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A Success Story Or a Failure? : Representing the European Integration in the Curricula and Textbooks of Five Countries
I Inari Sakki A Success Story or a Failure? Representing the European Integration in the Curricula and Textbooks of Five Countries II Social psychological studies 25 Publisher: Social Psychology, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki Editorial Board: Klaus Helkama, Chair Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, Editor Karmela Liebkind Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman Kari Mikko Vesala Maaret Wager Jukka Lipponen Copyright: Inari Sakki and Unit of Social Psychology University of Helsinki P.O. Box 4 FIN-00014 University of Helsinki I wish to thank the many publishers who have kindly given the permission to use visual material from their textbooks as illustrations of the analysis. All efforts were made to find the copyright holders, but sometimes without success. Thus, I want to apologise for any omissions. ISBN 978-952-10-6423-4 (Print) ISBN 978-952-10-6424-1 (PDF) ISSN 1457-0475 Cover design: Mari Soini Yliopistopaino, Helsinki, 2010 III ABSTRAKTI Euroopan yhdentymisprosessin edetessä ja syventyessä kasvavat myös vaatimukset sen oikeutuksesta. Tästä osoituksena ovat muun muassa viimeaikaiset mediassa käydyt keskustelut EU:n perustuslakiäänestysten seurauksista, kansalaisten EU:ta ja euroa kohtaan osoittamasta ja tuntemasta epäluottamuksesta ja Turkin EU-jäsenyydestä. Taloudelliset ja poliittiset argumentit tiiviimmän yhteistyön puolesta eivät aina riitä kansalaisten tuen saamiseen ja yhdeksi ratkaisuksi on esitetty yhteisen identiteetin etsimistä. Eurooppalaisen identiteetin sanotaan voivan parhaiten muodostua silloin, kun perheen, koulutuksen -
Introduction to the Fiscal Framework of the EU
Introduction to the fiscal framework of the EU The Maastricht Treaty, the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance, and the Stability and Growth Pact STUDY EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Author: Angelos Delivorias Members' Research Service PE 679.085 – February 2021 EN Introduction to the fiscal framework of the EU The Maastricht Treaty, the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union, and the Stability and Growth Pact Almost 30 years ago, the Maastricht Treaty laid the basis for economic and monetary union (EMU). Its fiscal provisions have been further developed by subsequent primary and secondary legislation – in particular, the Stability and Growth Pact with its preventive and corrective arms, and the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in EMU. These instruments together constitute the fiscal framework of the European Union. In early 2020, the European Commission launched a review of the EU's economic governance, seeking in particular to establish how effective the surveillance provisions have been in achieving their objectives. This paper aims to provide an introduction to the Union's economic governance, starting from a brief overview of the economic literature, and concluding with a look at possible developments that might follow from the review, not least examining the various calls for its amendment that have been put on the table. While the Commission's review has been put to one side while the immediate issues of the coronavirus pandemic are addressed, the economic consequences of the pandemic are themselves changing the context for the review. EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service AUTHOR Angelos Delivorias, Members' Research Service This paper has been drawn up by the Members' Research Service within the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the Secretariat of the European Parliament. -
The Development of International Police Cooperation Within the EU
American University International Law Review Volume 14 | Issue 3 Article 1 1999 The evelopmeD nt of International Police Cooperation within the EU and Between the EU and Third Party States: A Discussion of the Legal Bases of Such Cooperation and the Problems and Promises Resulting Thereof Jacqueline Klosek Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Klosek, Jacqueline. "The eD velopment of International Police Cooperation within the EU and Between the EU and Third Party States: A Discussion of the Legal Bases of Such Cooperation and the Problems and Promises Resulting Thereof." American University International Law Review 14, no. 3 (1999): 599-656. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION WITHIN THE EU AND BETWEEN THE EU AND THIRD PARTY STATES: A DISCUSSION OF THE LEGAL BASES OF SUCH COOPERATION AND THE PROBLEMS AND PROMISES RESULTING THEREOF JACQUELINE KLOSEK* INTRODUCTION .............................................. 600 I. TRADITIONAL BILATERAL, REGIONAL, AND MULTILATERAL BASES OF TRANSNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION ................................... 603 A. THE UNITED STATES ....................................... 603 B. THE M IDDLE EAST ........................................ 606 C. CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE ........................... 609 D. INTERNATIONAL AND MULTILATERAL EFFORTS ............ 610 II. EUROPEAN EFFORTS AT TRANSNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION ............................................ 611 A . T REvI .................................................... -
