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Human Geography of Tamil Nadu Unit

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Human Geography of Tamil Nadu Unit Unit - 7 Human Geography of Tamil Nadu Learning Objectives To understand the agricultural factors, major crops and their distribution in Tamil Nadu To learn about the water resources of Tamil Nadu To study the mineral and industrial resources of Tamil Nadu To analyze the population and its composition in Tamil Nadu To learn about the man made disasters in Tamil Nadu Introduction major occupation in Tamil Nadu. Agriculture has been the mainstay of the state’s economy Human geography refers to the study of since independence with more than 65% of the ways of development of human societies and population depends upon this sector for their their operation in relation to their physical living. Agriculture provides employment for environment. This chapter focuses on the rural people on a large scale. There is a strong distribution, characteristics and utilisation of link between agriculture and economic growth. different resources in Tamil Nadu. We have Agriculture constitutes about 21% of the state’s studied earlier that the earth is endowed economy. However, it fluctuates from one year with a variety of natural resources such as to another. Paddy, millets and pulses are the landforms, rivers, soil, natural vegetation, principal food crops of the state. Sugarcane, water and wildlife. These resources are useful cotton, sunflower, coconut, cashew, chillies, only when they are utilised. Human beings use these resources using their intelligence gingelly, groundnut, tea, coffee, cardamom and and skill. Thus, the human beings are the rubber are the major commercial crops. most significant resource on the earth surface. They turn all these natural resources into 7.2 Geographical determinants useful products with their skills and abilities. of Agriculture 7.1 Agriculture Landform, climate, soil and irrigation are the factors that determine the growth of The word "agriculture" is derived from the agriculture. Latin words "ager and cultura", which means field and growing. Agriculture is a practice of 7.2.1 Landform farming that includes the cultivation of crops, Tamil Nadu is a land of diverse landscape rearing of animals, birds, forestry, fisheries comprising of hills, plateaus and plains. and other related activities. Agriculture is the Among them the plains are most suitable 106 10th_Geography_Unit_7.indd 106 02-08-2019 16:08:36 for agriculture. The plains with alluvial soil enhances agricultural productivity. Example: The Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI) is an Plains of cauvery. Agriculture in the plateau is Indian research institute working moderate and is poor on the hills. in the field of rice under Tamil 7.2.2 Climate Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU).It is situated at Aduthurai, in Thanjavur Tamil Nadu is situated in the tropical district, it was established in April, 1985 in TNAU zone, which is nearer to the equator. The state to meet the research requirements of the region experiences a tropical climate. Hence, the with the help of existing Agricultural Colleges temperature in Tamil Nadu is relatively high and Research centres and perform lead function almost throughout the year. So, only the tropical for rice and rice based cropping system research. crops are cultivated. Water is another limiting factor of agriculture. Northeast monsoon is 7.3 Cropping Seasons in the major source of rainfall for Tamil Nadu. Therefore, the major cropping season begins Tamil Nadu with this season. The rainfall in this season and Farmers select different crops for the irrigation facilities affect agriculture to a different seasons of cultivation. It is based on large extent. the temperature and availability of moisture 7.2.3 Soil in the soil. Accordingly, the state has the following cropping seasons. Soil is one of the most essential elements of agriculture. It provides essential minerals or Name Sowing Harvesting Major crops nutrients for the growth of crops and vegetation. Sornavari April-May August- Millets and The regions of river valleys and the coastal plains (chittirai September cotton pattam ) are the most agriculturally productive regions of the Samba July- January- Paddy and state as they are covered with fertile alluvial soil. (Adipattam) August February sugarcane Navarai November February- Fruits, Types and regions of Agriculture - March vegetables, Practices in Tamil Nadu December cucumber and watermelon Farming type Area practiced Subsistence Practiced all over 7.4 Distribution of major intensive Tamil Nadu with few crops in Tamil Nadu agriculture } exceptions. Plantation Hill slopes of Eastern 7.4.1 Paddy Agriculture} and Western Ghats. Paddy is the most important staple food Mixed farming Banks of River crop of Tamil Nadu. Ponni and kichadi samba Cauvery and are the major varieties of paddy grown in Thenpennai. Tamil Nadu. About 3 million hectares of the state is under rice cultivation. Though it is 7.2.4 Irrigation cultivated all over Tamil Nadu, its cultivation Monsoon rainfall in the state is highly is highly concentrated in Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram, Villupuram, irregular. Further it is seasonal. Hence, Cuddalore and Tirunelveli districts. It ranks irrigation becomes necessary for successful third in the production of rice among the states cultivation of crops in the state. In the dry of India. The deltaic region of river cauvery regions, rain-fed crops are cultivated. 