MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT STAGE 1 PREPARED FOR THE MONTEBELLO TRUST JANUARY 2003
FINAL DRAFT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The assistance ofMr Ian Black of the Cape Town Administration's Land Information Branch. and Greg Muller of Arbor Master is acknowledged in the preparation of parts of this document
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
THE BRIEF AND PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY
2 THE SITE AND THE STUDY AREA
3 METHODOLOGY
4 IDENTIFYING CULTURAL (HERITAGE) SIGNIFICANCE
5 PROVISIONAL STATEMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE (PSCS)
6 LANDSCAPE PATTERN ANALYSIS
6.1 Tree Species Distribution 6.2 Time Layers 6.3 Key Elements 6.4 Key Spatial Relationships
7 DEDUCTIONS
8 RECOMMENDATIONS
Iv'ONTEBELLO STABLE SITE HlA.; OCTOBER 2002. CS DESIGN CC ARCHITEC TS & HERITAGE CONSlAJANTS MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE, ERF 124334 NEWLANDS: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (HlA) STAGE I.
FINAL DRAFT, PREPARED FOR THE MONTEBELLO TRUST, JANUARY 2003.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Stage I investigation report establishes the heritage significance of the site through a Provisional Statement of Cultural Significance. It also recommends conservation principles and general design informants for future development, the purpose being to act as a yard stick for assessing physical impacts relating to such development. This reporl does not es tahlish biophysical significance. eg the possible presence ofendangered species.
Stage 2 will involve assessing the development proposals and, where necessary, make rec ommendations to mitigate possible negative impacts on the landscape and built fabric on the site.
CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE
This site has been identified as a place of great heritage significance by virtue of its late 19th century stable complex, considered to be one of the very finest of its period in the country. However, the property is also significant as part of a broader planted landscape relating, in its immediate and intermediate contexts, to the historic Newlands Avenue, Michaelis House and its gardens and, in its broader context, the cultivated slopes of Table Mountain. The purpose is, therefore to consolidate and, where necessary, sensitively develop this place of great heritage significance limited to the northern wooded portion of the site so as to:
• Substantially retain, consolidate and, in places, reinforce the signature characteristics and patterns of the site; • Sustain the site's attractive, rustic and tranquil sense of place; • Recognize the historic development and cultivation patterns as principal informants for future development; and • Ensure that environmentally sustainable principles are upheld in the development of the site.
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
The report recommends that any substantial new development be limited, at this stage, to the north side of the property, ie behind the stable complex, until a wider HIA of the SACS/ Michaelis property is undertaken. Within this precinct, it is recommended that all new de velopment be guided by the over-arching conservation and landscape development princi ples contained within the report with the following noted, in particular:
• That exotic tree species can have significance which is at least as great as that of indige nous species, if not greater;
• That a design philosophy for additions on the site be adopted which acknowledges new architectural forme s) to be subordinate to the precinct's rustic nature, ie allowing the trees to predominate;
MONR'BEUO STABLE SIR' HtA: OC TOBER 2~ , CS DESIGN CC ARCHITfClS 8< HERl1AGE CONSlUANTS 3
• That new buildings be located centrally within this precinct to capitalize on screening by the mature trees along its boundaries, with a<; many trees as possible retained Ireplanted to retain its exotic wooded character. The guiding principlc is to ensure that the precinct, once developed, contains at lea,t as many trees as at present whether retained or re planted;
• That further accretions to the stable complex be avoided if at all possible, and that such accretions. ifnecessary, only be considered if: (i) they are fully removed without scar ring the stable fabric when new development in the center of the site takes place, or (ii) it can be shown that the cumulative impacts of both new development and stable accre tions will not detrimentally affect the precinct's sense of place as identified in this study.
MONtEBEllO STABl E 9Je HIA. OCtOlll::R 2002. CS r:tSGN CC MCHl1H: 1S 8: HERfTAG€ CO'&.l.7ANTS 4
THE BRIEF AND PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY
To provisionally (J) establish the cultural significance of the site in order to inform its future physical development. This means providing guidance as to:
The extent and configuration of such a proposal in terms of massing and footprint; and The placement of the proposed new buildings on the site, through:
The identification of characteristic elements and aspects sensitive to physical devel opment existing/prevailing on the site; and The establishment of a series of over-arching conservation principles as yardstick for all new development, and supported by the SA Heritage Resources Agency and the Cape Town Administration.
The purpose ofthis study is to directly inform and motivate the application for Council's Consent to permit a Place ofinstruction in a Single Residential Use Zone.
2 THE SITE AND THE STUDY AREA
The site is the wooded precinct to the north-east and behind the stable block on Erf 124334, ie as currently used for parking for the Montebello Design Centre and res taurant. The study area is more generally defined in terms of:
Broad Context (Fig 1): including the Newlands area and Table Mountain slopes; Intermediate Con/ext (Fig 2): including surrounding Newlands properties, Newlands Avenue, Westerford School and the remnants of the historic Papenboom Estate; and Immediate Context (Fig 3): including the Wooded, and Stable Clock Tower Precincts of the site itself, as well as the adjacent Michaelis House Inner and Outer Manor Garden Precincts.
3 METHODOLOGY
The following process has been used to identify significant elements, patterns, other relevant aspects, and also implications for development planning on the site:
3.1 Understanding current imprints and patterns of human origin through: , . 3.1.1 Interpreting readily available material relating to the site, particularly regarding its historical morphology; 3.1.2 Identifying and interpreting pictorial material of the site including certain early drawings and photographs; and 3.1.3 Identifying and interpreting early surveys and maps relating to the site.
3.2 Preparing a Provisional Statement of Cultural Significance informed by paragraph
(I) Cultural significance is never finally established and is constantly evolving, hence the reference to a provisional, rather than definitive statement of cultural significance.
MJNJEBE L10 STABlE SITE HIA: OCTOBER 2002. CS DESIGN CC ARCHltEClS & HERITAGE CONSU.TANlS MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 AR~~~llli!~RE MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 ONSERVATION , \ \ \ J J \ \ ~~ I ------) \- -- I WESTERFORD PLAYING FIELDS I !
