DOCSLIB.ORG

A Giant Economic Baby Is in the Have Altered Watersheds That Account for Process of Being Born.” Over 40 Percent of the Country’S Total M.M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Giant Economic Baby Is in the Have Altered Watersheds That Account for Process of Being Born.” Over 40 Percent of the Country’S Total M.M Pipe Dreams The World Bank’s Failed Efforts to Restore Lives and Livelihoods of Dam-Affected People in Lesotho By Ryan Hoover Published 2001 Map of Lesotho Table of Contents Introduction 1 A Lesotho Snapshot 3 Setting the Stage 5 The Damage Done 7 Scattered by the Dam: LHWP Resettlement 17 Replacing What Was Lost: The Compensation Plan 25 Back to the Drawing Board: Experiments in Rural Development 34 Selling the Dream: The Community Participation Strategy 48 Conclusion 54 About IRN 59 Introduction “A giant economic baby is in the have altered watersheds that account for process of being born.” over 40 percent of the country’s total M.M. Lebotsa, Minister of Lesotho Highlands area. Water and Energy Affairs Not only is Lesotho a small country, it is The Lesotho Highlands Water Project also one of the world’s poorest. Lesotho (LHWP) is the most massive infra- is landlocked and totally enveloped by structure project ever constructed on the its large, economically powerful African continent. It involves six large neighbor, South Africa. Its geographic dams, which, if completed, will transfer position, combined with the relative the equivalent of one swimming pool dearth of natural resources within its full of water every second (over 70 cubic borders and its long history as a South meters) to South Africa’s industrial African labor reserve, make Lesotho center, Gauteng Province, and supply almost completely economically 72MW of hydroelectricity to Lesotho. dependent on South Africa. The country Katse Dam, the first dam to be com- has one of the ten highest income pleted in the scheme, is the tallest dam in disparities in the world, which means the Africa at 186 meters – the size of a 52- majority of its 2.1 million citizens story building. The second completed (called Basotho) subsist on far less than dam, Muela, is 55 meters high, and is the the GNP per capita of $550 per year. In only hydropower dam in the scheme. 1993, the wealthiest 10 percent of Currently, construction is well underway Basotho households enjoyed 44 percent on Mohale Dam, which will be a of the national income whereas the looming 146 meters. The project also poorest 40 percent of households sur- involves 260 kilometers of water vived on just 8 percent of the national delivery tunnels; hundreds of kilometers income.1 Basotho mineworkers have in of access roads and bridges, electricity recent years been laid off from South transmission lines, and large base camps African mines in droves, adding to for the thousands of laborers and foreign already staggering unemployment rates, contractors working at the construction and the HIV/AIDS epidemic is driving sites. Companies from at least nine down the 55-year average life different nations are involved in the expectancy. project’s construction. The World Bank and numerous other financial institutions Placed in this context, the economic from three different continents provided impact of the multi-billion dollar LHWP the more than US$4 billion worth of is profound. In 1998, it accounted for financing that the LHWP has already 13.6 percent of the value of Lesotho’s required. Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Over one third of all construction in the Ironically, this enormous project is being country is LHWP-related. Royalties built in one of Africa’s smallest from the project make up 27.8 percent of countries. Lesotho is approximately the all Government revenue.2 Some 4,000 size of Belgium, and the project’s dams Basotho got temporary jobs at the Katse 1 Introduction Dam construction site and hundreds successful resettlement requires more flocked to the area to service the sufficient political will, institutional workers as food vendors, shopkeepers, capacity, and funding. All three of these and prostitutes. A thousand more local elements are present in the LHWP people will work at Mohale Dam. The scenario, but the restoration of World Bank uses statistics like these to livelihoods is undeniably far from being argue that the LHWP “provides the only achieved. In fact, the World Bank itself source of development for Lesotho.”3 even admitted that, “The results on the social side…are clearly distressing. While the project has increased the Despite the fact that LHWP was fortunes of the nation’s elite, the prepared with professionals covering majority of Basotho were not able to socio-economic and environmental cash in on the LHWP. Katse and Muela issues which resulted in a high quality alone dispossessed nearly 20,000 people environmental action plan, despite of land and resources, while Mohale will professional advisers and close similarly affect approximately 7,000 supervisions over the years, the more while displacing hundreds of production of resettlement plans and the households. In total, approximately 1.5 satisfactory implementation of percent of Lesotho’s citizenry is directly compensation and rural development affected by the project. It weakened programs have been dangerously local economies and severely strained delayed.”5 The experience of the LHWP the social fabric of nearby villages. suggests that “best practice” may look Despite a long-term compensation good on paper, but is insufficient to program, huge amounts of resources prevent and offset significant harm to devoted to “rural development”, and affected communities. many good intentions, the welfare of affected people has been compromised – 1 World Bank, Lesotho Poverty Assessment, 1995, pp. iv-ix, 9. perhaps irrevocably. 