EU Leaders Sign the “Reform Treaty” in Lisbon
EU LAW UPDATE EU leaders sign the “Reform Treaty” in Lisbon Brussels December 19, 2007 I. INTRODUCTION On December 13, 2007, the EU leaders gathered in Lisbon to sign the new Reform Treaty, to be known as the Treaty of Lisbon. This Treaty is intended to replace the defunct European Constitution, which was signed by the EU Member States in 2004 but was rejected by French and Dutch voters in national referenda in 2005. If successfully ratified by all Member States, the Treaty of Lisbon will enter into force on January 1, 2009 ahead of the next elections for the European Parliament. Unlike the draft European Constitution -- which was meant to replace the existing treaties and start afresh --, the Lisbon Treaty is designed to amend the Treaty on the European Union (TEU) and the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC). It also drops the term "constitution" and any other reference to EU symbols - the flag, the anthem and the motto – though these will continue to exist. Any mention of European “laws” and “framework laws” is also removed, referring instead to the existing denominations : “directives”, “regulations” and “decisions”. II. KEY FEATURES Although EU leaders insist that the two texts are in no way equivalent, the Lisbon Treaty incorporates most of the European Constitution’s key reforms, such as a permanent EU president, a European foreign minister (renamed “High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy”), a new distribution of parliamentary seats, a reduced number of commissioners, a clause on withdrawal from the EU and full legal personality for the Union (currently held only by the European Community) allowing the Union to sign international agreements. -
The European Union in Transition: the Treaty of Nice in Effect; Enlargement in Sight; a Constitution in Doubt
Fordham International Law Journal Volume 27, Issue 2 2003 Article 1 The European Union in Transition: The Treaty of Nice in Effect; Enlargement in Sight; A Constitution in Doubt Roger J. Goebel∗ ∗ Copyright c 2003 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj The European Union in Transition: The Treaty of Nice in Effect; Enlargement in Sight; A Constitution in Doubt Roger J. Goebel Abstract This Article is intended to provide an overview of this transitional moment in the history of the European Union. Initially, the Article will briefly review the background of the Treaty of Nice, and the institutional structure modifications for which it provides, which paves the way for enlargement. Next it will describe the final stages of the enlargement process. Finally, the Article will set out the principal institutional innovations and certain other key aspects of the draft Constitution, the most important issues concerning them, and the current impasse. THE EUROPEAN UNION IN TRANSITION: THE TREATY OF NICE IN EFFECT; ENLARGEMENT IN SIGHT; A CONSTITUTION IN DOUBT Rogerj Goebel* INTRODUCTION Once again the European Union' (the "EU" or the "Union") is in a stage of radical evolution. Since the early 1990's, the EU has anticipated an extraordinary increase in its constituent Member States2 through the absorption of a large number of Central European and Mediterranean nations. Since the late 1990's, the Union has been negotiating the precise terms for their entry with a dozen applicant nations and has been providing cooperative assistance to them to prepare for their accession to the Union and in particular, its principal con- stituent part, the European Community.3 As this enlargement of the Union came more clearly in sight, the political leadership and the present Member States, joined by the Commission, con- * Professor and Director of the Center on European Union Law, Fordham Univer- sity School of Law. -
The UK in the European Union: in Brief
The UK in the European Union: in brief Standard Note: SN/IA/7060 Last updated: 15 December 2014 Author: Vaughne Miller Section International Affairs and Defence Section The European Economic Community (EEC) was established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and the UK joined the EEC in 1973. This Note looks at some of the main events of the UK’s membership of the EEC/EC/EU. This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it. A suitably qualified professional should be consulted if specific advice or information is required. This information is provided subject to our general terms and conditions which are available online or may be provided on request in hard copy. Authors are available to discuss the content of this briefing with Members and their staff, but not with the general public. Contents Introduction 3 1951– Treaty of Paris 3 1955 – Messina Conference 3 1957 – Treaty of Rome 3 1959 – UK joins European Free Trade Association 3 1961- UK bid to join EEC 3 1967 – French veto of UK EEC membership 3 1969 – Third UK application 3 1973 – UK joins the EEC 4 1975 – UK Referendum on EU membership 4 1977 – First UK Presidency 4 1979 - European Monetary System 4 1981 – EU enlargement 4 1984 – UK Budget Rebate 4 1986 -
Perspectives for Reform in the European Union Nicolai Von Ondarza
