblet cells of the colonic and small intestinal crypts secrete upon stimulation, for example, after endocytosis or in response to acetyl choline. However, despite much progress in recent years, our understanding of goblet cell function and regulation is still in its infancy. THE INTESTINE system of mucus covering the epithelium. There is a The gastrointestinal tract is a remarkable organ. Not only can it two-layered mucus system in the stomach and colon and a digest most of our food into small components, but it is also single-layered mucus in the small intestine.5 The mucus layers filled with kilograms of microbes that live in stable equilibrium in these three regions perform their protective function using with us and our immune system.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transcriptional Repressor Blimp1/Prdm1 Regulates Postnatal Reprogramming of Intestinal Enterocytes
    The transcriptional repressor Blimp1/Prdm1 regulates postnatal reprogramming of intestinal enterocytes James Harpera, Arne Moulda, Robert M. Andrewsb, Elizabeth K. Bikoffa, and Elizabeth J. Robertsona,1 aSir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom; and bWellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton-Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom Edited by Brigid L. M. Hogan, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, and approved May 19, 2011 (received for review April 13, 2011) Female mammals produce milk to feed their newborn offspring rise to the developing crypts. The crypt derived adult enterocytes before teeth develop and permit the consumption of solid food. that emerge at postnatal day (P) 12 and repopulate the entire Intestinal enterocytes dramatically alter their biochemical signature epithelium lack Blimp1 expression. Conditional inactivation of during the suckling-to-weaning transition. The transcriptional re- Blimp1 results in globally misregulated gene expression patterns, pressor Blimp1 is strongly expressed in immature enterocytes in and compromises small intestine (SI) tissue architecture, nutrient utero, but these are gradually replaced by Blimp1− crypt-derived uptake, and survival of the neonate. In combination with tran- adult enterocytes. Here we used a conditional inactivation strategy scriptional profiling, the present experiments demonstrate that to eliminate Blimp1 function in the developing intestinal epithe- Blimp1/Prdm1 orchestrates orderly and extensive reprogramming lium. There was no noticeable effect on gross morphology or of the postnatal intestinal epithelium. formation of mature cell types before birth. However, survival of mutant neonates was severely compromised. Transcriptional Results profiling experiments reveal global changes in gene expression Down-Regulated Blimp1 Expression in Crypt Progenitors Beginning at patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Chronic Ethanol Ingestion on Enterocyte Turnover in Rat Small Intestine
    Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.28.1.52 on 1 January 1987. Downloaded from Gut, 1987, 28, 52-55 Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on enterocyte turnover in rat small intestine R MAZZANTI AND W J JENKINS From the Department of' Medicine, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, Rowland Hill Street, Londlon SUMMARY Whether chronic ethanol ingestion significantly damages the small intestine remains controversial. To clarify this we have analysed the morphology of the small intestinal epithelium and quantified its renewal in chronically ethanol fed rats. Twenty adult male rats were pair fed for 28 days a nutritionally adequate liquid diet containing either ethanol as 36% of total calories or an isocaloric diet in which fat substituted for ethanol. Crypt cell production rate was determined in the jejunum and ileum by the metaphase arrest method. Weight gain and small intestinal morphology were similar in ethanol fed and control rats, but enterocyte turnover was significantly reduced in the jejunum (p<O.05) and ileum (p<0.0l) of the ethanol fed rats. This effect of ethanol on the small intestine is probably systemic rather than local, because the changes in jejunum and ileum were similar, and it may contribute to the development of malnutrition in chronic alcoholics. A variety of changes in intestinal function have Methods been reported after acute or habitual alcohol consumption.' Impaired absorption of vitamins,25 ANIMALS sugars6 7 and amino acids8 9 has been shown in Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, which http://gut.bmj.com/ the presence of ethanol, and the chronic consump- initially weighed between 210 g and 310 g, were tion of ethanol is often associated with malnutrition maintained in single cages on a 12 hour light-dark and diarrhoea, but whether these are caused by cycle at 21 ±1°C room temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Examination
    The Digestive and Lesson 3 Endocrine Systems Lesson 3 ASSIGNMENT 6 Read in your textbook, Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians, pages 358–377, 436, and 474–475. Then read Assignment 6 in this study guide. Introduction The endocrine system involves the secretion of chemicals called hormones by glands within the body. These chemicals control bodily functions, often at locations very distant from the gland that secreted the chemical. The opposite of endocrine is exocrine, which involves the secretion of sub- stances into spaces outside the body. The glands in the skin and gastrointestinal tract are examples of exocrine organs. (The lumen of the intestine is a space that technically isn’t “within” the body, because it’s continuous with the outside environment via the mouth and anus.) The pancreas is unique in being both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland. The endocrine function is the secretion of substances such as insulin, which metabolizes sugar. The exocrine function involves the secretion of digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Many endocrine organs exist throughout the body (see Table 15-2 on page 360 of your textbook). While they’re all classified as endocrine glands, their anatomy and functions aren’t necessarily similar or even remotely related. Therefore, there isn’t really a grand organizational scheme to this sys- tem as there is with some of the other body systems. The glands are considered together only because their means of secretion is similar. All endocrine glands secrete hormones in the form of proteins that travel via the blood to the target organ for that particular hormone.