2 Sechaba Consultants, Poverty & Livelihoods in Lesotho, 1999, April 2000, p. 40. Have the millions of dollars invested in 3 World Bank, “Lesotho Highlands Water Project to Benefit Lesotho, South Africa,” World Bank News, compensation and development June 4, 1998, p. 3. programs lent credence to proponents’ 4 Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority, Lesotho Highlands claims that the LHWP is global “best Water Project, Vol. 5, May 2000, p. 2. 5 World Bank, LHWP Back to Office Report, April 4, practice” and “Africa’s biggest ongoing 1994, p. 4. success story,”4 or is the scale of the impact so great that Highlands com- munities will never fully recover? This paper focuses on the current situation of the people who sacrificed so much to allow this “giant economic baby” to be born and describes the outcome of the efforts taken to prevent them from becoming victims of “development.” Expert opinion concerning large-scale resettlement projects posits that 2 A Lesotho Snapshot A walk through the streets of Lesotho’s ecosystems that, until the LHWP, were capital, Maseru, reveals the extent to virtually roadless. The mountains are which the Lesotho Highlands Water home to the threatened spiral aloe and Project has become embedded in the scores of wildflower species. The daily life of Basotho. Scores of Toyota endangered bearded vulture and a 4x4s ply the crowded streets, bearing the variety of other bird species roost in the logo of the Lesotho Highlands steep gorges. Overhanging rock faces Development Authority (LHDA), the and caves shelter centuries-old San wall parastatal charged with constructing the paintings. project. Bumper stickers proclaiming, “The Big Turn On! Lesotho Delivers Herds of cattle, sheep, and goats graze Water To South Africa, 22 January high up on the slopes under the mostly 1998” adorn many private vehicles. watchful gaze of young herdboys Maseru professionals tote LHDA day wrapped in wool blankets and shod in planners. LHDA occupies space in the oversized gumboots. The large numbers Lesotho Bank building, the post office, of animals have taken their toll on the the Maseru Sun Hotel, and the Victoria steep, communally grazed mountain Hotel. Basotho discuss the LHWP on the sides. The brittle soil no longer supports radio, debate it in the schools, and healthy grasslands. Sheet erosion examine it in the courts. The LHDA exposes the Maloti’s basalt bedrock public relations machine even extends while woody, unpalatable weeds are into isolated Highlands communities. rapidly choking out all their competitors LHDA calendars full of glossy pictures in the remaining patches of soil.1 of the project can be found in houses in the most remote villages. Men wearing Trees are notable for their absence in “Highlands Water Venture” overalls and these mountains. Many families manage orange hard hats (obtained during stints to establish a few peach trees, but for the of work at Katse Dam) plough the fields most part, trees grow only in riparian behind teams of straining oxen, and the areas. The willows and poplar thickets ubiquitous white LHDA Toyotas zoom growing along streambeds are an along unpaved mountain roads. important source of fuel and building materials for highland households, and Lesotho’s fledgling tourist industry often are carefully maintained for ongoing touts the Maloti Mountains as the “Roof harvests. of Africa.” The rugged mountain range covers three quarters of the country and In the mountain valleys, farmers sow includes some peaks that reach higher maize, the staple crop, in terraced fields than 3,300 meters. Temperatures in the of relatively rich loam. However, even Highlands frequently dip below zero here, farmers report steadily declining degrees Celsius during the harsh winter yields. The over-exploited land is losing nights. In addition to being home to tens its fertility.2 The region’s erratic rain of thousands of rural farmers and patterns compound the problem. Maize herders, this range supports fragile crops need regular doses of water 3 A Lesotho Snapshot throughout their growth period, but are old, sick, disabled, and/or unem- rainfall in Lesotho rarely cooperates ployed. The remnants have been with this requirement. When the rain described as “a great mass of depend- comes, it often falls in heavy, hail-laced ants, seeking to eke out a living through downpours that can sometimes be more some combination of mining remit- damaging to the soil and crops than no tances, farming, beer brewing, and rain at all.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Katse Vaal Damtothe Damis777 Million M Africaregardlessto South Storage Ofthe V Inthe Dead Storage Reservoir Ofthe Bottom Levelisat1,989 Mandthe Isat1,895M