Introduction Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Comments Blocked for Good by the Threat of Treaty Change? WP S Perspectives for Reform in the European Union Nicolai von Ondarza The European Union faces a fundamental dilemma. On the one hand, pressure to reform its structures is growing. The hard negotiations with Greece in summer 2015 have revived the debate on deepening the Eurozone, while at the same time London is pushing to roll back integration, at least for itself. On the other hand, national governments reject any moves that would require a treaty change (such as transfer of powers) as politically impossible. Legal options for evading the dilemma and developing the Union by “covert integration” do exist, but these require unanimous political agreement among all the national governments – and would in the medium term require treaty changes to restore transparency and democratic legitimacy. The traumatic process of negotiating and bought itself some time for reform, the vola- ratifying the EU Constitutional Treaty and tile negotiations with Greece in summer the Treaty of Lisbon has left deep marks. 2015 again spotlighted the persistence of Ever since, national governments have con- grave deficits in its economic and political sistently avoided initiating significant treaty structures. In response, France in summer amendments, including at the height of 2015 proposed strengthening the Eurozone the euro crisis. Even in projects such as the with a finance minister with a budget and banking union, they have instead turned a parliament of its own. Concurrently, in to treaties outside the EU framework. June 2015 the presidents of five European Despite this reservation – or perhaps institutions (Commission, Council, ECB, precisely because of it – pressure to tackle Eurogroup and European Parliament) pub- reform of primary law is growing. -
Implementing the Protocol 36 Opt
September 2012 Opting out of EU Criminal law: What is actually involved? Alicia Hinarejos, J.R. Spencer and Steve Peers CELS Working Paper, New Series, No.1 http://www.cels.law.cam.ac.uk http://www.cels.law.cam.ac.uk/publications/working_papers.php Centre for European Legal Studies • 10 West Road • Cambridge CB3 9DZ Telephone: 01223 330093 • Fax: 01223 330055 • http://www.cels.law.cam.ac.uk EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Protocol 36 to the Lisbon Treaty gives the UK the right to opt out en bloc of all the police and criminal justice measures adopted under the Treaty of Maastricht ahead of the date when the Court of Justice of the EU at Luxembourg will acquire jurisdiction in relation to them. The government is under pressure to use this opt-out in order to “repatriate criminal justice”. It is rumoured that this opt-out might be offered as a less troublesome alternative to those are calling for a referendum on “pulling out of Europe”. Those who advocate the Protocol 36 opt-out appear to assume that it would completely remove the UK from the sphere of EU influence in matters of criminal justice and that the opt-out could be exercised cost-free. In this Report, both of these assumptions are challenged. It concludes that if the opt-out were exercised the UK would still be bound by a range of new police and criminal justice measures which the UK has opted into after Lisbon. And it also concludes that the measures opted out of would include some – notably the European Arrest Warrant – the loss of which could pose a risk to law and order. -
Introduction Euroscepticism and Multiculturalism
Introduction Euroscepticism and multiculturalism Frank van Schendel Irene Aronstein* 1. Conference on Euroscepticism and multiculturalism This issue of the Utrecht Law Review is based on the second Utrecht University International Legal Research Conference on Euroscepticism and Multiculturalism, which was held on 7 December 2009. The aim of this conference was to shed some light on the ongoing discussion on the relation between Euroscepticism, multiculturalism or pluralism in the EU, and the influence of the European Union. This yearly conference is organised by students of the Utrecht University Legal Research Master’s course. This two-year international honours Master’s programme gives selected students the opportunity to participate in research projects, to set up their own research network and to prepare for both Ph.D. research and legal practice. In contemporary Europe many discussions are concentrated on the question of to what extent Europe should interfere with national policies, decisions or legislation. The European Union as a political entity struggles to achieve a common identity for its citizens. The balance between the development of a European identity and national identities and cultures has not yet been crystallised. The difficulty of the further enhancement of a European identity reflects upon questions on the future of the EU. After the rejection of the European Constitution the position and status of the European Union have been subject to continuing debate by politicians, scholars as well as by the European citizens. Both Europhilia and Euroscepticism seem to have increased over the last few years and, at a political level, the two camps have become even more polarised. -
Explaining the Treaty of Amsterdam: Interests, Influence, Institutions*
