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The Geographical Journal of Nepal Vol. 12: 1-24, 2019 Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

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The Geographical Journal of Nepal Vol. 12: 1-24, 2019 Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Volume 12 March 2019 JOURNAL OF NEPAL THE GEOGRAPHICAL ISSN 0259-0948 (Print) THE GEOGRAPHICAL ISSN 2565-4993 (Online) Volume 12 March 2019 JOURNAL OF NEPAL In this issue: THE GEOGRAPHICAL Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into sectoral policies in Nepal: A review Pashupati Nepal JOURNAL OF NEPAL Scale and spatial representation: Restructuring of administrative boundary and GIS mapping in Bajhang district, Nepal Shobha Shrestha Landscape dynamics in the northeast part of Andhikhola watershed, Middle hills of Nepal Chhabi Lal Chidi; Wolfgang Sulzer; and Pushkar Kumar Pradhan Tracing livelihood trajectories: Patterns of livelihood adaptations in rural communities in eastern Nepal Phu Doma Lama; Per Becker; and Johan Bergström Distribution patterns of sugar industry in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India Anil Kumar Tiwari; and V. N. Sharma Commercial vegetable farming: Constraints and opportunities of farmers in Kirtipur, Nepal 12 March 2019 Volume Mohan Kumar Rai; Pashupati Nepal; Dhyanendra Bahadur Rai; and Basanta Paudel Reciprocity between agricultural management and productivity in Nawalparasi district Bhola Nath Dhakal Institutions and rural economy in Rolpa district of Nepal Shiba Raj Pokhrel Central Department of Geography Central Department of Geography Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Tribhuvan University Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal About the journal Guidelines and instructions for authors An annual publication of the Central Department of Geography, the Geographical Journal Authors are expected to submit articles in clear and concise English. Articles should of Nepal has the score One Star from AJOL/INASP Journal Publishing Practices and Standards (https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/index). The journal is designed to stimulate be written in the third person, impersonal style, and use of ‘I/we’ should be avoided. scholars and to provide platform for publication of significant contributions in the field of Maximum length of paper should not exceed 30,000 characters including spaces geography. It welcomes articles, research papers, and book reviews with focus on themes (excluding the references). Abstracts should not exceed 300 words (one paragraph of geographical significance. The paper should be well researched and documented, only) together with 4 to 6 Keywords. All measurements should be in metric units (SI and clearly described methodology; results should be presented based on sound facts, units), or state metric equivalents. Words in other than English language should be in scientific procedures and well-founded arguments; be embedded in the relevant national or italics. Citation in the text and list of reference should be in American Psychological international debate; refer to the most recent academic literature on the issues discussed; Association (APA) style. Entries of the references should be in alphabetical and be presented in a clearly structured and comprehensible manner. chronological order of authors (DOI preferred). The manuscript must be in 12 point font in Times New Roman, with margins of at least 1 inch and with an initial capital Review processes letter for any proper noun. The Geographical Journal of Nepal is a double blind peer-reviewed journal. The review criteria for the acceptance of the article are whether the paper is a unique/important and Manuscripts must be submitted into separate files – i) Cover letter/acknowledgments useful contribution to the relevant national/international debate; effectively communicate file; ii) Manuscript (main body of paper) file and iii) files of tables and figures. The ideas and concept; the content is technically correct with the general statement adequately cover letter must contain with information about the title of the paper, author/s name referred and cited; conclusions are derived based on the results and discussion appeared in and acknowledgement if necessary. All authors should appear with their full names, the paper. affiliations, telephone numbers and email addresses. One author should be identified as the corresponding author. All the submitted manuscripts are screened by the editorial board at first and are sent to two independent experts in concerned field of specialization for review process. A standard The manuscript should contain introduction to conclusion, the list of references, a list guideline based on the review criteria mentioned above will be circulated to the reviewer of captions for figures and tables without any information about the authors . Equations, with three options for the decision i) accepted