    KATSE DAM Lesotho NAMIBIA BOTSWANA COORDINATES (degrees, minutes, seconds) LATITUDE LONGITUDE Orange-Senqu 29° 20’ 11” S 28° 30’ 25” E River Basin Katse Dam LESOTHO LOCATION SOUTH AFRICA This dam is situated on the Malibamatso River, which is a tributary of the Senqu River. It is located in Lesotho (landlocked by South Africa) in quaternary catchment D11E. DESCRIPTION The dam is a double curvature concrete arch dam, 1,993 m above sea level. The intake tower is located approximately 18 km north of Katse Dam and has been designed to accommodate 70 m3/s, which was the maximum transfer envisaged for full implementation of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP). Katse Dam is connected to the Muela Dam via a 45-km tunnel (Phase I of the LHWP, which was completed in 2005). Phase I of the project also consisted of a 31-km tunnel from the Mohale Reservoir to the Katse Dam. The Mohale–Katse Transfer Tunnel has a maximum capacity of 807.56 million m3/a. The dam has a full supply level of 2,053 m. The dead storage level is at 1,989 m and the bottom of the reservoir is at 1,895 m. PURPOSE Phase I of the LHWP, which was completed in 2005, included the construction of Katse Dam, with the intention of Katse Dam (source: www.jacquesleslie.com) augmenting South Africa’s water supply via a transfer to the Vaal River catchment, through an agreement between South Africa and Lesotho. The maximum long-term transfer volume is 877 million m3/a, and will be transferred to South Africa regardless of the storage in the Vaal or Orange catchments (ORASECOM, 2007a).
    [Show full text]
  • The Lesotho Highlands Water Project and Sustainable Livelihoods Policy Implications for SADC
    BRIEFING NO 22 ● JUNE 2010 BRIEFINGG NR 2 APRIL 2008 The Lesotho Highlands Water Project and Sustainable Livelihoods Policy Implications for SADC Vusi Mashinini Dams have become an increasingly contested terrain in development discourse, prompting the United Nations (UN) to establish the World Commission on Dams (WCD) and adopt its Report in 2000. The bone of contention is whether dams promote or hinder sustainable development and livelihoods of the dam impacted areas and communities; and what needs to be done as mitigation of the dam impacts. This paper uses desktop methodology to explore the experiences of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) on sustainable livelihoods of its dam impacted areas and communi- ties, and suggests policy implications for sustainable development in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The paper concludes that the project failed to promote sus- tainable livelihoods in the dam impacted areas and communities, and proposes that SADC member states should not only make dam policies but enforce them, in order to guarantee that dam impacted areas and communities have better livelihoods. Introduction fi nancial gain. This treaty and the LHWP, which it proposed, were to create profound economic, en- Shortly after conducting a coup d’etat in 1986, the vironmental, social and political ramifi cations in military government in Lesotho unilaterally signed Lesotho, and between Lesotho and South Africa. the Lesotho Highlands Water Treaty (LHWT) of Since its conception and inception, up until today, 1986 with the then apartheid ruled Republic of the LHWP has remained a controversial and heat- South Africa (RSA). Central to this treaty was the edly debated development project in Lesotho.1 agreement that Lesotho would sell water from On its part, the government of Lesotho has its mountain areas to the then RSA in return for relentlessly maintained that the LHWP is the key Vusi Mashinini is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography and Environmental Science at the National University of Lesotho.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment
    Study Name: Orange River Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Report Title: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Submitted By: WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE Pty Ltd, Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd Authors: A Jeleni, H Mare Date of Issue: November 2007 Distribution: Botswana: DWA: 2 copies (Katai, Setloboko) Lesotho: Commissioner of Water: 2 copies (Ramosoeu, Nthathakane) Namibia: MAWRD: 2 copies (Amakali) South Africa: DWAF: 2 copies (Pyke, van Niekerk) GTZ: 2 copies (Vogel, Mpho) Reports: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Review of Surface Hydrology in the Orange River Catchment Flood Management Evaluation of the Orange River Review of Groundwater Resources in the Orange River Catchment Environmental Considerations Pertaining to the Orange River Summary of Water Requirements from the Orange River Water Quality in the Orange River Demographic and Economic Activity in the four Orange Basin States Current Analytical Methods and Technical Capacity of the four Orange Basin States Institutional Structures in the four Orange Basin States Legislation and Legal Issues Surrounding the Orange River Catchment Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective of the study ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Lesotho's Mohale
