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Evaluating Stress Relief from Architecture: a Case Study Based on Buildings in Taiwan, China and Japan

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Evaluating Stress Relief from Architecture: a Case Study Based on Buildings in Taiwan, China and Japan sustainability Article Evaluating Stress Relief from Architecture: A Case Study Based on Buildings in Taiwan, China and Japan Ming-Chyuan Ho 1 and Yung-Chia Chiu 2,3,* 1 Department of Industrial Design, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu 643, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 School of Design, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu 643, Taiwan 3 Department of MICE Marketing & Event Management, Shu-Te University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-918208680 Abstract: The urban landscape can be improved to reduce the stress experienced by citizens. There- fore, stress-relieving buildings constitute a crucial topic and a future trend in architecture and design. In this study, different architectural styles were investigated to explore design methods for and characteristics of stress-relieving building shapes and to identify indicators for measuring participant stress relief while viewing buildings. To understand stress relief from architecture, we performed semi-structured interviews with 60 participants who viewed images of 30 buildings. The semantic dif- ferential method with a 7-point image scale was used to rate stress relief from different architectural styles. The study results revealed that the participants perceived curvilinear buildings as interesting but do not relieve stress. The participants identified as feeling high pressure considering rectilinear patterns to relieve more stress. To support this observation, we identified three principles—city image, identity, and spiritual atmosphere—as fundamental loci of designing cities for livability. We illustrate the three principles with several cases that facilitate a detailed understanding of their applicability in biodesign practices. Citation: Ho, M.-C.; Chiu, Y.-C. Evaluating Stress Relief from Keywords: stress-relief image; evaluating; building shape Architecture: A Case Study Based on Buildings in Taiwan, China and Japan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7899. https:// doi.org/10.3390/su13147899 1. Introduction When design practice is used as a research tool, researchers must simultaneously Academic Editor: Giouli Mihalakakou consider the needs of many respondents. This paper illustrates how one research pro- gram investigated stress relief from architecture by using images. Designers and design Received: 11 June 2021 researchers can use these results as a foundation for systematically researching design Accepted: 13 July 2021 Published: 15 July 2021 for stress relief, as a reference for developing stress-relieving shapes and as a basis for structuring empathy-based user interviews to facilitate the design process. Pressure to Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral pursue a better quality of life results in high stress for numerous people. Quality of life with regard to jurisdictional claims in includes individuals’ perceptions of their position in society, goals, expectations, standards, published maps and institutional affil- and mental concerns. It encompasses a person’s physical health, psychological state, level iations. of independence, social relations, personal beliefs, and relationships to salient features in the environment. Therefore, architectural buildings should be designed with a focus on facilitating communication and interactions between buildings and people. Moreover, elements that synergistically create the spatial pattern of a city influence how city residents perceive and value their environment. Accordingly, the cultural cognition of citizens should Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. be included in any discussion of spatial pattern creation. This article is an open access article By using a theoretical framework and statistical methods, this study revealed the distributed under the terms and correlations between architectural styles and the corresponding effects on stress relief conditions of the Creative Commons for people. The rest of this paper is structured as follows. The remainder of Section Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// 1 provides a review of the literature and presents this study’s theoretical framework. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Section2 presents the study methodology, including a modified categorization system for 4.0/). architecture classification, hypothesis development, and data collection and processing Sustainability 2021, 13, 7899. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147899 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 Sustainability 2021, 13, 7899 2 of 15 classification, hypothesis development, and data collection and processing methods. Sec- tion 3 presents the study results and their interpretation. Section 4 provides a discussion methods. Section3 presents the study results and their interpretation. Section4 provides a of the results in terms of the hypotheses. Section 5 presents the conclusions and study discussion of the results in terms of the hypotheses. Section5 presents the conclusions and limitations. study limitations. 1.1.1.1. TheoreticalTheoretical BackgroundBackground andand ResearchResearch FrameworkFramework GoalGoal 1111 ofof the 17 Sustainable Development Development Goals Goals of of the the United United Nations Nations in in 2015 2015 is isto to“make “make cities cities and and human human settlements settlements inclusive, inclusive, safe, safe,resilient resilient and sustainable”, and sustainable”, and Goal and 8 Goalis to “promote 8 is to “promote sustained, sustained, inclusive inclusive and sustainable and sustainable economic economicgrowth, full growth, and productive full and productiveemployment employment and decent andwork decent for all”. work Building for all”. modern Building and modern sustainable and sustainablecities is necessary cities isto necessary accommodate to accommodate the growing the global growing population. global population. Goal 11 suggests Goal 11 that suggests cities thatshould cities be shoulddesigned be considering designed considering their influence their influenceon the emotions on the emotions and psychology and psychology of their citizens. of their citizens.Thus, city Thus, architecture city architecture is key to meeting is key to thes meetinge goals. these City goals. image City includes image the includes unique thefea- uniquetures of features the landscape of the and landscape its spirituality, and its spirituality, including the including temperament, the temperament, spirit, quality, spirit, atti- quality,tude, economy, attitude, and economy, modernization and modernization of the city ofand the its city residents. and its residents.Kevin Lynch Kevin [1] suggested Lynch [1] suggestedthat city image that cityis not image solely is based not solely on informat based onion information or on a concept; or on city a concept; image should city image also shouldprovide also satisfaction provide satisfactionand safety to and the safetypeople. to Th theerefore, people. residents Therefore, living residents in a city living must in feel a cityhappy. must As feel Kate happy. Jeffery As wrote Kate in Jeffery Conscious wrote Citi in Consciouses, we are “creatures Cities, we of are the “creatures place we’re of the in” place[2]. This we’re philosophy in” [2]. This is known philosophy as neuroarchitecture. is known as neuroarchitecture. ForFor bothboth citycity buildingsbuildings andand citycity life,life, thethe relationshiprelationship andand messagemessage transductiontransduction be-be- tweentween citizenscitizens and and the the city city have have been been thoroughly thoroughly discussed discussed [3]. Cities[3]. Cities are the are environments the environ- thatments citizens that citizens see in their see in daily their lives. daily For lives. example, For example, churches, churches, mosques, mosques, and cathedrals and cathedrals were constructedwere constructed centuries centuries ago but ago are but still are architecturalstill architectural marvels marvels as they as they represent represent a sense a sense of magnificence,of magnificence, royalty, royalty, glory, glory, serenity, serenity, and peace. and peace. The shape The ofshape a building of a building may cause may people cause topeople feel a to sense feel a of sense tranquility. of tranquility. According Accord to theing World to the HealthWorld Health Organization Organization (WHO), (WHO), stress isstress a major is a major worldwide worldwide health health risk [ 4risk]. The [4]. factorsThe factors of city of stress—definedcity stress—defined in this in this paper paper as psychophysiologicalas psychophysiological stress stress in urbanites—existin urbanites—ex inist a in complex a complex matrix matrix of environmental, of environmental, so- cioeconomic,socioeconomic, and and political political conditions conditions such such as the as densitythe density of buildings of buildings in a city;in a competitioncity; compe- fortition employment, for employment, housing, housin and jobg, opportunities;and job opportunities; various forms various of environmentalforms of environmental pollution; losspollution; of identity; loss of and identity; social isolation. and social All isolation. of these All contribute of these to contribute a poorer standardto a poorer of livingstandard as wellof living as incur as well the displeasureas incur the of displeasure urbanites. of In urbanites. addition to In being addition a place to tobeing live, a aplace city shouldto live, bea city visually should pleasing. be visually For example,pleasing. For residents example,
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