'I ... ...- ...- ...- ...- I \ ...-,,\ \ ~~, \ \ /,,-- \ , \ .",. , "..../ \ , \ \ \ SACS PLAYING FIELDS ,~ 0. \' ,\ \ ''" I, \. I, FIGURE 3, I, \\ ~ I, IMMEDIATE CONTEXT ~ \ '''C~!5''-.! ~" CI MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 LANDSCAPE PATTERN ANALYSIS \_~ ~- \ \ \ \ \ \ ~j \ \ . \ '\'\, 5
3.1
3.3 Identifying areas of concern and sensitivity to development.
3.4 Developing broad design informants acceptable to SAHRA and the CTA against which the sensitivity and appropriateness of development proposals for the site can be measured; and
3.5 Developing an over-arching Conservation Statement and Conservation Principles acceptable to SAHRA and the CTA, to be used as policy guidelines during the de sign and construction of new development on the site.
4 IDENTIFYING CULTURAL (HERITAGE) SIGNIFICANCE
In terms of the Heritage Resources Act (HRA): 2(vi), cultural significance is defined as " .... aesthetic, architectural, historical, scientific, social, spiritual, linguistic or tech nological value or significance". For the purposes of this study, "landscape signifi cance" has been used as an important additional criterion though not identified in this definition. "Cultural significance" and "heritage significance" mean the same thing, and are interchangeable.
4.1 Historical Aspects
4.1.1 Prehistoric Significance: It is possible that the Newlands Avenue alignment pre existed the establishment of the VOC refreshment station at the Cape. It is now gen erally accepted that early European settlers used the tracks of animals and the local indigenous people as they expanded their settlement. Newlands was already being prepared for crops prior to 1699 by Van Riebeeck (Sleigh p247) suggesting easy ac cess to the area at a very early stage. There have also been certain suggestions that the site falls on the alignment of a very early route to the mountains used by a pre historic people known as the Quena in the course of practicing their cosmological faith (2), 4.1.2 Historical Significance: The property originally formed part of the Papenboom es tate, an early land grant dating back to the late 1690's and destined to become one of the cradles of the brewing industry in South Africa (Refer to the UCT Archaeologi cal Contracts Office report where the chronology of the site is more fully covered) .. Papenboom became well known in the early part of the 19th century for its gardens and architecturally unique manor house (Figure 4) which, together with Newlands, would have consolidated the area's associations with an increasingly domesticated landscape. The property of which the site forms a part, was acquired by Anders Ohlsson, the brewing magnate, in the late 19th century, where he lived in a palatial mansion known for its "fine garden" (UCT Archaeology Report plO). It is during his ownership that the Montebello stables were built, most probably between 1885 and 1900. Montebello was acquired by the Michaelis family in 1920. It was gradually sold off to the SA College Schools, the last remaining portion in the hands of the
(2) As recounted to the author by an individual apparently conducting research into these people. These claims are however, as yet unsubstantiated. There is also no reference to these people in the UCT Ar chaeological Contracts Office Report.
~BE llO STAatE SITE HLA: OCTOBfR 2002. CS OESIGN CC ARCHITECTS 8: Hl:RlTAGE CONSll TANIS ~ Looldng from thE! site of Papenboom Oact !c'.'.ards Newlonds Avenue, showing well-estobliShed surviving exonc tree species (Pho1o: 001000r 2002)
" - , ( II I _... _ . 1 / ~ , : ... Papenboom framed by slone pines in well1Teed seffing, >c..,ett .....-n ogoinst a backdrop 01 slone pine<, (Comera lucida drawing by Sir John Herschel, SA Ubrary. Cape Archives E2QQ9 in Lewcook p28)
GiganTIC ancie~1 ~press ~ oid ~~ · st site Ofl'openboon1 viewed from roughiy the same position as icS[58S!G;N1 of similar species 10 thos.. on MonteOOllo.t tho; dfaw!!1Q' immwiafgly cIDoV", and mowi!1Q' old :;tJr"Mr.gexo1ic Michaelis House SUR trae •. Pho.!o.: OcIooe< 2002. FIGURE 4 PAPENBOOM ESTATE GA.QrJENS
IMONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 200~
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family being the stables and its grounds. This has since been ceded to UCT.
The site's historical significance relates principally to its forming part ofthe greater Montebello property with its associations with the well known Ohlsson and Micha elis families. More specific aspects of historical significance are dealt with below.
4.2 Landscape/Aesthetic Significance
4.2.1 Historic planting pal/ems: Some of the earliest plantings of exotic trees in the coun try occurred in 1679, when Simon van der Stel planted 40 000 oak trees alongside the indigenous forest at nearby Paradijs. (Sleigh p20). Even at that stage, the threat of a serious strategic wood shortage to the Cape settlement was evident. By 1814, widely cultivated tracts of land including formal gardens are evident in the area (Appendix BI). By the 1830's, the Newlands area was well planted with firs (pines) (UCT Archaeology Report p9) and stone pines, as evident in the drawings ofD'Oy ley and Herschel, amongst others. Indeed, stone pines and oaks strongly character ized the landscape of the area in general, and architectural settings in particular (Figures 4, 5&7). It is, therefore, no surprise to currently find evidence of trees of great age both on and beyond the site (Figure 4). The site itself remained undeveloped, albeit probably covered with plantation trees until the late 19th century. (Appendix AI-B4). Today, it is an island of trees in an area once characterized by extensive plantations and forests, but now eroded by en croaching suburbia. The plantings of a wide variety of exotic species probably dates from the time of Ohlsson, who may well have been competing with the by then already famous Ardeme Gardens (Figure 6). Clearly, the surviving trees within and around the site form part of an extensive exotic collection They are key elements in an extensive landscaped pleasure garden (Figure3), as well as framing architectural settings of distinction (Figure 7). Equally clearly, the site is an integral part of a wider, care fully conceived planted landscape.
