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Assessing the Chinese Gaokao Exam in the CONTEXT of the TEST-OPTIONAL TREND in INTERNATIONAL ADMISSIONS

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Assessing the Chinese Gaokao Exam in the CONTEXT of the TEST-OPTIONAL TREND in INTERNATIONAL ADMISSIONS CHINA TEST OPTIONAL INITIATIVE www.sieconnection.com/ctoi Assessing the Chinese Gaokao Exam IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TEST-OPTIONAL TREND IN INTERNATIONAL ADMISSIONS BY DAVID WEEKS, HAO ZHOU, JACOB NEWTON-TANZER, AND YANG LIU A White Paper by Sunrise International Education 1 2 China’s National College Entrance seeking to recruitment qualified Chinese Section 1. Examination, often known as the applicants target the right gaokao-track gaokao is the largest college entrance students? BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT exam in the world. For international This white paper will aim to provide higher education, the gaokao poses historical and cultural background, — a number of difficult questions. Is the assessment process and structure, gaokao a useful metric of assessment students hailing from Tier 2 and Tier 3 scoring standards, comparisons with " for Chinese candidates applying for A.HOW DOES THE GAOKAO FIT Chinese cities. international examinations, and finally overseas universities? Is it a good INTO INTERNATIONAL HIGHER strategies and channels to find the right predictor of academic preparedness? ED TRENDS? Chinese students have better access gaokao and test optional students. We Is its English component a useful Since 2010, China has been the to international high schools than include a comprehensive comparison of metric for English proficiency? Does world’s largest sender of outbound ever before; the total enrollment at scoring rubrics in the appendix section. it have a place in a holistic admissions international students. The Chinese all international pre-tertiary schools assessment? How can universities international recruitment landscape in China is about 484,300. Assuming has transformed in recent years. an even distribution of students, Until the mid-1990’s, most Chinese about 40,000 high school students international students went abroad graduate from Chinese international on a scholarship, and the lion’s share schools each year. Many savvy overseas studied abroad for PhD-level work. This universities have focused their trend began to shift due to the reform undergraduate recruitment efforts of China’s centrally planned economy: on these international schools, with a the ranks of China’s middle class grew growing emphasis on tier 2 and 3 cities. thereby making more Chinese families While students at these schools are able to afford international masters- doubtlessly valuable “target markets” level education. Students began to use for many universities, it’s important educational agencies to demystify the to remember that only about 3% of process of applying to a school and high school students in China choose 2 getting a visa. Fast forwarding to today, an international curriculum track. China sends about the same number of The United States receives half of all undergraduate and graduate students 2. May, Tiffany. “For Survivors of a 9-Hour Chinese Exam, a Door to many countries, with more and more Opens to America.” The New York Times. June 13, 2018. https:// 1. David Weeks, Ryder Gottlieb, Jolin Zhu, and Cody Zhou. Sunrise White Paper, Trends in Chinese International Education: What to Expect in 2019. www.nytimes.com/2018/06/13/world/asia/china-gaokao-new- https://sieconnection.com/insight/2018/1/8/3-trends-in-china-that-will-define-international-recruitment-in-2018-1 hampshire.html 3 4 Chinese outbound students (304,000 The sheer scale of the gaokao is of 600,000)3; undergraduates comprise staggering. Each year, students around " of 41% (124,000) of these students the world take the SAT exam 2.14 million B. WHERE IS THE GAOKAO ACCEPTED FOR equating to just over 30,000 new times, and 163,1735 students take an IB CONSIDERATION FOR ADMISSION? freshmen each year. Outside the US, exam each year. In China, over 9 million Around the world, universities have adopter of the gaokao was Australia, 6 freshmen undergraduate students students take the gaokao each year. Of made steps to implement the gaokao which commissioned a report in 2009 make up another 35,000-40,000 course, this isn’t to say that there are 9 into their admissions processes, to analyze gaokao acceptance for direct students, meaning that 25,000-30,000 million students ready to study abroad. though some universities and regions undergraduate enrollment. About 30 Chinese students from traditional The lion’s share of these students are are far ahead in accommodating the of Australia’s 43 universities accept the gaokao-track high schools are enrolling aiming to enroll in a well-regarded needs of gaokao track students. The gaokao,14 and 7 of Australia’s prestigious abroad each year. For universities Chinese university, where tuition total number of gaokao-accepting “Group of 8” universities accept the seeking to reach these students, it is fees are low but admission is brutally universities reportedly exceeds 1,000 worthwhile to better understand the competitive. Admission rates for top- universities in 20 countries and regions, Chinese gaokao exam. tier universities