    African Study Monographs, 31(2): 57-106, July 2010 57 WHO DRIVES RESETTLEMENT? THE CASE OF LESOTHO’S MOHALE DAM Paul DEVITT Hunting-Consult 4 Joint Venture Robert K. HITCHCOCK Department of Geography, Michigan State University ABSTRACT The Lesotho Highlands Water Project, a joint development effort of the governments of Lesotho and South Africa, involved the construction of several large dams and other infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and power lines. The purpose of the dam and water transfer project was to provide water to the Gauteng region of South Africa and electricity to Lesotho. Phase 1B of the project, the Mohale Dam, resulted in the displacement of over 320 households and the inundation of villages, fi elds, and grazing lands. In line with the 1986 Treaty between the governments of Lesotho and South Africa, the project authorities provided compensation for losses suffered and put in place development projects in an effort to promote economic self-suffi ciency. This article assesses the degree to which project-affected people in the Lesotho highlands were actively engaged in planning and decision-making regarding their own resettlement and rehabilitation, and the extent to which public participation contributed to their subsequent welfare. Key Words: Lesotho; Dam project; Resettlement; Compensation; Development; Participation. INTRODUCTION Most large dams are built to provide power or water to people other than those who have to make the sacrifi ces necessary for the dams to be built. The people who lose their land and perhaps their homes, their communities, their jobs, the graves of their ancestors, and the abodes of their spirits seldom enjoy the benefi ts, and suffer many of the inconveniences, of these projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Findings from the Senegal River Basin, the Columbia River Basin, and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project
    Report no. 46456 Africa Region Water Resources Unit Working Paper 1 Benefit Sharing in International Rivers: Public Disclosure Authorized Findings from the Senegal River Basin, the Columbia River Basin, and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project Public Disclosure Authorized November 12, 2008 Public Disclosure Authorized Final Version Winston H. YU The World Bank, Africa Region Sustainable Development Department Public Disclosure Authorized 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms Acknowledgments Executive Summary I. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 8 Literature Review........................................................................................................ 10 Methodology and Objective ...................................................................................... 11 II. Senegal River Basin ................................................................................................. 12 A. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 12 B. Project Objectives and Description..................................................................... 15 C. Quantifying Economic Benefits and Costs ........................................................ 17 D. Actual Benefits and Costs .................................................................................... 20 E. An Evolving Senegal River .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized I * * ¼~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~ -.- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 - I 0. laIt,\ KINGDOMOF LESOTHO LESOTHO HIGHLANDSDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY LESOTHO HIGHLANDSWATER PROJECT PHASE 1B ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT May 1997 I Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phase IB EnviromnentalImpact Assessmrent This EnvironmentalImpact Assessmentis dedicatedto the memoryof Dr. Malefane Maema, who died tragicallyin a motor accidentin November1996. Dr. Maema was a former Manager of the EnvironmentDivision of LHDA and a strong advocate of the environmentalimpact assessment process, particularly as a vehicle for the protection of the culture and socio-economyof the people of the Highlands.Following his career with the LHDA he pursued a teaching positionat the Universityof Natal where he continuedhis interest in environmentalmanagement and rural development.During the preparation of the Phase IB EIA Dr. Maema was a valuable member of the UNESCO/UNDPreview team and a contributor of provocativethought and detailed commentto both the EIA process and its product as reflectedin the first two draftsof the EIA document. Dr Maema's contributionto the environmentalmanagement of Lesotho's resources will be greatly missed bv his professionalcolleagues in LHDA and elsewhere.His loss will be felt by all in Lesotho who rely on the resources of the country for their livelihood,and by those who continue the pursuit of sustainable resourcemanagement.