4.3 Architectural!Aesthetic Significance
4.3.1 Architectural significance: The Stable Complex has been identified as Grade I in terms of the Cape Town Administration's Consolidated Grades of Conservation worthiness. This would qualifY the complex, and its setting, as worthy of declaration as a Provincial Heritage Site. It is recognized as one of only two such buildings in the country, the other being the stable complex at Westminster in the Free State, de signed by Herbert Baker and owned by the Duke of Westminster. 4.3.2 Siting and Orientation: The Stable Complex is a key element defining the north-east side of the Manor Garden Precinct of Michaelis House by virtue of its orientation. Its principal aspect is towards this precinct framed by oaks and other exotics, similar to Michaelis House. The Wooded Precinct, to the north-east and behind the complex is, by contrast, a more introspective space which could well have been maintained as a romantic place of solitude shut off from the rest ofthe gardens by the sheer brick back walls of the Stable Complex.
4.4 Technological!Industrial Significance
4.4.1 Significance as the cradle of the local porcelain industry: The stable complex was a
MON1'FBfUOSTA8l.E SirE HIA: OCTOBfR 2002, CS DeSIGNee POC:HfTECrs So. HfRlTAGE CONSU.TANTS on tIle road to Ne\M0I'lda showing thick setting 01 exollc 1toos (Uppeut to be 0Cl!
Old house;, Claremont prdbat)iy well 00/01& 1900 showing pine setting tAritlUf £llCitt rn Fransen}
..tr. llie\\f /r01,,", the grounds of Mr de Schmidt (Mount Ploosorrt?l showinQ. whot appoors to be Nawkmds Av In 1904 over lhree hundred and 1wenty speci .... including trws from 011 OVG( lh.. wortd were plantoo hear ... Typical group of exofic trees surviving v.ilhin lh9 Manor Garde>r( Precinct. Michaelis House Note similarifies v.ilh lhe Ardema Garden landscape deplcted above. photo: October 2002 FIGURE 6 HISTORIC EXOTiC LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS AA-~i'.~[lJI'E I MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERiTAGE iMPACT ASSeSSMENI: OCTOBER 2002 ...... J.. MicriOOis"House: ' . The use of oaks 10 frame' shown to De an r within 1I1e ImmOOiate con!Qxt. Photo: October 2002 M illustroffon of ihe use of cypresses beyond ihe site. These are located along one side of a SACS nl""inc, I field: ev!c!enoo mot ihe sile Trees framing 'liews of me site !tom fue Note 111e orientoffon of ihe stobie complex towards Michaelis House. (Pharo; October 2002) FIGURE 7 HISTORIC EXOTIC lANDSCAPE ELEMENTS ARCHITECTURE MONTEBELLO : HERITAGE iMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 20m HERITAGE 7 place of extensive and successful experimentation lead by the Michaelis family to develop a quality local porcelain using local clays. This was to be the forerunner of the most well known porcelain manufacturer in the country, Continental China. 4.4.2 Associations with the brewing industry: Although not as strong as its historic links with the porcelain industry, the site does have some historical association with the brewing industry in Cape Town, viz being owned by Anders Ohlsson who lived in Michaelis House (then Montebello). Also, the site was once part of Pap en boom which was a pioneer in local beer production dating back over 300 years. 5 PROVISIONAL STATEMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE (PSCS) The site has been identified as containing significant layered planting and develop ment patterns, the earliest of which may be 300 years or even older. It is also an im portant part of a significant broader landscape reflecting the layered imprints of hu man passage, occupation and cultivation over centuries. More specifically, it is regarded as of heritage significance by virtue of: 5.1 Being a surviving pocket of exotic woodland in a broad landscape historically cov ered in trees, and now extensively eroded by suburban encroachments; 5.2 Its remnants of successive layers of development and planting patterns spanning a period of 300 years or more; 5.3 Being an important part of a significant surviving landscape garden clearly designed to include a wide variety of exotic tree species; 5.4 Its tranquility and rustic charm in an area generally characterized by strongly geo metrical landscaped space and suburban development; 5.5 Defining the northern side of a landscape garden precinct of great significance (the Michaelis Manor Garden Precinct); 5.6 Containing historically significant remnants of early tree alignments extending be yond the site along an historical road alignment (Newlands Avenue); 5.7 Containing a structure of great intrinsic architectural significance by virtue of being a rare surviving example of its period, as well as of great aesthetic significance; 5.8 Containing a structure forming part of an architectural/landscape setting of great sig nificance (with Michaelis House) and worthy of declaration as a Provincial Heritage Site; and 5.9 Its strong historical links with pioneering work leading to the establishment of the first local porcelain industry using South African clays. Also, its more recent asso ciations with the development of a high quality local crafts industry. 6 LANDSCAPE PATTERN ANALYSIS The sense of place of the site is predominantly characterized by its trees. The follow ing analysis helps to shed some light on the possible rationale behind their planting. MONTEBElLO STABlE SITE HIA: OCTOBER 2002, CS DESIGN CC ARCHITECTS &. HERITAGE CONSLlTANiS 8 as well as helping to identifY areas of lesser to greater sensitivity to future develop ment. 6.1 Tree Species Distribution The site contains a wide range of tree species, underscoring its place as part ofthe extended Montebello garden landscape centering on the Manor House Precinct (Fig 3). Examples of certain species, such as the large cypresses, also occur well beyond the site and further up Newlands A venue, suggesting that at least some trees in the study area form part of a wider, much older exotic landscape. Species distribution on the site suggests specific design intent in that most trees were planted in concentrated clusters and/or rows of like species, rather than evenly dis tributed. (See Appendix B 1-8). Oaks appear to be positioned to frame the stable complex as viewed from the Manor House Precinct. (Note that Michaelis House is also framed by very old oaks). The cypresses and, possibly, the camphors, appear to have been intentionally aligned on New lands Avenue. 