like Peking University including all universities in France, Hong 7. Zhang Haizhou. “Italy, France accept gaokao scores.” China and Tsinghua University are as low as 7 State Council, 2015, ,http://english.gov.cn/news/top_ Kong and Macau, all public universities news/2015/06/26/content_281475134729615.htm 0.034%. While some gaokao students in Singapore, 206 universities in Italy, 8. Zhang Haizhou. “Italy, France accept gaokao scores.” China State Council, 2015, ,http://english.gov.cn/news/top_ sit for the gaokao as a most of Germany’s 380 recognized news/2015/06/26/content_281475134729615.htm 9. The Economist. “Some Western universities see merit in formality and plan to study universities, and most universities in China’s flawed exam.” 2018, https://www.economist.com/ abroad early on, others 8 china/2018/06/28/some-western-universities-see-merit-in- Spain. About 30 Canadian universities chinas-flawed-exam look for options abroad accept the gaokao, including McGill and 10. Lincoln University. “Bachelor Degree Admission Requirements.” http://www.lincoln.ac.nz/Study/Undergraduate/Entry- 9 after they’ve received their the University of Toronto. New Zealand Requirements/Bachelor-Degree-Admission-Requirements/, scores if they do not University of Waikato. ‘Entry requirements for undergraduate gaokao universities tend to accept gaokao international students.” 2019. https://squiz-matrix. meet the minimum score its.waikato.ac.nz/study/enrolment/undergraduate- scores, although some require a year of international#International%20Entry%20Requirements for their preferred Chinese tertiary study in China or a foundation 11. UCAS. “China: GaoKao Qualifications.” 2018, https://qips.ucas. com/qip/china-gaokao 10 university. program first. British universities tend 12. Zoe Lewis. “University of Birmingham opens door to students with top grades in Chinese gaokao entrance exam.” South China not to accept the gaokao without a Morning Post, 2018, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/ foundation year or other qualifications, society/article/2169006/university-birmingham-opens-door- students-top-grades-chinese 11 3. China MOE, “Brief report on Chinese overseas students and international students in China 2017.” 4/1/2018. http://en.moe.gov.cn/documents/ with notable exceptions such as the 13. “The Gaokao is regarded as suitable preparation for Cambridge.” University of Cambridge, https://www.undergraduate.study.cam. reports/201901/t20190115_367019.html 12 4. College Board Report, https://reports.collegeboard.org/sat-suite-program-results/class-2018-results University of Birmingham and the ac.uk/china 14. Chen Ximing. A growing number of foreign universities are 5. The IB Diploma Programme Statistical Bulletin, May 2018 Examination Session. May 2018 https://www.ibo.org/contentassets/bc850970f4e54b87 University of Cambridge.13 The earliest 828f83c7976a4db6/dp-statistical-bulletin-may-2018-en.pdf starting to accept gaokao scores for admission. Global Times, 6. China Daily, “9.4m students sit China's college entrance exam.” 7/6/2017. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-06/07/content_29655490. 2016, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/990567.shtml htm 5 6 gaokao for direct undergraduate years to the Sui dynasty. While, the of total recruitment may come from centers, traffic is diverted, construction enrollment.15 gaokao is the best known of China’s recruitment plans outside of the work suspended, and even flights can high-stakes exams, most 13-14 years gaokao). Diverging from international be rerouted to avoid disrupting test- Universities in the United States have olds in China sit for the zhongkao ( 中 counterparts, a gaokao score is the takers. In 2008, Beijing authorities even been slower to adapt to and understand 考 ) which governs admission to China’s only metric used to assess an applicant, rerouted the path of the Olympic torch the gaokao, with some exceptions like public high schools. High school seniors meaning that grades, extracurriculars, to steer clear of testing centers.18 private universities: New York University, sit for a separate graduation test called character assessments, and interviews the University of San Francisco, St. The administration of the gaokao is the huikao ( 会考). And the guokao do not enter into the admissions Thomas University, Suffolk University, highly secure. Testing centers have ( 国考), a cousin of the ancient civil process for most domestic candidates Illinois Institute of Technology and police officers dispatches and an service exam, essentially decides who for Chinese universities. In more than Adelphi University, as well as some advanced surveillance apparatus in will be offered an interview for 27,000 95% of circumstances, if a candidate public universities: University of New place. Some provinces use metal government jobs among almost a has graduated from high school, Hampshire, the University of North detectors, radio signal detectors, cellular million candidates each year.17 applies to the university, and meets Texas, and Louisiana State University, signal jammers, facial recognition the university’s minimum cutoff score which are either currently accepting or The gaokao is the primary gateway technology, and even drones to identify then they will be admitted.
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