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Summer 2011 – Spring 2012 Summer 2011 – Spring 2012 HSGC Report Number 12-21 Compiled in 2012 by HAWAI‘I SPACE GRANT CONSORTIUM The Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium is one of the fifty-two National Space Grant Colleges supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Material in this volume may be copied for library, abstract service, education, or personal research; however, republication of any paper or portion thereof requires the written permission of the authors as well as appropriate acknowledgment of this publication. This report may be cited as Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium (2012) Undergraduate and Graduate Fellowship Reports. HSGC Report No. 12-21. Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium, Honolulu. Individual articles may be cited as Author, A.B. (2012) Title of article. Undergraduate and Graduate Fellowship Reports, pp. xx-xx. Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium, Honolulu. This report is distributed by: Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa 1680 East West Road, POST 501 Honolulu, HI 96822 Table of Contents Foreword .............................................................................................................................. i FELLOWSHIP REPORTS THE LIFETIME AND ABUNDANCE OF SLOPE STREAKS ON MARS .....................1 Justin M. R. Bergonio University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa IDENTIFICATION AND PHOTMETRY OF CANDIDATE TRANSITING EXOPLANET SIGNALS ....................................................................................................8 Emily K. Chang University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa TESTSAT STRUCTURE AND INTERFACE DESIGN AND FABRICATION ............16 Jonathan R. Chinen University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa MINERALOGICAL STUDY OF VOLCANIC SUBLIMATES FROM HALEMA‘UMA‘U CRATER, KILAUEA VOLCANO………………………………..24 Liliana G. DeSmither University of Hawai‘i at Hilo DETERMINING DIMENSIONAL RATIOS FOR FRESH, DEGRADED, AND FLOOR-FRACTURED LUNAR CRATERS ...................................................................31 Elyse K. M. Iseke University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa EDUCATION IN 3 DIMENSIONS: USING INTERACTIVE SPHERICAL PROJECTION PRESENTATIONS TO TEACH ABOUT THE MOON .........................40 Brian P. James University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa COTS ADAPTABLE MODULE FOR ATTITUDE DETERMINATION IN CUBESATS ..................................................................................................................46 Tristan C. J. E. Martinez University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa DESIGNING SPACE CRAFT MISSIONS TO NEOS .....................................................52 Reina M. Ojiri University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa DEVELOPMENT OF A DEPLOYABLE 3U CUBESAT SOLAR PANEL ARRAY ................................................................................................................59 Nathan K. Walsh University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa AIR BEARING ADCS TEST BEDS ................................................................................66 Daniel E. Wukelic University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa NOVASOL INTERNSHIP PROGRAM – FALL 2011 FINAL REPORT FOR SOFTWARE INTERNSHIP AT NOVASOL .............................75 Kale A. Y. Nakata University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa MASTER’S APPRENTICSHIP PROGRAM 2009-2011 CONTROL DESIGN FOR A SMALL SATELLITE REACTION WHEEL FOR ATTITUDE CONTROL ....................................................................................................79 Zachary K. Lee-Ho University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa SUMMER 2011 REPORTS: GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER (GSFC) INTERNSHIP PROGRAM A CROSS-EXAMINATION OF SATURNIAN KILOMETRIC RADIATION EMISSION OBSERVED BY CASSINI AND ULUSSES .............................................104 Robert M. Albarran University of Hawai‘i at Hilo JET PROPULSION LABORATORY (JPL) INTERNSHIP PROGRAM SIMULATIONS AND GUIS: A NEW LOOK TO RADIO SCIENCE..........................110 Michael R. C. Andonian University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa NASA AMES ACADEMY INTERNSHIP PROGRAM LUNAR MICRO ROVER CAMERA SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT ..............................119 Adria S. Fung NASA AMES Robotics Internship Program LADEE DECOMMISSIONING IMPACT DISPERSION ANALYSIS ........................124 Arlen M. Kam Stanford University LUNAR MICRO ROVER PROJECT .............................................................................130 Carissa C. Nakao University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa NOVASOL INTERNSHIP PROGRAM DEFENSE APPLICATION IN HYPERSPECTRICAL REMOTE SENSING ..............135 James M. Bishop University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AT NOVASOL ..........................................................141 Amber K. R. Imai University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa INTERNSHIP AT INNOVATIVE TECHNICAL SOLUTION (NOVASOL)...............146 