6.2 Time Layers (Diagram I & Appendix C). The distribution pattern of planted and/or built elements on the site is the result of successive' layers' of development over time. These layers can be identified as Con temporary Patterns containing elements existing by: • Mid 20th century to present times; • Early 20th century (by cI912); • Late 19th century (by cI885); and • Mid 18th century (by cl752) A corresponding breakdown of tree species distribution reveals the older surviving planting patterns (the camphors and cypresses) to be aligned predominantly on Newlands Avenue, followed by planting patterns (English oaks) concentrated around the southern portion of the site and framing the stable complex and, more recently, planting patterns (pin oaks) defining the south-east edge of the site adjacent to the SACS Primary School playing fields. The central portion ofthe site consists of pines which appear to be remnant early 20th century re-generations of a pre-existing pine plantation. Note that as recently as 1968, a substantial portion of the site towards the SACS sports fields side of the property was devoid of trees (Appendix A5). 6.3 Key Elements (Diagram 2). Key elements characterizing the site can be placed into three broad categories: build ings; trees as features; and trees as spatial filters. 6.3.1 Buildings: Most built fabric on the site fulfils feature functions, ie helping to define space or act as foci. 6.3.2 Trees as features: Identified as generally fulfilling similar functions to those of buildings on the site, ie helping to define space. Arranged predominantly along the northern (Newlands Avenue) and southern (SACS playing fields) edges of the site. MONTEBElLO STABLE SHE H/A; OCTOBER 2002. CS [)fSIGN CC ARCHITECTS & HERITAGE CONSlUANIS Contemporary pattems containing elements existing by: mid 20th century to present times [ ---J early 20th century (by c 191 2) 0 late 19th century (by c 1885) ~ ~______mid 18th century (by c1752). ------.------.--- ~ -...... --- . ~ <~:"~ \/ ...... I , -- ---\ ,_- i DIAGRAM 1 - .. ------.~ . -- "._----- rX../ ) l. TIME LAVERS " f '-= ../ ------_._------.. _. - ----_ ... --_. _- -- _ ... _--- IS~~1~~RE MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 LANDSCAPE PATIERN ANALYSIS NEWLA significant view framing and/or view filtering elements [ -- _~ J NDS A \!, significant backdrop elements IlIilll . ~- 'ENUE major edge defining elements . major foci and accents . /<' \ ~) cW (~) , ~\~G f\ELDS ______QI.A~~M __? [' / ! -=- ,;: ':) / KEY ELEMENTS ~~_ ' defining and characterizing a landscape of heritage significance ------~---- -. -_.------_.. ------._------"------_. ['HERITAG'C I MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 LANDSCAPE PATIERN ANALYSIS ONSERVAliQrij 9 6.3.3 Trees as jpatialfilters: Identified as those elements filtering/framing views or, alter natively, articulating space. Predominantly located in the center of the site north-ea~ t of the stable complex, but also evident along the south western edge between the Stable Clock Tower Precinct and the Manor House Precinct. Interestingly, most feature trees on the site belong to species associated with orna mental function, eg camphors, cypresses, pinus pineas (See Appendix A) while the largest concentration of spatial filters eg the pinus pinasters and pin oaks are species which have been associated with group (shade) planting and afforestation. This may suggest a degree of planned planting resulting in differentiated experience zones within the site. 6.4 Key Spatial Relationships (Figure 3 & Diagram 3). The site enjoys a key architectural and landscaping relationship with Michaelis House, viz: • The Stable Complex, with Michaelis House, are key elements in a group of great architectural significance; • It effectively contains the north-eastern side of the Manor House Precinct rein forced by the hard edge of the Stable Complex fayade. The Montebello Stable Complex acts as a barrier, effectively containing the northern side of the Manor House Precinct. It is almost certain that this orientation would have had an underlying spatial rationale, for it would have been much easier to have laid the stables out along, rather than across the contours ofthe hillside. This barrier also divides the site into zones of distinctly different spatial character. They are iden tified in this study as: the Stable Clock Tower Precinct; and the Wooded Precinct. 6.4.1 The Stable Clock Tower Precinct: Characterized principally by its architecture with trees providing the setting. (Figure 7). Exceptions are the two ancient camphors which are features in their own right by virtue oftheir size and positioning on axis with the front fayade of the Gardener's Cottage. Other significant spatial features include the channeled avenue entry onto the site from Newlands Avenue accentuated by the on-axis view of the greenhouse beyond. Trees along the south-western edge ofthe site frame views of the Stable Complex from the Manor Garden Precinct. Gi gantic New Zealand Bottlebrush and some pines directly behind (to the north-east of) the stables provide a framed backdrop of this complex. (Diagram 2 & Figure 7). 6.4.2 The Wooded Precinct: Characterized principally by its wooded setting with the tall face-brick walls of the Stable Complex providing a sheer and, some would say, ro mantic backdrop along the south-western edge. Primarily a space without notable feature elements and filtered by tree trunks supporting dense green canopies high above. Note that these canopies have only come to cover the entire site in more re cent years (compare with canopy as recorded in 1968: Appendix A5). 7 DEDUCTIONS According to the Provisional Statement of Cultural Significance and Landscape Pat tern Analysis for the site, this report confirms, or provides strong evidence that: MONTE BE LLO STABLE SITE HlA: OC tOBER 2002, cs DESIGN CC ARCHilECTS &. HERITAGE CONSU.TANTS E(jges and on"y'e1Qpeg ch'~-l!acteriz.if\g ~ _ ~ ~ '" a sp0cio! SoaG9 or s0'i1rg ...... 