107 Human Geography of Tamil Nadu 10th_Geography_Unit_7.indd 107 02-08-2019 16:08:36 (the undivided Thanjavur district) is the major rice-producing region of Tamil Nadu. So, this To promote organic region is rightly called as the "Granary of farming a central scheme named Tamil Nadu." ‘National Project on Organic Farming’ was launched Apart from general things (creating awareness, promoting organic fertilizers, training, capacity building etc.), the scheme provides financial assistance through Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme for agro-waste compost production units, bio-fertilizers/ bio-pesticides production units, development and implementation of quality control regime, human resource development etc. Paddy Cultivation gram. Vellore and Kanyakumari districts produce red gram. 7.4.2 Millets Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam and Thoothukudi Millets form staple food of nearly one- districts are the principal producers of green third of human population of Tamil Nadu. gram and black gram. Horse gram is widely Sorghum/jowar (cholam), ragi (kezhvaragu) cultivated in Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri and bajra (kambu) are the major millets. These districts. are grown not only in drier areas but also in 7.4.4 Oil Seeds the coastal plains. Sorghum is grown in the Groundnut, gingelly castor, coconut, Coimbatore plateau and Kambam valley. Ragi is sunflower and mustard are some of the oilseeds grown in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Vellore and that are grown in Tamil Nadu. Apart from its Cuddalore districts. Bajra is mostly cultivated use in food preparation, it is used in industries in Ramanathapuram, Tirunelveli, Karur, as a lubricant, in the manufacture of varnish, Perambalur and Salem districts. soaps, candles, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Groundnut is the major oilseed of the state. The India observed 2018 as cultivation of groundnut is mostly concentrated national year of millets. FAO in Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Villupuram, Salem has decided to observe 2023 as and Pudukottai districts. It is also grown to some the International year of millets. extent in Dharmapuri, Cuddalore, Perambalur and Madurai. Erode, Ramanathapuram, 7.4.3 Pulses Sivagangai and Virudhunagar districts are its minor producers. Coconut is grown in Pulses are the major source of protein. Coimbatore, Thanjavur and Kanyakumari Bengal gram, black gram, green gram, cowpea districts. and horse gram are the important pulses grown in Tamil Nadu. Pulses are grown in a wide range 7.4.5 Sugarcane of climatic conditions mostly in drier regions It is one of the major cash crops of the with or without irrigation. Mild cool climate state. It is an annual crop. It requires high and a low to moderate rainfall are best suited temperature and heavy rainfall. It grows well in for these crops. Pulses serve as excellent fodder. the tropical region. Major sugarcane-producing Pulses are grown in almost all districts in the districts are Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram, Vellore, state except Chennai, Nilgiris and Kanyakumari. Cuddalore, Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatore, Erode Coimbatore leads in the production of Bengal and Tirunelveli. Human Geography of Tamil Nadu 108 10th_Geography_Unit_7.indd 108 02-08-2019 16:08:39 7.4.6 Cotton Cinchona is planted at heights varying Cotton is a fibre and cash crop. It requires from 1060 to 1280 metres in Anaimalai hills. black soil, long frost-free condition and warm Cardamom estates are located at few places in and humid weather for its cultivation. Humid the hills of Madurai region at an elevation of weather in the early stages and hot, dry weather 915 to 1525 metres. during harvest period is suitable for this crop. It is predominantly cultivated in Coimbatore TANTEA (TANTEA- plateau and Vaigai-Vaippar river basins. It is Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation also cultivated in Madurai, Ramanathapuram, Corporation Limited) is Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi, one of the Biggest Black Tea Salem and Dharmapuri districts. Producers in India with high quality clonal tea. Its plantation spreads 7.4.7 Plantation crops over nearly 4500 hec. Tea, coffee, cashew, rubber and cinchona Tamil Nadu Dairy Development are the major plantation crops of the state. Corporation Ltd. was transformed into the Tamil Nadu ranks second in area and newly registered Tamil Nadu Co-operative production of tea in India next to Assam. Tea Milk Producers Federation Limited plantations are found in the hills of the Nilgiris Popularly known as “Aavin”. and Coimbatore. The Nilgiris is the notable regions for tea plantations. Coffee plants are grown in the hills of Western Ghats as well 7.5 Livestock/Animal as Eastern Ghats. It is also found in the hilly Husbandry slopes of Dindigul, Madurai, Theni and Salem Livestock has remained an integral part districts. Yercaud, Kolli Hills and Kodaikanal of socio-economic fabric of rural people. are notable for coffee plantations.
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