Journal of Common Market Studies Vol. 37, No. 1 March 1999 pp. 59–85 Explaining the Treaty of Amsterdam: Interests, Influence, Institutions* ANDREW MORAVCSIK and KALYPSO NICOLAÏDIS Harvard University Abstract This article offers a basic explanation of the process and outcome of negotiat- ing the Treaty of Amsterdam. We pose three questions: What explains the national preferences of the major governments? Given those substantive national preferences, what explains bargaining outcomes among them? Given those substantive bargains, what explains the choice of international institu- tions to implement them? We argue in favour of an explanation based on three elements. Issue-specific interdependence explains national preferences. Inter- state bargaining based on asymmetrical interdependence explains the out- comes of substantive negotiation. The need for credible commitments explains institutional choices to pool and delegate sovereignty. Other oft-cited factors – European ideology, supranational entrepreneurship, technocratic consider- ations, or the random flux and non-rational processes of ‘garbage can’ decision-making – play secondary roles. Remaining areas of ambiguity are flagged for future research. * We would like to thank Simon Bulmer, Noreen Burrows, Stanley Crossick, Richard Corbett, Franklin Dehousse, Youri Devuyst, Geoffrey Edwards, Nigel Evans, Stephen George, Simon Hix, Karl Johansson, Nikos Kotzias, Sonia Mazey, John Peterson, Constantino Papadopoulos, Michel Petite, Eric Philippart, Jeremy Richardson, Brendon Smith, Alexander Stubb, Helen Wallace, William Wallace, Alison Weston and Neil Winn for assistance and conversations. In the current version we have cited only essential sources, for example those underlying direct quotations. An extended version can be found in Moravcsik and Nicolaïdis (forthcoming). © Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1999, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA 60 ANDREW MORAVCSIK AND KALYPSO NICOLAÏDIS I. -
60Th Anniversary of the Treaty of Rome
60 YEARS OF THE ROME TREATY AND ITS ETERNAL LEGACY FOR THE EUROPEAN PROJECT “The Community shall have as its task, by establishing a common market and progressively approximating the economic policies of Member States, to promote throughout the Community a harmonious development of economic activities, a continuous and balanced expansion, an increase in stability, an accelerated raising of the standard of living and closer relations between the States belonging to it.” Article 2, Part 1 titled “Principles” of the Treaty of Rome The Treaty of Rome was signed in the so- called Eternal City of Rome exactly sixty years ago, on 25 March 1957. Together with the Treaty of Paris of 1951, the Rome Treaty is the most important legal basis for the modern-day European Union. This epoch-making document laid down the key foundations of the greatest integration of peoples and nations in European history that made Europe one of the most peaceful, prosperous, stable and advanced regions of the world. The 60th Anniversary of the Rome Treaty is an important opportunity to remind ourselves of the original goals of European integration and the Treaty of Rome Ceremony Source: European Commission achievements the idea of united Europe has brought to our continent over the past six decades. The fundamental legacy of the Rome Treaty needs to serve the EU Member States as a recipe how to resolve the serious crises the EU is facing nowadays and re- unite all Europeans for a common path towards an “ever closer union”. A LESSON OF WAR sixty million human lives and devastated CATASTROPHE AND THE Europe beyond recognition in all aspects. -
Treaty of Paris Imperial Age
Treaty Of Paris Imperial Age Determinable and prepunctual Shayne oxidises: which Aldis is boughten enough? Self-opened Rick faradised nobly. Free-hearted Conroy still centrifuging: lento and wimpish Merle enrols quite compositely but Indianises her planarians uncooperatively. A bastard and the horse is insulate the 19th century BC Louvre Paris. Treaty of Paris Definition Date & Terms HISTORY. Treaty of Paris 173 US Department cannot State Archive. Treaty of Paris created at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars79 Like. The adjacent of Wuhale from 19 between Italy and Ethiopia contained the. AP US History Exam Period 3 Notes 1754-100 Kaplan. The imperial government which imperialism? The treaty of imperialism in keeping with our citizens were particularly those whom they would seem to? Frayer model of imperialism in constantinople, seen as well, to each group in many layers, sent former spanish. For Churchill nothing could match his handwriting as wartime prime minister he later wrote. Commissioner had been in paris saw as imperialism is a treaty of age for. More construction more boys were becoming involved the senior age of Hmong recruits that. The collapse as an alliance with formerly unknown to have. And row in 16 at what age of 17 Berryman moved from Kentucky to Washington DC. Contracting parties or distinction between paris needed peace. Hmong Timeline Minnesota Historical Society. To the Ohio Country moving journey from the French and British imperial rivalries south. Suffragists in an Imperial Age US Expansion and or Woman. Spain of paris: muslim identity was meant to both faced increasing abuse his right or having.