4VtNu£ ~N£VVlA,NDS Vl$ual connections contr i buH~g to -'-lIe -.-l~'> 1 ""'-'-~ . _ " , experl9nce of a zp.?clol 20itflg ~/ . '. ,r.-.(. · .:-,.~ ' .: ~~ , ~; .... ,f: .. ',.) , Filtered SP:.JCE' contrib'J ring to the . . : ~ -, ..,' " :~ _ . _ e: " - '-'. . .. ~: .. - .' 1 '-;-... ,(. ~.: i :( '\ ,--"1".' -::::.:::1':1"' 1 , '- --, ' i , -._ ....' , " .---.. , ! . >. "7"::"" \. :.:1- - ;-,. "", ,,'~ Ii f-, ""---.. .-:,'. J- t~E~DS _ ...... DIAGRAM 3 " '- - ". :. ~: _ ~I: ._:~\ __ . - - , v / i I t.' , :'tI '- SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS defining and characterizing a landscape of heritage significance : ,_.,' - j '_.--- '-_._._-- -- - . --.._ ._---- _.. MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 LANDSCAPE PATTERN ANALYSIS 10 7.5. I The entire site. and not just the Stable Clock Tower Precinct, appears to be the product of an underlying and carefully considered design rationale or rationales. The architecture of a new development should clearly reflect this, particularly in tenns of location. orientation and distribution of mass and fonn on the site. 7.5.2 In the past, this rationale or rationales underpinned decisions of both an architec tural and landscaping nature, resulting in an integrated layering of built and culti vated elements still clearly evident on the site and its surrounding context. The ar chitecture of any new development will, therefore, need to clearly reflect careful integration with both existing and new planting. 7.5 .3 It is regarded as premature to consider any substantial alterations/additions within the Stable Clock Tower Precinct without first conducting an HIA on the Michaelis Manor Garden Precinct. 7.5.4 The site and its immediate context was intended to constitute a predominantly ex otic landscape, possibly even as an outdoor collection of exotic species. Exotic trees and other alien species on the site must, therefore, be considered as potentially as significant as indigenous species; ifnot more so (invasive alien species ex cepted). 7.5.5 The earliest tree planting patterns on the site occur on its periphery, with more re cent species distribution occurring towards its center. This suggests that new de velopment is more likely to be appropriately accommodated towards the center of the site. 7.5.6 Most feature elements (Stable Complex excepted) occur on the periphery of the site with most elements contributing to a group/collective character occurring towards its center. This generally suggests that the loss of individual trees on the periphery ofthe site will be more acutely felt than in or towards its center. 8 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS The report recommends that any substantial new development be limited, at this stage, to the north/north-east side of the property, ie behind the stable complex, un til a wider HIA ofthe SACSlMichaelis property is undertaken. Notwithstanding this limitation, some degree of new development could be considered in the follow ing instances viz: • On the southern comer of the site adjacent to the inappropriately located SACS Primary School computer block, particularly if it were to assist in screening this building from the stable site. Should such development be considered, it should be modeled to ensure visual obscurity behind the profiles of the adjacent SACS buildings in order to avoid further disrupting the spatial relationship be tween the stable complex and the Michaelis Manor House Garden precinct. • Limited parking space in the present compost area immediately beyond the south-west boundary of the site, iejust off the driveway and between the Stable complex and the Manor Garden precinct, provided that it can be convincingly mitigated by sensitive landscape design aimed at retaining the current infonnal sense of place (see points 8.8 to 8.10), while down-playing the impact of vehi- MC>NTHIHLO STABlE SIlE H\A: OCTOBER 2002. CS CESIGN cc ARCHITECTS fie HERITAGE CONSUlTANTS II des without screening the stable complex from the Manor Garden precinct. All new development on the site is to be guided by the over-arching conservation and landscape development principles contained within the report with the follow ing noted, in particular: 8.1 That exotic tree species can have significance which is at least as great as that of indigenous species, if not greater; 8.2 That new buildings be located centrally within this precinct to capitalize on screen ing by the mature trees along its boundaries, with as many trees as possible re tained Ireplanted within the central area to retain its exotic tall canopy wooded character. The guiding principle is to ensure that the precinct, once developed, con tains at least as many trees as at present whether retained or replanted; 8.3 That a design philosophy for new buildings and other additions be adopted which acknowledges new architectural form( s) to be subordinate to the precinct's wooded/rustic nature, ie allowing the trees to predominate. This implies frag mented massing of limited height (see 8.5) with a dispersed footprint to ensure the retention of feature trees and enable the planting/relocation of trees identified as spatial filters, in order to sustain the tranquil, rustic quality of the existing wooded setting; 8.4 That the nature of the proposed new architecture be such that wherever possible, it touches the earth as lightly as can feasibly be achieved in order to minimize impact on the 'forest' floor and root systems of feature trees in particular, and spatial fil ters, in general; 8.5 That the height of any new development, at its periphery, not exceed the mean eaves height of the rear fayade of the stable complex, with a maximum of two sto reys above ground level at its center, the purpose being to achieve a scale of devel opment which does not dominate the stable complex; 8.6 That further accretions to the stable complex be avoided if at all possible, and that such accretions, if necessary, only be considered if: (i) they are fully removed with out scarring the stable fabric when new development in the center of the site takes place, or (ii) it can be shown that the cumulative impacts of both new development and stable accretions will not detrimentally affect the precinct's sense of place as identified in this study; 8.7 That provision for parking be removed as far from the Newlands Avenue edge of the site, and as close to the south-eastern boundary of the site, as possible; 8.8 That block parking be avoided in favour of a distributed and informal network of parking threaded as far as is possible between existing trees so as to retain as many feature trees in particular, and spatial filters in general; 8.9 That access routes be designed to be as informal as possible with regard to configu ration and landscaping; and MONTEBE LLO STABLE Sill:: HIA: OCTOSE!? 