unconditionally, ii) accepted after revisions, and iii) rejected. Those manuscripts which are marked as accepted after revisions are sent figures and tables must be referred to in the text in numerical order. Footnotes and again to the corresponding author for improvement with addressing all the comments and endnotes are not entertained. This file must not contain any author information, suggestions made by the peer reviewers. The editorial boards of the journal will check acknowledgements, figure credits, anonymize self-references since it is important in the revised version of the manuscript and may ask corresponding author again to make order to keep the review process anonymous. Each figure and table should be in separate necessary modifications. The manuscripts which fulfill the processes and found OK are file following the number appeared in the captions in the body text (eg Figure_1.jpg). accepted for publication in the journal. The manuscripts marked as rejected by any one of The figures are published in gray scale and make sure the lines and shades used in the the reviewer will be rejected by the editorial board for the publication and authors will be figure are distinctly visible. The number of figure and table must not exceed 7. There informed. The submitted articles if not published in the journal will not be returned to the should not be captions in the figure and table. The caption should be only in manuscript author. file. Very large tables and long lists should be submitted as “Supplemental Material”. Subscription Rate All contributors must assume full responsibility for the contents and opinions expressed in their writings. Before submitting of a manuscript, the corresponding author must In Nepal NRs. 300.00 each ensure that all co-authors have seen the version of the paper that will be submitted. Plagiarism will not be tolerated. Should the editors find out that significant parts of a In India IRs. 250.00 each paper submitted have been published elsewhere prior to publication in this journal, even though the author confirmed that this is not the case, the paper will be rejected. Other Countries US $ 20.00 each THE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL OF NEPAL Volume 12 March 2019 Chief Editor Prof. Hriday L. Koirala, PhD Editorial Board Prof. Pashupati Nepal, PhD Prof. Umesh K. Mandal, PhD Associate Prof. Shobha Shrestha, PhD Editorial and Business Office Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University University Campus, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel.: +977-1-4330329, Fax: +977-1-4331319 Email: [email protected], website: www.cdgtu.edu.np The views expressed in the articles are solely of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University. © 2019 Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University. THE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL OF NEPAL Volume 12 March 2019 CONTENTS PAGE Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into sectoral policies in 1 Nepal: A review Pashupati Nepal Scale and spatial representation: Restructuring of administrative boundary 25 and GIS mapping in Bajhang district, Nepal Shobha Shrestha Landscape dynamics in the northeast part of Andhikhola watershed, Middle 41 hills of Nepal Chhabi Lal Chidi, Wolfgang Sulzer and Pushkar Kumar Pradhan Tracing livelihood trajectories: Patterns of livelihood adaptations in rural 57 communities in eastern Nepal Phu Doma Lama, Per Becker and Johan Bergström Distribution patterns of sugar industry in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India 81 Anil Kumar Tiwari and V. N. Sharma Commercial vegetable farming: Constraints and opportunities of farmers in 101 Kirtipur, Nepal Mohan Kumar Rai, Pashupati Nepal, Dhyanendra Bahadur Rai and Basanta Paudel Reciprocity between agricultural management and productivity in Nawalparasi 119 district Bhola Nath Dhakal Institutions and rural economy in Rolpa district of Nepal 135 Shiba Raj Pokhrel The Geographical Journal of Nepal Vol. 12: 1-24, 2019 Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into sectoral policies in Nepal: A review Pashupati Nepal Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Email: [email protected] Abstract Nepalese people have experienced climate variability for a long time and the mitigation and adaptation responses they have made to reduce the effect of climate variability are not new phenomena for Nepal. However, mainstreaming climate change issues into sectoral policies from the government can be seen as recent activities in Nepal. Nepal has contributed negligible amount of emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) of global greenhouse gas, it is the fourth most vulnerable country in the world. In this context, this paper aims to review climate change adaptation policies in terms of sectoral integration. This paper has adopted text-mining method for information retrieval and
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