    [Show full text]
  • The Multifunctional Gut of Fish
    THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL GUT OF FISH 1 Zebrafish: Volume 30 Copyright r 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FISH PHYSIOLOGY DOI: This is Volume 30 in the FISH PHYSIOLOGY series Edited by Anthony P. Farrell and Colin J. Brauner Honorary Editors: William S. Hoar and David J. Randall A complete list of books in this series appears at the end of the volume THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL GUT OF FISH Edited by MARTIN GROSELL Marine Biology and Fisheries Department University of Miami-RSMAS Miami, Florida, USA ANTHONY P. FARRELL Faculty of Agricultural Sciences The University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Canada COLIN J. BRAUNER Department of Zoology The University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Canada AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • OXFORD NEW YORK • PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2011 Copyright r 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (þ44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively, visit the Science and Technology Books website at www.elsevierdirect.com/rights for further information Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Intestinal M Cells Exhibit Enterocyte-Like Intermediate Filaments
    54 Gut 1998;42:54–62 Human intestinal M cells exhibit enterocyte-like intermediate filaments Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.42.1.54 on 1 January 1998. Downloaded from T Kucharzik, N Lügering, K W Schmid, M A Schmidt, R Stoll, W Domschke Abstract antigens.5612 As M cells have a high capacity Background—The derivation and ul- for transcytosis of a wide range of microorgan- trastructural composition of M cells cov- isms and macromolecules, they are believed to ering the lymphoid follicles of Peyer’s act as an antigen sampling system.34 M cells patches is still unknown. Results from dif- can be characterised electron microscopically ferent animal models have shown that by their characteristic morphology, notably there are species specific diVerences in their atypical microvilli and the presence of an the composition of intermediate filaments invagination of the basolateral membrane har- between M cells and neighbouring entero- bouring leucocytes.47Since the first report on cytes. Little is known, however, about M cells in the human ileum1 and appendix,2 intermediate filaments of human M cells. numerous studies have been done to elucidate Aims—To compare components of the their morphology and to investigate functional cytoskeleton of human M cells with those aspects of M cells in diVerent animal species of adjacent absorptive enterocytes. (for review see Trier7). Little is known, Methods—The expression and localisation however, about the function and morphology of diVerent cytokeratins, vimentin, and of M cells in humans. Concerning their desmin in M cells was determined on folli- morphology, human M cells reveal an anasto- cle associated epithelia of human appen- mosing, short, ridgelike network of folds and dix using immunohistochemistry and occasionally short microvilli in strong contrast immunogold electron microscopy.