    [Show full text]
  • Second State Of
    Second State of the Environment 2002 Report Lesotho Lesotho Second State of the Environment Report 2002 Authors: Chaba Mokuku, Tsepo Lepono, Motlatsi Mokhothu Thabo Khasipe and Tsepo Mokuku Reviewer: Motebang Emmanuel Pomela Published by National Environment Secretariat Ministry of Tourism, Environment & Culture Government of Lesotho P.O. Box 10993, Maseru 100, Lesotho ISBN 99911-632-6-0 This document should be cited as Lesotho Second State of the Environment Report for 2002. Copyright © 2004 National Environment Secretariat. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher. Design and production by Pheko Mathibeli, graphic designer, media practitioner & chartered public relations practitioner Set in Century Gothic, Premium True Type and Optima Lesotho, 2002 3 Contents List of Tables 8 Industrial Structure: Sectoral Composition 34 List of Figures 9 Industrial Structure: Growth Rates 36 List of Plates 10 Population Growth 37 Acknowledgements 11 Rural to Urban Migration 37 Foreword 12 Incidence of Poverty 38 Executive Summary 14 Inappropriate Technologies 38 State and impacts: trends 38 Introduction 24 Human Development Trends 38 Poverty and Income Distribution 44 Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment. 26 Agriculture and Food Security 45 People, Economy and Development Ensuring Long and Healthy Lives 46 Socio-Economic Dimension 26 Ensuring
    [Show full text]
  • Statement at the Conclusion of the Official Visit to Lesotho by the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation, Mr
    Statement at the conclusion of the official visit to Lesotho by the Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, Mr. Léo Heller Maseru, 15 February 2019 As the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, I address you today at the conclusion of my official visit to Lesotho, which I undertook at the invitation of the Government from 4 to 15 February 2019. Firstly, I would like to thank the Government of Lesotho for the invitation and particularly the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the organization of the visit. During the visit, I met government representatives at the central and district levels, international funders, and the civil society. I visited villages, towns, schools, health clinics, a church, and correctional services in 6 districts out of 10 (districts of Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale’s Hoek, Mokhotlong, Thaba-Tseka, and Quthing). Most importantly, my heartfelt appreciation goes to the residents who opened their doors, welcomed me into their homes, and discussed their situations of water and sanitation. Finally, I would like to thank the UN Resident Coordinator’s Office for the support of the visit. At the outset, I would like to mention that this statement outlines my preliminary findings of the visit. My final and complete report will be presented to the United Nations Human Rights Council at its 42nd session in September 2019. 1 1. Water and sanitation and the life of a Mosotho girl Before I present my preliminary findings, let me introduce you to Palesa, a Mosotho girl living in the mountainous rural area of Lesotho.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydropower and Dams
    Hydropower and Dams Capability Statement Contents Capability Statement: Hydropower and Dams For further information please contact: Global . Jacques du Plessis – Knowledge Manager: Hydropower and Dams . T: +27 (0) 36 342 3159 . M: +27 (0) 83 656 0088 . E: [email protected] Indonesia . Hille Kemp or Yuliant Syukur . T: +62 (0) 21 750 4605 . M: +62 811 9624 192 . E: [email protected] . E: [email protected] Philippines . Rudolf Muijtjens – Project Manager . T: +63 2 755 8466/67 . M: +63 915 7712200 . M: +31 6 29376569 . E: [email protected] Netherlands/Belgium . Leon Pulles – Investment Consultant / Investment Services . M: +31 6 4636 3481 . E: [email protected] . ir. Tom Van Den Noortgaete - Project Manager / Consultant Sustainable Energy . M: +32 494 84 72 14 . E [email protected] Poland . Ryszard Lewandowski – Technical Director Poland . T: +48 (0) 22 531 3403 . M: +48 (0) 604 967 855 . E: [email protected] South Africa . Jan Brink . T: +27 (0) 44 802 0600 . M: +27 (0) 84 723 1141 . E: [email protected] Copyright © June 2016 HaskoningDHV Nederland BV Project details throughout this document may have been utilised the services of companies previously acquired by Royal HaskoningDHV. Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 1 Contents 1 Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Introduction to Hydropower ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • In the Orange–Senqu River Basin