2002. CS DESIGN CC ARCHllECIS &; HERITAGE CONSU.TANfS 12 8. I 0 That all work be conducted in accordance with the Conservation Objectives and Guidelines as set out in Appendix D. MONTEBEUO STABlE SITE lilA: OCTOBER 2002. CS DESIGN CC ARCHITECts & HERITAGE CONSI.J..TANTS .. APPENDIX A 1 HiSTORiC SURVEYS: THiBAULrS SURVEY 1814 ~=~ MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 • THE SITE M: ,--r;':', . :~...... ~. ~ .~, ... 01 • ~ -----' If ... _ •• ~ , . .;, ". r' ,,. . ,.. . . " ..J :/" "" I- APPENDiXA2 BOYLE'S SURVEY 1885 MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 ~~ I. I' If " I )!" , I STONeY P,-¥C ~~J< -...... , ~::..~==:;~.:APPENDIX A3 ~..,. - '-' STORie SURVEYS: CLAREMONT SURVEY 1907 " , , ,, , \ "- ' ''''( • " '" " " , ... , . . . " . ' ~ _. l' ,t- ' '. + , - 0 • • " '. . ' "..... , ~ , i , " . . ~. , ' w~ - '. ~ . , ' , 0 THE SITE " 0 " ' . '" ~ \ " ' , ' , ."._ ' . . _---.- ~~~~~~~~-7'~ " ~- ~ iCS • , ,APPENDIX A4 HISTORIC SURVEYS: CCC SURVEY 1948 ,A[~~tfr~J~RE MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE iMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 APPENDIXA5 HISTORIC SURVEYS: SG AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH 1968 ~=Q MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 200: ~ ". . .~' I . j' / : / !!. I ...... / ..... ' ., .. r , . .:; .~ •~ l -~ ~ ...... ,. t ': ....i .' f PPI=NDIX A6 Ie SURVEYS: CCC COMPILATlOt-~ TO c 1992 ~~~MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 200~ THE TREES AT MONTEBELLO: LANDSCAPE DESIGN QUALITIES TREE SPECIES PLACE OF ORIGIN PRIMARY DESIGN ATTRIBUTES SPATIAL IMPACT ON THE SITE (as in Immelman and lor Palgrave) BOTTLEBRUSH , NZ New Zealand. Also referred to as Often planted in groups, including Feature (unusual) metriocideros the New Zealand Christmas Tree as hedges, particularly in coastal excefsus areas CAMPHOR China, Taiwan, Japan Magnificent evergreen; superb Feature element; those in stable cinnamomum shade and ornament tree, very slow precinct complement architectural camphora growing. One of first exotics into SA. setting of Gardener's Cottage. CEDAR, Eastern Himalayas Exceedingly handsome evergreen. Spatial filter with feature potential HIMALAYAN Popular in parks and gardens. cedrus deodara Good for shelterbelts. CHESTNUT , Southern Europe, North Africa and Fine shade tree for cultivation in Spotial filter with feature potential SPANISH Middle East. parks and large gardens under castanae sativa cool, relatively humid conditions. CORAL TREE Along SA coast from Humansdorp Much prized garden tree notable Spatial filter with feature potential erythrlna caffra to Port Shepstone for its bright beautiful flowers; be- » lieved to have magical properties "lJ "lJ m CYPRESS Cupressus macrocarpa introduced Cultivated for shelter, shade, pri- Spatial container and spatial filter cupressus sp from California vacy (as hedge) and ornament. Z Succeeds best in WCP climate. o X FICUS Indonesia/East Africa Fast growing, cultivated for shelter Feature CO ficus nitida and shade MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: TREE PATIERN ANALYSIS. CS DESIGN HERITAGE ARCHITECTS AND HERITAGE CONSULTANTS THE TREES AT MONTEBELLO: LANDSCAPE DESIGN QUALITIES TREE SPECIES PLACE OF ORIGIN DESIGN AlTRIBUTES SPATIAL IMPACT ON THE SITE GUM Australia Fuel, shelter and shade Spatial filter Eucalyptus sp JACARANDA Argentina Cultivated for shade and ornament. Spatial filter with feature potential jacaranda mi- Well known for spectacular blooms mosifolia MYRTLE P/BARK Australia Decorative, popular landscaping Spatial filter melaleuca tree in parks and gardens stypheliodes OAK. ENGLISH Europe and West Asia Popular shade and ornamental Spatial filter, feature element com- quercus robur tree; used in streets and parks; plementing architectural setting of among first exotic trees to reach SA stable complex. OAK. PIN East and South East USA Planted for shade and ornament in Spatial filter; oldest specimens de- quercus palustris streets, parks and gardens through- fine edge of SACS fields. Most oth- »--u out more humid parts of SA. ers are wind assisted regenerations. --u m OAK, SILKY Eastern Australia Handsome floriferous evergreen Spatial filter with feature potential. grewlllea ro- cultivated for shade, shelter and Z busta ornament. Effective as shelterbelt. o X PINE Mediterranean countries, Southern Used for forestation on a large Spatial filter OJ Pinus plnaster Europe and North Africa scale in large parts of SA. Moder- ately effective as shelterbelt. MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: TREE PAillRN ANALYSIS. CS DESIGN HERITAGE ARCHITECTS AND HERITAGE CONSULTANTS THE TREES AT MONTEBELLO: LANDSCAPE DESIGN QUALITIES TREE SPECIES PLACE OF ORIGIN DESIGN ATIRIBUTES SPATIAL IMPACT ON THE SITE PINE, STONE Mediterranean countries Exceedingly picturesque, highly dls- Spatial filter Pinus pineo tinctive evergreen much planted for shade and ornament in WCP , PLUM, WILD Kwa-Zulu Natal, Mphumalanga and Much planted for shade and orna- Spatial filter Horpephyllum Gauteng Provinces of SA to Swazi- ment, esp in coastal areas, caffrum land and Mocambique, »-U -U m oZ X OJ MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: TREE PATTERN ANALYSIS , CS DESIGN HERITAGE ARCHITECTS AND HERITAGE CONSULTANTS ", ) ...... ', -- \ I ) .