    [Show full text]
  • Esophagus IL-5 Promotes Eosinophil Trafficking To
    IL-5 Promotes Eosinophil Trafficking to the Esophagus Anil Mishra, Simon P. Hogan, Eric B. Brandt and Marc E. Rothenberg This information is current as of October 2, 2021. J Immunol 2002; 168:2464-2469; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2464 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/168/5/2464 Downloaded from References This article cites 35 articles, 10 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/168/5/2464.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. http://www.jimmunol.org/ • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on October 2, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2002 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. IL-5 Promotes Eosinophil Trafficking to the Esophagus1 Anil Mishra,* Simon P. Hogan,† Eric B. Brandt,* and Marc E. Rothenberg2* Eosinophil infiltration into the esophagus occurs in a wide range of diseases; however, the underlying pathophysiological mech- anisms involved are largely unknown. We now report that the Th2 cytokine, IL-5, is necessary and sufficient for the induction of eosinophil trafficking to the esophagus.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Microflora on the Dimensions of Enterocyte Microvilli in the Rat J.-C
    Effects of microflora on the dimensions of enterocyte microvilli in the rat J.-C. Meslin, E. Sacquet, S. Delpal To cite this version: J.-C. Meslin, E. Sacquet, S. Delpal. Effects of microflora on the dimensions of enterocyte microvilli in the rat. Reproduction Nutrition Développement, 1984, 24 (3), pp.307-314. hal-00898154 HAL Id: hal-00898154 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00898154 Submitted on 1 Jan 1984 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Effects of microflora on the dimensions of enterocyte microvilli in the rat J.-C. MESLIN, E. SACQUET S. DELPAL Station de Recherches de Nutrition, /./V./7./! 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France. (*) Laboratoire des Animaux sans Germes, CNRS, lNRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France. Summary. The length and diameter of enterocyte microvilli at mid-villus position were measured on electron-micrographs. The duodenum, jejunum and ileum of axenic (germfree) and holoxenic (conventional) inbred rats fed the same diet have been studied. The microvilli were significantly shorter in all these intestinal regions when the microflora was present. The decrease in microvillus length (due to the presence of microflora), expressed as a percentage of the length in axenic rat, was 5 % in the duodenum, 9 % in the jejunum and 18 % in the ileum.
    [Show full text]
  • Intestinal Permeability, Inflammation and the Role of Nutrients
    nutrients Review Intestinal Permeability, Inflammation and the Role of Nutrients Ricard Farré 1,2,* , Marcello Fiorani 1, Saeed Abdu Rahiman 1 and Gianluca Matteoli 1 1 Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; marcellofi[email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (S.A.R.); [email protected] (G.M.) 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-16-34-57-52 Received: 27 November 2019; Accepted: 17 April 2020; Published: 23 April 2020 Abstract: The interaction between host and external environment mainly occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, where the mucosal barrier has a critical role in many physiologic functions ranging from digestion, absorption, and metabolism. This barrier allows the passage and absorption of nutrients, but at the same time, it must regulate the contact between luminal antigens and the immune system, confining undesirable products to the lumen. Diet is an important regulator of the mucosal barrier, and the cross-talk among dietary factors, the immune system, and microbiota is crucial for the modulation of intestinal permeability and for the maintenance of gastrointestinal tract (GI) homeostasis. In the present review, we will discuss the role of a number of dietary nutrients that have been proposed as regulators of inflammation and epithelial barrier function. We will also consider the metabolic function of the microbiota, which is capable of elaborating the diverse nutrients and synthesizing products of great interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural and Functional Relationships of the Enterocyte