Kevin Shin University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER (MSFC) INTERNSHIP PROGRAM STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF SPACE SYSTEMS USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS ...............................................................................................................151 John G. Furumo University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Foreword This volume contains twenty-one reports from Hawai‘i Space Grant undergraduate and graduate fellows and interns that worked on their projects in the Summer 2011, Fall 2011 and Spring 2012 semesters under the guidance of their faculty mentors and supervisors. We congratulate all of the students for their outstanding reports and warmly thank their faculty mentors and supervisors for generously supporting the Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium Undergraduate and Graduate Fellowship Programs. The Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium is supported by NASA through its National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program with matching funds from the University of Hawai‘i. The goal of the program is to strengthen the national capabilities in space-related science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and to prepare the next generation of space scientists. All of the students’ projects are related to the goals of NASA’s Strategic Plan. For more information about the Fellowship Program, please visit our website: http://www.spacegrant.hawaii.edu/fellowships.html Edward R.D. Scott Associate Director, Fellowships i THE LIFETIME AND ABUNDANCE OF SLOPE STREAKS ON MARS Justin M. R. Bergonio Department of Physics and Institute of Astronomy University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Honolulu, HI 96822 ABSTRACT One of few active geological features on Mars today is slope streaks. Slope streaks are dark, fan-shaped avalanches that occur along escarpments on Mars. The first slope streaks were observed in the late 1970’s in high resolution Viking images provided by the Viking spacecraft. Later spacecraft such as the Mars Global Surveyor and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) acquired more high-resolution images. Using the images obtained from these spacecrafts, we were able to determine the lifetime of slope streaks on Mars. The research project’s first focus was to determine the lifetime of the streaks by observing changes between Viking images and the more recent Context Camera (CTX) images. The second focus of the project was to determine the number of observable slope streaks as a function of image resolution based on images by the High Resolution Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera in order to better estimate the number of slope streaks on Mars. The first study revealed that the rate of formation and the rate of disappearance are comparable, indicating the population is balanced over long periods of time. The second study revealed that depending on the region being observed, the number of observable slope streaks can increase rapidly with image resolution. INTRODUCTION Slope streaks are characterized as either dark (young) or bright (old), fan-shaped surficial mass movements that typically occur in the mid-equatorial, dust-covered regions of Mars (Sullivan et al., 2001); see Figure 1. First discovered in 1978, they were observed in especially high- resolution Viking images transmitted by the Viking Orbiters. Although several mechanisms have been proposed, the leading hypothesis in the formation of these streaks is the removal of brighter surface material via dust avalanche, revealing a darker subsurface beneath (Chuang et al., 2007). Dark slope streaks are usually observed in regions of high albedo, where the streak contrasts the material surrounding it. This allows us to distinguish streaks from mere shadows along escarpment peaks. In 1996, nearly two decades after the Viking missions, the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was launched (“Mars Global Surveyor: Overview”). A study using overlaps of Mars Orbital Camera images (MOC), obtained from the MGS, and Viking images Figure 1: Slope streaks in HiRISE image documented slope streak changes over thirty years PSP_008599_1910. 1 (Schorghofer et al., 2007). The study found that the slope streak population consisted more of persisting streaks than disappeared streaks. It was also revealed that brighter streaks were actually faded, old dark streaks that had transitioned to be brighter over time. A few years after the success of the MGS, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter was launched. On board the MRO were the Context Camera (CTX) and the High Resolution Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera. Context Camera’s main mission was to provide context to geological features on Mars by surveying the surface by giving high-resolution images (~5 m/pixel) with a wide field of view, while HiRISE images have been used to study Martian features in greater detail (“Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: Instruments”). METHODS Viking-CTX Overlaps The first semester focused on comparing Viking-CTX image overlaps. First a site
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