-"",,, , "RB(jirlEBRiisiiA.PPENDIX B1 ~"'"J"'f.."" MoNTEBELLO-~------STABLE SITE: HERITAGE~ IMPACT- ASSESSMENT~pmE~J)}STB: OCTOBER 2002(eJ,J1]Qf't LANDscAPE PA nERNI\N;LYS;S" '" '~ ------ \ ..-r:::t~ ~ \ J . , )- I" y .--'-"';.K-...... --( ~" ,\ .....~ ... : .... "--- e' ~'\ " \ \. / ( ( I , ,,"-' ('(j --',\ \. \. .{--;.. \ (-, .~,· t - I ',\. " , ..' \ I !, I , · , ' . . ()-.•: ··,..,...,..:::..:[."'-_ ..v--....'- ,....I... J ~ ./ . \' 1 1 \ ,I • .r \. - I - "'-. - :.:: .... '-.....'/ ( \ , ;'l .• ' ~ . • , JI !, " f: J .-:--...... , ) ., (: \ " , , ; \. I, .); . --" / ... -'",,--, i II" I ...... ---.. , " -- ;..~ "I , \ 1\ } , 1( / /' .. ,~ .' \ ' / .... -- . ....' ..... --..I',~ ( ) , \ . .. .' " ) \ / \ ) ~ . . ;"" --J l'lt:·/~, ) ( )' ~ ~, .~ I r ' LJl¥ \r ~...... J\ , y, ) (ifi_.;_ ; .... . ',._;t,_, ... I_._I,. ~ ~.,/ 1 _l_ ) ( \V--' ~ -'-'--'--':--~~~~~~~~~;t~@1~. ~~. -'~-;~I:~-~i~' ~. ~>-~' ~)~' ~..... ~Q MoNItBfllO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASsESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 LANDSCAPE PATTERN AN;.ii-siS -c------ ~c, / - .. ,..-,--- ') " " .,. - , - I I' I [\ ![ ---.-' -J / , __ c ~/\ _~ - --;- -'c \ __ ~\ ':.V , (, \ \ " \\ ) , ./ , ..... -~ ,: , .----:-< ~ --- ~ - )..-:.....---~ , / \ /\ -, .' \ , \ i \ " I ___ / \ i \ , 'c- __.....,.... .--:c"' \ , -._- ' [/~,/1 t-~ r'\-Z=>;Cl ( H~ \ T __, / ~ - - ' APPENDIX 83 J~:<-~~j - ~ (~\ ~~ ______,_ _. _____ ._ ___SP~ _CJ ESJ21STRJ eLJJIQN ~ _ .CY~RESSE.S L,\RS'''ljiT~,tfr.:'''~~R~E I MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 LANDSCAPE PATIERN ANALYSIS ------ ~~llO~fRnAGfiMpACTASSEssMiNr~~~~P~Jo~~~?;;~!,~~~APPENDIX 86 ,',. ) 'I' \~- I r1,--:. APPENDIX 87 , - 1----- ,------,--,------SPECIES------DISTRIBUTION:------.. ------SILKY------OAK-.. ---- ARQ-lITEClURE MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE : HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 LANDSCAPE PATTERN ANALYSIS ) ------. ------ A.PPENDIX B8 "".".",,'"""'-,,,, -'t:?l , , __ Sf'Ec!ES_Q/S.Tfl1B_UVQNc PINE$0 ",,,,.. ,, MoNTEBELLO---~------STABLE SITE; HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT' OCTOBER 2002 LANDSCAPE PATTERN~ AII1ALY:'C'IS,~ -.. Contemporary pattems containing elements existing by: mid 18th century (by C17521. APPENDIX Cl ., // "'" ~~~ ._' <- _ j'l- ' Sl_ ~""-IF!~AN_J~_~~TT_E_RJ~~: }IM_E_LA"-E~~ ARSr~Wg~RE MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 lANDSCAPE PATIERN ANALYSIS ONSEINAllON ------. - --- -_. ~. Contemporary pattems containing elements existing by: late 19th century (by c 1885) ~ mid 18th century (by c 1 752) . ------ ------_ .. - .. ~ ------_ ...... ~ Approximate alignment of ea1ler approach 10 Moolebello Manor as depicted on Bo'!1e's Survey 011885 APPENDIX C2 k~\ SIGNIFICANT PATTERNS: TIME LAYERS MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 LANDSCAPE PATIERN ANALYSIS Contemporary patterns containing elements existing by: earfy 20th century (by c1912)O late 19th century (by c 1885) ~ mid 18th century (by c1752) . o o -,. _-""".....-,1 ;. D" - -_ .'", 60-- ··.:." ···· ·· o ~\ o o APPENDIX C3 b U '" ~r~:~ ---~- SIGNIFICANT PATIERNS: TIME LAYERS iII!I!'n~ru-.:'Tcr~T'm~o I MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IM- -PA-C-T-A-S-SESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 LANDSCAPE PA TIERN ANALYSIS (~ ~ Contemporary patterns contaIning elements existing by: '\.I~ '\ _ .' ""! . • ! I -_ ~r' mid 20th century [by c 1952) , \~. :, j (.. 0" early 20th cenfury (by c 1912)O \-,1: I' : I . :I , ! late j 9th century (I::>y c 1885) ~ I,, , mid 18th century (by c1752). i\ 'd III, , \, f_ '~-' . I ( , , \ ; ;/ (J)i " , I \, "' " ":" , r ' .. :. :,~. ~.r .. 'I -- ' ,.' . \, '\~ . "" :',.":: ) ;I~'1P 2 ·'\ "!~~:~£ ~.:, \ ", ,~~y'l, ; r ,: :' '" " " " ' (' ~ Ii " " r \L2 ti~:~:+::\ - '-C , " .. /. f ' :,:', ,'-. ) '< "'.- J • -.:,. e~ ""'~. -. --.CD ."' -.. ~~ . , , ~ ; ,.--, ,"-,' , ! ; i " ~~7('~_ ;\:; { j (i ,.' ~ ! ..... ,;.. ... 7 .:.... " .,:' !~~ ~ ,)cp ~;\~:\;:(. @ ; !"e, • 1 ; / \1' 0 .';>·\;"·!' APPENDIX C4 , ' ~j ' " ,c:t, i ;';,' SIGNIFICANT PATTERNS: TIME LAYERS ._--- - ... _.... MONTEBELLO STABLE SITE: HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: OCTOBER 2002 LI\NDSCAPE PATTERN ANALYS IS ,. APPENDIX D CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES AND GUIDELINES The Montebello Stable Site has been identified as a place of great heritage signifi cance by virtue of its late 19th century stable complex. considered to be one of the very finest of its period in the country. However, the property is also significant as part of a broader cultivated landscape relating, in its intermediate context, to Newlands Avenue, Michaelis House and its gardens and. in its wider context, the cultivated slopes of Table Mountain. OVERALL CONSERVATION INTENTIONS To consolidate and, where necessary, sensitively develop this place of great heritage significance with particular emphasis on the northern wooded portion of the site so as to : 1.1 Substantially retain, consolidate and, in places, reinforce the signature characteristics ofthe site; 1.2 Sustain the site's attractive and tranquil sense of place; 1.3 Recognize the historic development and cultivation patterns as principal informants for future development; and 1.4 Ensure that environmentally sustainable principles are upheld in the development of the site. 2 GENERAL GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT 2.1 The acceptance, wherever possible, of a policy of maintenance, rather than replace ment, of historically significant elements and patterns as indicated in Diagrams 1-3; 2.2 The acceptance of the policy that exotic biological species can have significance which is at least as great as that of indigenous species, if not greater; 2.3 Ensuring that the nature of future use, and allocation of future use zones is compati ble with historic development and cultivation patterns; 2.4 Ensuring that the aesthetically informal and rustic nature of the north-eastern portion of the site is sustained, ie between the stable complex and Erf 