    12 Postgraduate Medical Journal Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.44.507.12 on 1 January 1968. Downloaded from return to the patient and determine to what DANES, B.S. & BEARN, A.G. (1967) The effect of retinol extent the findings derived from in vitro studies (vitamin A alcohol) on urinary excretion of mucopoly- saccharides in the Hurler syndrome. Lancet, i, 1029. are directly applicable to the human condition. HENDERSON, J.L. (1940) Gargoylism; review of principal features with report of five cases. Arch. Dis. Child. 15, 215. McKUSICK, V.A. Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue. References Mosby, St Louis. DANES, B.S. & BEARN, A.G. (1966a) Hurler's syndrome. A SATO, A. (1955) Chediak and Higashi's disease. Probable genetic study in cell culture. J. exp. Med. 123, 1. identity of 'a new leucocytal anomaly (Chediak)' and DANES, B.S. & BEARN, A.G. (1966b) Hurler's syndrome. 'congenital gigantism of peroxidase granules (Higashi).' Effect of retinol (vitamin A alcohol) on cellular mucopoly- Tohoku J. exp. Med. 61, 201. saccharides in cultured human skin fibroblasts. J. exp. WHITE, J.G. (1966) The Chediak-Higashi syndrome: A Med. 124, 1181. possible lysosomal disease. Blood, 28, 143. Enteropoiesis: structural and functional relationships of the enterocyte C. C. BOOTH Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London Protected by copyright. THE REMARKABLE turnover of the cells of the layer of the small intestine is markedly increased, intestinal mucosa was first suspected by Bizzozero 'the situation is comparable with anaemia in as long ago as 1888 and has been firmly estab- which there is reduction of the peripheral red lished by modern techniques during the past 20 cells (villous cells) and compensatory hyper- years (Leblond & Stevens, 1948; Leblond & trophy of the red bone marrow (glandular Messier, 1958; Creamer, Shorter & Bamforth, mucosa)'.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution Pattern and Molecular Signature of Cholinergic Tuft Cells In
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Distribution pattern and molecular signature of cholinergic tuft cells in human gastro-intestinal and pancreatic-biliary tract Burkhard Schütz1, Anna-Lena Ruppert1, Oliver Strobel2,3, Michael Lazarus 4, Yoshihiro Urade5,6, Markus W. Büchler2,3 & Eberhard Weihe1* Despite considerable recent insight into the molecular phenotypes and type 2 innate immune functions of tuft cells in rodents, there is sparse knowledge about the region-specifc presence and molecular phenotypes of tuft cells in the human digestive tract. Here, we traced cholinergic tuft cells throughout the human alimentary tract with immunohistochemistry and deciphered their region-specifc distribution and biomolecule coexistence patterns. While absent from the human stomach, cholinergic tuft cells localized to villi and crypts in the small and large intestines. In the biliary tract, they were present in the epithelium of extra-hepatic peribiliary glands, but not observed in the epithelia of the gall bladder and the common duct of the biliary tract. In the pancreas, solitary cholinergic tuft cells were frequently observed in the epithelia of small and medium-size intra- and inter-lobular ducts, while they were absent from acinar cells and from the main pancreatic duct. Double immunofuorescence revealed co-expression of choline acetyltransferase with structural (cytokeratin 18, villin, advillin) tuft cell markers and eicosanoid signaling (cyclooxygenase 1, hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase, 5-lipoxygenase activating protein) biomolecules. Our results indicate that region-specifc cholinergic signaling of tuft cells plays a role in mucosal immunity in health and disease, especially in infection and cancer. Tuf cells represent a minor sub-population of post-mitotic epithelial cells in the mucosal lining of the mamma- lian alimentary tract1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Composition and Differentiation Signaling in Chicken
    animals Review Cellular Composition and Differentiation Signaling in Chicken Small Intestinal Epithelium 1,2,3, 2, 4 1 2 1, Haihan Zhang y, Dongfeng Li y, Lingbin Liu , Ling Xu , Mo Zhu , Xi He * and Yang Liu 2,* 1 Department of Animal Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; [email protected] (H.Z.); [email protected] (L.X.) 2 Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (M.Z.) 3 Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, IN 47408, USA 4 College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (X.H.); [email protected] (Y.L.) Haihan Zhang and Dongfeng Li contributed equally to this paper. y Received: 3 October 2019; Accepted: 24 October 2019; Published: 27 October 2019 Simple Summary: The small intestine is the major place for chickens to digest and absorb the nutrients. The intestinal epithelium is a single layer of cells that are generated by the stem cells in the crypt. This review mainly summarized the recent findings of molecular signaling pathways that control the proliferation and differentiation of chicken small intestinal stem cells, and the biological functions of chicken small intestinal stem cells, and the biological functions of chicken small intestinal epithelium corresponding to different cell types. We also provided some novel in vitro models for studying chicken small intestinal stem cells.
    [Show full text]