    BIOMES AND PROTECTED AREAS IN THE ORANGE–SENQU RIVER BASIN The Orange–Senqu River basin can be broadly C Southern Kalahari Savannah (600–1,400 mamsl) This divided into five biomes that share similar open, lightly wooded sandveld savannah is characterised by deep, physical features – climate, geology and soil – wind-blown sands forming vegetated linear dunes interspersed with pans. Rains produce little runoff. Ephemeral drainage courses flow and plant and animal life. briefly after exceptional rains, but are subject to invasion by alien plants, in particular Prosopis. The main form of land use in this sparsely populated area is extensive A Drakensberg–Maloti Highlands At 2,200–3,482 mamsl, livestock farming; degradation is evident around water points and this is the coolest and wettest biome in the basin. It is characterised by settlements. Wildlife is still relatively abundant and a large area is alpine grasslands and low, woody heather communities. About 30% protected within the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. of the 3,100 species found here are endemic to these mountains. This biome also supports a network of unique high-altitude bogs and D Nama–Karoo This arid biome covers a vast area on the sponges. These play a crucial role in the hydrological cycle of the central plateau (500–2,000 mamsl). It merges into Succulent Karoo A Orange–Senqu through their retention and slow release of water, in the west and Highveld Grasslands in the east. The dominant © Teboho Maliehe Drakensberg–Maloti Highlands which stabilises stream flow, attenuates floods, reduces sediment loads vegetation is grassy, dwarf shrubland, with trees along ephemeral and absorbs nutrients.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study of Gravity-Fed Mountain Spring Tap System in Ha Leronti, Lesotho, Africa
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2021 CASE STUDY OF GRAVITY-FED MOUNTAIN SPRING TAP SYSTEM IN HA LERONTI, LESOTHO, AFRICA Sarah Peterson Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2021 Sarah Peterson Recommended Citation Peterson, Sarah, "CASE STUDY OF GRAVITY-FED MOUNTAIN SPRING TAP SYSTEM IN HA LERONTI, LESOTHO, AFRICA", Open Access Master's Report, Michigan Technological University, 2021. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/1217 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Hydraulic Engineering Commons CASE STUDY OF GRAVITY-FED MOUNTAIN SPRING TAP SYSTEM IN HA LERONTI, LESOTHO, AFRICA By Sarah Peterson A REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Civil Engineering MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2021 © 2021 Sarah Peterson This report has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Civil Engineering. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Report Advisor: Dr. Brian Barkdoll Committee Member: Dr. Kari Henquinet Committee Member: Dr. David Watkins Department Chair: Dr. Audra Morse Table of Contents Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................2 Table of Tables ....................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • The Implementation Challenge Taking Stock of Government Policies to Protect and Restore Environmental Flows
    WORKING TOGETHER TO CONSERVE RIVERS FOR PEOPLE AND NATURE REPORT 2010 Conservation Climate Change Sustainability The Implementation Challenge Taking stock of government policies to protect and restore environmental flows Tom Le Quesne, Eloise Kendy, and Derek Weston © Brent Stirton / Getty imaGeS / WWF Contents Acknowedgments 04 Chapter 5. CAse studies 40 ExecutivE Summary 05 1 Mekong 40 2 Alaska 41 Chapter 1. InTroDuction 09 3 Vietnam 41 Background 09 4 Indus 42 Definitions, objectives, and scope of this report 10 5 Brazil 43 6 Michigan 44 Chapter 2. hoW Far havE WE ComE? 13 7 Florida 46 8 Australia 47 Chapter 3. obstacles To ImplemEnTation 17 9 UK 49 Obstacle 1: Lack of political will and stakeholder support 18 10 Maine 50 Obstacle 2: Insufficient resources and capacity 19 11 Mexico 51 Obstacle 3: Institutional barriers and conflicts of interest 23 12 Montana 52 13 British Columbia 53 Chapter 4. Guidelines For ovErComInG 14 South Africa 54 ImplemEnTation Challenges 25 15 Great Lakes 56 Guideline 1. Undertake a phased approach to 16 Kenya 57 implementation 26 17 Texas 58 Guideline 2. Be opportunistic 30 18 Susquehanna 58 Guideline 3. Don’t exceed available capacity, while building capacity from the onset of policy development 33 19 Costa Rica 59 Guideline 4. Limit allowable abstraction and flow 20 Lesotho 60 alteration as soon as possible 34 21 USA 60 Guideline 5. Develop a clear statement of objectives 22 Sweden 61 based on an inclusive, transparent, and well-communicated process 35 Chapter 6. ReadinG Guideline 6. Develop a clear institutional framework, 63 including independent oversight 36 anD Resources References cited 63 Guideline 7.
    [Show full text]