159672; 2.5 Ensuring that the existing balance between aesthetically formal and informal/rustic nature of the south-western portion of the site is sustained, ie between the stable complex and the adjacent Michaelis Garden Manor precinct; 2.6 Ensuring development which is of an aesthetically neutral andlor harmonious nature, and subordinate to the signature characteristics of the site; 2.7 Ensuring new development which is clearly distinguishable from earlier (existing) elements to avoid confusion between historically authentic and contemporary ele ments; 2.8 Ensuring additions/alterations which are based on respect for the site character and, therefore, involve the least possible physical intervention; andlor 2.9 Ensuring new development which does not detract from the site character; 2.10 Ensuring that the existing wooded environment of the north-eastern portion of the site is conserved and promoted. This would include the development of a tree plant ing and maintenance program acceptable to UCT, the Cape Town Administration (CTA) and the SA Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA). 2.11 The acceptance of a policy that the minimum number of trees are to be removed for development purposes, and that these are to be identified and individually selected MONTEBELLO STASlE SITE HIA: OCTOBER 2002. cs a:SlGN CC ARCHITEClS 6. HERtTAG!: CONSU.TANTS 2 prior to removal; and 2.12 Ensuring that an equivalent or greater number of trees of the same, or compatible species will be planted in cases where trees are removed for development purposes, or safety. 2.13 Ensuring that slope cuts, if at all necessary, are minimized and angled to enable slope retention using natural materials, eg timber, wherever possible; 2.14 Adopting a policy that vehicular corridors and parking space edges are to be config ured and detailed to merge as seamlessly as possible with the surrounding ground cover; 2.15 Ensuring that site drainage and erosion control is integrated into the landscape pro posals so as to be as visually unobtrusive as possible. 3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR NEW ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPEMNT 3.1 Ensuring that no new development occurs within the Restaurant! Clock Tower/ Greenhouse precinct; 3.2 Ensuring that new development is set back from the Newlands Avenue boundary so as to retain as many of the feature trees currently occurring along the Newlands Ave nue edge of the property; 3.3 Ensuring that new development avoids, or incorporates, as many existing (healthy) trees as possible; 3.4 Adopting a design philosophy for new buildings/additions which acknowledges that the proposed architectural formes) are to be subordinate to the wooded/rustic nature characterising the northern portion of the site, ie allowing the trees to predominate; 3.5 Adopting a design philosophy which does not seek to emulate the architectural style of existing historical buildings on the site, but which reflects a neutral or clearly con temporary approach so as to avoid confusion between what is new and historically authentic; 3.6 Adopting a design philosophy for new buildings/additions which recognizes sustain able principles with regard to specification of materials and energy use, but which is ultimately driven by a need to achieve a contextually sensitive architectural solution; 3.7 Adopting a lighting policy which consolidates the sense of being in a wooded envi ! . ronment; and 3.8 Adopting a security policy which minimizes the introduction of fencing and other physical security barriers. 4 DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS ON THE SITE (IN THIS CASE LIMITED TO THE NORTH -EAST SIDE OF THE STABLE COMPLEX). Refer also to Paragraph 8.6 of the main report. 4.1 Accepting a policy of maintenance, rather than replacement of historically signifi cant fabric; 4.2 Ensuring alterations which are of an aesthetically neutral and/ or harmonious nature, and which are of a temporary nature so as to be reversible;. 4.3 Ensuring alterations which are clearly distinguishable from earlier (existing) fabric to avoid confusion between historically authentic and contemporary elements; and 4.4 Ensuring alterations which are based on respect for the existing fabric and, therefore, involve the least possible physical intervention unless clearly and convincingly rein forcing historical design intentions. MONTEB€UO Sr.AlllE SfTE HIA: OCTOB€R 2002. CS DESIGN CC AACHlTEClS 8:. HERITAGE CONSU.TANTS .I '.. APPENDIX E REFERENCES BOOKS AND DOCUMENTS Arbor Master Tree Specialists: Montebello Estate Tree List and Survey, prepared for the Montebello Trust, undated but completed in October 2002. Archaeological Contracts Office, University of Cape Town: Report on the Archaeological Potential o/Montebello, prepared for the University of Cape Town Planning Unit, August 1996. Contemporary African Music and Arts (CAMA), University of Cape Town: Montebello De sign and Innovation Centre for Africa, Concept Proposal, February 200 I. De Villiers, Simon: 0110 Landsberg 1803-1905, 19th Century South African Artist, Struik, Cape Town, Johannesburg, 1974. Fransen, Hans: A Cape Camera The Architectural Beauty o/the Old Cape, Photographs from the Arthur Elliott Collection in the Cape Archives, A D Donker and Jonathan Ball Publishers, Johannesburg, 1993. ISBN 0 86852 221 X Gordon-Brown, A: The Cape Sketchbooks ofSir Charles D 'Oyly Depicting Cape Town, The Countryside & Neighbouring Villages, AA Balkema, Cape Town, 1968. Lewcock, Ronald: Early Nineteenth Century Architecture in South Africa, A Study of the Interaction of Two Cultures 1795-1837, AA Balkema, Cape Town, 1963. INSTITUTIONS Cape Town Administration's Historic Plans Section of its Land Information Branch, Direc torate ofPlanning: All historic survey material with the exception of aerial surveys. Refer to Appendix A for full list of maps consulted. Cape Archives, Cape Town: Arthur Elliott Photographic Collection. Surveyor General of the Western Cape Province: Aerial surveys of 1942 and 2002 f'.AONTEBHlQ STABLE SITE HIA: OCTOBEr< 2002, CS DESIGN CC ARCHITECTS 8; HERITAGE CONSU.TANTS